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Chapter 18 System Settings
Table 71 Maintenance > System > Time and Date (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Manual Select this radio button to enter the time and date manually. If you configure a
new time and date, Time Zone and Daylight Saving at the same time, the new
time and date you entered has priority and the Time Zone and Daylight Saving
settings do not affect it.
New Time
(hh:mm:ss)
New Date
(yyyy/mm/dd)
Get from Time
Server
Time Server
Address
Time Zone Setup
Time Zone Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between
Daylight Savings Daylight saving is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set
Start Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you selected
End Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you selected
This field displays the last updated time from the time server or the last time
configured manually.
When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new time in this field
and then click Apply.
This field displays the last updated date from the time server or the last date
configured manually.
When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new date in this field
and then click Apply.
Select this radio button to have the ZyXEL Device get the time and date from
the time server you specified below.
Enter the IP address or URL (up to 20 extended ASCII characters in length) of
your time server. Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure
of this information.
your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
their clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in
the evening.
Select this option if you use Daylight Saving Time.
Enable Daylight Saving. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a
couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the second
Sunday of March. Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight
Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select
Second, Sunday, March and type 2 in the o'clock field.
Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March.
All of the time zones in the European Union start using Daylight Saving Time at
the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would
select Last, Sunday, March. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on
your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's
time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
Enable Daylight Saving. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a
couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the first Sunday of November.
Each time zone in the United States stops using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M.
local time. So in the United States you would select First, Sunday, November
and type 2 in the o'clock field.
AMG1202-T10A User’s Guide
Daylight Saving Time ends in the European U nion on the last Sunday of October.
All of the time zones in the European Union stop using Daylight Saving Time at
the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would
select Last, Sunday, October. The time you type in the o'clock field depends
on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because
Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
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Table 71 Maintenance > System > Time and Date (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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CHAPTER 19
19.1 Overview
This chapter contains information about viewing the ZyXEL Device’s logs.
The web configurator allows you to choose which types of events and/or alerts to have the ZyXEL
Device log and then display the logs.
19.1.1 What You Need To Know About Logs
Alerts
An alert is a message that is enabled as soon as the event occurs. They include system errors,
attacks (access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites. Some categories such as
System Errors consist of both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the
View Log screen. Alerts display in red and logs display in black.
Logs
Logs
A log is a message about an event that occurred on your ZyXEL Device. For example, when
someone logs in to the ZyXEL Device, you can set a schedule for how often logs should be enabled,
or sent to a syslog server.
19.2 The System Log Screen
Use the System Log screen to configure and view the logs you wish to display.
To change your ZyXEL Device’s log settings, click Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings. The
screen appears as shown.
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Chapter 19 Logs
Alerts are e-mailed as soon as they happen. Logs may be e-mailed as soon as the log is full.
Selecting many alert and/or log categories (especially Access Control) may result in many e-mails
being sent.
Figure 99 Maintenance > System Logs
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 72 Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings
LABEL DESCRIPTION
System Log
Log Type Select the types of logs that you want to display and record. Then click Submit to
display the details.
Clear Log Click this to delete all the logs.
Save Log Click this to save the logs in a text file.
19.3 Log Descriptions
This section provides descriptions of example log messages.
Table 73 System Maintenance Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
Time calibration is
successful
Time calibration failed
WAN interface gets IP: %s
The router has adjusted its time based on information from
the time server.
The router failed to get information from the time server.
A WAN interface got a new IP address from the DHCP,
PPPoE, or dial-up server.
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Table 73 System Maintenance Logs (continued)
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
DHCP client IP expired
DHCP server assigns %s
Successful WEB login
WEB login failed
Successful TELNET login
TELNET login failed
Successful FTP login
FTP login failed
NAT Session Table is Full!
Starting Connectivity
A DHCP client's IP address has expired.
The DHCP server assigned an IP address to a client.
Someone has logged on to the router's web configurator
interface.
Someone has failed to log on to the router's web
configurator interface.
Someone has logged on to the router via telnet.
Someone has failed to log on to the router via telnet.
Someone has logged on to the router via ftp.
Someone has failed to log on to the router via ftp.
The maximum number of NAT session table entries has been
exceeded and the table is full.
Starting Connectivity Monitor.
Monitor
Time initialized by Daytime
The router got the time and date from the Daytime server.
Server
Time initialized by Time
The router got the time and date from the time server.
server
Time initialized by NTP
The router got the time and date from the NTP server.
server
Connect to Daytime server
The router was not able to connect to the Daytime server.
fail
Connect to Time server fail
Connect to NTP server fail
Too large ICMP packet has
The router was not able to connect to the Time server.
The router was not able to connect to the NTP server.
The router dropped an ICMP packet that was too large.
been dropped
Configuration Change: PC =
The router is saving configuration changes.
0x%x, Task ID = 0x%x
Successful SSH login
SSH login failed
Successful HTTPS login
HTTPS login failed
Someone has logged on to the router’s SSH server.
Someone has failed to log on to the router’s SSH server.
Someone has logged on to the router's web configurator
interface using HTTPS protocol.
Someone has failed to log on to the router's web
configurator interface using HTTPS protocol.
Chapter 19 Logs
Table 74 System Error Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
%s exceeds the max.
number of session per
host!
setNetBIOSFilter: calloc
error
AMG1202-T10A User’s Guide
This attempt to create a NAT session exceeds the maximum
number of NAT session table entries allowed to be created per
host.
The router failed to allocate memory for the NetBIOS filter
settings.
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Table 74 System Error Logs (continued)
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
readNetBIOSFilter: calloc
error
WAN connection is down.
Table 75 Access Control Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
Firewall default policy: [ TCP |
UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE | OSPF ]
<Packet Direction>
Firewall rule [NOT] match:[ TCP
| UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE | OSPF
] <Packet Direction>, <rule:%d>
Triangle route packet forwarded:
[ TCP | UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE |
OSPF ]
Packet without a NAT table entry
blocked: [ TCP | UDP | IGMP |
ESP | GRE | OSPF ]
Router sent blocked web site
message: TCP
The router failed to allocate memory for the NetBIOS filter
settings.
A WAN connection is down. You cannot access the network
through this interface.
Attempted TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF access
matched the default policy and was blocked or
forwarded according to the default policy’s setting.
Attempted TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF access
matched (or did not match) a configured firewall rule
(denoted by its number) and was blocked or forwarded
according to the rule.
The firewall allowed a triangle route session to pass
through.
The router blocked a packet that didn't have a
corresponding NAT table entry.
The router sent a message to notify a user that the
router blocked access to a web site that the user
requested.
Table 76 TCP Reset Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
Under SYN flood attack,
sent TCP RST
Exceed TCP MAX
incomplete, sent TCP RST
Peer TCP state out of
order, sent TCP RST
Firewall session time
out, sent TCP RST
The router sent a TCP reset packet when a host was under a SYN
flood attack (the TCP incomplete count is per destination host.)
The router sent a TCP reset packet when the number of TCP
incomplete connections exceeded the user configured threshold.
(the TCP incomplete count is per destination host.) Note: Refer
to TCP Maximum Incomplete in the Firewall Attack Alerts
screen.
The router sent a TCP reset packet when a TCP connection state
was out of order.Note: The firewall refers to RFC793 Figure 6 to
check the TCP state.
The router sent a TCP reset packet when a dynamic firewall
session timed out.Default timeout values:ICMP idle timeout (s):
60UDP idle timeout (s): 60TCP connection (three way
handshaking) timeout (s): 30TCP FIN-wait timeout (s): 60TCP
idle (established) timeout (s): 3600
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Table 76 TCP Reset Logs (continued)
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
Exceed MAX incomplete,
sent TCP RST
Access block, sent TCP
RST
The router sent a TCP reset packet when the number of
incomplete connections (TCP and UDP) exceeded the userconfigured threshold. (Incomplete count is for all TCP and UDP
connections through the firewall.)Note: When the number of
incomplete connections (TCP + UDP) > “Maximum Incomplete
High”, the router sends TCP RST packets for TCP connections and
destroys TOS (firewall dynamic sessions) until incomplete
connections < “Maximum Incomplete Low”.
The router sends a TCP RST packet and generates this log if you
turn on the firewall TCP reset mechanism (via CI command: "sys
firewall tcprst").
Table 77 Packet Filter Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
[ TCP | UDP | ICMP | IGMP |
Generic ] packet filter
matched (set: %d, rule: %d)
Attempted access matched a configured filter rule (denoted
by its set and rule number) and was blocked or forwarded
according to the rule.
Chapter 19 Logs
For type and code details, see Table 86 on page 200.
Table 78 ICMP Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
Firewall default policy: ICMP
<Packet Direction>, <type:%d>,
ICMP access matched the default policy and was
blocked or forwarded according to the user's setting.
<code:%d>
Firewall rule [NOT] match: ICMP
<Packet Direction>, <rule:%d>,
<type:%d>, <code:%d>
Triangle route packet forwarded:
ICMP
Packet without a NAT table entry
blocked: ICMP
Unsupported/out-of-order ICMP:
ICMP
Router reply ICMP packet: ICMP
ICMP access matched (or didn’t match) a firewall rule
(denoted by its number) and was blocked or forwarded
according to the rule.
The firewall allowed a triangle route session to pass
through.
The router blocked a packet that didn’t have a
corresponding NAT table entry.
The firewall does not support this kind of ICMP packets
or the ICMP packets are out of order.
The router sent an ICMP reply packet to the sender.
Table 79 CDR Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
board %d line %d channel %d,
call %d, %s C01 Outgoing Call
dev=%x ch=%x %s
The router received the setup requirements for a call. “call”
is the reference (count) number of the call. “dev” is the
device type (3 is for dial-up, 6 is for PPPoE, 10 is for PPTP)
"channel" or “ch” is the call channel ID. For example,"board
0 line 0 channel 0, call 3, C01 Outgoing Call dev=6 ch=0
"Means the router has dialed to the PPPoE server 3 times.
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Table 79 CDR Logs (continued)
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
board %d line %d channel %d,
call %d, %s C02 OutCall
Connected %d %s
board %d line %d channel %d,
call %d, %s C02 Call
Terminated
Table 80 PPP Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
ppp:LCP Starting
ppp:LCP Opening
ppp:CHAP Opening
ppp:IPCP
Starting
ppp:IPCP Opening
ppp:LCP Closing
ppp:IPCP Closing
The PPPoE, PPTP or dial-up call is connected.
The PPPoE, PPTP or dial-up call was disconnected.
The PPP connection’s Link Control Protocol stage has started.
The PPP connection’s Link Control Protocol stage is opening.
The PPP connection’s Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol stage is
opening.
The PPP connection’s Internet Protocol Control Protocol stage is starting.
The PPP connection’s Internet Protocol Control Protocol stage is opening.
The PPP connection’s Link Control Protocol stage is closing.
The PPP connection’s Internet Protocol Control Protocol stage is closing.
Table 81 UPnP Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
UPnP pass through Firewall
UPnP packets can pass through the firewall.
Table 82 Content Filtering Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
%s: block keyword
%s
The content of a requested web page matched a user defined
keyword.
The system forwarded web content.
For type and code details, see Table 86 on page 200.
Table 83 Attack Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
attack [ TCP | UDP | IGMP
The firewall detected a TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF attack.
| ESP | GRE | OSPF ]
attack ICMP (type:%d,
The firewall detected an ICMP attack.
code:%d)
land [ TCP | UDP | IGMP |
ESP | GRE | OSPF ]
land ICMP (type:%d,
The firewall detected a TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF land
attack.
The firewall detected an ICMP land attack.
code:%d)
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Table 83 Attack Logs (continued)
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
ip spoofing - WAN [ TCP |
The firewall detected an IP spoofing attack on the WAN port.
UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE |
OSPF ]
ip spoofing - WAN ICMP
(type:%d, code:%d)
icmp echo : ICMP
The firewall detected an ICMP IP spoofing attack on the WAN
port.
The firewall detected an ICMP echo attack.
(type:%d, code:%d)
syn flood TCP
ports scan TCP
teardrop TCP
teardrop UDP
teardrop ICMP (type:%d,
The firewall detected a TCP syn flood attack.
The firewall detected a TCP port scan attack.
The firewall detected a TCP teardrop attack.
The firewall detected an UDP teardrop attack.
The firewall detected an ICMP teardrop attack.
code:%d)
illegal command TCP
NetBIOS TCP
ip spoofing - no routing
entry [ TCP | UDP | IGMP
The firewall detected a TCP illegal command attack.
The firewall detected a TCP NetBIOS attack.
The firewall classified a packet with no source routing entry as an
IP spoofing attack.
| ESP | GRE | OSPF ]
ip spoofing - no routing
entry ICMP (type:%d,
The firewall classified an ICMP packet with no source routing
entry as an IP spoofing attack.
code:%d)
vulnerability ICMP
The firewall detected an ICMP vulnerability attack.
(type:%d, code:%d)
traceroute ICMP (type:%d,
The firewall detected an ICMP traceroute attack.
code:%d)
Chapter 19 Logs
Table 84 802.1X Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
RADIUS accepts user.
RADIUS rejects user. Pls check
RADIUS Server.
User logout because of session
A user was authenticated by the RADIUS Server.
A user was not authenticated by the RADIUS Server.
Please check the RADIUS Server.
The router logged out a user whose session expired.
timeout expired.
User logout because of user
The router logged out a user who ended the session.
deassociation.
User logout because of no
authentication response from
The router logged out a user from which there was no
authentication response.
user.
User logout because of idle
timeout expired.
User logout because of user
The router logged out a user whose idle timeout period
expired.
A user logged out.
request.
No response from RADIUS. Pls
check RADIUS Server.
There is no response message from the RADIUS server,
please check the RADIUS server.
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Table 84 802.1X Logs (continued)
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
Use RADIUS to authenticate user.
No Server to authenticate user.
Table 85 ACL Setting Notes
PACKET DIRECTION DIRECTION DESCRIPTION
(L to W) LAN to WAN ACL set for packets traveling from the LAN to the WAN.
(W to L) WAN to LAN ACL set for packets traveling from the WAN to the LAN.
(L to L/ZyXEL Device) LAN to LAN/
(W to W/ZyXEL
Device)
Table 86 ICMP Notes
TYPE CODE DESCRIPTION
0
3
4
5
8
11
12
The RADIUS server is operating as the authentication
server.
There is no authentication server to authenticate a user.
ACL set for packets traveling from the LAN to the LAN or
ZyXEL Device
WAN to WAN/
ZyXEL Device
Echo Reply
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
0
1
2
3
0
0
1
Echo reply message
Destination Unreachable
Net unreachable
Host unreachable
Protocol unreachable
Port unreachable
A packet that needed fragmentation was dropped because it was set to Don't
Fragment (DF)
Source route failed
Source Quench
A gateway may discard internet datagrams if it does not have the buffer space
needed to queue the datagrams for output to the next network on the route to
the destination network.
Redirect
Redirect datagrams for the Network
Redirect datagrams for the Host
Redirect datagrams for the Type of Service and Network
Redirect datagrams for the Type of Service and Host
Echo
Echo message
Time Exceeded
Time to live exceeded in transit
Fragment reassembly time exceeded
Parameter Problem
the ZyXEL Device.
ACL set for packets traveling from the WAN to the WAN
or the ZyXEL Device.
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Table 86 ICMP Notes (continued)
TYPE CODE DESCRIPTION
0
13
0
14
0
15
0
16
0
Pointer indicates the error
Timestamp
Timestamp request message
Timestamp Reply
Timestamp reply message
Information Request
Information request message
Information Reply
Information reply message
Table 87 Syslog Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
<Facility*8 + Severity>Mon dd
hr:mm:ss hostname
src="<srcIP:srcPort>"
dst="<dstIP:dstPort>"
msg="<msg>" note="<note>"
devID="<mac address last three
numbers>" cat="<category>
"This message is sent by the system ("RAS" displays as
the system name if you haven’t configured one) when the
router generates a syslog. The facility is defined in the
web MAIN MENU->LOGS->Log Settings page. The
severity is the log’s syslog class. The definition of
messages and notes are defined in the various log charts
throughout this appendix. The “devID” is the last three
characters of the MAC address of the router’s LAN port.
The “cat” is the same as the category in the router’s logs.
Chapter 19 Logs
The following table shows RFC-2408 ISAKMP payload types that the log displays. Please refer to
RFC 2408 for detailed information on each type.
Table 88 RFC-2408 ISAKMP Payload Types
LOG DISPLAY PAYLOAD TYPE
SA
PROP
TRANS
KE
ID
CER
CER_REQ
HASH
SIG
NONCE
NOTFY
DEL
VID
Security Association
Proposal
Tra nsform
Key Exchange
Identification
Certificate
Certificate Request
Hash
Signature
Nonce
Notification
Delete
Vendor ID
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20.1 Overview
This chapter explains how to upload new firmware, manage configuration files and restart your
ZyXEL Device.
Use the instructions in this chapter to change the device’s configuration file or upgrade its firmware.
After you configure your device, you can backup the configuration file to a computer. That way if
you later misconfigure the device, you can upload the backed up configuration file to return to your
previous settings. You can alternately upload the factory default configuration file if you want to
return the device to the original default settings. The firmware determines the device’s available
features and functionality. You can download new firmware releases from your nearest ZyXEL FTP
site (or www.zyxel.com) to use to upgrade your device’s performance.
Only use firmware for your device’s specific model. Refer to the label on
the bottom of your ZyXEL Device.
CHAPTER 20
Tools
20.1.1 What You Can Do in the Tool Screens
•Use the Firmware Upgrade screen (Section 20.2 on page 203) to upload firmware to your
device.
•Use the Configuration screen (Section 20.3 on page 206) to backup and restore device
configurations. You can also reset your device settings back to the factory default.
•Use the Restart screen (Section 20.4 on page 208) to restart your ZyXEL device.
20.2 The Firmware Screen
Click Maintenance > Tools to open the Firmware screen. Follow the instructions in this screen to
upload firmware to your ZyXEL Device. The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
and may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot.
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Chapter 20 Tools
Figure 100 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 89 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Current
Firmware
Version
File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ...
Browse... Click this to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must
Upload Click this to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes.
Do NOT turn off the ZyXEL Device while firmware upload is in progress!
This is the present Firmware version and the date created.
to find it.
decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them.
After you see the Firmware Upload in Progress screen, wait two minutes before logging into the
ZyXEL Device again.
Figure 101 Firmware Upload In Progress
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Chapter 20 Tools
The ZyXEL Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In
some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 102 Network Temporarily Disconnected
After two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Status screen.
If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the
Firmware screen.
Figure 103 Error Message
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Chapter 20 Tools
20.3 The Configuration Screen
Click Maintenance > Tools > Configuration. Information related to factory defaults, backup
configuration, and restoring configuration appears in this screen, as shown next.
Figure 104 Maintenance > Tools > Configuration
206
Backup Configuration
Backup Configuration allows you to back up (save) the ZyXEL Device’s current configuration to a file
on your computer. Once your ZyXEL Device is configured and functioning properly, it is highly
recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The
backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings.
Click Backup to save the ZyXEL Device’s current configuration to your computer.
Restore Configuration
Restore Configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your
computer to your ZyXEL Device.
Table 90 Restore Configuration
LABEL DESCRIPTION
File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to
find it.
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Chapter 20 Tools
Table 90 Restore Configuration
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Browse... Click this to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress
compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them.
Upload Click this to begin the upload process.
Do not turn off the ZyXEL Device while configuration file upload is in
progress.
After you see a “restore configuration successful” screen, you must then wait one minute before
logging into the ZyXEL Device again.
Figure 105 Configuration Upload Successful
The ZyXEL Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In
some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 106 Network Temporarily Disconnected
If you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your
computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default device IP address (192.168.1.1). See
Appendix A on page 225 for details on how to set up your computer’s IP address.
If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the
Configuration screen.
Figure 107 Configuration Upload Error
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Chapter 20 Tools
Reset to Factory Defaults
Click the Reset button to clear all user-entered configuration information and return the ZyXEL
Device to its factory defaults. The following warning screen appears.
Figure 108 Reset Warning Message
Figure 109 Reset In Process Message
You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory defaults of your ZyXEL
Device. Refer to Section 1.7 on page 25 for more information on the RESET button.
20.4 The Restart Screen
System restart allows you to reboot the ZyXEL Device remotely without turning the power off. You
may need to do this if the ZyXEL Device hangs, for example.
Click Maintenance > Tools > Restart. Click Restart to have the ZyXEL Device reboot. This does
not affect the ZyXEL Device's configuration.
Figure 110 Maintenance > Tools >Restart
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CHAPTER 21
21.1 Overview
These read-only screens display information to help you identify problems with the ZyXEL Device.
21.1.1 What You Can Do in the Diagnostic Screens
•Use the General screen (Section 21.2 on page 209) to ping an IP address.
•Use the DSL Line screen (Section 21.3 on page 210) to view the DSL line statistics and reset the
ADSL line.
21.2 The General Screen
Diagnostic
Use this screen to ping an IP address. Click Maintenance > Diagnostic to open the screen shown
next.
Figure 111 Maintenance > Diagnostic > General
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Chapter 21 Diagnostic
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 91 Maintenance > Diagnostic > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
TCP/IP
Address
Ping Click this to ping the IP address that you entered.
Type the IP address of a computer that you want to ping in order to test a
connection.
21.3 The DSL Line Screen
Use this screen to view the DSL line statistics and reset the ADSL line. Click Maintenance >
Diagnostic > DSL Line to open the screen shown next.
Figure 112 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 92 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ATM Status Click this to view your DSL connection’s Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
statistics. ATM is a networking technology that provides high-speed data transfer.
ATM uses fixed-size packets of information called cells. With ATM, a high QoS
(Quality of Service) can be guaranteed.
The (Segmentation and Reassembly) SAR driver translates packets into ATM cells.
It also receives ATM cells and reassembles them into packets.
These counters are set back to zero whenever the device starts up.
inPkts is the number of good ATM cells that have been received.
inDiscards is the number of received ATM cells that were rejected.
outPkts is the number of ATM cells that have been sent.
outDiscards is the number of ATM cells sent that were rejected.
inF4Pkts is the number of ATM Operations, Administration, and Management
(OAM) F4 cells that have been received. See ITU recommendation I.610 for more
on OAM for ATM.
outF4Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F4 cells that have been sent.
ATM Loopback
Test
inF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been received.
outF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been sent.
openChan is the number of times that the ZyXEL Device has opened a logical DSL
channel.
closeChan is the number of times that the ZyXEL Device has closed a logical DSL
channel.
txRate is the number of bytes transmitted per second.
rxRate is the number of bytes received per second.
Click this to start the ATM loopback test. Make sure you have configured at least
one PVC with proper VPIs/VCIs before you begin this test. The ZyXEL Device sends
an OAM F5 packet to the DSLAM/ATM switch and then returns it (loops it back) to
the ZyXEL Device. The ATM loopback test is useful for troubleshooting problems
with the DSLAM and ATM network.
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Chapter 21 Diagnostic
Table 92 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
DSL Line Status Click this to view statistics about the DSL connections.
Reset ADSL Line Click this to reinitialize the ADSL line. The large text box above then displays the
noise margin downstream is the signal to noise ratio for the downstream part
of the connection (coming into the ZyXEL Device from the ISP). It is measured in
decibels. The higher the number the more signal and less noise there is.
output power upstream is the amount of power (in decibels) that the ZyXEL
Device is using to transmit to the ISP.
attenuation downstream is the reduction in amplitude (in decibels) of the DSL
signal coming into the ZyXEL Device from the ISP.
Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) modulation divides up a line’s bandwidth into subcarriers (sub-channels) of 4.3125 KHz each called tones. The rest of the display is
the line’s bit allocation. This is displayed as the number (in hexadecimal format) of
bits transmitted for each tone. This can be used to determine the quality of the
connection, whether a given sub-carrier loop has sufficient margins to support
certain ADSL transmission rates, and possibly to determine whether particular
specific types of interference or line attenuation exist. Refer to the ITU-T G.992.1
recommendation for more information on DMT.
The better (or shorter) the line, the higher the number of bits transmitted for a
DMT tone. The maximum number of bits that can be transmitted per DMT tone is
15. There will be some tones without any bits as there has to be space between
the upstream and downstream channels.
progress and results of this operation, for example:
"Start to reset ADSL
Loading ADSL modem F/W...
Reset ADSL Line Successfully!"
Capture All Logs Click this to display information and statistics about your ZyXEL Device’s ATM
statistics, DSL connection statistics, DHCP settings, firmware version, WAN and
gateway IP address, VPI/VCI and LAN IP address.
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CHAPTER 22
Troubleshooting
This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential
problems are divided into the following categories.
• Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
• ZyXEL Device Access and Login
• Internet Access
22.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
The ZyXEL Device does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.
1 Make sure the ZyXEL Device is turned on.
2 Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the ZyXEL Device.
3 Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the ZyXEL Device and plugged in to an
appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on.
4 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
5 If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.
1 Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.6 on page 24.
2 Check the hardware connections.
3 Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables.
4 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
5 If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
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22.2 ZyXEL Device Access and Login
I forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device.
1 The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.
2 If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the ZyXEL
Device by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most
Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the
Default Gateway might be the IP address of the ZyXEL Device (it depends on the network), so
enter this IP address in your Internet browser.
3 If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.7 on page
25.
I forgot the password.
1 The default admin password is 1234.
2 If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.7 on page
25.
I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator.
1 Make sure you are using the correct IP address.
• The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.
• If you changed the IP address (Section 7.2 on page 86), use the new IP address.
• If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I
forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device.
2 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide.
3 Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScripts and Java
enabled. See Appendix C on page 255.
4 Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the ZyXEL Device with the default IP
address. See Section 1.7 on page 25.
5 If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced
suggestions.
Advanced Suggestions
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• Try to access the ZyXEL Device using another service, such as Telnet. If you can access the
ZyXEL Device, check the remote management settings and firewall rules to find out why the
ZyXEL Device does not respond to HTTP.
• If your computer is connected to the WAN port or is connected wirelessly, use a computer that is
connected to a ETHERNET port.
I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the ZyXEL Device.
1 Make sure you have entered the password correctly. The default admin password is 1234. The field
is case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
2 You cannot log in to the web configurator while someone is using Telnet to access the ZyXEL Device.
Log out of the ZyXEL Device in the other session, or ask the person who is logged in to log out.
3 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
4 If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 22.1 on page
213.
I cannot Telnet to the ZyXEL Device.
See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web
configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.
I cannot use FTP to upload / download the configuration file. / I cannot use FTP to upload
new firmware.
See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web
configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.
22.3 Internet Access
I cannot access the Internet.
1 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide and Section 1.6 on page 24.
2 Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the wizard. These fields are case-
sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
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3 If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings in the wireless
client are the same as the settings in the AP.
4 If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure you enabled the wireless LAN and
have selected the correct channel in the Wireless LAN > AP screen.
5 Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick Start Guide again.
6 If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the ZyXEL Device),
but my Internet connection is not available anymore.
1 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide and Section 1.6 on page 24.
2 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
3 If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.
1 There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section 1.6 on page 24.
If the ZyXEL Device is sending or receiving a lot of information, try closing some programs that use
the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications.
2 Check the signal strength. If the signal strength is low, try moving your computer closer to the
ZyXEL Device if possible, and look around to see if there are any devices that might be interfering
with the wireless network (for example, microwaves, other wireless networks, and so on).
3 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
4 If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced
suggestions.
Advanced Suggestions
• Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it. If it is enabled, you
might consider raising or lowering the priority for some applications.
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Product Specifications
The following tables summarize the ZyXEL Device’s hardware and firmware features.
23.1 Hardware Specifications
Table 93 Hardware Specifications
Dimensions 133 x 61 x 163 mm
Weight 215g
Power Specification 12VDC 1A
Built-in Switch Four auto-negotiating, auto MDI/MDI-X 10/100 Mbps RJ-45 Ethernet ports
ADSL Port 1 RJ-11 FXS POTS port
RESET Button Restores factory defaults
Antenna 1 internal antenna, 3dBi
WPS Button 1 second: turn on or off WLAN
5 seconds: enable WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup)
Operation Temperature 0º C ~ 40º C
Storage Temperature -20º ~ 60º C
Operation Humidity 20% ~ 90% RH
Storage Humidity 20% ~ 90% RH
CHAPTER 23
23.2 Firmware Specifications
Table 94 Firmware Specifications
Default IP Address 192.168.1.1
Default Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 (24 bits)
Default Admin Password 1234
DHCP Server IP Pool 192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.64
Static DHCP Addresses 10
URL Filtering URL web page blocking
Static Routes 16
Device Management Use the web configurator to easily configure the rich range of features on
the ZyXEL Device.
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Table 94 Firmware Specifications (continued)
Wireless Functionality
(wireless devices only)
Firmware Upgrade Download new firmware (when available) from the ZyXEL web site and use
Configuration Backup &
Restoration
Network Address
Tra n s latio n ( NAT )
Port Forwarding If you have a server (mail or web server for example) on your network,
DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol)
Dynamic DNS Support With Dynamic DNS (Domain Name System) support, you can use a fixed
IP Multicast IP multicast is used to send traffic to a specific group of computers. The
Time and Date Get the current time and date from an external server when you turn on
Logs Use logs for troubleshooting. You can send logs from the ZyXEL Device to
Universal Plug and Play
(UPnP)
Firewall Your device has a stateful inspection firewall with DoS (Denial of Service)
URL Filtering URL filtering allows you to block access to Internet web sites of certain
QoS (Quality of Service) You can efficiently manage traffic on your network by reserving bandwidth
Remote Management This allows you to decide whether a service (HTTP or FTP traffic for
PPPoE Support
(RFC2516)
Other PPPoE Features PPPoE idle time out
Allow the IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless clients to connect to the ZyXEL
Device wirelessly. Enable wireless security (WEP, WPA(2), WPA(2)-PSK)
and/or MAC filtering to protect your wireless network.
the web configurator to put it on the ZyXEL Device.
Note: Only upload firmware for your specific model!
Make a copy of the ZyXEL Device’s configuration. You can put it back on
the ZyXEL Device later if you decide to revert back to an earlier
configuration.
Each computer on your network must have its own unique IP address. Use
NAT to convert your public IP address(es) to multiple private IP addresses
for the computers on your network.
you can use this feature to let people access it from the Internet.
Use this feature to have the ZyXEL Device assign IP addresses, an IP
default gateway and DNS servers to computers on your network. Your
device can also act as a surrogate DHCP server (DHCP Relay) where it
relays IP address assignment from the actual real DHCP server to the
clients.
URL, www.zyxel.com for example, with a dynamic IP address. You must
register for this service with a Dynamic DNS service provider.
ZyXEL Device supports versions 1 and 2 of IGMP (Internet Group
Management Protocol) used to join multicast groups (see RFC 2236).
your ZyXEL Device. You can also set the time manually. These dates and
times are then used in logs.
an external syslog server.
A UPnP-enabled device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP
address and convey its capabilities to other devices on the network.
protection. By default, when the firewall is activated, all incoming traffic
from the WAN to the LAN is blocked unless it is initiated from the LAN. The
firewall supports TCP/UDP inspection, DoS detection and prevention, real
time alerts, reports and logs.
URL that you specify.
and giving priority to certain types of traffic and/or to particular
computers.
example) from a computer on a network (LAN or WAN for example) can
access the ZyXEL Device.
PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet) emulates a dial-up
connection. It allows your ISP to use their existing network configuration
with newer broadband technologies such as ADSL. The PPPoE driver on
your device is transparent to the computers on the LAN, which see only
Ethernet and are not aware of PPPoE thus saving you from having to
manage PPPoE clients on individual computers.
PPPoE dial on demand
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Table 94 Firmware Specifications (continued)
Multiple PVC
(Permanent Virtual
Circuits) Support
IP Alias IP alias allows you to partition a physical network into logical networks
Packet Filters Your device’s packet filtering function allows added network security and
ADSL Standards Support Multi-Mode standard (ANSI T1.413, Issue 2; G.dmt (G.992.1);
Your device supports up to 8 Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs).
over the same Ethernet interface. Your device supports three logical LAN
interfaces via its single physical Ethernet interface with the your device
itself as the gateway for each LAN network.
management.
G.lite (G992.2))
EOC specified in ITU-T G.992.1
ADSL2 G.dmt.bis (G.992.3)
ADSL2 G.lite.bis (G.992.4)
ADSL2+ (G.992.5)
Reach Extended ADSL (RE ADSL)
SRA (Seamless Rate Adaptation)
Auto-negotiating rate adaptation
ADSL physical connection ATM AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer type 5)
Support multi-protocol over AAL5 (RFC2684/1483)
Support PPP over ATM AAL5 (RFC2364)
PPP over Ethernet support for DSL connection (RFC 2516)
Support VC-based and LLC-based multiplexing
Support up to 8 PVCs
I.610 F4/F5 OAM
TR-067/TR-100 supported
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Table 94 Firmware Specifications (continued)
Other Protocol Support SIP pass-through
Management Embedded Web Configurator(remove webhelp)
DNS Proxy
Dynamic DNS (www.dyndns.org)
IP Alias
DHCP client/server/relay
RIP I/ RIP II supported
Support 16 IP Static routes by Gateway
IGMP v1 and v2
IP Policy Routing
UPnP support
Transparent bridging, VLAN-tagging pass-through bridge mode
Static DHCP
SNMP v1 & v2c with MIB II
Remote Management Control: Telnet, FTP, and Web.
TR-069 HTTPS
MTU adjustable on WebGUI
SMT
23.3 Wireless Features
Table 95 Wireless Features
Internal Antenna The ZyXEL Device is equipped with one internal antenna to provide a
clear radio signal between the wireless stations and the access
points.
Wireless LAN MAC Address
Filtering
WEP Encryption WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encrypts data frames before
Wi-Fi Protected Access Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i
WPA2 WPA 2 is a wireless security standard that defines stronger
Your device can check the MAC addresses of wireless stations
against a list of allowed or denied MAC addresses.
transmitting over the wireless network to help keep network
communications private.
security standard. Key differences between WPA and WEP are user
authentication and improved data encryption.
encryption, authentication and key management than WPA.
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Table 95 Wireless Features
WMM QoS WMM (Wi-Fi MultiMedia) QoS (Quality of Service) allows you to
prioritize wireless traffic according to the delivery requirements of
individual services.
Other Wireless Features WDS(wireless client: G-570S v2)
IEEE 802.11n Compliance
Frequency Range:2.4 GHz
Advanced Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Data Rates:150Mbps and Auto Fallback
EIRP: 22dBm
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Data Encryption 64/128
WLAN bridge to LAN
32 MAC Address filter
WPA, WPA-PSK, WPA2, WPA2-PSK
WPS
IEEE 802.1x (EAP-MD5, TLS and TTLS)
WMM
WDS
Multi BSSID (4 BSSIDs)
Wireless Scheduling
The following list, which is not exhaustive, illustrates the standards supported in the ZyXEL Device.
Table 96 Standards Supported
STANDARD DESCRIPTION
RFC 867 Daytime Protocol
RFC 868 Time Protocol.
RFC 1058 RIP-1 (Routing Information Protocol)
RFC 1112 IGMP v1
RFC 1305 Network Time Protocol (NTP version 3)
RFC 1483 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5
RFC 1631 IP Network Address Translator (NAT)
RFC 1661 The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
RFC 1723 RIP-2 (Routing Information Protocol)
RFC 2236 Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2.
RFC 2364 PPP over AAL5 (PPP over ATM over ADSL)
RFC 2408 Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)
RFC 2516 A Method for Transmitting PPP Over Ethernet (PPPoE)
RFC 2684 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5.
RFC 2766 Network Address Translation - Protocol
IEEE 802.11 Also known by the brand Wi-Fi, denotes a set of Wireless LAN/WLAN
IEEE 802.11b Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) band
standards developed by working group 11 of the IEEE LAN/MAN
Standards Committee (IEEE 802).
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Table 96 Standards Supported (continued)
STANDARD DESCRIPTION
IEEE 802.11g Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) band
IEEE 802.11n Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) band
IEEE 802.11g+ Turbo and Super G modes
IEEE 802.11d Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Media Access
IEEE 802.11x Port Based Network Access Control.
IEEE 802.11e QoS IEEE 802.11 e Wireless LAN for Quality of Service
ANSI T1.413, Issue 2 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) standard.
G dmt(G.992.1) G.992.1 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Transceivers
ITU G.992.1 (G.DMT) ITU standard for ADSL using discrete multitone modulation.
ITU G.992.2 (G. Lite) ITU standard for ADSL using discrete multitone modulation.
ITU G.992.3 (G.dmt.bis) ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2) that extends the capability of
ITU G.992.4 (G.lite.bis) ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2) that extends the capability of
ITU G.992.5 (ADSL2+) ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2+) that extends the capability of
Microsoft PPTP MS PPTP (Microsoft's implementation of Point to Point Tunneling Protocol)
MBM v2 Media Bandwidth Management v2
RFC 2383 ST2+ over ATM Protocol Specification - UNI 3.1 Version
TR-069 TR-069 DSL Forum Standard for CPE Wan Management.
1.363.5 Compliant AAL5 SAR (Segmentation And Re-assembly)
Control (MAC) Bridges
basic ADSL in data rates.
basic ADSL in data rates.
basic ADSL by doubling the number of downstream bits.
23.4 Power Adaptor Specifications
Table 97 ZyXEL Device Series Power Adaptor Specifications
NORTH AMERICAN PLUG
STANDARDS
AC Power Adapter Model 12V 1A SOCB PA
Input Power AC 120Volts/60Hz
Output Power DC 12Volts/1.0A
Power Consumption 7.7 Watt max
Safety Standards ANSI/UL 60950-1, CSA 60950-1
EUROPEAN PLUG
STANDARDS
AC Power Adapter Model
Input Power AC 230Volts/50Hz
Output Power DC 12Volts/1.0A
Power Consumption 8.3 Watt max
Safety Standards CE, GS or TUV, EN60950-1
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APPENDIX A
Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address
All computers must have a 10M or 100M Ethernet adapter card and TCP/IP installed.
Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP/Vista, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems and all versions
of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to install and use TCP/IP on your
computer. Windows 3.1 requires the purchase of a third-party TCP/IP application package.
TCP/IP should already be installed on computers using Windows NT/2000/XP, Macintosh OS 7 and
later operating systems.
After the appropriate TCP/IP components are installed, configure the TCP/IP settings in order to
"communicate" with your network.
If you manually assign IP information instead of using dynamic assignment, make sure that your
computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Device’s LAN port.
Windows 95/98/Me
Click Start, Settings, Control Panel and double-click the Network icon to open the Network
window.
Figure 113 WIndows 95/98/Me: Network: Configuration
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Installing Components
The Network window Configuration tab displays a list of installed components. You need a
network adapter, the TCP/IP protocol and Client for Microsoft Networks.
If you need the adapter:
1 In the Network window, click Add.
2 Select Adapter and then click Add.
3 Select the manufacturer and model of your network adapter and then click OK.
If you need TCP/IP:
1 In the Network window, click Add.
2 Select Protocol and then click Add.
3 Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.
4 Select TCP/IP from the list of network protocols and then click OK.
If you need Client for Microsoft Networks:
1 Click Add.
2 Select Client and then click Add.
3 Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.
4 Select Client for Microsoft Networks from the list of network clients and then click OK.
5 Restart your computer so the changes you made take effect.
Configuring
1 In the Network window Configuration tab, select your network adapter's TCP/IP entry and click
Properties
2 Click the IP Address tab.
• If your IP address is dynamic, select Obtain an IP address automatically.
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• If you have a static IP address, select Specify an IP address and type your information into
the IP Address and Subnet Mask fields.
Figure 114 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: IP Address
3 Click the DNS Configuration tab.
• If you do not know your DNS information, select Disable DNS.
• If you know your DNS information, select Enable DNS and type the information in the fields
below (you may not need to fill them all in).
Figure 115 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: DNS Configuration
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4 Click the Gateway tab.
• If you do not know your gateway’s IP address, remove previously installed gateways.
• If you have a gateway IP address, type it in the New gateway field and click Add.
5 Click OK to save and close the TCP/IP Properties window.
6 Click OK to close the Network window. Insert the Windows CD if prompted.
7 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer when prompted.
Verifying Settings
1 Click Start and then Run.
2 In the Run window, type "winipcfg" and then click OK to open the IP Configuration window.
3 Select your network adapter. You should see your computer's IP address, subnet mask and default
gateway.
Windows 2000/NT/XP
The following example figures use the default Windows XP GUI theme.
1 Click start (Start in Windows 2000/NT), Settings, Control Panel.
Figure 116 Windows XP: Start Menu
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2 In the Control Panel, double-click Network Connections (Network and Dial-up Connections
in Windows 2000/NT).
Figure 117 Windows XP: Control Panel
3 Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.
Figure 118 Windows XP: Control Panel: Network Connections: Properties
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4 Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (under the General tab in Win XP) and then click Properties.
Figure 119 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties
5 The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens (the General tab in Windows XP).
• If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically.
• If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address,
Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields.
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• Click Advanced.
Figure 120 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties
6 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP
Settings tab and click OK.
Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:
•In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.
•In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask,
and then click Add.
• Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.
• Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default
gateways.
•In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To
manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic
metric check box and type a metric in Metric.
• Click Add.
• Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.
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• Click OK when finished.
Figure 121 Windows XP: Advanced TCP/IP Properties
7 In the Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window (the General tab in Windows XP):
• Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP
address(es).
• If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server
addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields.
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If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order
them.
Figure 122 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties
8 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
9 Click Close (OK in Windows 2000/NT) to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
10 Close the Network Connections window (Network and Dial-up Connections in Windows
2000/NT).
11 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
1 Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.
2 In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open
Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support
tab.
Windows Vista
This section shows screens from Windows Vista Enterprise Version 6.0.
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1 Click the Start icon, Control Panel.
Figure 123 Windows Vista: Start Menu
2 In the Control Panel, double-click Network and Internet.
Figure 124 Windows Vista: Control Panel
3 Click Network and Sharing Center.
Figure 125 Windows Vista: Network And Internet
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4 Click Manage network connections.
Figure 126 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
5 Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.
Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying
that it needs your permission to continue.
Figure 127 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
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6 Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click Properties.
Figure 128 Windows Vista: Local Area Connection Properties
7 The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens (the General tab).
• If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically.
• If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP address and fill in the IP address,
Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields.
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• Click Advanced.
Figure 129 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties
8 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP
Settings tab and click OK.
Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:
•In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.
•In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask,
and then click Add.
• Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.
• Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default
gateways.
•In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To
manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic
metric check box and type a metric in Metric.
• Click Add.
• Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.
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• Click OK when finished.
Figure 130 Windows Vista: Advanced TCP/IP Properties
9 In the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window, (the General tab):
• Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP
address(es).
• If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server
addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields.
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If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order
them.
Figure 131 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties
10 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window.
11 Click Close to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
12 Close the Network Connections window.
13 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
1 Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.
2 In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open
Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support
tab.
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Macintosh OS 8/9
1 Click the Apple menu, Control Panel and double-click TCP/IP to open the TCP/IP Control
Panel.
Figure 132 Macintosh OS 8/9: Apple Menu
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2 Select Ethernet built-in from the Connect via list.
Figure 133 Macintosh OS 8/9: TCP/IP
3 For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP Server from the Configure: list.
4 For statically assigned settings, do the following:
•From the Configure box, select Manually.
• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.
• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.
• Type the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in the Router address box.
5 Close the TCP/IP Control Panel.
6 Click Save if prompted, to save changes to your configuration.
7 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties in the TCP/IP Control Panel window.
Macintosh OS X
1 Click the Apple menu, and click System Preferences to open the System Preferences window.
Figure 134 Macintosh OS X: Apple Menu
2 Click Network in the icon bar.
•Select Automatic from the Location list.
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•Select Built-in Ethernet from the Show list.
• Click the TCP/IP tab.
3 For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure list.
Figure 135 Macintosh OS X: Network
4 For statically assigned settings, do the following:
•From the Configure box, select Manually.
• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.
• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.
• Type the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in the Router address box.
5 Click Apply Now and close the window.
6 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties in the Network window.
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Linux
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in Red Hat Linux 9.0.
Procedure, screens and file location may vary depending on your Linux distribution and release
version.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Using the K Desktop Environment (KDE)
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address using the KDE.
1 Click the Red Hat button (located on the bottom left corner), select System Setting and click
Network.
Figure 136 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Devices
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address
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2 Double-click on the profile of the network card you wish to configure. The Ethernet Device
General screen displays as shown.
Figure 137 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Ethernet Device: General
• If you have a dynamic IP address, click Automatically obtain IP address settings with and
select dhcp from the drop down list.
• If you have a static IP address, click Statically set IP Addresses and fill in the Address,
Subnet mask, and Default Gateway Address fields.
3 Click OK to save the changes and close the Ethernet Device General screen.
4 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Configuration
screen. Enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
Figure 138 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: DNS
5 Click the Devices tab.
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6 Click the Activate button to apply the changes. The following screen displays. Click Yes to save
the changes in all screens.
Figure 139 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Activate
7 After the network card restart process is complete, make sure the Status is Active in the Network
Configuration screen.
Using Configuration Files
Follow the steps below to edit the network configuration files and set your computer IP address.
1 Assuming that you have only one network card on the computer, locate the ifconfig-eth0
configuration file (where eth0 is the name of the Ethernet card). Open the configuration file with
any plain text editor.
• If you have a dynamic IP address, enter dhcp in the BOOTPROTO= field. The following figure
shows an example.
Figure 140 Red Hat 9.0: Dynamic IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
USERCTL=no
PEERDNS=yes
TYPE=Ethernet
• If you have a static IP address, enter
by the IP address (in dotted decimal notation) and type NETMASK= followed by the subnet
mask. The following example shows an example where the static IP address is 192.168.1.10
and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0.
Figure 141 Red Hat 9.0: Static IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=static
IPADDR=192.168.1.10
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
USERCTL=no
PEERDNS=yes
TYPE=Ethernet
static in the BOOTPROTO= field. Type IPADDR= followed
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2 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), enter the DNS server information in the resolv.conf
file in the /etc directory. The following figure shows an example where two DNS server IP
addresses are specified.
Figure 142 Red Hat 9.0: DNS Settings in resolv.conf
nameserver 172.23.5.1
nameserver 172.23.5.2
3 After you edit and save the configuration files, you must restart the network card. Enter ./network
restart in the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory. The following figure shows an example.
Figure 143 Red Hat 9.0: Restart Ethernet Card
[root@localhost init.d]# network restart
Shutting down interface eth0: [OK]
Shutting down loopback interface: [OK]
Setting network parameters: [OK]
Bringing up loopback interface: [OK]
Bringing up interface eth0: [OK]
Verifying Settings
Enter ifconfig in a terminal screen to check your TCP/IP properties.
Figure 144 Red Hat 9.0: Checking TCP/IP Properties
[root@localhost]# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:BA:72:5B:44
inet addr:172.23.19.129 Bcast:172.23.19.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:717 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:730412 (713.2 Kb) TX bytes:1570 (1.5 Kb)
Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1000
[root@localhost]#
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This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks.
IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including
computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the
network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.
Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use
subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
Introduction to IP Addresses
One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same
way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common
network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has
its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets
to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are
delivered.
APPENDIX B
IP Addresses and Subnetting
Structure
An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example,
192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary
number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation).
Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in
decimal.
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The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are
the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.
Figure 145 Network Number and Host ID
How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according
to the subnet mask.
Subnet Masks
A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are
part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-network”.
A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP
address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit
in the IP address is part of the host ID.
The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host
ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).
Table 98 Subnet Masks
IP Address (Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Network Number 11000000 10101000 00000001
Host ID 00000010
1ST OCTET:
(192)
2ND
OCTET:
(168)
3RD
OCTET:
(1)
4TH OCTET
(2)
248
By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the
leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.
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Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value).
For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24
bits are zeroes.
Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following
examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks.
Table 99 Subnet Masks
8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0
16-bit mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0
24-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0
29-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248
Network Size
The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have
on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of
remaining host ID bits.
BINARY
1ST
OCTET
2ND
OCTET
3RD
OCTET
Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting
DECIMAL
4TH OCTET
Notation
An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit
subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that
network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).
As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of
possible hosts in a network as follows:
Table 100 Maximum Host Numbers
SUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS
8 bits 255.0.0.0 24 bits 224 – 2 16777214
16
16 bits 255.255.0.0 16 bits 2
24 bits 255.255.255.0 8 bits 2
29 bits 255.255.255.2483 bits 2
– 2 65534
8
– 2 254
3
– 2 6
Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a
continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the
number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/”
followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address.
For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128.
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The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations.
Table 101 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation
SUBNET MASK
255.255.255.0 /24 0000 0000 0
255.255.255.128 /25 1000 0000 128
255.255.255.192 /26 1100 0000 192
255.255.255.224 /27 1110 0000 224
255.255.255.240 /28 1111 0000 240
255.255.255.248 /29 1111 1000 248
255.255.255.252 /30 1111 1100 252
Subnetting
You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example
a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the
company network for security reasons.
ALTERNATIVE
NOTATION
LAST OCTET
(BINARY)
LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL)
In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address
(192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum
8
of 2
– 2 or 254 possible hosts.
The following figure shows the company network before subnetting.
Figure 146 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting
250
You can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate subnetworks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).
The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25
and 192.168.1.128 /25.
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The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two subnetworks, A and B.
Figure 147 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting
In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 2
possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s
broadcast address).
192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask
255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to
an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126.
Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.
Example: Four Subnets
The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two
subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host ID
bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192.
Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 2
zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).
Table 102 Subnet 1
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER
IP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
7
– 2 or 126
6
- 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all
LAST OCTET BIT
VAL UE
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Table 102 Subnet 1 (continued)
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.0
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63
Table 103 Subnet 2
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER
IP Address 192.168.1. 64
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.64
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.127
Table 104 Subnet 3
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 128
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.128
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.191
LAST OCTET BIT
VAL UE
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
LAST OCTET BIT
VAL UE
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190
Table 105 Subnet 4
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 192
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.192
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.255
Example: Eight Subnets
Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111).
The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.
Table 106 Eight Subnets
SUBNET
1 0 1 30 31
2 32 33 62 63
SUBNET
ADDRESS
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254
FIRST ADDRESS
LAST
ADDRESS
BROADCAST
ADDRESS
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Table 106 Eight Subnets (continued)
SUBNET
3 64 65 94 95
4 96 97 126 127
5 128 129 158 159
6 160 161 190 191
7 192 193 222 223
8 224 225 254 255
Subnet Planning
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.
Table 107 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS
1 255.255.255.128 (/25) 2 126
2 255.255.255.192 (/26) 4 62
3 255.255.255.224 (/27) 8 30
4 255.255.255.240 (/28) 16 14
5 255.255.255.248 (/29) 32 6
6 255.255.255.252 (/30) 64 2
7 255.255.255.254 (/31) 128 1
SUBNET
ADDRESS
FIRST ADDRESS
LAST
ADDRESS
SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS
Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting
BROADCAST
ADDRESS
NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number.
Table 108 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS
1 255.255.128.0 (/17) 2 32766
2 255.255.192.0 (/18) 4 16382
3 255.255.224.0 (/19) 8 8190
4 255.255.240.0 (/20) 16 4094
5 255.255.248.0 (/21) 32 2046
6 255.255.252.0 (/22) 64 1022
7 255.255.254.0 (/23) 128 510
8 255.255.255.0 (/24) 256 254
9 255.255.255.128 (/25) 512 126
10 255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024 62
11 255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048 30
12 255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096 14
13 255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192 6
14 255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384 2
15 255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768 1
SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS
NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
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Configuring IP Addresses
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your
network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in
selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user
account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this
is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to
192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses
specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You
must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the ZyXEL Device.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your ZyXEL Device that is
easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network
is using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your ZyXEL Device will
compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need
to change the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do
otherwise.
Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the
Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to
the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has
reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private
network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP
can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are
part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the
appropriate IP addresses.
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the
guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address
Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
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Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.
• JavaScripts (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).
Note: Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer
versions may vary.
Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers
You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device.
APPENDIX C
Permissions
Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow
pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP address.
Disable Pop-up Blockers
1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker.
Figure 148 Pop-up Blocker
You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab.
1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.
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2 Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any
web pop-up blockers you may have enabled.
Figure 149 Internet Options: Privacy
3 Click Apply to save this setting.
Enable Pop-up Blockers with Exceptions
Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.
1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab.
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2 Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.
Figure 150 Internet Options: Privacy
3 Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the
prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1.
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4 Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.
Figure 151 Pop-up Blocker Settings
5 Click Close to return to the Privacy screen.
6 Click Apply to save this setting.
JavaScripts
If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts
are allowed.
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Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
1 In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
Figure 152 Internet Options: Security
2 Click the Custom Level... button.
3 Scroll down to Scripting.
4 Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
5 Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
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6 Click OK to close the window.
Figure 153 Security Settings - Java Scripting
Java Permissions
1 From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
2 Click the Custom Level... button.
3 Scroll down to Microsoft VM.
4 Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.
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5 Click OK to close the window.
Figure 154 Security Settings - Java
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
JAVA (Sun)
1 From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab.
2 Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.
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3 Click OK to close the window.
Figure 155 Java (Sun)
Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary.
You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the
screen that appears.
Figure 156 Mozilla Firefox: Tools > Options
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Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
Click Content.to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.
Figure 157 Mozilla Firefox Content Security
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Wireless LAN Topologies
This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.
Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration
The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of
computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within
range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an
ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example
of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN.
Figure 158 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network
APPENDIX D
Wireless LANs
BSS
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a
wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless
client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is
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disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with
each other.
Figure 159 Basic Service Set
ESS
An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access
point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection
between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).
This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only
provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the
immediate neighborhood.
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An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated
wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.
Figure 160 Infrastructure WLAN
Channel
RTS/CTS
A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data.
Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your
region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce
interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing
interference and degrading performance.
Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should
be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For
example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to
select a channel between 6 or 11.
A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not
within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are
within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they
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cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore,
they are considered hidden from each other.
Figure 161 RTS/CTS
When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the
channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of
data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.
RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest
size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is
invoked.
When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station
that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for
permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other
stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms
with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.
Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and
the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the
RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be
fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could
negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.
Fragmentation Threshold
A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes)
that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data
frames.
268
A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while
you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.
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If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you
set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames
will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Preamble Type
Preamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of
the synchronization field in a packet.
Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending
data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short
preamble.
Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network
support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.
Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide
more efficient communications.
Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the
network support it, otherwise the ZyXEL Device uses long preamble.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate.
IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b
adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or
lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps between the
maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:
Table 109 IEEE 802.11g
DATA RATE (MBPS) MODULATION
1 DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)
2 DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
5.5 / 11 CCK (Complementary Code Keying)
6/9/12/18/24/36/48/54OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Wireless Security Overview
Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless
clients, access points and the wired network.
Wireless security methods available on the ZyXEL Device are data encryption, wireless client
authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the ZyXEL Device identity.
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The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on
your ZyXEL Device.
Table 110 Wireless Security Levels
SECURITY
LEVEL
Least
Secure
Most Secure
Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the ZyXEL Device and on all
wireless clients that you want to associate with it.
SECURITY TYPE
Unique SSID (Default)
Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled
MAC Address Filtering
WEP Encryption
IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
WPA2
IEEE 802.1x
In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to
support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It
is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x
are:
• User based identification that allows for roaming.
• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for
• Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional
RADIUS
RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and
accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server
handles the following tasks:
• Authentication
•Authorization
• Accounting
centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server.
authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless
clients.
Determines the identity of the users.
Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the
network.
Keeps track of the client’s network activity.
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RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the
wireless client and the network RADIUS server.
Types of RADIUS Messages
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS
server for user authentication:
• Access-Request
Sent by an access point requesting authentication.
• Access-Reject
Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.
• Access-Accept
Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access.
• Access-Challenge
Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point
sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message.
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS
server for user accounting:
Appendix D Wireless LANs
• Accounting-Request
Sent by the access point requesting accounting.
• Accounting-Response
Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting.
In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret
key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the
shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from
unauthorized access.
Types of EAP Authentication
This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and
LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types.
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE
802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP
to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a
RADIUS server perform authentication.
The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that
supports IEEE 802.1x. .
For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain
the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used
to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate
owner.
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EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)
MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server
sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client ‘proves’ that it knows the password by
encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in
plain text.
However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get
the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the
authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an
authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication.
Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You
must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption.
EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)
With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for
mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of
the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done
in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive
attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity.
However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which
imposes a management overhead.
EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service)
EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the serverside authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending
username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client
authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP,
CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.
PEAP (Protected EAP)
Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then
use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the
clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5,
EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is
implemented only by Cisco.
LEAP
LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x.
Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the
wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is
generated each time reauthentication is performed.
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If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless
security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while
dynamic WEP is enabled.
Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic
keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public
deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a
comparison of the features of authentication types.
Table 111 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types
EAP-MD5 EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP LEAP
Mutual Authentication No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Certificate – Client No Ye s Optional Optional No
Certificate – Server No Yes Yes Yes No
Dynamic Key Exchange No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Credential Integrity None Strong Strong Strong Moderate
Deployment Difficulty Easy Hard Moderate Moderate Moderate
Client Identity Protection No No Yes Ye s No
WPA and WPA2
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a
wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management
than WPA.
Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user
authentication.
If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use
WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use
WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into
each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless
client will be granted access to a WLAN.
If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on
whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.
Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less
secure than WPA or WPA2.
Encryption
WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity
Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but
offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter
mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).
TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server.
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm
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called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check
(MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying
mechanism.
WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is
never used twice.
The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key
hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption
keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless
clients. This all happens in the background automatically.
The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets,
altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the
receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is
assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.
By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity
checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi
network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network.
The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference
between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific
credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force
password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent,
single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal
encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of
WEP)
User Authentication
WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate
wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange
messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a
network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and
pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless
devices.
Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication
with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not
need to go with the authentication process again.
Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an
AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.
Wireless Client WPA Supplicants
A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless
client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch
for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client.
The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero
Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it.
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WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812),
and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server
looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.
1 The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.
2 The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies
network access accordingly.
3 A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS
server and the client.
4 The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and
management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The
keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and
the wireless clients.
Figure 162 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
Appendix D Wireless LANs
WPA(2)-PSK Application Example
A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.
1 First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must
consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and
symbols).
2 The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password
matches.
3 The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not
sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID.
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4 The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information
exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data
exchanged between them.
Figure 163 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication
Security Parameters Summary
Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each
authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on
how you configure these security features.
Table 112 Wireless Security Relational Matrix
AUTHENTICATION
METHOD/ KEY
MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL
Open None No Disable
Open WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Shared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
WPA TKIP/AES No Enable
WPA-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable
WPA2 TKIP/AES No Enable
WPA2-PSK TKIP/AES Ye s Disable
Antenna Overview
An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to
the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by
capturing RF signals from the air.
ENCRYPTIO
N METHOD
ENTER
MANUAL KEY
Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Disable
Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Disable
IEEE 802.1X
Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
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Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN.
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Antenna Characteristics
Frequency
An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g) or 5GHz (IEEE 802.11a)
is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LAN
Radiation Pattern
A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna’s coverage
area.
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width.
Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications.
For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately
2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of
approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal
power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna
that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the
antenna provides.
Types of Antennas for WLAN
There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.
• Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The
coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room
environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage
areas with multiple access points.
• Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light
from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles
typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional
antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.
Positioning Antennas
In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In
point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to
each other to attain the best performance.
For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For
omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP
application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible.
For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
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APPENDIX E
Services
The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port
numbers.
• Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a
different one, if you like.
• Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the service
uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP
protocol number, not the port number.
• Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol.
•If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.
•If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.
• Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations
in which this service is used.
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Appendix E Services
Table 113 Examples of Services
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
AH (IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined 51 The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header)
tunneling protocol uses this service.
AIM TCP 5190 AOL’s Internet Messenger service.
AUTH TCP 113 Authentication protocol used by some
BGP TCP 179 Border Gateway Protocol.
BOOTP_CLIENT UDP 68 DHCP Client.
BOOTP_SERVER UDP 67 DHCP Server.
CU-SEEME TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
DNS TCP/UDP 53 Domain Name Server, a service that
ESP
(IPSEC_TUNNEL)
FINGER TCP 79 Finger is a UNIX or Internet related
FTP TCP
H.323 TCP 1720 NetMeeting uses this protocol.
HTTP TCP 80 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/
HTTPS TCP 443 HTTPS is a secured http session often used
ICMP User-Defined 1 Internet Control Message Protocol is often
ICQ UDP 4000 This is a popular Internet chat program.
IGMP (MULTICAST) User-Defined 2 Internet Group Multicast Protocol is used
IKE UDP 500 The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is
IMAP4 TCP 143 The Internet Message Access Protocol is
IMAP4S TCP 993 This is a more secure version of IMAP4 that
IRC TCP/UDP 6667 This is another popular Internet chat
MSN Messenger TCP 1863 Microsoft Networks’ messenger service
NetBIOS TCP/UDP
User-Defined 50 The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security
TCP
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
7648
24032
20
21
137
138
139
445
servers.
A popular videoconferencing solution from
White Pines Software.
matches web names (for instance
www.zyxel.com
Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this
service.
command that can be used to find out if a
user is logged on.
File Transfer Protocol, a program to enable
fast transfer of files, including large files
that may not be possible by e-mail.
server protocol for the world wide web.
in e-commerce.
used for diagnostic purposes.
when sending packets to a specific group
of hosts.
used for key distribution and management.
used for e-mail.
runs over SSL.
program.
uses this protocol.
The Network Basic Input/Output System is
used for communication between
computers in a LAN.
) to IP numbers.
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Appendix E Services
Table 113 Examples of Services (continued)
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
NEW-ICQ TCP 5190 An Internet chat program.
NEWS TCP 144 A protocol for news groups.
NFS UDP 2049 Network File System - NFS is a client/
server distributed file service that provides
transparent file sharing for network
environments.
NNTP TCP 119 Network News Transport Protocol is the
delivery mechanism for the USENET
newsgroup service.
PING User-Defined 1 Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that
sends out ICMP echo requests to test
whether or not a remote host is reachable.
POP3 TCP 110 Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client
POP3S TCP 995 This is a more secure version of POP3 that
PPTP TCP 1723 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables
PPTP_TUNNEL (GRE) User-Defined 47 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)
RCMD TCP 512 Remote Command Service.
REAL_AUDIO TCP 7070 A streaming audio service that enables real
REXEC TCP 514 Remote Execution Daemon.
RLOGIN TCP 513 Remote Login.
ROADRUNNER TCP/UDP 1026 This is an ISP that provides services mainly
RTELNET TCP 107 Remote Telnet.
RTSP TCP/UDP 554 The Real Time Streaming (media control)
SFTP TCP 115 The Simple File Transfer Protocol is an old
SMTP TCP 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the
SMTPS TCP 465 This is a more secure version of SMTP that
SNMP TCP/UDP 161 Simple Network Management Program.
SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP 162 Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215).
computer get e-mail from a POP3 server
through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or
other).
runs over SSL.
secure transfer of data over public
networks. This is the control channel.
enables secure transfer of data over public
networks. This is the data channel.
time sound over the web.
for cable modems.
Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for
multimedia on the Internet.
way of transferring files between
computers.
message-exchange standard for the
Internet. SMTP enables you to move
messages from one e-mail server to
another.
runs over SSL.
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Appendix E Services
Table 113 Examples of Services (continued)
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
SQL-NET TCP 1521 Structured Query Language is an interface
to access data on many different types of
database systems, including mainframes,
midrange systems, UNIX systems and
network servers.
SSDP UDP 1900 The Simple Service Discovery Protocol
SSH TCP/UDP 22 Secure Shell Remote Login Program.
STRM WORKS UDP 1558 Stream Works Protocol.
SYSLOG UDP 514 Syslog allows you to send system logs to a
TACACS UDP 49 Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal
TELNET TCP 23 Telnet is the login and terminal emulation
VDOLIVE TCP
UDP
7000
userdefined
supports Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP).
UNIX server.
Access Controller Access Control System).
protocol common on the Internet and in
UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/
IP networks. Its primary function is to
allow users to log into remote host
systems.
A videoconferencing solution. The UDP port
number is specified in the application.
282
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Copyright
APPENDIX F
Legal Information
Copyright © 2010 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed,
stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.
Disclaimer
ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or
software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent
rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein
without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.
Trademarks
ZyNOS (ZyXEL Network Operating System) is a registered trademark of ZyXEL Communications,
Inc. Other trademarks mentioned in this publication are used for identification purposes only and
may be properties of their respective owners.
Certifications
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement
The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
• This device may not cause harmful interference.
• This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause
undesired operations.
This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant
to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against
harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio
frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause
harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will
not occur in a particular installation.
AMG1202-T10A User’s Guide 283
Page 94
Appendix F Legal Information
If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be
determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the
interference by one or more of the following measures:
1 Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
2 Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.
3 Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is
connected.
4 Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
• This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or
transmitter.
• IEEE 802.11b or 802.11g operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 1
through 11.
• To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation distance of at least 20
cm must be maintained between the antenna of this device and all persons.
FCC Radiation Exposure Statement
注意 !
依據 低功率電波輻射性電機管理辦法
第十二條 經型式認證合格之低功率射頻電機，非經許可，公司、商號或使用
者均不得擅自變更頻率、加大功率或變更原設計之特性及功能。
第十四條 低功率射頻電機之使用不得影響飛航安全及干擾合法通信；經發現
有干擾現象時，應立即停用，並改善至無干擾時方得繼續使用。
前項合法通信，指依電信規定作業之無線電信。低功率射頻電機須忍
受合法通信或工業、科學及醫療用電波輻射性電機設備之干擾。
本機限在不干擾合法電臺與不受被干擾保障條件下於室內使用。
減少電磁波影響，請妥適使用。
Notices
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could
void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
This device has been designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz network throughout the EC region and
Switzerland, with restrictions in France.
284
This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.
AMG1202-T10A User’s Guide
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Viewing Certifications
1 Go to http://www.zyxel.com.
2 Select your product on the ZyXEL home page to go to that product's page.
3 Select the certification you wish to view from this page.
ZyXEL Limited Warranty
ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in
materials or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During the
warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to
faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective
products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall
deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any
replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or
higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the
product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to
abnormal working conditions.
Appendix F Legal Information
Note
Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser.
This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of
merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for
indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.
To obtain the services of this warranty, contact ZyXEL's Service Center for your Return Material
Authorization number (RMA). Products must be returned Postage Prepaid. It is recommended that
the unit be insured when shipped. Any returned products without proof of purchase or those with
an out-dated warranty will be repaired or replaced (at the discretion of ZyXEL) and the customer
will be billed for parts and labor. All repaired or replaced products will be shipped by ZyXEL to the
corresponding return address, Postage Paid. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you
may also have other rights that vary from country to country.
Registration
Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at
www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for North American products.
AMG1202-T10A User’s Guide
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Appendix F Legal Information
286
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Index
Index
Numbers
802.1p 162, 164
802.1Q/1P 153
activation 154
group settings 156
port settings 157
priority 153
PVC 154
PVID 157
tagging frames 153, 154, 156
A
activation
802.1Q/1P 154
dynamic DNS 168
DYNDNS wildcard 168
firewalls 141
MAC address filter 106
NAT 128
port forwarding 132
QoS 160, 161
SIP ALG 135
SSID 107
UPnP 179
wireless LAN 99
scheduling 11 2
WPS 109
address mapping 132
rules 134
types 133, 134, 137
administrator password 28, 189
alerts 193
alternative subnet mask notation 250
antenna
directional 277
gain 277
omni-directional 277
AP (access point) 267
application filter 145
applications, NAT 137
Asynchronous Transfer Mode, see ATM
ATM 211
MBS 74, 78
PCR 74, 78
QoS 74, 78, 82
SCR 74, 78
status 211
authentication 114, 116
RADIUS server 116
WPA 104
B
backup
configuration 206
Basic Service Set, See BSS 265
Basic Service Set, see BSS
broadcast 70
BSS 117, 265
example 11 7
C
CA 272
CBR 74, 78, 82
Certificate Authority
See CA.
certifications 283
notices 284
viewing 285
channel 267
interference 267
channel, wireless LAN 114
CLI 21
client list 89
Command Line Interface, see CLI
compatibility, WDS 111
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Index
configuration
backup 206
DHCP 89
firewalls 141
IP alias 91
IP filter 147
IP precedence 162
logs 193
port forwarding 130
reset 208
restoring 206
static route 151
WAN 71
wireless LAN 99
wizard 58
connection
nailed-up 77, 81
on demand 77
copyright 283
CTS (Clear to Send) 268
CTS threshold 104, 11 4
E
EAP Authentication 271
encapsulation 69, 72, 77
ENET ENCAP 79
PPPoA 80
PPPoE 79
RFC 1483 80
encryption 99, 116, 273
WEP 100
key 101
WPA 103
authentication 104
reauthentication 103
WPA-PSK 102
pre-shared key 102
ENET ENCAP 72, 77, 79
ESS 266
Extended Service Set, See ESS 266
D
data fragment threshold 104, 114
DDoS 139
default server, NAT 129, 130
Denials of Service, see DoS
DHCP 86, 89, 93
diagnostic 209
DiffServ Code Point, see DSCP
disclaimer 283
DNS 86, 89, 93, 176
Domain Name System, see DNS
DoS 139
DSCP 162
DSL connections, status 212
dynamic DNS 167
activation 168
wildcard 167
activation 168
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, see DHCP
dynamic WEP key exchange 272
DYNDNS wildcard 167
activation 168
F
FCC interference statement 283
filters 143
application 145
IP filter
configuration 147
IP/MAC 146
structure 143
MAC address 106, 115
activation 106
URL 143, 144
firewalls 139
configuration 141
DDoS 139
DoS 139
LAND attack 140
Ping of Death 140
status 34
SYN attack 139
firmware 203
version 34
forwarding ports 128, 129
activation 132
configuration 130
example 130
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Index
rules 131
fragmentation threshold 104, 114, 268
FTP 21, 172
H
hidden node 267
I
IANA 254
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
see IANA
IBSS 265
ICMP 177
IEEE 802.11g 269
IGA 136
IGMP 70, 86, 88, 95
ILA 136
Independent Basic Service Set
See IBSS 265
initialization vector (IV) 274
Inside Global Address, see IGA
Inside Local Address, see ILA
Internet Group Multicast Protocol, see IGMP
IP address 69, 72, 77, 80, 85, 93
default server 129, 130
ping 209
private 94
IP alias 90
configuration 91
NAT applications 137
IP filter
configuration 147
IP precedence 162, 164
configuration 162
IP/MAC filter 146
structure 143
L
LAN 85
client list 89
DHCP 86, 89, 93
DNS 86, 89, 93
IGMP 86, 95
IP address 85, 86, 93
IP alias 90
configuration 91
MAC address 90
multicast 86, 88, 95
RIP 86, 88, 92, 94
status 34
subnet mask 86, 87, 93
LAND attack 140
LEDs 24
limitations
wireless LAN 117
WPS 124
Local Area Network, see LAN
login 27
passwords 27, 28
logs 193
alerts 193
settings 193
M
MAC address 90, 106
filter 98, 99, 106, 115
MAC address filter
activation 106
Management Information Base (MIB) 174
mapping address 132
rules 134
types 133, 134, 137
Maximum Burst Size, see MBS
Maximum Transmission Unit, see MTU
MBS 74, 78, 82
MBSSID 118
MTU 74, 79
multicast 70, 74, 86, 88, 95
IGMPInternet Group Multicast Protocol, see IGMP
Multiple BSS, see MBSSID
AMG1202-T10A User’s Guide 289
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Index
multiplexing 72, 77, 80
LLC-based 80
VC-based 80
N
nailed-up connection 72, 77, 81
NAT 77, 127, 135, 136, 254
activation 128
address mapping 132
rules 134
types 133, 134, 137
applications 137
IP alias 137
default server IP address 129, 130
example 137
global 136
IGA 136
ILA 136
inside 136
local 136
outside 136
P2P 129
port forwarding 128, 129
activation 132
configuration 130
example 130
rules 131
remote management 170
SIP ALG 135
activation 135
SUA 128
Network Address Translation
see NAT
Network Address Translation, see NAT
PIN, WPS 109, 11 0, 119
example 121
Ping of Death 140
port forwarding 128, 129
activation 132
configuration 130
example 130
rules 131
PPPoA 72, 77, 80
PPPoE 72, 77, 79
preamble 105, 114
preamble mode 269
pre-shared key 102
private IP address 94
product registration 285
PSK 274
push button 23, 110
Push Button Configuration, see PBC
push button, WPS 119
PVC 154
PVID 157
Q
QoS 159
802.1p 162, 164
activation 160, 161
DSCP 162
example 159
IP precedence 162, 164
priority queue 164
Quality of Service, see QoS
P
P2P 129
Pairwise Master Key (PMK) 274, 275
passwords 27, 28
administrator 189
PBC 11 9
PCR 74, 78, 81
Peak Cell Rate, see PCR
R
RADIUS 270
message types 271
messages 271
shared secret key 271
RADIUS server 116
reauthentication, WPA 103
registration
product 285
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