Windows CE™, Windows XP™, Windows 2000™, Windows ME™,
Windows 98™ and plug and play™ are registered trademarks of Microsoft
Corporation.
PS/2 is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation.
AwardBIOS is a registered trademark of Phoenix Technologies Ltd.
All trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
Disclaimer
No license is granted, implied or otherwise, under any patent or patent rights
of VIA Technologies. VIA Technologies make no warranties, implied or
otherwise, in regard to this document and to the products described in this
document. The information provided in this document is believed to be
accurate and reliable as of the publication date of this document. However,
VIA Technologies assume no responsibility for any errors in this document,
Furthermore, VIA Technologies assume no reponsibility for the use or
misuse of the information of this document and for any patent infringements
that may arise from the use of this document. The information and product
specifications within this document are subject to change at any time,
without notice and without obligation to notify any person of such change.
ii
FCC-B Radio Frequency Interference Statement
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a
class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are
designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when
the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment
generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed
and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful
interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a
residential area is likely to cause harmful interference, in which case the user
will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.
Notice 1
The changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party
responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the
equipment.
Notice 2
Shielded interface cables and A.C. power cord, if any, must be used in order
to comply with the emission limits.
iii
Safety Instructions
1. Always read the safety instructions carefully.
2. Keep this User’s Manual for future reference.
3. Keep this equipment away from humidity.
4. Lay this equipment on a reliable flat surface before setting it up.
5. The openings on the enclosure are for air convection hence protects the
equipment from overheating. DO NOT COVER THE OPENINGS.
6. Make sure the voltage of the power source and adjust properly 110/220V
before connecting the equipment to the power inlet.
7. Place the power cord in such a way that people cannot step on it. Do not
place anything over the power cord.
8. Always unplug the power cord before inserting any add-on card or
module.
9. All cautions and warnings on the equipment should be noted.
10. Never pour any liquid into the opening. Liquid can cause damage or
electrical shock.
11. If any of the following situations arises, get the equipment checked by a
service personnel:
• The power cord or plug is damaged
• Liquid has penetrated into the equipment
• The equipment has been exposed to moisture
• The equipment has not work well or you can not get it work according
to User’s Manual.
• The equipment has dropped and damaged
• If the equipment has obvious sign of breakage
12. DO NOT LEAVE THIS EQUIPMENT IN AN ENVIRONMENT
UNCONDITIONED, STORAGE TEMPERATURE ABOVE 60
0
(140
F), IT MAY DAMAGE THE EQUIPMENT.
0
C
CAUTION: Explosion or serious damage may occur if the battery is
incorrectly replaced. Replace only with the same or equivalent type
recommended by the manufacturer.
CD Content ...............................................................................4-3
vi
Chapter
Specifications
The ultra-compact and highly intergrated VIA
EPIA-MII Mini-ITX Mainboard is the smallest
form factor mainboard specification available
today, developed by VIA Technologies, Inc. as part
of the company’s open industry-wide total
connectivity initiative. The mainboard enables the
creation of an exciting new generation of small,
ergonomic, innovative and affordable embedded
systems. Through high level of integration, miniITX only occupy 66% of the size of FlexATX
mainboard form factor. The mainboard comes with
an embedded VIA Processor, boasting ultra low
power consumption and cool, quiet operation.
This chapter includes the following sections:
Mainboard Specifications1-2
Mainboard Layout1-4
Back Panel Ports1-6
Slots1-6
Connectors / Jumpers1-7
1-1
Chapter 1
Mainboard Specifications
CPU
• VIA C3 / EDEN EBGA Processor (onboard)
• Enhanced Ball Grid Array Package (EBGA)
• Internal L1 128KB and L2 64KB cache memory
Chipset
• VIA CLE266 North Bridge
• VT8235 South Bridge
Memory
• 1 x DDR266 DIMM socket (up to 1 GB)
Expansion Slots
• 1 x PCI
Graphics
• Integrated VIA Castlerock AGP graphics
Audio
• VT1616, six-channel AC’97 Codec
Onboard IEEE 1394 (optional)
• VIA VT6307S IEEE 1394
LAN
• VIA VT6103 10/100 Base-T Ethernet PHY
IDE
• 2 X UltraDMA 66/100/133 Connectors
OnModule CardBus/CF
• RICOH 476II
LVDS (optional)
VIA VT1631 LVDS Transmitter
1-2
Specifications
Back Panel I/O Ports
• 1 x PS2 mouse port
• 1 x PS2 keyboard port
• 1 x VGA port
• 1 x S-Video port
• 1 x RCA port (SPDIF or TV-out)
• 1 x RJ-45 LAN port
• 2 x USB 2.0/1.1 ports
• 1 x 1394 port
• 1 x Cardbus slot & CF slot
• 1 x Serial port
• 3 x Audio jacks: line-out, line-in and mic-in
Onboard I/O Connectors
• 1 x USB 2.0/1.1 connector (USB 2.0 support included in South Bridge)
• 1 x 1394 connector (optional)
• 1 x CD Audio-in connector
• 1 x Front audio connector
• 1 x FIR connector
• 1 x KBMS connector
• 1 x Wake-on-LAN connector
• 3 x Fan connectors (CPU Fan, System Fan, Fan 3)
• 1 x LVDS connector (optional)
• 1 x Serial port connector for second COM port
• 1 x LPT port connector
• 1 x SMBus connector
• 1 x Video feature connector support (optional)
BIOS
• Award BIOS on 2/4Mbit flash memory
Form Factor
• 17 cm X 17 cm Mini-ITX (6 layers)
1-3
Chapter 1
Mainboard Layout
Top: Mouse
Bottom: Keyboard
Top: COM1
Bottom: VGA
Top: RJ45
Bottom: USB
S-Video
RCA / SPDIF
Line-out
Line-in
Microphone
1394
Back Panel
F_AUDIO
COM2
LPT
Cardbus & CF
CD_IN
SYSFAN
SPDIF_SEL
ATXPWR
SMBUS
FIR
CPU
LVDS
CMOS
Battery
USB 3/4
FDD
PCI1394_2
CLE266
KBMS
CLEAR_CMOS
BIOS
Socket
CPUFAN
WOL
FAN3
DIMM
IDE1
IDE2
F_PANEL
PS2_MS
COM1
PS2_KBVGA OutS-Video
RJ45
USB
1-4
RCA / SPDIF
CardbusCF
Line-InLine-OutMicrophone 1394
Add-On Module
Placement of Add-On Module
Specifications
CardbusCF
1-5
CLE266
Chapter 1
Back Panel Ports
PortDescriptionPage
1394IEEE1394 (Firewire) port2-9
Audio JacksLine-Out, Line-In, Microphone2-9
Cardbus SlotPCMCIA Type II card slot2-9
CF SlotCF Slot2-9
COM 1Serial port2-9
PS2-MSPS2 mouse port2-7
PS2-KBPS2 keyboard port2-7
RCA_JACKRCA Video or SPDIF jack2-8
RJ4510/100 NIC port2-8
S-VIDEOS-Video Port2-8
USB 1-2Universal Serial Bus ports 1 - 22-8
VGA OutVGA out port2-8
1394_2IEEE 1394 connector2-16
ATXPWRATX power cable connector2-6
CD_INOnboard CD audio cable connector2-15
CLEAR_CMOSJumper to reset CMOS settings to default 2-18
COM2Second serial port connector2-14
F_AUDIOFront audio connector2-15
F_PANEL Case connector 2-11
Fans CPU Fan, System Fan, Fan 3 2-2
FDDFloppy disk drive connector2-14
FIRInfrared Radiation connector2-12
SMBUSSM Bus connector2-16
IDE 1 & 2IDE hard disk drive connectors2-10
KBMSCIR/PS2(EXT_KBMS) connector2-12
LPTLPT port connector2-16
LVDSLVDS connector2-17
SPDIF_SELSony Philips Digital Interface jumper2-18
USB 3/4 Universal Serial Bus connector 2-13
WOL Wake On LAN connector 2-13
1-7
Chapter 1
1-8
Chapter
Installation
This chapter provides you with information about
hardware setup procedures. While installing the
mainboard, carefully hold the components and
closely follow the installation procedures. Some
components may be damaged if they are installed
incorrectly.
It is recommended to use a grounded wrist strap
before handling computer components. Static
electricity can damage some components.
This chapter includes the following sections:
CPU2-2
Memory Module Installation2-4
Connecting the Power Supply2-6
Back Panel Ports2-7
Connectors2-11
Jumpers2-19
Slots2-20
2-1
Chapter 2
CPU
The VIA EPIA-MII Mini-ITX Mainboard includes an embedded VIA Eden
TM
Processor or VIA C3
E-Series Processor. The CPUFAN (CPU fan) and
SYSFAN (system fan) run on +12V and maintain system cooling. When
connecting the wire to the connectors, always be aware that the red wire is
the Positive and should be connected to the +12V. The black wire is Ground
and should be connected to GND. Both CPU and System fan connectors
have sensors to detect fan speed.
Sensor
+12V
GND
SYSFAN
CLE266
CPUFAN
The VIA C3TM E-Series Processor
With low power consumption and advanced
thermal dissipation properties, the embedded
VIA C3
guarantee performance and reliability. Ensure
that the CPU Fan Connector is correctly
installed as shown.
TM
E-Series requires only a small fan to
2-2
PWRFAN
Installation
The VIA Eden Processor
Providing ultra-low power consumption
and advanced thermal dissipation
properties, the VIA Eden Processor
features a fanless design. The VIA Eden
Processor requires only a heatsink as
shown.
Warning: This motherboard is not designed to support overclocking. Any attempt to
operate beyond product specifications is not recommended. We do not guarantee
the damages or risks caused by operation beyond product specifications.
2-3
Chapter 2
Memory Module Installation
The VIA EPIA-MII Mini-ITX Mainboard provides one DIMM slot for
DDR266 SDRAM memory modules.
CLE266
DDR SDRAM Module Installation Procedures
1. Push the white retaining latches at either end of the DIMM slot outwards.
2. Align the DDR SDRAM module with the corresponding notches on the
DIMM slot. The modules will only fit if placed in the correct position.
3. With both hands, press the DDR SDRAM module down into the DIMM
slot so that the white retaining latches rotate up and secure the module in
place (see picture below).
2-4
Installation
Available DDR SDRAM Configurations
Refer to the table below for available DDR SDRAM configurations on the
mainboard
SlotMemory ModuleTotal Memory
.
DIMM
(Bank 0 & 1)
Maximum System Memory Supported64 MB - 1 GB
64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB,
1GB
64 MB - 1 GB
2-5
Chapter 2
Connecting the Power Supply
The VIA EPIA-MII Mini-ITX Mainboard requires an ATX power supply to
be connected. Before inserting the power supply connector, always make
sure that all components are installed correctly to ensure that no damage will
be caused.
ATX 20-Pin Power Connector
To connect the ATX power supply, make sure the plugs of the power supply
are inserted in the proper orientation and the pins are correctly aligned.
Then, push down the power supply plug firmly into the connector.
The mainboard provides a standard PS/2 mouse connector for attaching a
PS/2 mouse. You can plug a PS/2 mouse directly into this connector. The
connector location and pin assignments are as follows.
The mainboard provides a standard PS/2 keyboard connector for attaching a
PS/2 keyboard. You can plug a PS/2 keyboard directly into this connector.
PinSignalDescription
6
4
2
PS2 Keyboard (6-pin female)
5
3
1
1Keyboard DATA Keyboard data
2NCNo connection
3GNDGround
4VCC+5V
5Keyboard Clock Keyboard clock
6NCNo connection
2-7
Chapter 2
VGA Out
A DB-15 pin female connector that connects to a
VGA monitor.
USB Ports
The mainboard provides 2 USB 2.0/1.1 ports (plus 1 pin-header for up to 2
additional USB 2.0/1.1 ports). USB-compatible devices can be plugged
directly into these ports.
PinSignalDescription
1VCC+5V
2-DATANegative Data Channel
3+DATAPositive Data Channel
4GNDGround
1234
RJ45 10/100 NIC Port
The mainboard provides one standard RJ45 port for connection to the Local Area
Network (LAN). You can connect a
network cable to the LAN port.
S-Video Port
This port allows S-Video output in NTSC
and PAL modes.
RCA Video or S/PDIF Port
This dual function port may be used either
as a RCA Video port or as a S/PDIF port.
See SPDIF_SEL in the Jumpers section for
more details.
2-8
Installation
IEEE 1394 Port
The mainboard provides one standard 1394 port. You can
connect any 1394 (Firewire) device to this port.
Serial Port: COM1
The mainboard offers one 9-pin male Serial Port connector COM1. You can
attach a serial mouse or other serial devices directly to these port.
PinSignalDescription
1DCDData Carry Detect
2SINSerial In or Receive Data
3SOUTSerial Out or Transmit Data
4DTRData Terminal Ready
5GNDGround
6DSRData Set Ready
7RTSRequest To Send
8CTSClear To Send
9RIRing Indicate
15
6
9
9-Pin Serial Port
Card Slots: PCMCIA, CF
The mainboard comes with an add-on card that provides support for
PCMCIA and CF cards. The CF slot supports both type I and type II. These
slots are accessed on the same side as the ports.
2-9
Chapter 2
Audio Jacks: Line-In, Line-Out, Microphone
Jack2-Channel6-Channel
Line-InLine inRear (Left / Right)
Line-OutLine outFront (Left / Right)
MicMicrophoneCenter / Subwoofer
Line-InLine-OutMicrophone
The Line-Out jack is for connecting to external speakers or headphones.
The Line-In jack is for connecting to an external audio device such as a CD
player, tape player, etc....
The Mic jack is for connecting to a microphone.
Note: The Audio ports can be switched to Smart 5.1 6-channel audio output. You
can enable the function by clicking the “Vinyl Audio” icon on your desktop after
installing the audio driver.
After completing the previous settings, you need to connect your speakers to
the audio jacks as shown below.
PS2_MS
PS2_KBVGA OutS-Video
COM1
RJ45
USB
2-10
RCA / SPDIF
CardbusCF
Line-InLine-OutMicrophone 1394
Installation
Connectors
Hard Disk Connectors: IDE1 & IDE2
The mainboard has a 32-bit Enhanced PCI IDE and Ultra DMA 66/100
controller that provides PIO mode 0~4, Bus Master, and Ultra DMA 66/100
functions. You can connect up to four hard disk drive, CD-ROM, LS-120
and other devices. These connectors utilize the provided IDE hard disk
cable.
IDE 1
CLE266
IDE 2
IDE1 (Primary IDE Connector)
The first hard drive should always be connected to
IDE1. IDE1 can connect a Master and a Slave drive.
You must configure the second hard drive to Slave
mode by setting the jumper accordingly.
IDE2 (Secondary IDE Connector)
IDE2 can also connect a Master and a Slave drive.
If you install two hard disks on a single cable, you must set the jumper on the
second hard disk drive to slave mode. Please refer to the hard disk
documentation supplied by hard disk vendor for the jumper settings.
2-11
Chapter 2
Case Connector: F_PANEL
The F_PANEL connector block allows you to connect to the power switch,
reset switch, power LED, HDD LED, SLED and the Speaker on the case.
Connect to a 2-pin push button switch. Pressing this button will turn the
system power on or off.
Reset Switch (RESET)
The Reset Switch is used to reboot the system rather than turning the power
ON/OFF. Avoid rebooting while the HDD is working. You can connect the
Reset Switch from the system case to this pin.
216
151
CLE266
Power LED (PWR LED)
The LED is lit when the system is power on. If the system is in S1 (POS Power On Suspend) or S3 (STR - Suspend To RAM) state, the LED will
blink.
HDD LED
HDD LED shows the activity of a hard disk drive. Avoid turning the power
off while HDD LED is lit. Connect the HDD LED from the system case to
this pin.
SLP_LED
The SLP_LED is lit when the system is in the S1 (POS - Power On Suspend)
state.
Speaker
The speaker from the system case is connected to this pin
2-12
Installation
IrDA Infrared Module Connector: FIR
This connector allows you to connect an IrDA Infrared module. You must
configure the setting through the BIOS setup to activate the IR function.
PinSignal
1VCC
2IRRX2
3IRRX
4GND
5IRTX
FIR
1
5
CLE266
Consumer Infrared Module / PS2 Header: KBMS
When the header is not in use, please short pin 3&5, pin 4&6, pin 7&9, and
pin 8&10.
This connector allows you to connect a network card with the Wake-On
LAN function. The connector will power up the system when a signal is
received through the network card. Please note that the function of ACPI
WOL may be disabled when users unplug the power cord or turn off the
power button manually.
WOL
CLE266
2-14
Installation
2
COM2: The Second Serial Port
COM2 is a pin header for second serial port.
PinSignalDescription
1DCDData Carry Detect
2SINSerial In or Receive Data
3SOUT Serial Out or Transmit Data
4DTRData Terminal Ready
5GNDGround
6DSRData Set Ready
7RTSRequest To Send
8CTSClear To Send
9RIRing Indicate
9
1
COM2
CLE266
Floppy Disk Drive Connector: FDD
The floppy disk drive connector supports 360K, 720K, 1.2M. 1.44M, and
2.88M floppy disk types.
CLE266
2-15
Chapter 2
CD Audio Connector: CD_IN
This connector is for the CD-ROM audio connector.
CLE266
CD_IN
Front Audio Panel: F_AUDIO
This connector allows you to connect a front audio panel to the mainboard.
Only the line-out and microphone functions are available for use on the front
panel. To connect the front audio cable, first remove the two red plastic
jumpers.
PinSignalPin Signal
1FRN_MIC2AGND
3AUD_MIC_BIAS 4+5V
5LINE_OUT_R6NEXT_R
7NC8Blank
9LINE_OUT_L10NEXT_L
CLE266
1
F_AUDIO
102
9
2-16
SMBus Connector: SMBus
This is for connecting a SMBus device.
Installation
PinSignal
1+3.3V
SMBUS
1
2+3.3V
3EL-ON
4SMBCK
6
5SMBDT
6GND
LPT Pin Header: LPT
The mainboard provides a pin header to attach a parallel port.
PinSignalPinSignal
1STROBE2AUTO FEED#
3DATA04ERR#
5DATA16INIT#
7DATA28SLIN#
9DATA310GND
11DATA 41 2GND
13DATA514GND
15DATA616GND
17DATA718GND
19ACK#20GND
21BUSY22GND
23PE24GND
25SELECT26NC
2
1
LPT
CLE266
26
25
CLE266
2-17
Chapter 2
1394 Port Connector: 1394_2
The mainboard provides a connector to
attach an additional 1394 port.
PinSignalPinSignal
1TPA0 +2TPA0-
3GND4GND
5TPB0+6TPB0-
71394_VDD81394_VDD
9GND10
1394_2
LVDS Connector (Optional)
This connector allows you to connect to a LVDS module.
The LVDS connector may not be available on your mainboard. This is an
option that is added during the manufacturing process. If you would like a
mainboard with the LVDS connector, please contact your vendor or sales
contact for more information.
PinSignalPinSignal
1GFPDE2GFPD3
3GFPD04GFPD4
5GFPD16GFPD5
7GFPD28GFPCLK
9GFPHS10GFPD6
11GF PVS12GF PD7
13GFPD1114GFPD8
15GFPD1216GFPD9
17ENPVDD18GFPD10
19ENPVEE20GFPD13
21FPBKLP22GFPD14
23PWRGD_SB24GFPD15
25SPCLK226GFPD16
27SPD228GFPD17
29GND30GFPD18
31GND32GFPD19
333.3V34GFPD20
35GND36GFPD21
375V38GFPD22
395V40GFPD23
LVDS
CLE266
2
19
CLE266
2-18
Installation
Jumpers
The mainboard provides jumpers for setting the mainboard’s functions. This
section will explain how to change settings for your mainboard’s functions
through the use of the jumpers.
Clear CMOS: CLEAR_CMOS
The onboard CMOS RAM stores system configuration data and has an
onboard battery power supply. The long-life battery has a lifetime of at least
5 years. If you want to clear the system configuration data from the CMOS
RAM, use the CLEAR_CMOS (Clear CMOS jumper). You can clear the
CMOS by shorting pins 1 and 2 while the system is off. Then return it to the
2-3 pin position. Shorting the jumper while the system is on will damage the
mainboard. The default position of the jumper is on pins 2 and 3.
Setting123
KeepOFFONON
ClearONONOFF
3
1
CLE266
1
3
SPDIF_SEL
2
4
RCA Video or S/PDIF Select: SPDIF_SEL
Users can select either RCA Video or
S/PDIF as the enabled function on the
dual-purpose port.
Please note that text
may not be clear due to the lower
resolution in TV sets. If the text is not
legible, try enlarging the text in the OS
control panels. If your TV screen
flickers, set the refresh rate to 60 Hz or
less.
Setting1234
RCAONONOFF OFF
SPDIFOFF OFF ONON
2-19
CLEAR_CMOS
Chapter 2
Slots
Peripheral Component Interconnect: PCI
The PCI slot allows you to insert PCI expansion card. When adding or
removing expansion cards, make sure that you unplug the power supply first.
Meanwhile, read the documentation for the expansion card to make any
necessary hardware or software settings for the expansion card, such as
jumpers, switches or BIOS configuration.
CLE266
PCI Interrupt Request Routing
The IRQ, abbreviation of interrupt request line and pronounced I-R-Q, are
hardware lines over which devices can send interrupt signals to the
microprocessor. The “PCI & LAN” IRQ pins are typically connected to the
PCI bus INT A# ~ INT D# pins as follows:
Order 1Order 2Order 3Order 4
PCI SlotINT B#INT C#INT D#INT A#
2-20
Chapter
BIOS Setup
This chapter gives you detailed explaination of each
BIOS setup functions.
This chapter includes the following sections:
Entering Setup3-2
Control Keys3-2
Gettings Help3-3
The Main Menu3-4
Standard CMOS Features3-6
Advanced BIOS Features3-8
Advanced Chipset Features3-12
Integrated Peripherals3-14
Power Management Setup3-18
PNP / PCI Configurations3-23
PC Health Status3-26
Frequency / Voltage Control3-27
Load Fail-Safe Defaults3-30
Load Optimized Defaults3-31
Set Supervisor / User Password3-32
Save & Exit Setup3-34
Exit Without Saving3-35
3-1
Chapter 3
Entering Setup
Power on the computer and press Delete straight away to enter the BIOS
setup menu. If you missed the BIOS setup entry point, you may restart the
system and try again.
Control Keys
KeysDescription
Up ArrowMove to the previous item
Down ArrowMove to the next item
Left ArrowMove to the item in the left side
Right ArrowMove to the item in the right side
EnterSelect the item
EscapeJumps to the Exit menu or returns to the main menu
from a submenu
Page Up / +Increase the numeric value or make changes
Page Down / -Decrease the numeric value or make changes
F1General help, only for Status Page Setup Menu and
Option Page Setup Menu
F5Restore the previous CMOS value from CMOS, only
for Option Page Setup Menu
F6Load the default CMOS value from Fail-Safe default
table, only for Option Page Setup Menu
F7Load Optimized defaults
F9Jumps to the Main Menu
F10Save all the CMOS changes and exit
3-2
BIOS Setup
Getting Help
Main Menu
The main menu displays all BIOS setup categories. Use the control keys
Up/Down Arrow Keys to select any item/sub-menu. Description of the
selected/highlighted category is displayed at the bottom of the screen.
Sub-Menu
If you find a right pointer symbol (as shown in
the right view) appears on the left of certain
fields, this means a sub-menu is available. The
sub-menu contains additional options. You
can use control keys Up/Down Arrow Keys to highlight the field and press Enter
to enter the sub-menu. To return from the sub-menu press Esc.
General Help: F1
The BIOS setup program provides a General Help screen. You can call up
this screen from any menu/sub-menu by pressing F1. The help screen
displays the keys for use and navigate the BIOS setup. Press Esc to exit the
help screen.
IDE Primary Master
IDE Primary Slave
IDE Secondary Master
IDE Secondary Slave
3-3
Chapter 3
The Main Menu
The Main Menu contains twelve setup functions and two exit choices. Use
arrow keys to select the items and press Enter to accept or enter the submenu.
Standard CMOS Features
Use this menu to set basic system configurations.
Advanced BIOS Features
Use this menu to set the advanced features available on your system.
Advanced Chipset Features
Use this menu to set chipset specific features and optimize system
performance.
Integrated Peripherals
Use this menu to set onboard peripherals features.
Power Management Setup
Use this menu to set onboard power management functions.
PnP/PCI Configurations
Use this menu to set the PnP and PCI configurations.
PC Health Status
This menu shows the PC health status.
3-4
BIOS Setup
Frequency/Voltage Control
Use this menu to set the system frequency and voltage control.
Load Fail-Safe Defaults
Use this menu option to load the BIOS default settings for minimal and
stable system operations.
Load Optimized Defaults
Use this menu option to load BIOS default settings for optimal and high
performance system operations.
Set Supervisor Password
Use this menu option to set the BIOS supervisor password.
Set User Password
Use this menu option to set the BIOS user password.
Save & Exit Setup
Save BIOS setting changes and exit setup.
Exit Without Saving
Abandon all BIOS setting changes and exit setup.
3-5
Chapter 3
Standard CMOS Features
Date
The date format is <Day><Month><Date><Year>.
Day - day of the week, for example Friday. Read-only.
Month - the month from Jan to Dec.
Date - the date from 1 to 31.
Ye a r - the year, range from 1999 to 2098.
Time
The time format is <Hour><Minute><Second>.
Drive A/B
Set the type of floppy drive installed. Settings: None, 360K (5.25 in.), 1.2M
Determine the system behaviour if an error is detected at boot. Settings are:
All ErrorsSystem halts when any error is detected.
No ErrorsSystem does not halt for any error.
All, But KeyboardSystem halts for all non-key errors.
All, But DisketteSystem halts for all non-disk errors.
All, But Disk/KeySystem halts for all non-key and non-disk errors.
3-6
BIOS Setup
IDE Primary Master/Slave, Secondary Master/Slave
Press Enter to enter the sub-menu and the following screen appears:
The specifications of your drive must match with the drive table. The hard
disk will not work properly if you enter improper information for this
category. Select
information provided is from your hard disk vendor or system manufacturer.
IDE <Primary
Master>
Access ModeThe settings are
CapacityThe formatted size of the storage device.
CylinderNumber of cylinders.
HeadNumber of heads.
PrecompWrite precompensation.
Landing ZoneCylinder location of the landing zone.
SectorNumber of sectors.
PIO ModeThe settings are
Ultra DMA ModeThe settings are
Auto whenever possible. If you select Manual, make sure the
The name of this menu item will match the
name of the menu. The settings are None,
Auto, Manual.
CHS, LBA, Large, Auto.
Mode 0/1/2/3/4, Auto.
Disabled and Auto.
3-7
Chapter 3
Advanced BIOS Features
Virus Warning
Set the Virus Warning feature for IDE Hard Disk boot sector protection. If
the function is enabled, any attempt to write data into this area will cause a
beep and warning message display on screen. Settings:
CPU L2 Cache ECC Checking
Set the ECC (Error-Correcting Code) feature for Level 2 cache. Facilitates
error detection/correction when data passes through Level 2 cache. Settings:
Enabled and Disabled
Disabled and Enabled
Quick Power On Self Test
Shorten Power On Self Test (POST) cycle and enable shorter bootup time.
Allow BIOS to skip some check items during POST. Settings:
Disabled
3-8
Enabled and
BIOS Setup
First/Second/Third Boot Device
Set the boot device sequence as BIOS attempts to load the disk operating
system. The settings are:
FloppyThe system will boot from floppy drive.
LS120The system will boot from LS-120 drive.
HDD-0The system will boot from first HDD.
SCSIThe system will boot from SCSI.
CD-ROMThe system will boot from CD-ROM.
HDD-1The system will boot from second HDD.
HDD-2The system will boot from third HDD.
HDD-3The system will boot from fourth HDD.
ZIP100The system will boot from ATAPI ZIP drive.
USB-FDDThe system will boot from USB floppy drive.
USB-ZIPThe system will boot from USB ZIP drive.
USB-CDROMThe system will boot from USB CDROM.
USB-HDDThe system will boot from USB HDD.
LANThe system will boot from network drive.
DisabledDisable this sequence.
Boot Other Device
Enable the system to boot from other devices if the system fails to boot from
the First/Second/Third boot device. Settings:
Enabled and Disabled
Swap Floppy Drive
If the system has two floppy drives, choose Enabled to assign physical drive
B to logical drive A and vice versa. Settings:
Enabled and Disabled
Boot Up Floppy Seek
Set floppy seek during POST, BIOS will determine whether the floppy is 40
or 80 tracks. Settings:
Enabled and Disabled
3-9
Chapter 3
Boot Up NumLock Status
Set the NumLock status when the system is powered on. On will turn key
pad into number keys, and
and
Off
Off will turn key pad into arrow keys. Settings: On
Typematic Rate Setting
When Disabled, the following two items (Typematic Rate and Typematic
Delay) are irrelevant. Keystrokes repeat at a rate determined by the keyboard
controller in your system. When
typematic delay. Settings:
Enabled, you can select a typematic rate and
Enabled and Disabled
Typematic Rate (Chars/Sec)
When Typematic Rate Setting is enabled, this item allows you to set the rate
(characters/second) at which the keys are accelerated. Settings:
15, 20, 24
and 30
6, 8, 10, 12,
Typematic Delay (Msec)
When Typematic Rate Setting is enabled, this item allows you to select the
delay between when the key was first pressed and when the acceleration
begins. Settings:
250, 500, 750 and 1000
Security Option
If you have set a password, select whether the password is required every
time the System boots, or only when you enter Setup. Settings are described
below:
SetupThe password prompt appears only when end users
try to run Setup.
SystemA password prompt appears every time when the
computer is powered on or when end users try to
run Setup.
Display Full Screen Logo
Show full screen logo during BIOS bootup process. Settings: Enabled and
Disabled
3-10
BIOS Setup
Show Summary Information
Settings: Enabled and Disabled
Display Small Logo
Show small energy star logo during BIOS bootup process. Settings: Enabled
and
Disabled
3-11
Chapter 3
Advanced Chipset Features
The Advanced Chipset Features menu is used for optimizing the chipset
functions.
WARNING: Do not change these settings unless you are familiar with the chipset.
AGP Aperture Size
This setting controls how much memory space can be allocated to AGP for
video purposes. The aperture is a portion of the PCI memory address range
dedicated to graphics memory address space. Host cycles that hit the
aperture range are forwarded to the AGP without any translation. Settings:
4MB, 8MB, 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB, and 256MB
AGP Mode (Internal)
This mainboard supports the AGP 4x interface. When the AGP 4x video
card is used, it can transfer video data at 1066MB/s. AGP 4x is backwardcompatible, leave the default 4x mode on if unsure. When set to 1x mode,
the maximum transfer rate it at 266MB/s, and 2x mode transfers data at
533MB/s. AGP8x mode can be detected automatically once you plug in the
AGP8x card. Settings:
4X, 2X and 1X
3-12
BIOS Setup
AGP Fast Write
When Enabled, the speed of the memory write operations will increase.
Settings:
Enabled and Disabled
CPU to PCI POST Write
When Enabled, CPU can write up to four words of data to the PCI write
buffer before CPU must wait for PCI bus cycle to finish. If
Disabled, CPU
must wait after each write cycle until PCI bus signals that it is ready to
receive more data. Settings:
Enabled and Disabled
Select Display Device
This setting refers to the type of display being used with the system.
Settings:
The integrated peripheral controller contains an IDE interface with support
for two IDE channels. Choose
Settings:
Enabled and Disabled
IDE Prefetch Mode
This allows your hard disk controller to use the fast block mode to transfer
data to and from the hard disk drive. Block mode is also called block
transfer, multiple commands or multiple sector read/write.
IDE controller to use block mode;
standard mode. Settings:
Enabled to activate each channel separately.
Enabled enables
Disabled allows the controller to use
Enabled and Disabled
Display Card Priority
This setting specifies which VGA card is your primary graphics adapter.
Settings:
PCI Slot and AGP
Frame Buffer Size
This setting instructs the BIOS to reserved the specified amount of memory
for the internal video controller. Settings:
16M, 32M, 64M
3-14
BIOS Setup
AC97 Audio
Auto allows the mainboard to detect whether an audio device is used. If the
device is detected, the onboard VIA AC’97 (Audio Codec’97) controller will
be enabled; if not, it is disabled. Disable the controller if you want to use
other controller cards to connect to an audio device. Settings:
Disabled
Auto and
VIA OnChip LAN
This setting allows you to make VIA OnChip LAN enabled or disabled.
Settings:
Enabled and Disabled
OnChip USB Controller
Settings: All Enabled and All Disabled
USB Keyboard Support
Enable USB Keyboard Support for DOS and Windows. Settings: Enabled and
Disabled
Onboard 1394
Enables the onboard 1394 controller. Settings: Enabled and Disabled
Onboard Lan Boot ROM
Enable Onboard Lan Boot ROM for DOS and Windows. Settings: Enabled
and
Disabled
3-15
Chapter 3
SuperIO Device
Press Enter to enter the sub-menu and the following screen appears:
Onboard FDC Controller
Enable the onboard floppy controller. Select
installed a floppy disk drive. Settings:
Onboard Serial Port 1/2
Set the base I/O port address and IRQ for the onboard serial port A/serial
port B. Selecting
Auto allows BIOS to automatically determine the
correct base I/O port address. Settings:
PortSettings
Disabled 3F8/IRQ4 2F8/IRQ3 3E8/IRQ4 2E8/IRQ3Auto
1
Disabled 3F8/IRQ4 2F8/IRQ3 3E8/IRQ4 2E8/IRQ3Auto
2
Enabled when you have
Enabled, Disabled
Onboard Parallel Port
This specifies the I/O port address and IRQ of the onboard parallel port.
Settings:
Disabled, 378/IRQ7, 278/IRQ5, 3BC/IRQ7
Parallel Port Mode
Set the parallel port mode. To operate the onboard parallel port as
Standard Parallel Port, choose
in the EPP mode, choose
will operate in ECP mode. Choosing
SPP. To operate the onboard parallel port
EPP. By choosing ECP, the onboard parallel port
ECP + EPP will allow the onboard
parallel port to support both the ECP and EPP modes simultaneously.
Settings:
SPP, EPP, ECP, ECP + EPP
3-16
BIOS Setup
EPP Mode Select
EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) comes in two modes: 1.9 and 1.7. EPP 1.9
is the newer version of the protocol and is backwards compatible with
most EPP devices. If your EPP device does not work with the EPP 1.9
setting, try changing the setting to EPP 1.7.
Settings:
EPP 1.9, EPP 1.7
ECP Mode Use DMA
ECP (Extended Capabilities Port) has two DMA channels that it can use.
The default channel is 3. However, some expansion cards may use
channel 3 as well. To solve this conflict, change the ECP channel to 1.
Select a DMA channel for the port. Settings:
1, 3
Onboard Fast IR
Enables or disables the infrared port. Settings:
Enabled and Disabled
Fast IR IRQ
Set this field to reserve an IRQ for the Fast IR port. This field is only
available if Onboard Fast IR is enabled. Settings:
3, 4, 5, 11
Fast IR DMA
Set this field to choose the DMA channel. This field is only available if
Onboard Fast IR is enabled. Settings:
6, 5
3-17
Chapter 3
Power Management Setup
The Power Management Setup menu configures the system to most
effectively save energy while operating in a manner consistent with your
own style of computer use.
ACPI Suspend Type
Set the power saving mode for ACPI function. Settings are:
S1(POS)S1/Power On Suspend (POS) is a low power state. In
this state, no system context (CPU or chipset) is lost
and hardware maintains all system context.
S3(STR)S3/Suspend To RAM (STR) is a power-down state. In
this state, power is supplied only to essential
components such as main memory and wakeup-
capable devices. The system context is saved to
main memory, and context is restored from the
memory when a “wakeup” event occurs.
S1 & S3Depends on OS to select S1 or S3.
HDD Power Down
Set the time to power down HDD after hard disk inactivity. Settings: Disabled
and
1~15 (minutes)
3-18
BIOS Setup
Power Management Timer
Set the idle time before system enters power saving mode. ACPI OS such as
Windows XP will override this option. Settings:
(minutes) and 1 (hour)
30/40
Disabled and 1/2/4/6/8/10/20/
Video Off Option
Select whether or not to turn off the screen when system enters power saving
mode, ACPI OS such as Windows XP will override this option. Settings are:
Always OnThe screen is always on even when system
enters power saving mode.
Suspend -> OffThe screen is turned off when system enters
power saving mode.
Power Off by PWRBTN
This field configures the power button function. Settings are:
Delay 4 SecThe system is turned off if power button is pressed
for more than four seconds.
Instant-OffThe power button functions as a normal power-on/-
off buttton.
Run VGABIOS if S3 Resume
Select whether to run VGA BIOS if resumed from S3 state. This is only
necessary for older VGA drivers, select
No
and
Auto if in doubt. Settings: Auto, Yes
AC Loss Auto restart
The field defines how the system will act after an AC power loss during
system operation.
button is pressed. When set to
back.
Former-Sts will restore the system to its previous state. Settings: Off, On,
Former-Sts
Off will keep the system in an off stat until the power
On the system will restart when the power is
3-19
Chapter 3
Peripheral Activities
Press Enter to enter the sub-menu and the following screen appears:
VGA Event
Decide whether or not the power management unit should monitor VGA
activities. Settings:
LPT & COM Event
Decide whether or not the power management unit should monitor
parallel port (LPT) and serial port (COM) activities. Settings:
and LPT/COM
COM
Off and On
None, LPT,
HDD & FDD Event
Decide whether or not the power management unit should monitor hard
disks and floppy drives activities. Settings:
Off and On
PCI Master Event
Decide whether or not the power management unit should monitor PCI
master activities. Settings:
Off and On
PS2KB Wakeup Select
When select
change
Password, please press Page Up or Page Down key to
Password, 8 characters maximum. Please note that PS2MS
Wakeup from suspend and PS2KB Wakeup from suspend will be
disabled while changing the passward. Settings:
3-20
Hot key and Password
BIOS Setup
PS2MS Wakeup from S3/S4/S5
This setting can be used to wakeup the system from power saving mode
through mouse. Settings:
Disabled and Enabled
PS2KB Wakeup from S3/S4/S5
Select which Hot-Key to wake-up the system from power saving mode.
Settings:
Ctrl+F8, Ctrl+F9, Ctrl+F10, Ctrl+F11, Ctrl+F12, Power, Wake
Decide whether or not USB devices can wake the system from suspend
state. Settings:
Disabled and Enabled
PowerOn by PCI Card
Decide whether or not any PCI card can power up the system or resume
from suspend state. Such PCI cards include LAN, onboard USB ports,
etc. Settings:
Disabled and Enabled
Wake On LAN/Ring Connector
Decide whether or not any Ring-In signals from the modem can wake up
the system or resume from suspend state. Settings:
Disabled and Enabled
RTC Alarm Resume
The field is used to enable or disable the feature of booting up the system
on a scheduled time/date. Settings:
Disabled and Enabled
Date (of Month)
This field can only be set if RTC Alarm Resume is enabled. The field
specifies the date for
RTC Alarm Resume.
Resume Time (hh:mm:ss)
This field can only be set if RTC Alarm Resume is enabled. The field
specifies the time for
RTC Alarm Resume.
3-21
Chapter 3
IRQs Activities
Press Enter to enter the sub-menu and the following screen appears:
Primary INTR
Selecting
if activity is detected from any enabled IRQ channels. Settings:
IRQ3~IRQ15
Enables or disables the monitoring of the specified IRQ line. If set to
Enabled, the activity of the specified IRQ line will prevent the system
from entering power saving modes or awaken it from power saving
modes. These fields are only available if Primary INTR is on. Settings:
Enabled and Disabled
On will cause the system to wake up from power saving modes
Off, On
Note: IRQ (Interrupt Request) lines are system resources allocated to I/O devices.
When an I/O device needs to gain attention of the operating system, it signals this
by causing an IRQ to occur. After receiving the signal, when the operating system is
ready, the system will interrupt itself and perform the service required by the IO
device.
3-22
BIOS Setup
PNP/PCI Configurations
This section describes the BIOS configuration of the PCI bus system. This
section covers some very technical items and it is strongly recommended
that only experienced users should make any changes to the default settings.
PNP OS Installed
When set to Yes, BIOS will only initialize the PnP cards used for booting
(VGA, IDE, SCSI). The rest of the cards will be initialized by the PnP
operating system like Windows
initialize all the PnP cards. Set to Yes the operating system is Plug & Play
capable. Settings:
No and Yes
®
95 or 98/98SE. When set to No, BIOS will
Reset Configuration Data
Normally, you leave this field Disabled. Select Enabled to reset Extended
System Configuration Data (ESCD) when you exit Setup if you have
installed a new add-on and the system reconfiguration has caused such a
serious conflict that the operating system can not boot. Settings:
Disabled
Enabled and
Resource Controlled By
The BIOS can automatically configure all the boot and Plug and Play
compatible devices. Choose
automatically assign IRQ, DMA and memory base address fields. Settings:
Auto (ESCD) and Manual
Auto(ESCD) if unsure, the BIOS will
3-23
Chapter 3
Assign IRQ For VGA/USB
Assign IRQ for VGA and USB devices. Settings: Disabled and Enabled
3-24
BIOS Setup
IRQ Resources
The items are adjustable only when Resources Controlled By is set to Manual.
Press Enter and you will enter the sub-menu of the items.
IRQ Resources list IRQ 3/4/5/7/9/10/11/12/14/15 for users to set each IRQ a
type depending on the type of device using the IRQ. Settings:
PCI DeviceFor Plug & Play compatible devices designed for PCI
bus architecture.
ReservedThe IRQ will be reserved for further request.
3-25
Chapter 3
PC Health Status
This section shows the status of your CPU, fan, warning for overall system
status.
The PC Health Status displays the current status of all of the monitored
hardware devices/components such as CPU voltages, temperatures and fan
speeds.
3-26
BIOS Setup
Frequency / Voltage Control
DRAM Clock
The chipset supports synchronous and asynchronous mode between host
clock and DRAM clock frequency. Settings:
DRAM Timing
The value in this field depends on the memory modules installed in your
system. Changing the value from the factory setting is not recommended
unless you install new memory that has a different performance rating than
the original modules. Settings:
Manual and By SPD
100 MHz, 133 MHz, and By SPD
DRAM CAS Latency
This item adjusts the speed it takes for the memory module to complete a
command. Generally, a lower setting will improve the performance of your
system. However, if your system becomes less stable, you should change it
to a higher setting. This field is only available when DRAM Timing is set to
Manual. Settings:
2, 2.5
3-27
Chapter 3
Bank Interleave
Set the interleave mode of the SDRAM interface. Interleaving allows banks
of SDRAM to alternate their refresh and access cycles. One bank will
undergo its refresh cycle while another is being accessed. This improves
performance of the SDRAM by masking the refresh time of each bank. This
field is only available when DRAM Timing is set to Manual. Settings:
Disabled, 2 Bank, 4 Bank
Precharge to Active (Trp)
This field controls the length of time it takes to precharge a row in the
memory module before the row becomes active. Longer values are safer but
may not offer the best performance. This field is only available when DRAM
Timing is set to Manual. Settings:
2T, 3T
Active to Precharge (Tras)
This field controls the length of time a row stays active before precharging.
Longer values are safer buy may not offer the best performance. This field is
only available when DRAM Timing is set to Manual. Settings:
5T, 6T
Active to CMD (Trcd)
This field is only available when DRAM Timing is set to Manual. Settings:
2T, 3T
DRAM Command Rate
This field controls how fast the memory controller sends out commands.
Lower setting equals faster command rate. Please note that some memory
modules may not be able to handle lower settings. Settings:
Command
2T Command, 1T
DRAM Burst Len
This field sets the length of time for one burst of data during a read/write
transaction. Longer settings equals better memory performance. Settings:
8
3-28
4,
BIOS Setup
DRAM Voltage
This field sets the voltage for the memory module. Settings: 2.8V, 2.7V, 2.6V,
Default
CPU Clock
This field sets the CPU clock speed.
Spread Spectrum
When the mainboard’s clock generator pulses, the extreme values (spikes) of
the pulses creates EMI (Electromagnetic Interference). The Spread Spectrum
function reduces the EMI generated by modulating the pulses so that the
spikes of the pulses are reduced to flatter curves.
3-29
Chapter 3
Load Fail-Safe Defaults
This option on the main menu allows users to restore all the BIOS settings to
the default Fail Safe values. These values are set by the mainboard
manufacturer to provide a minimal and stable system.
When you select Load-Fail Safe Defaults, a message as below appears:
Entering
system configuration.
Y loads the default BIOS values that provide a minimal and stable
3-30
BIOS Setup
Load Optimized Defaults
This option on the main menu allows users to restore all the BIOS settings to
the default Optimized values. The Optimized Defaults are the default values
also set by the mainboard manufacturer for both optimized and stable
performance of the mainboard.
When you select Load Optimized Defaults, a message as below appears:
Entering
Y loads the default values that are factory settings for optimal and
stable system performance.
3-31
Chapter 3
Set Supervisor / User Password
When you select this function, a message as below will appear on the screen:
Type the password, up to eight characters in length, and press Enter. The
password typed now will clear any previously set password from CMOS
memory. You will be prompted to confirm the password. Re-type the
password and press Enter. You may also press Esc to abort the selection
and not enter a password.
To clear a set password, just press Enter when you are prompted to enter
the password. A message will show up confirming the password will be
disabled. Once the password is disabled, the system will boot and you can
enter Setup without entering any password.
When a password has been set, you will be prompted to enter it every time
you try to enter Setup. This prevents an unauthorized person from changing
any part of your system configuration.
There are two types of passwords you can set. A Supervisor password and a
User password. When a Supervisor password is used, the user can start
BIOS Setup program and change the settings of the setup menus. When a
User password is used, the user can start the BIOS Setup program but does
not have the right to change the settings of the setup menus.
3-32
BIOS Setup
Additionally, when a password is enabled, you can also have BIOS to
request a password each time the system is booted. This would prevent
unauthorized use of your computer. The setting to determine when the
password prompt is required is the Security Option of the Advanced BIOS
Features menu. If the Security Option is set to
required both at boot and at entry to Setup. If set to
System, the password is
Setup, password prompt
only occurs when trying to enter Setup.
3-33
Chapter 3
Save & Exit Setup
When you want to quit the Setup menu, you can select this option to save the
changes and quit. A message as below will appear on the screen:
Entering
Y will allow you to quit the Setup Utility and save the user setup
changes to RTC CMOS.
Entering
N will return to the Setup Utility.
3-34
BIOS Setup
Exit Without Saving
When you want to quit the Setup menu, you can select this option to abandon
the changes. A message as below will appear on the screen:
Entering
Y will allow you to quit the Setup Utility without saving any
changes to RTC CMOS.
Entering
N will return to the Setup Utility.
3-35
Chapter 3
3-36
Chapter
Driver Installation
This chapter gives you brief descriptions of each
mainboard drivers and applications. You must
install VIA chipset drivers first before installing
other drivers such as audio or VGA drivers. The
applications will only function correctly if the
necessary drivers are already installed.
This chapter includes the following sections:
Driver Utilities4-2
CD Content4-3
4-1
Chapter 4
Driver Utilities
Getting Started
The mainboard includes a Driver Utilities CD which contains driver utilities
and software to enhance the performance of the mainboard. Please check
that you have this CD in your retail box. If the CD is missing in your retail
box, please contact your local dealer for the CD.
Note: The driver utilities and software are updated from time to time. Please visit
our website (http://www.viaembedded.com/) for the latest updated mainboard driver
and utilities.
Running the Driver Utilities CD
To start using the CD, just simply insert the CD into your local CD-ROM or
DVD-ROM drive. The CD should run automatically when you close your
CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive. The driver utilities and software menu
screen should then appear on your desktop. If the CD does not run
automatically, you can run the CD manually by typing “D:\Setup.exe” at
Start\Run.
(Please note that D: might not be your CD-ROM/DVD-ROM drive letter. Make sure
you type the correct letter of CD-ROM/DVD-ROM drive on your system).
4-2
Driver Installation
CD Content
The driver utilities and software in this CD are:
• VIA 4in1 Drivers: Contains VIA ATAPI Vendor Support Driver
(enables the performance enhancing bus mastering functions on ATAcapable Hard Disk Drives and ensures IDE device compatibility), AGP
VxD Driver (provides service routines to your VGA driver and
interface directly to hardware, providing fast graphical access), IRQ
Routing Miniport Driver (sets the system’s PCI IRQ routing sequence)
and VIA INF Driver (enables the VIA Power Management function).
• VIA VGA Driver: Enhances the onboard VIA graphic chip.
• VIA Audio Driver: Enhances the onboard VIA audio chip.
• VIA LAN Driver: Enhances the onboard VIA LAN chip.
• VIA USB 2.0 Driver: Enhances VIA USB 2.0 ports.
• VIA TV-out Utility: Enhances the TV-out by enabling display position
adjustment.
4-3
Chapter 4
4-4
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