October 2020
Version 6.3
Xerox
Device Agent
Security & Evaluation Guide
®
©2020 Xerox Corporation. All rights reserved.
Xerox®, WorkCentre®, and Phaser®are trademarks of Xerox Corporation in the United States and/or other
counties. BR17445
Microsoft®, Windows®, Windows Vista®, SQL Server®, Microsoft®.NET, Windows Server®, Internet
Explorer®, Access®, and Windows NT® are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft
Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
Linux®is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds.
Apple®, Macintosh®, and MacOS®are registered trademarks of Apple Inc.
Parallels Desktop is a registered trademark of Parallels IP Holdings GmbH.
Hewlett-Packard, JetDirect™, and HP LaserJet are trademarks of Hewlett-Packard Development Company,
L.P.
UNIX®is a registered trademark of The Open Group.
VMWare is a registered trademark of VMware, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions.
To ensure the efficient fulfillment of Xerox service offerings, we leverage global competency centers and
cloud technology. This may result in the personal data we process being transferred beyond the European
Economic Area (EEA), but within the parameters of the defined service offering. The level of protection
afforded by General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is not undermined through data transfers, and all
transfers undertaken by Xerox are carried out in full compliance with GDPR using an approved mechanism
and subject to appropriate safeguards.
Changes are periodically made to this document. Changes, technical inaccuracies, and typographic errors
will be corrected in subsequent editions.
Revision History
Version Date Description
6.3 October 2020 support for SQL Server 2019
6.2 May 2020 Changed CloudDM to CloudFM
Updated network traffic for auto update server queries
6.1 October 2019 Added reference to Cloud DM in Auto update.
6.0 May 2019 Support for Windows Server 2019. Remove references to Xerox Print Agent, which
is no longer supported. Update branding. Auto upgrade is now set to automatic
by default. Ability to re-register device agents in Xerox®Services Manager.
5.6 October 2018 No change
5.5 May 2018 Added note about personal data processing for GDPR. Updated hardware and software requirements, added details about remote snmp v3 discovery, new recovery
services.
5.4 May 2017 Updated supported browsers
5.3 February 2016 Updates supported hardware and software requirements. Added support for
Macintosh environments.
5.2 June 2015 Updated recommended hardware and software requirements
Table of Contents
Overview and How to Use this Guide 2
Goals and Objectives 2
Intended Audience 2
Using This Guide 2
Limits to this Guide 3
Introduction to Xerox® Device Agent 4
Product Overview 4
Deployment Requirements 4
Xerox® Device Agent System Component Architecture 4
Recommended Hardware and Operating System Requirements 5
Requirements to Run on a Macintosh Operating System 6
Unsupported Configurations 7
Database Requirements 7
Browser Requirements 7
Printer Requirements 7
Network Printer Discovery/Monitoring Requirements 7
Direct Printer Requirements 8
Security 9
Application 9
Install 9
Licensing 9
Post Install Normal Operation 10
Network Printer 10
SNMP v1-v2 Security 10
SNMP v3 Security 10
Xerox Back Office Integration 11
Device Information Communicated to Xerox 12
Xerox® Device Agent Site Information Sent to Xerox 12
Xerox® Services Manager Initiated Remote Commands to Xerox® Device Agent 13
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
i
Xerox® Device Agent Remote Configuration 13
Corporation Security Mode 14
Network Impact 15
Discovery 15
Device Discovery Method 16
IP Sweep Operation 16
Discover SNMP v3 Devices 17
Queue-based Discovery 18
Managing Discovery 18
Discovery Network Data Calculations 18
Manufacturer Applicability 20
Recovery Services to Monitor for Errors 20
Running Recovery Services 20
Disabling Recovery Services Automatic Upload 21
Xerox® Services Manager Integration 21
Registration 22
Device List Import 22
Site Settings Export 22
Site Settings Import 22
Site Status Export 22
Device Information Export 22
Remote Command Check 23
Auto Update 23
Version Check 23
Update Download 23
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
ii
Tables and Figures
Figure 1: Typical Xerox® Device Agent Deployment 5
Table 1: Printer Data Communicated to Xerox 12
Table 2: Xerox® Device Agent Site Information Sent to Xerox 13
Table 5: Remote Configuration 14
Table 6: Xerox® Device Agent Ports 15
Table 7: Data Sizes 19
Table 8: Data Gathering Frequencies 19
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
iii
Overview and How to Use this Guide
Overview and How to Use this Guide
Goals and Objectives
Network and data security are one of the many challenges that businesses face on a daily basis.
Recognizing this, Xerox continues to engineer and design all of its products to ensure the highest level of
security possible.
This document provides additional background on the Xerox®Device Agent software capabilities, and
specifically focuses on the software’s security aspects. This document covers all Xerox®Device Agent
configurations, and some items may not apply to the version you have. This document will help you better
understand how the applicationfunctions and will help you feel confident that it transmits device data in a
secure and accurate manner. This guide will help you certify, evaluate, and approve the deployment of
Xerox®Device Agent in support of your contract. It includes information on the application's potential
impact on security and network infrastructure as well as calculations of theoretical network traffic.
We recommend that you read this document in its entirety and take appropriate actions consistent with
your information technology security policies and practices. You have many issues to consider in
developing and deploying a security policy within your organization. Since these requirements will vary
from customer to customer, you have the final responsibility for all implementations, re-installations, and
testing of security configurations, patches, and modifications.
Intended Audience
It is expected that this guide will be used by your network administrator before installing Xerox® Device
Agent. In order to get the most from this guide, you should have an understanding of:
l the network environment where you will install Xerox
l any restrictions placed on applications that are deployed on that network, and
l the Microsoft Windows
®
operating system
®
Device Agent,
Using This Guide
There are two main scenarios for using this guide:if you are a customer who does not have acceptance
and evaluation procedures for this type of software or if you are a customer who has defined guidelines. In
both cases, the three identified areas of concern are security, impact to the network infrastructure, and
what other resources might be required to install, use, and support Xerox®Device Agent.
Use this guide to gather information about these areas and determine if you need to investigate Xerox
Device Agent further. This document is divided into these areas:
l This overview
l An introduction to Xerox
l Potential security-related impacts to a typical customer environment including:
®
Device Agent
®
l Security information, implications, and recommendations
l Roles and permission requirements of Xerox
®
Device Agent users
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
2
Overview and How to Use this Guide
l Information about features that impact the network, which may include estimates of generated traffic,
changes to the network infrastructure, or other required resources.
Limits to this Guide
This guide is meant to help you evaluate this application, but it cannot be a complete information source
for all potential customers. This guide proposes a hypothetical customer printer environment; if your
network environment differs from the hypothetical environment, your network administration team and
Xerox Support Representative must understand the differences and decide on any certification
modifications and/or future steps. Additionally:
l This guide only describes those features within the application that have some discernable impact to the
overall customer network environment, whether it be the overall network, security, or other customer
resources.
l The guide’s information is related to the application's current release. Although much of this inform-
ation will remain constant through the software’s life cycle, some of the data is revision-specific, and will
be revised periodically. IT organizations should check with the Xerox Support Representative to obtain
the appropriate version.
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
3
Introduction to Xerox® Device Agent
Introduction to Xerox® Device Agent
Product Overview
Xerox®Device Agent discovers and monitors printing devices, specifically office printers and multi-function
devices.
The application features a built-in alert detection system and has the capability to send an e-mail message
to an appropriate user when certain conditions exist in the monitored devices. It also provides clear and
concise status of all networked printers.
You can do the following from Xerox®Device Agent:
l Discover printers
l Notify users via e-mail when faults occur
l Monitor printers for status and alert conditions
The application supports industry-SNMP MIBs for network printers; however, the amount and type of
management that it can provide is dependent on the printer’s level of conformance to those standards. The
following features conform to these standards:
l Printer identity (i.e. model, serial number, manufacturer, etc.)
l Printer properties (i.e. input trays, output bins, serial number, etc.)
l TCP/IP protocol suite (SNMP, TCP, UDP, IP, NIC details)
l Supported print protocols (LPD, HTTP, Port 9100)
l Consumables and levels (toner, fuser, print cartridge and device unique parts)
l Printer status including overall state, detailed status, UI messages, etc.
Note: A single instance of Xerox®Device Agent supports a maximum of 2000 network print devices.
Consumers with more than 2000 network print devices will install an additional instance of the application
on a different server or PC to support the remaining networked print devices
Deployment Requirements
To deploy the application install it on a desktop computer or server that has internet access and shares the
network with those printers that you want to monitor.
Note: The scheduled events for meter reads and alert activity may be affected by thesoftware's
connectivity.
Xerox®Device Agent System Component Architecture
This diagram shows a typical configuration that a customer may deploy within their network. In this
example, Xerox®Device Agent runs on a networked computer that can access the printers through the
local network.
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
4
Introduction to Xerox® Device Agent
Figure 1: Typical Xerox®Device Agent Deployment
Recommended Hardware and Operating System Requirements
Item Requirement
Operating System (32-bit and
64-bit)
l Windows Server
l Windows Server
l Windows Server
l Windows
l Windows
l Apple
®
®
2012 and 2012 R2
®
2016
®
2019
®
8.1
®
10 Professional, Enterprise
OS 10.9.4 or later when run with the Parallels®Desktop hardware emulation software.
Go to the Requirements to Run on a Macintosh Operating System section for requirement
details.
l Microsoft
®
.NET framework 4.5.2 Extended (Full Version) installed
Database Server l SQL Server®Compact Edition
l SQL Server
l SQL Server
l SQL Server
l SQL Server
®
2012 SP3
®
2014 SP2
®
2016 SP2
®
2017
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
5
Introduction to Xerox® Device Agent
Item Requirement
l SQL Server
l The software includes Microsoft SQL Server
®
2019
®
Compact Edition for operation.
Memory l Windows®8.1, Windows®10, Windows Server®2012, Windows Server®2012 R2: 2 GB of RAM
(2.5 GB or higher recommended)
Processor l 1.7 GHz processor or better
Hard Disk l Minimum free space is 450 MB
Minimum Res-
l 1024 x 768
olution
Permissions l You must install the application software on the client computer using the administrative
account or an account with administrative privileges.
Internet Con-
l Required
nection
Notes:
l We recommend that you update your host computers with the latest critical patches and service releases
from Microsoft Corporation.
l The Network Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) must be loaded and operational.
l Requires SNMP-enabled devices and the ability to route SNMP over the network. It is not required to
enable SNMP on the computer where the applicationwill be installed or any other network computers.
l You must install Microsoft
®
.NET framework 4.5.2 Extended (Full version) before you install the applic-
ation.
l The application should not be installed on a PC where other SNMP-based applications or other Xerox
printer management tools are installed, since they may interfere with each other's operation.
Requirements to Run on a Macintosh Operating System
This table lists the system requirements that you must meet to run Xerox®Device Agent in a Macintosh
environment. You can only run Xerox®Device Agent in a Macintosh environment by using hardware emulation software. You cannot run Xerox®Device Agent in a native Macintosh environment.
Item Requirement
Apple Mac Hardware
Host Operating System for Apple Mac Platforms
Hardware Emulation Software
Support Guest Windows Operating Systems Running a Parallels Desktop (32 and
64-bit)
Additional Software
l Intel Core 2 Duo, Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, or Xeon processor
l Apple OS10.9.4 or later
l Parallels Desktop v10.2.1 or later required for Apple OS X 10.9 “Mav-
ericks” – 10.10.x “Yosemite” host systems
l Parallels Desktop v11.0.1 or later required for Apple OS X 10.11 “El Cap-
itan host system
l Windows
l Windows
l Windows
l Microsoft
®
7 SP0 and SP1
®
8.1, and 8.1 update (64-bit only for update 1)
®
10
®
.NET framework 4.5.2 installed
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
6
Introduction to Xerox® Device Agent
Item Requirement
Memory
Hard Disk
l 2 GB for all Windows applications
l Minimum free space is 600 MB (100 MB for Xerox
®
Device Agent
and up to 500 MB for the Microsoft®.NET framework, if not previously installed.)
l An additional 850 MB of disk space on the boot volume (Macintosh
HD) for Parallels Desktop installation
Unsupported Configurations
l Installation of the application on a computer with another Xerox device management application, such
as Xerox® Device Manager.
l Installation of the application on a computer with other SNMP management tools,
l Native Mac OS
®
operating system software (i.e., Xerox®Device Agent can only run on the Apple Mac
Platform when the Parallels Emulation Software is installed.)
l Any version of UNIX
Novell client, Windows®7, Windows®XP, Windows®Vista, Windows NT®4.0, Windows Media
®
operating systems, Linux®operating systems, Windows®systems running the
®
Center, Windows®2000, Windows®Server 2008, Windows®Server 2003, Windows®8 RT, Operating
systems running Terminal Services for applications and Installation on Windows systems running
domain controllers.
l This application has only been tested on VMware
®
Lab Manager™/Workstation environments. This
application may work on other virtual environments; however, these environments have not been tested
Database Requirements
Xerox®Device Agent installs Microsoft SQL Server®Compact 4.0 database engine and database files that
store printer data and application settings within the installation directory. No additional licensing is
required by the customer for the installation of this software product. Xerox®Device Agent also supports
existing instances of SQL Server, as described above.
Browser Requirements
Although Xerox®Device Agent is a Windows®application that does not require a Web browser, when
accessing back office systems that may be web-based (e.g., Xerox®Services Manager) a Web browser
may be required.
Printer Requirements
Network Printer Discovery/Monitoring Requirements
For successful management by the application, all SNMP-based printer devices should support the
mandatory MIB elements and groups as defined by the following standards:
l RFC 1157 (SNMP Version 1)
l RFC 1213(MIB-II for TCP/IP-based Internet)
l RFC 2790 (Host Resources MIB v1/v2)
l RFC 1759(Printer MIB v 1)
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
7
Introduction to Xerox® Device Agent
l RFC 3805(Printer MIB v 2)
l RFC 3806(Printer Finishing MIB)
Direct Printer Requirements
Queue-based discovery depends on user permissions on domain and/or across computers, NetBIOS File
and Printer Sharing, Network Discovery, and WMI.
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
8
Security
Since security is an important consideration when evaluating tools of this class, this section provides
information about the security methods used by Xerox®Device Agent.
Application
The application is compatible with the security features built into the Windows®operating systems. It
relies on a background Windows®service running under the local system account credentials to enable
proactive monitoring of printers, gathering of data, and submission to Xerox®Services Manager. The user
interface that displays the gathered data is accessible only to the power users and administrators who have
login access to the Windows®operating system.
Install
The installer requires administrator privileges. A single Windows®service, “Xerox Device Agent Service” is
installed and configured to run under the local system Windows®account. No special system level
configuration change is required or made by the installer. Xerox®Device Agent is compatible with the
security features built into the Windows®operating system including:
l User authentication and authorization
l Group policy deployment and management
l Internet Connection Firewall (ICF) including:
- Security logging settings
- ICMP settings
Note: Make sure that the PC or server that is running Xerox®Device Agent is continuously powered on
during core business hours to prevent interruption of automatic communications between Xerox®Device
Agent and Xerox.
Licensing
The customer must accept the End User License Agreement (EULA) that is presented upon Xerox®Device
Agent installation. No additional licensing is required by the customer for installation of the Microsoft SQL
Server®Compact 4.database.
Note: This section only applies to Xerox®Print Services and Xerox®Partner Print Services.
To successfully operate Xerox®Device Agent, you must have a Xerox services contract and an account on
Xerox®Services Manager. During the software configuration process, you will need to pair Xerox Device
Agent with an Xerox®Services Manager account in order to activate Xerox Device Agent. For this reason,
you are required to use a Xerox®Services Manager registration key supplied by Xerox or your service
provider. Depending on your account, you may also be required to use a secondary registration key.
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
9
Security
Post Install Normal Operation
The Xerox®Device Agent Windows®service runs as a background process even when no user is logged in.
This enables the application to monitor the devices on the network and generate alerts proactively. If you
are a power user or an administrator authenticated by Windows and you log in to the system, then you
have access to the Xerox®Device Agent’s user interface. You can monitor the printers, view printer data,
and change settings. The application's user interface verifies that you are a power user or you have
administrative privilege as you attempt to run the application. If you are not an administrator, the
application will display a message that states you need administrative privileges in order to run the
application.
Network Printer
The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is the most widely-used-network-management tool for
communication between network management systems and the networked printers. The application
utilizes SNMP during discovery operations to retrieve detailed data from output devices detected on the
network. After discovery, SNMP is used to monitor printers for alerts, changes in status, configuration
changes, and to support printer troubleshooting. Xerox®Device Agent supports SNMP version 1\2 and
version 3 protocols. The following application properties will help you better understand the impact to
printer security:
l it does not modify the settings on the printer; it only reads them.
l it does not register for SNMP traps.
Exception: Honeywell devices can register for traps.
l it does allow the printer to be reset (this requires that devices support printer reset via SNMP).
SNMP v1- v2 Security
In its current form, SNMP's security is limited to three methods of access: read-only, write-only, and readwrite. Access from Xerox®Device Agent to the devices is granted by the use of community name strings.
Although usually referred to as the password, for SNMP operations, the community name provides a very
simple level of authentication for all Protocol Data Unit (PDU) operations. Theoretically, you can assign
community names to every subnet on a network. Every printer on a local subnet will have the same
community name. You can assign printers on a different subnet to a different community name. By
default, Xerox®Device Agent uses the community name string of public, which is the printer
manufacturer’s default setting. You can elect to change this setting on the printers and you have the ability
to change the community name string that Xerox®Device Agent uses to match the settings for the
configured printers.
SNMP v3 Security
SNMP, however, is being expanded in version 3 to include security and administration. The SNMP V3 framework supports multiple security models, which can exist simultaneously within an SNMP entity. Messages in
SNMP V3 contain a field in the header that identifies which security model must process them. To ensure
some form of interoperability, a User-based Security Model (USM) is implemented to defend against unauthorized modification of managed elements and spoofing. Although SNMP V3 is a huge step forward in
secure manageability, it cannot prevent denial-of-service attacks. In addition, its security system must
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
10
Security
stand alone, meaning every device must have a database of users/passwords. In companies that do not
support a standalone security system all devices are left at risk.
Xerox Back Office Integration
The application communicates with Xerox®Services Manager and our billing systems on a periodic basis.
It is important to recognize that Xerox®Services Manager is hosted in an ISO 27001-compliant facility.
The data exchanged during such communications is compressed and encrypted. The security of this
communication is protected by several mechanisms.
l You must configure Xerox
Xerox representative.
l The Xerox
®
Device Agent to Xerox infrastructure communication method is further secured by the use
of industry-standard, secure HTTPS, which is HTTP using a Secure Socket Layer (SSL).
l Xerox
®
Device Agent initiates all contact with Xerox and no special firewall configuration on the site is
required to enable communication.
l Xerox
l The Xerox
®
Device Agent will require a valid proxy if one is required for Internet communication.
®
Services Manager data store and administrative services sit behind a secure firewall and is
not accessible from the Internet.
l Xerox
®
Services Manager user interface access requires authentication. Xerox®Device Agent information is stored in an account specific to the customer site. Access to that account data in Xerox®Services Manager is restricted to the Xerox®Services Manager account managers.
®
Device Agent with a valid account registration key, which is provided by a
l Here is the list of top-level items exchanged during periodic communication with Xerox and their fre-
quency:
- Printer Data Export: Default once per day. User configurable via Synchronize settings.
- List Import: Default once per day. User configurable via Synchronize settings.
- Site Status Export: Default once per day. User configurable via Synchronize settings.
- Site Settings Import: Default once per day. User configurable via Synchronize settings.
- Check for a remote command: User configurable via Synchronize settings. The data traffic generated
from this check is negligible. (See the Network Impact section for more information).
l Here is the list of top-level items exchanged on an as-needed basis:
- Site Settings Export: Every time the settings are changed.
- Commands and settings from Xerox®Services Manager.
- Export of printers on request from Xerox®Services Manager via Remote Command.
l All communication instances are logged and can be viewed either in the Settings>Log screen or in the
PC’s Xerox DM (Device Management) event log.
l
Xerox®Device Agent includes a small background service that queries the Auto Update Service hosted
by Xerox to see if the Device Agent’s associated Xerox®Service Manager account has been linked to a
Xerox®Workplace Cloud account. If the account is linked, then the Xerox®Device Agent will then call
the Xerox® Workplace Cloud to download the Cloud Agent installer. Communication between the
Device Agent and the Auto Update Service is via HTTPS (port 443).
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
11
Security
Device Information Communicated to Xerox
The data that is sent to Xerox is printer-specific, which is primarily billing counters, supply levels, and printer
alerts. Here is the list of printer fields or multi-function device (MFD) attributes published by Xerox®Device
Agent:
Printer Data
2-Sided Percentage Advanced Finishing Sup-
ported
Alerts Comment Port Workstation
Analog Fax Description Analog Fax Modem
Installed
Can Manage Color Capable Color Rated PPM Compliance Level
Console Country Console Language Customer Asset Number Device Time Zone
IP Default Gateway Description Device Language DNS Name
Discovery Date Discovery Method Discovery Type Hard Disk Present
Duplex Capable Fax Status Finishing Options Firmware Level
Hard Disk Size MB IP Address Changed IP Address (Device) Icon
Last Known IP Address Last Status Attempt Location MAC Address (Device)
Machine Up Time Status Managed State Manufacturer (Device)
Marking Technology
(Device)
Model Physical Memory TotalMBQueue Name Scan to File Capable
Marking Technology Manage Request Date MIB Country
Advanced Status Update
Date
Analog Fax Phone Number
Analog Fax Capable
Black Rated PPM
Scan to Internet Fax Capable
Scanner Installed Scanner Status Serial Number (Device) Serial Number Scrubbed
Services Supported Status Date Subnet Address Subnet Mask
Supplies (Paper Trays,
Output Bins, Finisher,
Imaging)
Target Volume Traps Enabled Type Update Date
Utilization Percentage Xerox Asset Number Usage Counters
Table 1: Printer Data Communicated to Xerox
Xerox®Device Agent Site Information Sent to Xerox
Scan to Server Fax Capable
System Contact System Name Traps Supported
Scan to E-Mail Capable Scanner Description
This table lists the attributes published to Xerox at predetermined intervals. The attributes only relate to the
server or PC on which the application is installed. With the exception of administrator contact information,
no Personal Identifiable Information (PII) nor business intellectual data is ever transmitted to Xerox.
Note: This information is a subset of what is collected during the registration process.
Site Information
Xerox®Device Agent
machine DNS name
Number of In Scope
printers
Xerox®Device Agent
machine IP address
Number of Out Of Scope
printers
Xerox®Device Agent
site name
Xerox®Device Agent
database size (in MB)
Xerox®Device Agent
software build version
Xerox®Device Agent discovery database size (in
MB)
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
12
Security
Site Information
Operating system name Operating system type
(32-bit or 64-bit)
Memory Size / available Time Zone Discovery Version Discovered Device Count
Table 2: Xerox®Device Agent Site Information Sent to Xerox
Xerox®Services Manager Initiated Remote Commands to Xerox®Device Agent
Processor Hard disk size / free
space
Note: This section only applies to Xerox®Print Services and Xerox®Partner Print Services.
The Remote commands capability allows account administrators within Xerox®Services Manager or Xerox
Operations Center personnel (depending upon contract specifications) to request Xerox®Device Agent to
execute a number of commands on behalf of Xerox®Services Manager. Xerox®Services Manager does
not tunnel into a customer’s IT network firewall. Xerox®Device Agent periodically polls its corresponding
account within Xerox®Services Manager to see if the account administrator has posted a command
request to Xerox®Device Agent. This polling is a Web interface interrogation by Xerox®Device Agent. The
network bandwidth loading for the customer’s IT network is a function of the performed operation. Once
the command request has been fetched from Xerox®Services Manager and executed by Xerox®Device
Agent, any operations results will be sent back to the Xerox®Services Manager server for the account
manager to review.
Default frequency for remote command check is one minute. Xerox®Services Manager can be used to
configure the remote command check polling interval. When it is configured for instant remote
commands, Xerox®Device Agent will make an immediate connection to Xerox®Services Manager for
remote commands, and the session will be left open until a command is posted or the session times out.
When a command is posted, Xerox®Device Agent will execute the command and return to Xerox
®
Services Manager with the results, and then reopen a new session. If there is a timeout, a new session will
be established with Xerox®Services Manager within60 seconds. In this configuration, we can get realtime responses to commands, reducing the time those operations centers wait for information.
Xerox® Device Agent Remote Configuration
Note: This section only applies to Xerox®Print Services and Xerox®Partner Print Services.
Xerox®Device Agent supplies device information to, and requests remote commands from, Xerox
®
Services Manager. This ability to query Xerox®Services Manager for commands allows you to modify
some of the application's settings remotely. It is important to recognize the fact that Xerox®Services
Manager does not push commands to Xerox®Device Agent; rather, this information is queued and Xerox
Device Agent will poll Xerox®Services Manager for it. You can configure the polling interval in Xerox
®
Device Agent.
Settings Description
Device Discovery Xerox®Services Manager can issue a request to Xerox®Device Agent for
a specific IP Sweep discovery, which can include individual DNS or IP
addresses, IP address ranges, and lists of subnets.
The definition for the IP Sweep specified by Xerox®Services Manager is
stored locally within Xerox®Device Agent’sbuilt-in Xerox®Services Manager Sweep. Using the results of this sweep, Xerox®Device Agent will automatically upload any new discovered printer information and a results
summary, so that the Xerox®Services Manager account manager can
review it.
®
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
13
Security
Settings Description
Data Export Within Xerox®Services Manager, you can configure when the devices are
exported to Xerox®Services Manager.
Network You can use Xerox®Services Manager to change the default number of
retries and timeout for printer communication, how often to retrieve
status from both managed and unmanaged printers, and the SNMP “SET”
and “GET” community strings names that are used when communicating
with a printer.
Auto Update Within Xerox®Services Manager, you can configure when Xerox®Device
Agent checks for updates and the Update Preference setting (Automatic,
Prompt or Never).
Table 5: Remote Configuration
Corporation Security Mode
Within the Synchronize>Change Settings feature, there is a configuration item for Corporation Security
Mode. The two modes that exist are Normal and Locked Down. In Normal mode, Xerox®Device Agent
contacts Xerox®Services Manager daily. Settings can be remotely changed without the need for on-site
visits, even when the polling schedules are switched off. In Locked Down mode, besides printer-related
data synchronization, there is no communication with Xerox®Services Manager and settings have to be
changed on-site. Additionally, the Xerox®Device Agent machine and printer’s IP addresses are not
reported to Xerox®Services Manager.
Xerox®Device Agent Security & Evaluation Guide
14
Network Impact
Company network guidelines will typically enable or disable specific network ports on routers and/or
servers. Your IT department will mostly be concerned with the ports used by the application for outgoing
traffic. Disablement of specific ports may impact the application's functionality. Refer to the table below
for specific ports used by the application's processes. If the application is required to scan across multiple
network segments or subnets, routers must allow the protocols associated with these port numbers.
Port Number Port Name In/Outbound Comment
161 (typical) SNMP Out
25 SMTP Out
135 RPC Out
80 (typical) HTTP Out
443 HTTPS Out
515, 9100,
2000, 2105
n/a ICMP (ping) Out
53 DNS Out
TCP/IP Out
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
Network printer discovery, retrieve device capabilities/status/usage counters, single device configuration
E-mail alerts
Windows Remote Procedure Calls (RPC)
Get printer image and link to the printer’s webpage
Note: If HTTPS is enabled, 443 port is used.
Secure Xerox®Device Agent-to-Host Xerox®Services
Manager data transfer, Auto Upgrade
Troubleshoot, Print Test Page, Printer Upgrade
Network Printer Discovery, Troubleshoot
Default port used for DNS-based device searches.
Table 6: Xerox®Device Agent Ports
1 Communication within the Xerox®Device Agent installed local network.
2 Communication outside the Xerox®Device Agent installed local network.
3 Communication location depends on configuration.
For example, if the ping requests cannot be routed through the environment between the Xerox®Device
Agent machine and the printers managed by Xerox®Device Agent, the following features will not function
or will show significant performance degradation:
l Troubleshoot Printers
l Network Printer Discovery
Discovery
The discovery function allows the application to search for network printers on a customer’s intranet.
Printer discovery is a crucial part of the application because it is the main method to identify networkedconnected devices and store them in the local database. It involves the generation and querying of
network addresses (via SNMP) for printer type and general configuration information. Since this operation
uses the network resources, you should consider what you want to detect and then configure the discovery
to achieve this goal with a minimum of network contention. If there are specific addresses that should not
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Network Impact
be scanned, they can be entered into an exclusion list and Xerox®Device Agent will not try to contact those
addresses.
Device Discovery Method
After you install the application onto a networked computer, select what subnet(s) to scan (default is local
subnet), and the application will begin to automatically discover network printers according to these
settings. Depending upon network configuration, this initial discovery could identify all of the network
printers within the customer’s environment. A method known as IP Sweep is used to perform this local
subnet network printer discovery. The application also allows the network administrator to perform the
discovery beyond the local subnet. For this purpose, the network administrator can specify individual IP
addresses or DNS addresses of the printers, a range of addresses, or subnets that will be searched.
Note: As a rule of thumb, each discovered printer might generate as much as 50 KB (maximum) of network
message traffic including device capabilities, usage counters, and an alert table.
IP Sweep Operation
IP Sweep Discovery method is the preferred method of accurately discovering printers on a network. A
packet is sent to every IP address in the user-defined address or address range list. The address list should
be known and provided before running the discovery.
Specifically:
l A single packet is sent to each IP address contained within each subnet or address range defined within
the current IP address for the current IP Sweep. In this packet, Xerox®Device Agentrequests a value for
a single SNMP-based RFC 1213 Object Identifier (OID).
l For each device that responds to the RFC 1213 OID, Xerox
®
Device Agent will add the IP address of the
response packet into its list of live IP addresses.
l Xerox
®
Device Agent then queries those devices with live IP addresses for two more OIDs: one RFC
1213 OID and one RFC 3805 OID. This enables Xerox®Device Agent to identify printing devices from
non-printing devices. Both groups of devices are stored within the Xerox®Device Agent database, however, only printing devices are exposed via the Xerox®Device AgentUI.
- For those printer devices that respond to the RFC 3805 OID query, Xerox®Device Agent flags them as
printers.
- For those devices that do not respond to the RFC 3805 OID query, Xerox®Device Agent then checks an
RFC 1213 OID value against database values to determine if the device is in fact a known printer. This
is necessary because some printing devices (i.e. printers using external print server boxes, older printers,
etc.) do not support RFC 3805 – the Printer MIB.
l The database contains RFC 1213 values for several known supported and unsupported printers.
l Xerox
l For those devices identified as printers, Xerox
®
Device Agent then queries all live IP addresses for three RFC 1213 OIDs and one RFC 2790 OID.
®
Device Agent queries three more RFC 2790 OIDs and
four more RFC 3805 OIDs to obtain some basic attributes of the printer.
l Based upon the identity of each printing device, Xerox
®
Device Agent then queries the appropriate
vendor-specific OID and an OID from the Printer MIB in order to obtain the printer’s serial number.
l Xerox
®
Device Agent then queries 3 RFC 3805 OIDs in order to display the printing device’s rated speed
in pages per minute (PPM).
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Network Impact
l Based upon the identity of each printing device, Xerox
®
Device Agent then queries the appropriate OID
(s) to obtain the printing device’s software/firmware level.
Network Impact
The amount of network traffic generated by a sweep-based discovery is minimized because the requests
are directed to specific IP addresses.
Accuracy
The IP Sweep method produces a controlled and orderly flow of data between the printers and the server,
reducing network packet collisions that can introduce errors in the printer information.
Discover SNMP v3 Devices
As accounts become more security-conscious, some of them are deciding to enable SNMP v3. Xerox
®
Device Agent can discover and manage these devices. To discover SNMP V3 devices, use one of two
authentication modes as well as a set of keys or passwords. It is important to understand what the device
settings are before setting up a SNMP v3 Discovery.
For SNMP V3 sweeps, you have the option to manage device discovery remotely through Xerox®Services
Manager. The discovery method settings are synchronized on both sides during every import and export.
The process to run SNMP V3 discovery remotely is documented in the Xerox Services Manager guides.
During a sync, Xerox®Device Agent will download the discovery settings from Xerox®Services Manager if
there is any change in the settings. Any updates in Xerox® Device Agent will be synchronized in Xerox
Services Manager during the next sync.
To Discover SNMP V3 Devices:
1. In the Search Setting dialog box, select Specified Search.
2. In the Printer Search section, select the SNMP v3 button on the top.
3. Select Search Type > Import. (This is the only supported option for SNMP v3 searches.)
Note: To download a sample CSV file, select Export Template and add the relevant SNMP V3 data in
the file. If you need directions on how to format the CSV file, select the instruction link to display a dialog box showing the possible format for the rows in the CSV file or see the directions below.
4. When you are ready to import the CSV file containing the discovery settings, click Select File, and then
browse to and select choose the file.
5. Click OK to import the settings.
CSV File Format Overview:
The bullets below explain the fields within the CSV file.
Note: It is important that the fields be listed in the same order as below.
l DNS Name: If using the DNS name to discover the printer then enter its name here.
l IP Address: If using the IP Address to discover the printer then enter it here.
l Start IP Address: When doing a range of IP addresses this is the start address of the range.
l End IP Address: When doing a range of IP addresses this is the end address of the range.
l Subnet Mask: The subnet mask for the subnet the printer is on and must be filled in.
l "Comment": An optional comment.
l Prefix: The IP v6 prefix for the device.
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Network Impact
l User Name: This is the SNMP v3 user name and can be found on the SNMP v3 page on the printer. Most
Xerox devices use Xadmin for this value.
l Context Name: This is the SNMP v3 context name and can be found on the SNMP v3 page on the
printer.
Note: Not all printers use this, so if it is not found on the Printer’s SNMP V3 page leave this value blank.
l Authentication Mode: This is how to authenticate to the device and will be MD5 or SHA1. If the printer
doesn’t allow this to be changed it will be displayed on the printers SNMP v3 page.
l Authentication Type: This field will be the word “password” or “key”. If on the device it asks you to enter
an Authentication Password and Privacy Password then put “password” in this field.
l Authentication Key/Password: This is the same information that you entered in the Authentication field
on the printer and is case sensitive.
l Privacy Key/Password: This is the same information that you entered in the Privacy field on the printer
and is case sensitive.
Queue-based Discovery
Note: This section only applies to Xerox®Print Services and Xerox®Partner Print Services.
Queue-based discovery is used to identify directly connected printers. Only information available on the
queue is detected and reflected within the application. Proper network administrator credentials or the
credentials of the computers with direct printers are necessary to obtain access to the queues.
Managing Discovery
The discovery process can be managed in a number of ways.
l The discovery schedule is configurable. The IP addresses, DNS addresses, and subnets are configurable.
l It can be controlled by the use of SNMP community name strings to query certain network printers over
others.
l The discovery will provide active status on its progress.
l Device timeout and retry parameters are pre-defined with a setting of five seconds for attempt timeout
and one retry allowed to get print information from slower network subnets on a customer’s network.
You can modify this information on the Advanced Settings screen.
Discovery Network Data Calculations
As mentioned earlier, each discovered printer could create as much as 50KB of discovery-based traffic. IP
Sweep discovery sweeps all of the addresses in the ranges supplied.
Device Discovery Data Set Magnitudes On Typical Printers
The amount of data transferred during an operation, such as discovery or status polling, is a function of the
device’s capabilities. Measurements made on typical devices show the variability of these parameters. It is
highly unlikely that any one network would be populated with only one device type. Instead, the typical
case is a variety of devices that are dependent upon the particular needs of individuals or groups on the
network. Here are three printer examples to demonstrate the variability in both the amount of collected
data and the data transfer rate for typical devices.
Machine Model Discovery Status Polling
Xerox®WorkCentre®Pro 245 49.2 KB 19 KB
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Machine Model Discovery Status Polling
Xerox®Phaser®8560 DN 15.3 KB 14 KB
HP LaserJet 4345 MFP 29.1 KB 6 KB
Average 31 KB 13 KB
Table 7: Data Sizes
You also need to consider the frequency at which you will perform these operations. For purposes of this
document, the following schedule for device data retrieval and their data set size will be assumed to be:
Operation Type Frequency Average Data Set Size
Discovery Weekly 31 KB
Status Polling Hourly 13 KB
Table 8: Data Gathering Frequencies
Assuming that Xerox®Device Agent will discover and monitor a thousand network devices on the network
and each device discovery data set size is 31 KB and its status polling data set size is approximately 13 KB,
this set of devices is expected to retrieve the following printer-based discovery data over the network each
month
l 4 discovery cycles/month x 1,000 printers x 31 KB/printer (Discovery data set size) is approximately 124
MB/month
Network Impact Considerations Of Status Polling
Xerox®Device Agentcommunicates with the printers under management regularly. Each transaction
consists of a series of SNMP queries with the device, first checking for a response, then progressively
asking for more information until the transaction purpose is complete.
Status polling assumptions:
l Status polling traffic averages 13 KB per transmission
l Status polling occurs every day, once per hour (24x7)
l 1000 printers are being monitored
The expected amount of data to be retrieved from this set of devices over the network for printer-based
discovery over one month is:
l 1000 printers x 24 hours x 30 days x 13 KB is approximately 9.4 GB per month
Total Xerox®Device Agent Data Transfer Calculations
The next traffic calculation example shows totals for an exaggerated network data transfer size during a
one-month period. The total includes the use of regularly scheduled discovery and status polling.
The calculation is inflated to show an above-the-limits traffic estimate. It assumes that every network
printer discovery requires:
l 50 KB of traffic to complete (except non-printer discovery),
l 19 KB for status, and
l The organization is active 30 days per month in order to demonstrate the extreme upper limits for a net-
work with 1,000 print devices being monitored monthly.
Discovery Total
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4 cycles/month x 1,000 printers x 50 KB/printer = 200,000 KB ≈ 0.19 GB/month
Discovery Traffic to Non-print Devices during a Sweep
4 cycles/month x 65,534 IP Address x 1 KB/printer = 262,136 KB ≈ 0.25 GB/month
Status Polling Total
30 days x 24 polls/day x 1,000 printers x 19 KB/printer = 13,680,000 KB/month ≈ 13 GB/month
Overall (Exaggerated) Total
0.19 GB + 0.25 GB + 13 GB ≈ 13.44 GB/month
Manufacturer Applicability
You can configure Xerox®Device Agent to support only Xerox®network printers (Xerox and Fuji Xerox) or
all printers (any discoverable Xerox®or non Xerox®network printer) that communicate via SNMP. This
configuration is governed by policies configured in the application. This setting affects non Xerox®printers
in three ways: discovery, export of discovered printers to Xerox®Services Manager server, and scheduled
export of meters for found printers. When you configure manufacturer applicability, the scheduled device
discovery will attempt to find all Xerox®and non Xerox®network printers and will send printer information
and meters to Xerox®Services Manager server.
Additionally, the policies configured in Xerox®Services Manager may allow you to change this value within
Xerox®Device Agent. If Xerox®Device Agent is configured to allow for this setting change, it may be set
to restrict discovery of non Xerox®printers. To do so, manufacturer applicability must be set to Only Xerox
Network Printers and All Queue Connected Printers.
®
Note: This section only applies to Xerox®Print Services and Xerox®Partner Print Services.
Manufacturer Applicability does not apply to directly connected printers. Printers of all manufacturers will
be discovered when you use queue-based discovery.
Recovery Services to Monitor for Errors
Xerox®Device Agent can monitor for the following error conditions:
l Service has crashed
l Service has locked up
In addition, you can choose what action to take after an error from the following options:
l Restart the service, or
l Do Nothing (if recovery is disabled)
You can create a diagnostic file of the database and log files that will be saved to a location where they will
not be overwritten. This ensure that even if the Xerox®Device Agent is uninstalled or upgraded enough
information is saved to allow Xerox Support be able to determine the cause of an issue. The diagnostic file
is sent to an Azure server over HTTPS and contains install logs, event logs and other errors logs from the
Xerox®Device Agent/Bin directory.
Running Recovery Services
You can generate a Recovery File of Database and Log files by running a command line utility in the
Xerox®Device Agent installation /Bin directory. You must be an administrator to run this utility. By default,
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20
Network Impact
a Recovery File will be generated in a default location and is sent to Xerox.
The following files are uploaded to Xerox in the diagnostic upload:
l Windows Application Event Log
l Discovery Event Log
l Xerox DM (Device Management) Event Log
l Schedule Event Log
l Database Files
l XDA Installer Log
Note:
l Only Xerox Support representatives have access to these diagnostic recovery files.
l Diagnostic recovery files are password protected and transmitted over a secure connection.
l The recovery files are deleted after the problem has been diagnosed.
Disabling Recovery Services Automatic Upload
To disable the automatic upload of log files add the -c switch to the Xerox Device Agent Service in Service
and Applications / Services.
1. Double click Xerox Device Agent Service in Service and Applications / Services.
2. Select the Recovery tab.
3. Under Command line parameters, replace the “-r” with “-r -c”.
Xerox®Services Manager Integration
Note: This section only applies to Xerox®Print Services and Xerox®Partner Print Services.
The application communicates directly to Xerox through the Internet, transferring associated printer and
device information through a secure Web services transfer mechanism automatically (Refer to the Security
section for more information.) Xerox uses this device information to update device status and meter reads.
The data exchange between the application and Xerox is compressed to conserve bandwidth.
The interaction with Xerox®Services Manager can be broken down into the following categories:
l Data exchange as part of the Startup Wizard
- Registration
- Site status export
- Site settings export
- Device list import
- Export devices that have been newly discovered
l Daily synchronization operation (the frequency is user-configurable)
- Device list import
- Export of devices
- Site status export
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- Site Settings import
l Remote command checks
l Check for commands on Xerox
®
Services Manager
- Process and send results
Registration
Xerox®Device Agent is required to register with Xerox®Services Manager. This involves a Web servicebased transaction in which Xerox®Device Agent sends a unique Xerox®Device Agent install/site identifier
and the Xerox®Services Manager registration key. This data packet is negligible (< 2 KB) and is performed
only when the Startup Wizard is run to register Xerox®Device Agent with Xerox®Services Manager.
An Operations Center Administrator can remotely change the registration of a Xerox®Device Agent to
another account and or chargeback code in Xerox®Services Manager. The Xerox®Device Agents with
another Account / chargeback code (CBC). Xerox®Device Agent registrations can be moved between partners within the same Operations Center and even to another Partner Account / CBC in another Operations
Center. This function is documented in the Xerox®Services Manager Administrator Guide.
Device List Import
At the end of the Startup Wizard and during the synchronize operation, Xerox®Device Agent imports the
list of printers from Xerox®Services Manager. This is a simple transaction with the identifiers for all
printers. The data packet is approximately <5 KB for 100 devices.
Site Settings Export
Xerox®Device Agent sends its settings to Xerox®Services Manager at the end of the Startup Wizard and
every time the settings are changed by the user. This includes the discovery settings, synchronization and
other schedules, SNMP timeout/retry settings, and SNMP community names. The data size is dependent of
the discovery setting, i.e. the number of IP addresses and subnets. This settings packet can be up to 5KB or
more in size.
Site Settings Import
Xerox®Device Agent imports the site settings stored on Xerox®Services Manager as part of the
synchronize operation. The data size and the data size variability rules are for the most part the same as
that for the Site Settings Export. This import data packet also includes alert profiles.
Note: This section only applies to Xerox®Print Services and Xerox®Partner Print Services.
The count of alert profiles can vary, so the size of this packet can be 5 KB or more.
Site Status Export
Xerox®Device Agentsends the site status information to Xerox®Services Manager to indicate its health.
This includes the application's database size and the count of devices. The data size is approximately 3 KB.
Device Information Export
Xerox®Device Agent exports device information to Xerox via Web services. The device information
includes device identity information, status information, and usage information. The data packet size is
roughly 35 KB per 100 devices.
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Network Impact
Remote Command Check
Note: This section only applies to Xerox®Print Services and Xerox®Partner Print Services.
Periodically, Xerox®Device Agent will query Xerox®Services Manager if there are any remote commands
to execute. Remote commands can be requests for status or reboot for example. Complete list of
commands is listed in the Security section.
l Data content will be a negligible if there are no commands to execute. If there is a command to
execute, then the response information about the Remote Command will be sent to Xerox®Services
Manager.
l Data size depends on the command and number of commands. Just for the check, the packet size will
be approximately 2 KB. For example, a troubleshoot device command will result in a response with a
transmission size of approximately 9 KB.
l If an Upgrade Device command is queued, Xerox
®
Device Agent will also retrieve the firmware file
from Xerox®Services Manager. Firmware files can be more than 100 MB.
l Default frequency for the command check is once per minute.
Auto Update
Xerox®Device Agent supports automatic update. When a newer version of Xerox®Device Agent is
released, it is loaded on the Auto Update Server available for Xerox®Device Agent to connect to.
There are two actions that utilize network resources to accomplish the Xerox®Device Agent Auto Update
function. The two actions include:
l Checking to determine if a newer version of Xerox
l Downloading a newer version of Xerox
®
Device Agent for installation.
®
Device Agent is available for download.
Xerox®Device Agent makes changes only on the PC on which it is installed; it does not require network
resources like SQL server during the update.
Note: If enabled, automatic updates will also check for CloudFM updates.
Version Check
When Xerox®Device Agent queries the Auto Upgrade Server to determine if a newer version of Xerox
®
Device Agent is available for download, ~4.2 K of network traffic is generated. This check is performed
once a week at the day and time configured in Xerox®Device Agent.
Summary: Monthly total network impact: ~16.8K. Add 4.2K for every time update check is initiated
manually.
Update Download
When a newer version of the application is available for download, a composite package of download
manager, application installer, and supporting files totaling approximately 30 MB is downloaded to the
client machine where the application is currently installed. By default, the auto-upgrade setting is
Automatic. Once the download is complete, all installation work is done on the client, and no additional
network traffic is generated.
When a Xerox®Workplace Cloud Fleet Management has been licensed and linked to an Xerox®Services
Manager account, the Xerox®Device Agent will download files approximately 50 MB in size and install to
the client machine in the application directory. This download will only take place if Xerox®Workplace
Cloud Fleet Management has been licensed for the associated account and chargeback code.
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