Kodak P-255 User Manual

TECHNICAL DATA /

BLACK-AND-WHITE FILM

K OD AK PR OFESSIONAL Technical
Pan Film

• Laser recording

—NOTICE—

Discontinuance of

KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film

KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film is being
discontinued due to steadily declinin g deman d over the recent
years. Changes in product component s and our manuf acturing
processes make it impractical to continue to support this
product at its current low le vels.

The last Tech Pan coating was several years ago. Since that
time, the old coating room has been shut down, the gels used
in the product formulation have become obsolete, and we no
longer manufacture the ESTAR support on which the 35 mm
product was coated. There would be consider able cost to
recreate the product, with no guarantee that it would look and
act the same as the Tech Pan Film of old.

Technical Pan Film will continue to be available until the
existing inventory has been depleted.

• Other applications such as slide making, copying, and
microfilming that require high or moderately high
contrast combined with fine grain and high resolving
power

SIZES AVAILABLE

Sizes and CAT numbers may differ from country to country.
See your dealer who supplies KODAK PROFESSIONAL
Products.

KOD AK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film 2415

Size

mm x ft

35 x 150 2415

Film

Code

Base Sp No.

4-mil

(0.10 mm)

ESTAR-AH

June 2003 • P-255

Letter

Code

442 TP 129 9916

CAT No.

While there is no direct replacement for Tech Pan Film, you
may find KODAK PROFESSIONAL T-MAX 100 Film in
combination with specific B&W Developers to be a viable
alternative for some applications.

KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film is Kodak’s
slowest and finest-grained black-and-white film for pictorial
photography (when developed in KODAK TECHNIDOL
Liquid Developer). It is a variable-contrast panchromatic
film with extended red sensitivity; because of its extended
red sensitivity, it yields prints with a gray-tone rendering
slightly different from that produced by other panchromatic
films. (This is most noticeable in portraits, in which it
suppresses blemishes.)

Use this film for pictorial, scientific, technical, and
reversal-processing applications. It is an excellent choice for
making big enlargements or murals.

APPLICATIONS

You can vary the contrast of KODAK PROFESSIONAL
Technical Pan Film by modifying development. The wide
range of contrast levels, along with the spectral sensitization
and combination of speed and image-structure properties,
makes this film unusually versatile and suitable for many
applications:

• Pictorial photography

• Photomicrography

• Microphotography (Microfilming)

• Solar photography

• Photographing electrophoretic gels

Size

135-36 2415

KOD AK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan 4415

Sheets

Per

Package

50 4 x 5

50 8 x 10 852 1817

KOD AK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film 6415

Size

120 6415

Film

Code

Sizes

(inches)

Film

Code

Base

4-mil

(0.10 mm)

ESTAR-AH

Film

Code/Notch

Base

3.6-mil

(0.091 mm)

acetate

Letter

Code

Base CAT No.

7-mil

(0.18 mm)

ESTAR

Thick

Letter

Code

CAT No.

TP 129 7563

882 6596

CAT No.

TP 151 1054

Because 2415 Film has a thinner base than conventional
35 mm picture-taking films, 150-foot rolls finished to Sp 442
will fit in bulk-film loaders designed to accept 100-foot rolls.

Other sizes are available on a special-order basis, subject
to manufacturing limitations and current minimum-order
requirements. Minimum-order quantities for special-ord e r
sizes are generally 750 square feet (70 square metres) of
film.

©Eastman Kodak Company, 2000

SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY

Technical Pan Film has reasonably uniform spectral
sensitivity at all visible wavelengths out to 690 nanometres
(nm). Because of this extended red sensitivity, red areas and
flesh tones may appear lighter than they would with
conventional black-and-white films. This is often an
advantage. For example, it helps conceal some skin
blemishes and often adds a pleasing luminous quality to skin
tones. (This effect is less evident in portraits made in the
shade outdoors, because there is less red light present.)

To approximate the response of conventional
panchromatic films more closely, make exposures through a
color-compensating filter such as a KODAK Color
Compensating Filter CC40C or CC50C (cyan). With this
filter, no exposure compensation is necessary; however,
there may be a slight loss in sharpness.

STORAGE AND HANDLING

High temperatures or high humidity may produce unwanted
quality changes. Store unexposed film at 75°F (24°C) or
lower in the original package. Always store film (exposed or
unexposed) in a cool, dry place. For best results, process film
as soon as possible after exposure.

Load and unload roll-film cameras in subdued light, and
rewind the film completely before unloading the camera.
Total darkness is required when you remove film from the
magazine or load and unload film holders.

Protect processed film from strong light, and store it in a
cool dry place. For more information on storing negatives,
see KODAK Publication No. E-30, Storage and Care of

Photographic Materials—Before and After Processing.

Exposure- and Contrast-Index Values for Various
Development Conditions

Contrast

Index

High 2.50 DEKTOL 3 200

2.40 to 2.70 D-19 (1:2) 4 to 7 100 to 160

2.25 to 2.55 D-19 2 to 8 100 to 200

1.20 to 2.10 HC-110 (Dil B) 4 to 12 100 to 250

1.25 to 1.75 HC-110 (Dil D) 4 to 8 80 to 125

1.10 to 2.10 D-76 6 to 12 64 to 125

1.00 to 1.50 MICRODOL-X 8 to 12 32 to 50

0.80 to 0.95 HC-110 (Dil F) 6 to 12 32 to 64

0.50 to

Low

0.70

KODAK

Developer

TECHNIDOL

Liquid

Development

Time

(minutes at

68°F [20°C])

5 to 11 16 to 25

Exposure

Index

For pictorial applications, use EI 25/15° and process the
film in KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer. (Refer to
“PROCESSING.”)

For high-contrast reversal-processing applications, use
EI 64/19° to produce slides from high-contrast subjects such
as line art. Process the film with the KODAK
PROFESSIONAL T-MAX 100 Direct Positive Film
Developing Outfit.

Filter Factors

Multiply the normal exposure by the filter factor indicated
below. If you use a through-the-lens meter, take the meter
reading without the filter over the lens, and then calculate
your exposure by using the filter factor. Where no filter
factor is listed in the table, no test was made with that filter.

EXPOSURE

The speed of this film depends on the application, the type
and degree of development, and the level of contrast
required. Therefore, no single speed value applies for all
situations. (Speed ratings may ra nge from a lo w of EI 16 for
pictorial photography to a high EI 320 for microfilming. Use
the exposure indexes in the following table with meters
marked for ISO, ASA, or DIN speeds or exposure inde xes.
They are intended for trial exposures.

You can expose this film with daylight or tungsten light.
Exposure to tungsten illumination produces a 10-percent
increase in speed and a 5-percent increase in contrast.

KODAK WRATTEN

Gelatin Filter

No.8 (yellow) 1.2 1.5
No. 11 (yellowish green) 5 —
No. 12 (deep yellow) 1.2 —
No. 15 (deep yellow) 1.2 2
No. 25 (red) 2 3
No. 47 (blue) 25 12
No. 58 (green) 12 —

* Based on a 1-second exposure and development in KODAK HC-110

Developer (Dilution D) for 8 minutes at 68°F (20°C).

† Based on a 1/25-second exposure and development in KODAK

TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer for 9 minutes at 68°F (20°C).

Tungsten

Filter Factor

Daylight

*

Filter Factor

†

2 KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film • P-255

Adjustments for Long and Short Exposures

Compensate for the reciprocity characteristics of this film by
increasing exposure and adjusting the development as
shown.

If Indicated

Exposure

Time Is

(seconds)

Use This

Lens-

Aperture

Adjustment

OR

1/10,000 None None +30%

1/1,000 None None +20%

1/100 None None None

1/10 None None None

1 None None –10%

10 +

100 +1

1

⁄

stop 15 –10%

2

1

⁄

stops

2

Exposure- and Contrast-Index Values for Processing in the
KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor, Model 11

This

Adjusted

Exposure

Time

(seconds)

Adjust

aperture

AND

Use This

Development

Adjustment

None

DARKROOM RECOMMENDATIONS

Handle unprocessed film in total darkness. After
development is half completed, you can use a KODAK
3 Safelight Filter (dark green) in a suitable safelight lamp
with a 15-watt bulb. Keep the safelight at least
4 feet (1.2 metres) from the film.

For information on safelight testing, see KODAK

Publication K-4, How Safe Is Your Safelight?

Contrast

Index

KODAK

Developer

Development

Temperature

°F (°C)

Machine

Speed

(ft/min)

Developer

Racks

2.20 VERSAMAT 885 85 (29.4) 10 1 160/23°

1.40 VERSAMAT 641 85 (29.4) 10 1 125/22°

1.40 DURAFLO RT 80 (26.5) 10 2 160/23°

* Based on a 1/25-second daylight exposure

Changes in Speed and Contrast
Due to Long- and Short-Exposure Adjustments

Camera

Stops

0

1

3

2

3

1

1

1

3

2

1

3

Exposure:
Process:

8 minutes at 68 F (20 C)

1

1

5000

500

250010000

1

1

1000

SPEED SHIFT

Tungsten or Daylight

KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dil D),

CONTRAST-INDEX SHIFT

1

1

100

1

1

50

250

Time (seconds)

1
215110125

32842101

Log

Exposure

0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

C.I.

0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

100

Exposure

Index

ISO/DIN

*

F002_0195AC

P-255 • P-255 3

SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS

Pictorial Photography

These films produce high-quality pictorial negatives when
processed in KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer . (See
“PROCESSING.”) Conventional de velopers generally
produce contrast too high for normal pictorial photography.
Process the film according to the instructions for KODAK
TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer.

In pictorial applications, the fine grain permits
enlargements at magnifications of 25X or more with little
perceptible grain. The extended red sensitivity has a
haze-cutting effect in photographs of distant landscapes and
in aerial shots.

Use an exposure index of 25 for trial exposures.

Copy Applications

Y ou can use these films for copying printed material, making
reverse-text title slides, and copying continuous-tone
photographs.

Use two lamps. Place one on each side of the copy
material so that each light strikes the material at about a
45-degree angle. For originals larger than 16 x 20 inches
(40 x 50 cm), you may need four lamps (two on each side)
for uniform illumination. Determine the exposure with a
meter.

If you use a camera with a through-the-lens meter, take the
reading from a gray card in the copy position. The meter
could give you an incorrect reading from the copy itself,
depending on the amount of text.

If you do not use an exposure meter, try these starting
points: With two No. 2 photolamps in matte-surface
reflectors at about 4 feet (1.2 metres) from the copyboard,
use 1/60 second at ƒ/8. With two No. 1 photolamps, increase
the exposure by one stop.
With meters marked for ISO (ASA/DIN) speeds or exposure
indexes, use these film-speed values:

Starting-Point Exposures for Copying Printed
Materials: With meters marked for ISO (ASA/DIN) speeds

or exposure indexes, use these film-speed values:

• Tungsten 320/26°—for incident-light readings or for
reflected-light readings from a gray card (18-percent
reflectance) at the copyboard.

• Tungsten 64/19°—for reflected-light readings from a
matte white card (90-percent reflectance) at the
copyboard.

Note: These values are based on small-tank development in
KODAK Developer D-19 for 4 minutes at 68°F (20°C) with
agitation at 30-second intervals.

The exposure index is based on the formula EI = 36/H,
where H is the 1-second exposure in lux-seconds required to
produce a density of 1.20 above minimum density with the
indicated development.

Starting-Point Exposures for Making Reverse-Text
Slides: With exposure meters marked for ISO (ASA/DIN)

speeds or exposure indexes, use these film-speed values:

• Tungsten 200/24°—for incident-light readings or for
reflected-light readings from a gray card (18-percent
reflectance) at the copyboard.

• Tungsten 40/17°—for reflected-light readings from a
matte white card (90-percent reflectance) at the
copyboard.

Note: These values for reverse-text slides are based on
development in KODAK DEKTOL Developer for 3 minutes
at 68°F (20°C).

The exposure index is based on the formula EI = 10/H,
where H is the 1-second exposure in lux-seconds required to
produce a density of 0.60 above minimum density with the
indicated development.

Copying Continuous-Tone Photographs: To copy
continuous-tone photographs, use an exposure-index value
to achieve a gamma value between 0.6 and 1.0, depending on
the contrast of the original. For low-contrast originals, you
can try KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dilution B) for
6 minutes (EI 160); for higher-contrast originals, use
KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer for 9 minutes
(EI 25).

Microphotography (Microfilming)

The resolving power of Technical Pan Film allows
microfilming of most documents at reductions of up to 20X,
assuming that the copying lens is of high quality and is
carefully focused. The film plane and the plane of the
copyboard must be parallel to provide sharp focus over the
whole image area. When you photograph black-and-white
originals, use a green filter such as a KODAK WRATTEN
Gelatin Filter No. 58 or 61. This will help suppress the
chromatic aberrations found in most lenses that would be
emphasized by the extended red sensitivity of the film.

For optimum image quality, adjust the exposure to
achieve a negative density of 1.20 in the areas that
correspond to the white or light-colored areas of the original.
Process the film to a gamma of 2.0 in KODAK HC-110
Developer (Dilution D) for 8 minutes at 68° F (20°C)
(EI 125).

Photographing Electrophoretic Gels

Electrophoretic gels are often photographed to produce
prints for information storage, analysis, display, and
publication. KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan
Films yield high-quality black-and-white negatives from
which you can make high-quality prints of these gels. Adjust
exposure carefully to minimize the appearance of the gel
background tint in the prints.

Make tests to determine exposures for your lighting
conditions. Develop the film for 4 minutes in KODAK
HC-110 Developer (Dilution D) at 68°F (20°C) (EI 80).
TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer may also work with your
setup.

4 KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film • P-255

Photomicrography

The low contrast of most microscopic subjects often requires
a contrast-enhancing film-and-developer combination and
(with stained specimens) a contrast-enhancing filter. For
routine photomicrography of H and E-stained tissue, try a
broad-band yellow-green filter (e.g., a KOD AK WRATTEN
Gelatin Filter No. 11) at a tungsten exposure index of 50,
developed in HC-110 Developer (Dilution B) for 8 minutes
at 68°F (20°C). Negatives should print easily and with good
contrast on normal-contrast paper. (If negatives are too
dense, use a higher exposure index; if too thin, use a lower
one. If contrast is too low , increase the de v elopment time; if
too high, decrease the time.)

For phase-contrast and differential-contrast techniques,
try a tungsten exposure index of 100, and develop in HC-110
Developer (Dilution D) for 6 minutes at 68°F (20°C). (If
necessary, adjust the exposure index or development as
described above.) This method may also be suitable for
banding techniques in chromosome photomicrography.
When you want maximum contrast, as in older karyotyping
methods, use a tungsten exposure index of about 125, and
develop in Developer D-19 for 4 minutes at 68°F (20°C).
(Because of the differing spectral sensitivities of microscope
photocells and the special characteristics of Technical Pan
Films, these exposure index recommendations cannot be
exact.)

Metallographers can easily select development conditions
from the characteristic curves shown in this pamphlet, based
on the contrast index they have used successfully with other
materials.

Electron Micrography

Use Technical Pan Film to record the output of the
fiber-optic faceplate in transmission electron microscopes
and to provide optimum contrast and resolution for
biological specimens.

Make tests to determine exposures for the accelerating
voltage and magnification. Develop for 5
Developer D-19 (1:2) at 68°F (20°C) or for 4 minutes in
Developer D-19 (full strength) at 68°F (20°C). For less
contrast, process for 8 to 12 minutes in HC-110 Developer
(Dilution B) at 68°F (20°C).

1

⁄

minutes in

2

Astronomical Photography

The extended red sensitivity of Technical Pan Films makes
them especially suited to solar photography at the H-alpha
line (656 nm), and their reasonably uniform spectral
sensitivity over the visible region of the spectrum makes them
most useful for solar filtergrams. They are also useful for
lunar and planetary photography. The extremely fine grain
and high resolving power, coupled with high-contrast
development (with Developer D-19, for example) permits
reproduction of very fine detail on objects in the solar system.

You can use these films for stellar photography, but first
hypersensitize them with forming gas or silver nitrate to
improve the film response with the long exposures required.
(For information on hypersensitization of Technical Pan
Films, see the American Astronomical Society
Photo-Bulletin, Issue No. 24, 1980, No. 2.)

Laser Photography

The extended red sensitivity of these films makes them very
useful in applications in which the exposing radiation is from
helium-neon lasers (633 nm) or red-light-emitting diodes
(typically 640 to 650 nm).

For example, Technical Pan Films are frequently
recommended for photographing holograms reconstructed
with the helium-neon lasers. Since the range of scene
brightnesses that can be recorded and reconstructed
holographically is inherently great, it is sometimes
appropriate to process the film to a low contrast (contrast
index of 0.5 to 0.6). However, in holographic interferometry,
processing the film to a contrast index of 1.5 or more will
enhance the visibility of the interferometric fringe by
increasing its modulation. Try HC-110 Developer
(Dilution B).

In image-recording or plotting applications, you can
control the film contrast during processing to convert the
modulation range of the recorder to the density range you
want on the film.

KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film • P-255 5

PROCESSING

Handle unprocessed film in total darkness. After
development is half complete, you can use a suitable a
safelight lamp equipped with a KODAK 3 Safelight Filter
(dark green) and a 15-watt bulb for a few seconds. Keep the
safelight at least 4 feet (1.2 metres) from the film.

When you use these films for pictorial applications, you
must select a film-and-developer combination carefully.
With 35 mm Technical Pan Film, use TECHNIDOL Liquid
Developer. With Technical Pan Film / 4415 and 6415 (sheets
and 120 size), use only TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer.
Observe the precautionary information on the developer
packaging.

KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer
Small-Tank Processing (rolls)

You can process roll film in small 8- or 16-ounce
stainless-steel or 10- or 20-ounce plastic tanks with spiral
reels using the following instructions. With some spiral reels,
the 35 mm film may be susceptible to nonuniform processing
effects if agitation is not carefully controlled. Pouring the
developer on dry film through the light trap in the tank top
can also produce nonuniformity. To avoid processing
problems, pour the developer into the tank before you insert
the loaded reel, and follow the agitation recommendations
below.

KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer

Temperature 68°F (20°C) 77°F (25°C) 86°F (30°C)

Time 9 minutes 7

* With 35 mm film only

Development Times for

in Stainless-Steel 8- or 16- oz

or Plastic 10- or 20-oz Tanks

1

⁄

minutes 6

2

1

⁄

minutes

2

1. Fill the tank with developer adjusted to one of the
temperatures in the table.

2. In total darkness, drop the loaded reels into the tank of
solution and attach the top to the tank.

3. Firmly tap the bottom of the tank on the top of the work
surface to dislodge any air bubbles. (You can then turn
on the room lights.)

4. Provide immediate agitation by shaking the tank

vigorously up and down 10 to 12 times for 2 seconds.
Do not rotate the tank.

Liquid Developer Agitation Technique

*

Preparing a Working Solution: Mix your liquid developer
according to the instructions packaged with the developer.
Use water at 68 to 86°F (20 to 30°C).

To process one roll of 135-36 film, make 8 fl oz (237 mL)
of developer solution. Stir until the solution is completely
mixed. To process one 120-size roll or two 135-36 rolls of
film in the same process, prepare one pint (16 fl oz [473 mL])
of developer.

You can reuse the developer if you increase the
development time of the second process by 1 minute. Store
the developer in an air-tight bottle, and use it within a week.

Processing with TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer in a
Small Tank: The following procedure may vary from the

instructions provided with your tank, but you must follow it
to obtain good results.
Develop roll film for the amount of time in the table below,
according to the developer temperature you choose.

F002_0196AC

5. Let the tank sit for 30 seconds, and then start the next
2-second agitation.

6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 every 30 seconds for the remainder
of the development time.

6 KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film • P-255

Final Steps in Tank Processing—

68 to 86°F (20 to 30°C)

Processing with TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer in a
Tray: Use the special agitation procedure described below

for best processing uniformity in a tray.

Step/Solution

Rinse — with agitation:

KODAK Indicator Stop Bath 0:15 to 0:30
KODAK EKTAFLO Stop Bath 0:15 to 0:30
Fix — with frequent agitation:
KODAK PROFESSIONAL Fixer 2:00 to 4:00
KODAK Rapid Fixer 1:30 to 3:00
KODAFIX Solution 2:00 to 4:00
Wash:
Running water 5:00 to 15:00

—OR—

Rinse with water
KODAK Hypo Clearing Agent
Running water

Final rinse:

KODAK PHOTO-FLO Solution 0:30
Dry — in a dust-free place

Note: Keep the rinse and fix temperatures within 3°F (1.7°C)
of the developer temperature, and the wash temperature
within 5°F (3°C) of the developer temperature.

Rinse the film in KODAK Indicator Stop Bath or KODAK

Time

(min:sec)

0:15
1:30
5:00

Presoak the film in water at 68°F (20°C) for approximately

1

2

⁄

minutes.

2

1. Locate the code notch and identify the emulsion side of
the film. Turn the first sheet so that the emulsion side
faces up and the code notch is in the lower left-hand
corner; place the sheet in the water presoak.

2. Agitate the film for 5 seconds. Place the next sheet of
film on top with the emulsion side up and the code notch
in the upper right-hand corner. (This will help you
identify the first sheet of film later.) Repeat this step for
the remaining sheets.

3. When all the sheets are in the presoak, begin timing for

1

2

⁄

2

sheet out every 5 seconds and placing it on top. Be sure
to keep the film emulsion side up and to keep the stack
immersed.

4. After 2
allow it to drain. Using the same code-notch orientation,
quickly place the sheet in the developer and agitate for
about 10 seconds. Move the remaining sheets to the
developer one at a time, agitating each for 10 seconds.
Be careful that they don’t scratch each other.

EKTAFLO Stop Bath for 15 to 30 seconds. Use running
water for 30 seconds if you don’t use a stop bath.
Fix the film with frequent agitation in KOD AK Rapid Fixer

1

for 1

⁄

to 3 minutes. Or use KODAK PROFESSIONAL

2

Fixer or KODAFIX Solution for 2 to 4 minutes.
Wash the film in clean running water for 5 to 15 minutes.

To save time and conserve water, use KODAK Hypo
Clearing Agent. Rinse the fixed film in running water for
15 seconds. Bathe the film in KODAK Hypo Clearing Agent
for 1 to 2 minutes with agitation. Then wash the film for
5 minutes in running water, providing at least one change of
water during the 5 minutes.

Develop at 68°F (20°C) for 8 minutes. Be sure the developer
is at 68°F (20°C). Agitate the film in the developer as you did
in the presoak. However, increase the rate of the initial
agitation by going through the stack of film four times in the
first minute of development. After 1 minute, take the entire
stack of film and turn it 180 degrees. Continue the agitation
at the normal rate of going through the stack twice per
minute for the rest of the development time. Continue
rotating the film as follows:

After this

many minutes

Dry the film in a dust-free place. To minimize drying marks,
treat the film with KODAK PHOTO-FLO Solution after
washing, or wipe the surface carefully with a soft viscose
sponge.

You can use heated forced air at 100°F (38°C) to reduce
drying time.

minutes. Agitate carefully by pulling the bottom

1

⁄

minutes, locate the first sheet, remove it, and

2

Rotate

the stack

2 90° left
3 180° left
4 90° right
5 180° right
6 90° left
7 180° left

To the

Tray Processing (sheets)

Mix 1 quart (32 fl oz [946]) of TECHNIDOL Liquid
Developer at one-half the working strength you’d use for roll
films. That is, use 2 packets of dev eloper concentrate and add
enough water at 68°F (20°C) to make 1 quart. Stir until the
developer is completely mixed.

You can develop the equivalent of twelve 4 x 5-inch
sheets of film in this amount of solution. Do not reuse this
solution for a second batch even if your first batch consisted
of fewer than twelve sheets.

KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film • P-255 7

Final Steps in Tray Processing—

65 to 70°F (18 to 21°C)

Other KODAK Developers

To process these films in the other developers listed in the
table Exposure- and Contrast-Index Values for Various

Step/Solution

Rinse — with agitation:

KODAK Indicator Stop Bath 0:15 to 0:30
KODAK EKTAFLO Stop Bath 0:15 to 0:30
Fix — with frequent agitation:
KODAK PROFESSIONAL Fixer 2:00 to 4:00
KODAK Rapid Fixer 2:00 to 4:00
KODAFIX Solution 2:00 to 4:00

Wash:

Running water 5:00 to 15:00

—OR—

Rinse with water
KODAK Hypo Clearing Agent
Running water

Final rinse:

KODAK PHOTO-FLO Solution 0:30

Dry — in a dust-free place

Time

(min:sec)

0:15
1:30
5:00

Development Conditions or the Quick Reference Guide to
Developers, follow the instructions for your tank.

Before using any developer, make sure that the solution is
free of small air bubbles. If bubbles adhere to the emulsion,
they may cause small undeveloped clear spots on the film
(dark spots on the print). Bubbles may form more easily if
you mix cold and hot water. If bubbles do form, let the
developer stand until they dissipate. Attaching an aerator to
the water supply will help eliminate small bubbles.

Develop to the contrast index for your application; see
“Exposure” and the characteristic curves. The contrast index
depends primarily on the developer, temperature, dilution,
and processing technique. It is affected less by exposure time
and normal product variability.

KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Developer Replenisher
KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Developer Starter
KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Fixer and Replenisher

Processing Sequence

Rinse the film at 65 to 70°F (18 to 21°C) in KODAK
Indicator Stop Bath or KODAK EKTAFLO Stop Bath for
15 to 30 seconds. Use running water for 30 seconds if no stop
bath is available.

Put the first sheet into the stop bath and agitate vigorously.
Put the remaining sheets into the stop bath one at a time, and
agitate each vigorously for about 5 seconds. Go through the
stack at the normal pace.

Fix the film at 65 to 70°F (18 to 21°C) in KODAK
PROFESSIONAL Fixer, KODAK Rapid Fixer, or
KODAFIX Solution for 2 to 4 minutes. Move the sheets to
the fixer one at a time. Continue the agitation.

Wash the film in running water at 65 to 70°F (18 to 21°C)
for 5 to 15 minutes. T o sav e time and conserve water , you can
use KODAK Hypo Clearing Agent. First rinse the film in
running water for 15 seconds. Tr ansfer the stack of film to
the hypo clearing agent solution and agitate for 1

1

⁄

minutes.

2

Then wash the film for 5 minutes in running water, providing
at least one change of water during this time. Treat the film
with KODAK PHOTO-FLO Solution and hang it up to dry;
do not squeegee.

Step

Develop 1 4 ft (1.2 m)

Fix 3 12 ft (3.8 m)

Wash 2 8 ft (2.4 m)

Dry — 8 ft (2.4 m)
To produce a contrast i ndex of about 1.4, start with a machine

speed of 10 feet per minute (3.05 m/min).

No. of
Racks

Path

Length

Temperature

85 ±0.5°F

(29.4 ±0.3°C)

85°F (29°C)

nominal

75 to 80°F

(24 to 27°C)

135 to 140°F

(57 to 60°C)

KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Developer Replenisher
KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Developer Starter
KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Fixer and Replenisher

Processing Sequence

Step

Develop 1 4 ft (1.2 m)

Fix 3 12 ft (3.8 m)

Wash 2 8 ft (2.4 m)

Dry — 8 ft (2.4 m)
To produce a contrast index of about 2.2, start with a machine

speed of 10 feet per minute (3.05 m/min). You will obtain
adequate washing at speeds up to 15 feet per minute
(4.5 m/min).

No. of
Racks

Path

Length

Temperature

85 ±0.5°F

(29.4 ±0.3°C)

85°F (29°C)

nominal

75 to 80°F

(24 to 27°C)

135 to 140°F

(57 to 60°C)

8 KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film • P-255

KODAK DURAFLO RT Developer Replenisher
KODAK DURAFLO RT Developer Starter
KODAK Rapid Fixer

Processing Sequence

Step

No. of
Racks

Develop 1 8 ft (2.4 m)

Fix 3 12 ft (3.8 m)

Wash 2 8 ft (2.4 m)

Dry — 8 ft (2.4 m)

To produce a contrast index of about 1.4, start with a machine
speed of 8 feet per minute (2.4 m/min). Washing at this speed will
not provide archival quality, but it should be adequate for many
scientific recording applications.

* Use a lower dryer temperature (95 to 110°F or 35 to 44°C) with 2415

Film if spots form due to rapid drying. Lower temperatures may also be
adequate if you are drying only roll film.

Path

Length

Temperature

80 ±0.5°F

(27 ±0.3°C)

80°F (27°C)

nominal

70 to 75°F

(21 to 24°C)

135 to 140°F

(57 to 60°C)

Spectral-Sensitivity Curves

3.0

Effective Exposure:1.4 sec visible, 0.2 sec ultraviolet
Process:

2.0

*

1.0

LOG SENSITIVITY

0.0

*

1.0

F002_0194AC

KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dil D),

8 minutes at 68 F (20 C)

Diffuse Density=

0.3 above D-min

Diffuse Density=

1.0 above D-min

WAVELENGTH (nm)

*Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure (erg/cm ) required

to produce specified density

2

700 750650600550500450400350300250

Modulation-Transfer Curves

200

PRINTING

The 0.1 neutral density built into the ESTAR-AH Base is
one-half to one-third that found in conventional 35 mm
picture-taking films. Correctly exposed and processed
pictorial negatives may appear to be “thinner” than normal.
It is important to take this into account when you judge the
printability of negatives.

The micro-fine grain of Technical Pan Film makes
possible printing at higher magnifications than are usually
acceptable with conventional picture-taking films.
Enlargements made at magnifications greater than 25X with
highly specular (point-source) enlargers may show a random
distribution of poorly defined white specks in otherwise
dense areas. The specks are caused by tiny matte particles
coated on the back surface of the film. You can mask the
specks, with little loss in the overall sharpness of the image,
by using an enlarger with a diffuse or semi-diffuse light
source.

IMAGE-STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS

The data in this section are based on development at
68°F (20°C) in KODAK HC-110 De veloper (Dilution D) for
8 minutes or KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer for
9 minutes.

100

70
50

30
20

Process: Small tank,

10

7
5

RESPONSE (%)

3
2

TungstenExposure:

KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dil D),

8 minutes at 68 F (20 C);

KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer,

8 minutes at 68 F (20 C);

1

1001 2 3 4 5 10 20 50 200 600

SPATIAL FREQUENCY (cycles/mm)

F002_0180AC

NOTICE: The sensitometric curves and data in this
publication represent product tested under the conditions of
exposure and processing specified. They are representative
of production coatings, and therefore do not apply directly to
a particular box or roll of photographic material. They do not
represent standards or specifications that must be met by
Eastman Kodak Company. The company reserves the right
to change and improve product characteristics at any time.

KODAK Developer

HC-110 (Dilution D) TECHNIDOL Liquid

Diffuse rms

Granularity

* Read at a net diffuse density of 1.0 using a 48-micrometre aperture

and 12X magnification.

8 Extremely fine 5 Micro fine

*

KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film • P-255 9

Characteristic Curves

4.0

3.0

2.0

DENSITY

1.0

0.0

3.0

F002_0188AC

4.0

3.0

2.0

DENSITY

1.0

Exposure:
Process:

Tungsten, 1/25 second

Small tank, KODAK DEKTOL
Developer, 3 minutes at 68 F (20 C),
agitation at 30-second intervals

200Exposure Index:

2.50Contrast Index:

=3.60

2.0

1.0

LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)

Exposure:
Process:

CONTRAST

3.00

2.50

2.00

Tungsten, 1 second

Small tank, KODAK Developer D-19;
2, 4, and 8 minutes at 68 F (20 C),
agitation at 30-second intervals

EXPOSURE

INDEX

DEVELOPMENT TIME

(minutes)

INDEX

200

150

100

8642

0.0 1.0

8 min =3.50
4 min =2.90
2 min =2.80

4.0

3.0

2.0

DENSITY

1.0

0.0

3.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

DENSITY

1.0

Exposure:
Process:

CONTRAST

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

Daylight, 1/25 second

Small tank, KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dil B),
4, 6, 8, and 12 minutes at 68 F (20 C),
agitation at 30-second intervals

EXPOSURE

86

(minutes)

INDEX

250
200
150
100

1210

INDEX

4

DEVELOPMENT TIME

2.0
LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)

Exposure:
Process:

Tungsten, 1/25 second

Small tank, KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dil D),
4, 6, and 8 minutes at 68 F (20 C),
agitation at 30-second intervals

(minutes)

EXPOSURE

INDEX

745

86

150

100

50

CONTRAST

INDEX

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

DEVELOPMENT TIME

12 min =2.70

8 min =2.05

6 min =1.60

4 min =1.40

8 min =2.00

6 min =1.65

4 min =1.35

1.00.01.0

F002_0185AC

0.0

3.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

DENSITY

1.0

2.0
LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)

Exposure:
Process:

CONTRAST

Tungsten, 1 second

Small tank, KODAK Developer
D-19 (1:2), 4, 5 , and 7 minutes at
68 F (20 C), agitation at
30-second intervals

INDEX

3.00

2.80

2.60

2.40

2.20

DEVELOPMENT TIME

1

2

EXPOSURE

4567

(minutes)

INDEX

200

150

100

F002_0182AC

7 min =3.60

1

2

5 min =3.50
4 min =3.20

1.00.01.0

0.0

3.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

DENSITY

1.0

2.0
LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)

Exposure:
Process:

CONTRAST

Tungsten, 1 second

Small tank, KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dil F),
6, 8, and 10 minutes at 68 F (20 C),
agitation at 30-second intervals

8

(minutes)

EXPOSURE

INDEX

60
50

40

30

INDEX

0.95

0.90

0.85

0.80

610

DEVELOPMENT TIME

F002_0183AC

10 min =1.30

8 min =1.20

1.00.01.0

6 min =1.05

0.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)

0.0 1.0

F002_0189AC

0.0

3.5

2.5

1.5

LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)

0.5

F002_0184AC

10 KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film • P-255

4.0

3.0

2.0

DENSITY

1.0

Exposure:
Process:

CONTRAST

Daylight, 1/25 second

Small tank, KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid
Developer 5, 7, 9, and 11 minutes at
68 F (20 C), agitation at 30-second intervals

Developing

Time (min)

5

9 min =0.65

1159

7
9

11

11 min =0.70

INDEX

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

DEVELOPMENT TIME

(minutes)

7

Exposure

Index

16
20
25
25

7 min =0.60

5 min =0.50

Contrast

Index

0.48

0.58

0.64

0.70

Exposure:

4.0

Process:

Chemicals at 85 F (29.4 C); KODAK
VERSAMAT Film Processor,
Model 11; 1 developer rack

Daylight, 1/25 second

KODAK VERSAMAT 885

3.0

CONTRAST

INDEX

2.60

2.20

2.0

1.80

DENSITY

1.40

1.00
510

15 20

MACHINE SPEED

1.0

(fpm)

EXPOSURE

INDEX

250
200
150

100

25

5 fpm =3.60

10 fpm =2.80

15 fpm =2.20

20 fpm =1.60

25 fpm =1.35

0.0

3.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

DENSITY

1.0

0.0

3.0

F002_0186AC

4.0

3.0

2.0

DENSITY

1.0

0.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)

Exposure:
Process:

Tungsten, 1/25 second

Small tank, KODAK Developer D-76;
6, 8, 10, and 12 minutes at 68 F (20 C),
agitation at 30-second intervals

86

(minutes)

EXPOSURE

INDEX

125
100
75

50

1210

CONTRAST

INDEX

2.00

1.75

1.50

GAMMA

1.25

1.00
DEVELOPMENT TIME

8 min =1.50

6 min =1.20

2.0
LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)

Exposure:
Process:

5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ft/min at 85 F (29.4 C);
KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor,
Model 11; 1 developer rack

Daylight, 1/25 second

KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Chemicals at

CONTRAST

INDEX

2.20

1.80

1.40

1.00

0.60
MACHINE SPEED

510

15 20

(fpm)

EXPOSURE

INDEX

200
150
100
50

25

20 fpm =1.05

25 fpm =0.85

2.0

1.0

LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)

0.0 1.0

F002_0193AC

12 min =2.50

10 min =2.00

5 fpm =2.90

10 fpm =1.55

15 fpm =1.30

0.0 1.0

F002_0191AC

1.00.01.0

DENSITY

0.0

3.0

2.0
LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)

Exposure:

4.0

Process:

KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor,

Daylight, 1/25 second

KODAK DURAFLO RT Developer at

5, 10, 15, and 20 ft/min at 85 F (29.4 C);

Model 11; 2 developer racks

3.0

CONTRAST

INDEX

2.20

1.80

2.0

1.0

1.40

1.00

0.60
510

MACHINE SPEED

(fpm)

DENSITY

0.0

3.0

2.0
LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)

EXPOSURE

INDEX

15 20

200
150
100
50

1.0

1.0

0.0 1.0

F002_0190AC

5 fpm =2.40

10 fpm =1.60

15 fpm =1.00

20 fpm =0.80

0.0 1.0

F002_0192AC

KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film • P-255 11

QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE TO DEVELOPERS

KODAK

PROFESSIONAL

Technical Pan Film

(sizes)

2415

(135 and long rolls)

4415

(4 x 5- and

8 x 10-inch)

6415
(120)

Pictorial

TECHNIDOL

Liquid

TECHNIDOL

Liquid

Reverse-

Text

Slides

DEKTOL

Copying

Printed

Material

D-19

HC-110

(Dil B) or

TECHNIDOL

Liquid

KODAK Developer to Use for–

Copying
Continuous­Tone Photos

HC-110

(Dil B),

TECHNIDOL

Liquid

Micro­photo-

graphy

HC-110

(Dil D)

HC-110

(Dil D) or

TECHNIDOL

Liquid

Electro-

phoretic

Gels

HC-110

(Dil B),

TECHNIDOL

Liquid

Photo-

microg-

raphy

HC-110

(Dil B),
D-19, or
HC-110

(Dil D)

Electron

Microg-

(1:2), or
HC-110

MORE INFORMATION

Kodak has many publications to assist you with information on Kodak products, equipment, and materials.

Additional information is available on the Kodak website and through the U.S.A./Canada faxback system.

The following publications are available from dealers who
sell Kodak products, or you can contact Kodak in your
country for more information.

E-30 Storage and Care of KODAK Photographic

Materials—Before and After Processing

F-2 Pathways to Black and White
E103BF KODAK PROFESSIONAL Black-and-White Films
E103CF Chemicals for KODAK PROFESSIONAL

Black-and-White Films

For the latest version of technical support publications for

KODAK PROFESSIONAL Products, visit Kodak on-line at:

http://www.kodak.com/go/professional

If you have questions about KODAK PROFESSIONAL
Products,
call Kodak.
In the U.S.A.:

1-800-242-2424, Ext. 19, Monday–Friday
9 a.m.–7 p.m. (Eastern time)

In Canada:

1-800-465-6325, Monday–Friday
8 a.m.–5 p.m. (Eastern time)

Note: The Kodak materials described in this publication for use
with KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film are
available from dealers who supply KODAK PROFESSIONAL
Products. You can use other materials, but you may not obtain
similar results.

raphy

D-19,

D-19

(Dil B)

Astro-

nomical

D-19

Laser

HC-110

(Dil B)

KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical
Pan Film
KODAK Publication No. P-255

CAT 817 2785

Kodak, D-19, D-76, Dektol, Duraflo, Ektaflo, Estar,

HC-110, Kodafix, Microdol-X, Photo-Flo, Technidol,

T-Max, Versamat, and Wratten are trademark

Minor Revision 6-03

Printed in U.S.A.