Kodak P-255 User Manual

TECHNICAL DATA /
BLACK-AND-WHITE FILM
K OD AK PR OFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film
• Laser recording
—NOTICE—
Discontinuance of
KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film
KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film is being discontinued due to steadily declinin g deman d over the recent years. Changes in product component s and our manuf acturing processes make it impractical to continue to support this product at its current low le vels.
The last Tech Pan coating was several years ago. Since that time, the old coating room has been shut down, the gels used in the product formulation have become obsolete, and we no longer manufacture the ESTAR support on which the 35 mm product was coated. There would be consider able cost to recreate the product, with no guarantee that it would look and act the same as the Tech Pan Film of old.
Technical Pan Film will continue to be available until the existing inventory has been depleted.
• Other applications such as slide making, copying, and microfilming that require high or moderately high contrast combined with fine grain and high resolving power
SIZES AVAILABLE
Sizes and CAT numbers may differ from country to country. See your dealer who supplies KODAK PROFESSIONAL Products.
KOD AK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film 2415
Size
mm x ft
35 x 150 2415
Film
Code
Base Sp No.
4-mil
(0.10 mm)
ESTAR-AH
June 2003 P-255
Letter
Code
442 TP 129 9916
CAT No.
While there is no direct replacement for Tech Pan Film, you may find KODAK PROFESSIONAL T-MAX 100 Film in combination with specific B&W Developers to be a viable alternative for some applications.
KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film is Kodak’s slowest and finest-grained black-and-white film for pictorial photography (when developed in KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer). It is a variable-contrast panchromatic film with extended red sensitivity; because of its extended red sensitivity, it yields prints with a gray-tone rendering slightly different from that produced by other panchromatic films. (This is most noticeable in portraits, in which it suppresses blemishes.)
Use this film for pictorial, scientific, technical, and reversal-processing applications. It is an excellent choice for making big enlargements or murals.
APPLICATIONS
You can vary the contrast of KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film by modifying development. The wide range of contrast levels, along with the spectral sensitization and combination of speed and image-structure properties, makes this film unusually versatile and suitable for many applications:
• Pictorial photography
• Photomicrography
• Microphotography (Microfilming)
• Solar photography
• Photographing electrophoretic gels
Size
135-36 2415
KOD AK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan 4415
Sheets
Per
Package
50 4 x 5
50 8 x 10 852 1817
KOD AK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film 6415
Size
120 6415
Film
Code
Sizes
(inches)
Film
Code
Base
4-mil
(0.10 mm)
ESTAR-AH
Film
Code/Notch
Base
3.6-mil
(0.091 mm)
acetate
Letter
Code
Base CAT No.
7-mil
(0.18 mm)
ESTAR
Thick
Letter
Code
CAT No.
TP 129 7563
882 6596
CAT No.
TP 151 1054
Because 2415 Film has a thinner base than conventional 35 mm picture-taking films, 150-foot rolls finished to Sp 442 will fit in bulk-film loaders designed to accept 100-foot rolls.
Other sizes are available on a special-order basis, subject to manufacturing limitations and current minimum-order requirements. Minimum-order quantities for special-ord e r sizes are generally 750 square feet (70 square metres) of film.
©Eastman Kodak Company, 2000
SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY
Technical Pan Film has reasonably uniform spectral sensitivity at all visible wavelengths out to 690 nanometres (nm). Because of this extended red sensitivity, red areas and flesh tones may appear lighter than they would with conventional black-and-white films. This is often an advantage. For example, it helps conceal some skin blemishes and often adds a pleasing luminous quality to skin tones. (This effect is less evident in portraits made in the shade outdoors, because there is less red light present.)
To approximate the response of conventional panchromatic films more closely, make exposures through a color-compensating filter such as a KODAK Color Compensating Filter CC40C or CC50C (cyan). With this filter, no exposure compensation is necessary; however, there may be a slight loss in sharpness.
STORAGE AND HANDLING
High temperatures or high humidity may produce unwanted quality changes. Store unexposed film at 75°F (24°C) or lower in the original package. Always store film (exposed or unexposed) in a cool, dry place. For best results, process film as soon as possible after exposure.
Load and unload roll-film cameras in subdued light, and rewind the film completely before unloading the camera. Total darkness is required when you remove film from the magazine or load and unload film holders.
Protect processed film from strong light, and store it in a cool dry place. For more information on storing negatives, see KODAK Publication No. E-30, Storage and Care of
Photographic Materials—Before and After Processing.
Exposure- and Contrast-Index Values for Various Development Conditions
Contrast
Index
High 2.50 DEKTOL 3 200
2.40 to 2.70 D-19 (1:2) 4 to 7 100 to 160
2.25 to 2.55 D-19 2 to 8 100 to 200
1.20 to 2.10 HC-110 (Dil B) 4 to 12 100 to 250
1.25 to 1.75 HC-110 (Dil D) 4 to 8 80 to 125
1.10 to 2.10 D-76 6 to 12 64 to 125
1.00 to 1.50 MICRODOL-X 8 to 12 32 to 50
0.80 to 0.95 HC-110 (Dil F) 6 to 12 32 to 64
0.50 to
Low
0.70
KODAK
Developer
TECHNIDOL
Liquid
Development
Time
(minutes at
68°F [20°C])
5 to 11 16 to 25
Exposure
Index
For pictorial applications, use EI 25/15° and process the film in KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer. (Refer to “PROCESSING.”)
For high-contrast reversal-processing applications, use EI 64/19° to produce slides from high-contrast subjects such as line art. Process the film with the KODAK PROFESSIONAL T-MAX 100 Direct Positive Film Developing Outfit.
Filter Factors
Multiply the normal exposure by the filter factor indicated below. If you use a through-the-lens meter, take the meter reading without the filter over the lens, and then calculate your exposure by using the filter factor. Where no filter factor is listed in the table, no test was made with that filter.
EXPOSURE
The speed of this film depends on the application, the type and degree of development, and the level of contrast required. Therefore, no single speed value applies for all situations. (Speed ratings may ra nge from a lo w of EI 16 for pictorial photography to a high EI 320 for microfilming. Use the exposure indexes in the following table with meters marked for ISO, ASA, or DIN speeds or exposure inde xes. They are intended for trial exposures.
You can expose this film with daylight or tungsten light. Exposure to tungsten illumination produces a 10-percent increase in speed and a 5-percent increase in contrast.
KODAK WRATTEN
Gelatin Filter
No.8 (yellow) 1.2 1.5 No. 11 (yellowish green) 5 — No. 12 (deep yellow) 1.2 — No. 15 (deep yellow) 1.2 2 No. 25 (red) 2 3 No. 47 (blue) 25 12 No. 58 (green) 12
* Based on a 1-second exposure and development in KODAK HC-110
Developer (Dilution D) for 8 minutes at 68°F (20°C).
† Based on a 1/25-second exposure and development in KODAK
TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer for 9 minutes at 68°F (20°C).
Tungsten
Filter Factor
Daylight
*
Filter Factor
2 KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film P-255
Adjustments for Long and Short Exposures
Compensate for the reciprocity characteristics of this film by increasing exposure and adjusting the development as shown.
If Indicated
Exposure
Time Is
(seconds)
Use This
Lens-
Aperture
Adjustment
OR
1/10,000 None None +30%
1/1,000 None None +20%
1/100 None None None
1/10 None None None
1 None None –10%
10 +
100 +1
1
stop 15 –10%
2
1
stops
2
Exposure- and Contrast-Index Values for Processing in the KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor, Model 11
This
Adjusted
Exposure
Time
(seconds)
Adjust
aperture
AND
Use This
Development
Adjustment
None
DARKROOM RECOMMENDATIONS
Handle unprocessed film in total darkness. After development is half completed, you can use a KODAK 3 Safelight Filter (dark green) in a suitable safelight lamp with a 15-watt bulb. Keep the safelight at least 4 feet (1.2 metres) from the film.
For information on safelight testing, see KODAK
Publication K-4, How Safe Is Your Safelight?
Contrast
Index
KODAK
Developer
Development
Temperature
°F (°C)
Machine
Speed
(ft/min)
Developer
Racks
2.20 VERSAMAT 885 85 (29.4) 10 1 160/23°
1.40 VERSAMAT 641 85 (29.4) 10 1 125/22°
1.40 DURAFLO RT 80 (26.5) 10 2 160/23°
* Based on a 1/25-second daylight exposure
Changes in Speed and Contrast Due to Long- and Short-Exposure Adjustments
Camera
Stops
0
1
3
2
3
1
1
1
3
2
1
3
Exposure: Process:
8 minutes at 68 F (20 C)
1
1
5000
500
250010000
1
1
1000
SPEED SHIFT
Tungsten or Daylight
KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dil D),
CONTRAST-INDEX SHIFT
1
1
100
1
1
50
250
Time (seconds)
1 215110125
32842101
Log
Exposure
0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
C.I.
0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
100
Exposure
Index
ISO/DIN
*
F002_0195AC
P-255 P-255 3
SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
Pictorial Photography
These films produce high-quality pictorial negatives when processed in KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer . (See “PROCESSING.”) Conventional de velopers generally produce contrast too high for normal pictorial photography. Process the film according to the instructions for KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer.
In pictorial applications, the fine grain permits enlargements at magnifications of 25X or more with little perceptible grain. The extended red sensitivity has a haze-cutting effect in photographs of distant landscapes and in aerial shots.
Use an exposure index of 25 for trial exposures.
Copy Applications
Y ou can use these films for copying printed material, making reverse-text title slides, and copying continuous-tone photographs.
Use two lamps. Place one on each side of the copy material so that each light strikes the material at about a 45-degree angle. For originals larger than 16 x 20 inches (40 x 50 cm), you may need four lamps (two on each side) for uniform illumination. Determine the exposure with a meter.
If you use a camera with a through-the-lens meter, take the reading from a gray card in the copy position. The meter could give you an incorrect reading from the copy itself, depending on the amount of text.
If you do not use an exposure meter, try these starting points: With two No. 2 photolamps in matte-surface reflectors at about 4 feet (1.2 metres) from the copyboard, use 1/60 second at ƒ/8. With two No. 1 photolamps, increase the exposure by one stop. With meters marked for ISO (ASA/DIN) speeds or exposure indexes, use these film-speed values:
Starting-Point Exposures for Copying Printed Materials: With meters marked for ISO (ASA/DIN) speeds
or exposure indexes, use these film-speed values:
• Tungsten 320/26°—for incident-light readings or for reflected-light readings from a gray card (18-percent reflectance) at the copyboard.
• Tungsten 64/19°—for reflected-light readings from a matte white card (90-percent reflectance) at the copyboard.
Note: These values are based on small-tank development in KODAK Developer D-19 for 4 minutes at 68°F (20°C) with agitation at 30-second intervals.
The exposure index is based on the formula EI = 36/H, where H is the 1-second exposure in lux-seconds required to produce a density of 1.20 above minimum density with the indicated development.
Starting-Point Exposures for Making Reverse-Text Slides: With exposure meters marked for ISO (ASA/DIN)
speeds or exposure indexes, use these film-speed values:
• Tungsten 200/24°—for incident-light readings or for reflected-light readings from a gray card (18-percent reflectance) at the copyboard.
• Tungsten 40/17°—for reflected-light readings from a matte white card (90-percent reflectance) at the copyboard.
Note: These values for reverse-text slides are based on development in KODAK DEKTOL Developer for 3 minutes at 68°F (20°C).
The exposure index is based on the formula EI = 10/H, where H is the 1-second exposure in lux-seconds required to produce a density of 0.60 above minimum density with the indicated development.
Copying Continuous-Tone Photographs: To copy continuous-tone photographs, use an exposure-index value to achieve a gamma value between 0.6 and 1.0, depending on the contrast of the original. For low-contrast originals, you can try KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dilution B) for 6 minutes (EI 160); for higher-contrast originals, use KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer for 9 minutes (EI 25).
Microphotography (Microfilming)
The resolving power of Technical Pan Film allows microfilming of most documents at reductions of up to 20X, assuming that the copying lens is of high quality and is carefully focused. The film plane and the plane of the copyboard must be parallel to provide sharp focus over the whole image area. When you photograph black-and-white originals, use a green filter such as a KODAK WRATTEN Gelatin Filter No. 58 or 61. This will help suppress the chromatic aberrations found in most lenses that would be emphasized by the extended red sensitivity of the film.
For optimum image quality, adjust the exposure to achieve a negative density of 1.20 in the areas that correspond to the white or light-colored areas of the original. Process the film to a gamma of 2.0 in KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dilution D) for 8 minutes at 68° F (20°C) (EI 125).
Photographing Electrophoretic Gels
Electrophoretic gels are often photographed to produce prints for information storage, analysis, display, and publication. KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Films yield high-quality black-and-white negatives from which you can make high-quality prints of these gels. Adjust exposure carefully to minimize the appearance of the gel background tint in the prints.
Make tests to determine exposures for your lighting conditions. Develop the film for 4 minutes in KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dilution D) at 68°F (20°C) (EI 80). TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer may also work with your setup.
4 KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film P-255
Photomicrography
The low contrast of most microscopic subjects often requires a contrast-enhancing film-and-developer combination and (with stained specimens) a contrast-enhancing filter. For routine photomicrography of H and E-stained tissue, try a broad-band yellow-green filter (e.g., a KOD AK WRATTEN Gelatin Filter No. 11) at a tungsten exposure index of 50, developed in HC-110 Developer (Dilution B) for 8 minutes at 68°F (20°C). Negatives should print easily and with good contrast on normal-contrast paper. (If negatives are too dense, use a higher exposure index; if too thin, use a lower one. If contrast is too low , increase the de v elopment time; if too high, decrease the time.)
For phase-contrast and differential-contrast techniques, try a tungsten exposure index of 100, and develop in HC-110 Developer (Dilution D) for 6 minutes at 68°F (20°C). (If necessary, adjust the exposure index or development as described above.) This method may also be suitable for banding techniques in chromosome photomicrography. When you want maximum contrast, as in older karyotyping methods, use a tungsten exposure index of about 125, and develop in Developer D-19 for 4 minutes at 68°F (20°C). (Because of the differing spectral sensitivities of microscope photocells and the special characteristics of Technical Pan Films, these exposure index recommendations cannot be exact.)
Metallographers can easily select development conditions from the characteristic curves shown in this pamphlet, based on the contrast index they have used successfully with other materials.
Electron Micrography
Use Technical Pan Film to record the output of the fiber-optic faceplate in transmission electron microscopes and to provide optimum contrast and resolution for biological specimens.
Make tests to determine exposures for the accelerating voltage and magnification. Develop for 5 Developer D-19 (1:2) at 68°F (20°C) or for 4 minutes in Developer D-19 (full strength) at 68°F (20°C). For less contrast, process for 8 to 12 minutes in HC-110 Developer (Dilution B) at 68°F (20°C).
1
minutes in
2
Astronomical Photography
The extended red sensitivity of Technical Pan Films makes them especially suited to solar photography at the H-alpha line (656 nm), and their reasonably uniform spectral sensitivity over the visible region of the spectrum makes them most useful for solar filtergrams. They are also useful for lunar and planetary photography. The extremely fine grain and high resolving power, coupled with high-contrast development (with Developer D-19, for example) permits reproduction of very fine detail on objects in the solar system.
You can use these films for stellar photography, but first hypersensitize them with forming gas or silver nitrate to improve the film response with the long exposures required. (For information on hypersensitization of Technical Pan Films, see the American Astronomical Society Photo-Bulletin, Issue No. 24, 1980, No. 2.)
Laser Photography
The extended red sensitivity of these films makes them very useful in applications in which the exposing radiation is from helium-neon lasers (633 nm) or red-light-emitting diodes (typically 640 to 650 nm).
For example, Technical Pan Films are frequently recommended for photographing holograms reconstructed with the helium-neon lasers. Since the range of scene brightnesses that can be recorded and reconstructed holographically is inherently great, it is sometimes appropriate to process the film to a low contrast (contrast index of 0.5 to 0.6). However, in holographic interferometry, processing the film to a contrast index of 1.5 or more will enhance the visibility of the interferometric fringe by increasing its modulation. Try HC-110 Developer (Dilution B).
In image-recording or plotting applications, you can control the film contrast during processing to convert the modulation range of the recorder to the density range you want on the film.
KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film P-255 5
PROCESSING
Handle unprocessed film in total darkness. After development is half complete, you can use a suitable a safelight lamp equipped with a KODAK 3 Safelight Filter (dark green) and a 15-watt bulb for a few seconds. Keep the safelight at least 4 feet (1.2 metres) from the film.
When you use these films for pictorial applications, you must select a film-and-developer combination carefully. With 35 mm Technical Pan Film, use TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer. With Technical Pan Film / 4415 and 6415 (sheets and 120 size), use only TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer. Observe the precautionary information on the developer packaging.
KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer Small-Tank Processing (rolls)
You can process roll film in small 8- or 16-ounce stainless-steel or 10- or 20-ounce plastic tanks with spiral reels using the following instructions. With some spiral reels, the 35 mm film may be susceptible to nonuniform processing effects if agitation is not carefully controlled. Pouring the developer on dry film through the light trap in the tank top can also produce nonuniformity. To avoid processing problems, pour the developer into the tank before you insert the loaded reel, and follow the agitation recommendations below.
KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer
Temperature 68°F (20°C) 77°F (25°C) 86°F (30°C)
Time 9 minutes 7
* With 35 mm film only
Development Times for
in Stainless-Steel 8- or 16- oz
or Plastic 10- or 20-oz Tanks
1
minutes 6
2
1
minutes
2
1. Fill the tank with developer adjusted to one of the temperatures in the table.
2. In total darkness, drop the loaded reels into the tank of solution and attach the top to the tank.
3. Firmly tap the bottom of the tank on the top of the work surface to dislodge any air bubbles. (You can then turn on the room lights.)
4. Provide immediate agitation by shaking the tank
vigorously up and down 10 to 12 times for 2 seconds. Do not rotate the tank.
Liquid Developer Agitation Technique
*
Preparing a Working Solution: Mix your liquid developer according to the instructions packaged with the developer. Use water at 68 to 86°F (20 to 30°C).
To process one roll of 135-36 film, make 8 fl oz (237 mL) of developer solution. Stir until the solution is completely mixed. To process one 120-size roll or two 135-36 rolls of film in the same process, prepare one pint (16 fl oz [473 mL]) of developer.
You can reuse the developer if you increase the development time of the second process by 1 minute. Store the developer in an air-tight bottle, and use it within a week.
Processing with TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer in a Small Tank: The following procedure may vary from the
instructions provided with your tank, but you must follow it to obtain good results. Develop roll film for the amount of time in the table below, according to the developer temperature you choose.
F002_0196AC
5. Let the tank sit for 30 seconds, and then start the next 2-second agitation.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 every 30 seconds for the remainder of the development time.
6 KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film P-255
Final Steps in Tank Processing—
68 to 86°F (20 to 30°C)
Processing with TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer in a Tray: Use the special agitation procedure described below
for best processing uniformity in a tray.
Step/Solution
Rinse — with agitation:
KODAK Indicator Stop Bath 0:15 to 0:30 KODAK EKTAFLO Stop Bath 0:15 to 0:30 Fix — with frequent agitation: KODAK PROFESSIONAL Fixer 2:00 to 4:00 KODAK Rapid Fixer 1:30 to 3:00 KODAFIX Solution 2:00 to 4:00 Wash: Running water 5:00 to 15:00
—OR—
Rinse with water KODAK Hypo Clearing Agent Running water
Final rinse:
KODAK PHOTO-FLO Solution 0:30 Dry — in a dust-free place
Note: Keep the rinse and fix temperatures within 3°F (1.7°C) of the developer temperature, and the wash temperature within 5°F (3°C) of the developer temperature.
Rinse the film in KODAK Indicator Stop Bath or KODAK
Time
(min:sec)
0:15 1:30 5:00
Presoak the film in water at 68°F (20°C) for approximately
1
2
minutes.
2
1. Locate the code notch and identify the emulsion side of the film. Turn the first sheet so that the emulsion side faces up and the code notch is in the lower left-hand corner; place the sheet in the water presoak.
2. Agitate the film for 5 seconds. Place the next sheet of film on top with the emulsion side up and the code notch in the upper right-hand corner. (This will help you identify the first sheet of film later.) Repeat this step for the remaining sheets.
3. When all the sheets are in the presoak, begin timing for
1
2
2
sheet out every 5 seconds and placing it on top. Be sure to keep the film emulsion side up and to keep the stack immersed.
4. After 2 allow it to drain. Using the same code-notch orientation, quickly place the sheet in the developer and agitate for about 10 seconds. Move the remaining sheets to the developer one at a time, agitating each for 10 seconds. Be careful that they don’t scratch each other.
EKTAFLO Stop Bath for 15 to 30 seconds. Use running water for 30 seconds if you don’t use a stop bath. Fix the film with frequent agitation in KOD AK Rapid Fixer
1
for 1
to 3 minutes. Or use KODAK PROFESSIONAL
2
Fixer or KODAFIX Solution for 2 to 4 minutes. Wash the film in clean running water for 5 to 15 minutes.
To save time and conserve water, use KODAK Hypo Clearing Agent. Rinse the fixed film in running water for 15 seconds. Bathe the film in KODAK Hypo Clearing Agent for 1 to 2 minutes with agitation. Then wash the film for 5 minutes in running water, providing at least one change of water during the 5 minutes.
Develop at 68°F (20°C) for 8 minutes. Be sure the developer is at 68°F (20°C). Agitate the film in the developer as you did in the presoak. However, increase the rate of the initial agitation by going through the stack of film four times in the first minute of development. After 1 minute, take the entire stack of film and turn it 180 degrees. Continue the agitation at the normal rate of going through the stack twice per minute for the rest of the development time. Continue rotating the film as follows:
After this
many minutes
Dry the film in a dust-free place. To minimize drying marks, treat the film with KODAK PHOTO-FLO Solution after washing, or wipe the surface carefully with a soft viscose sponge.
You can use heated forced air at 100°F (38°C) to reduce drying time.
minutes. Agitate carefully by pulling the bottom
1
minutes, locate the first sheet, remove it, and
2
Rotate
the stack
2 90° left 3 180° left 4 90° right 5 180° right 6 90° left 7 180° left
To the
Tray Processing (sheets)
Mix 1 quart (32 fl oz [946]) of TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer at one-half the working strength you’d use for roll films. That is, use 2 packets of dev eloper concentrate and add enough water at 68°F (20°C) to make 1 quart. Stir until the developer is completely mixed.
You can develop the equivalent of twelve 4 x 5-inch sheets of film in this amount of solution. Do not reuse this solution for a second batch even if your first batch consisted of fewer than twelve sheets.
KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film P-255 7
Final Steps in Tray Processing—
65 to 70°F (18 to 21°C)
Other KODAK Developers
To process these films in the other developers listed in the table Exposure- and Contrast-Index Values for Various
Step/Solution
Rinse — with agitation:
KODAK Indicator Stop Bath 0:15 to 0:30 KODAK EKTAFLO Stop Bath 0:15 to 0:30 Fix — with frequent agitation: KODAK PROFESSIONAL Fixer 2:00 to 4:00 KODAK Rapid Fixer 2:00 to 4:00 KODAFIX Solution 2:00 to 4:00
Wash:
Running water 5:00 to 15:00
—OR—
Rinse with water KODAK Hypo Clearing Agent Running water
Final rinse:
KODAK PHOTO-FLO Solution 0:30
Dry — in a dust-free place
Time
(min:sec)
0:15 1:30 5:00
Development Conditions or the Quick Reference Guide to Developers, follow the instructions for your tank.
Before using any developer, make sure that the solution is free of small air bubbles. If bubbles adhere to the emulsion, they may cause small undeveloped clear spots on the film (dark spots on the print). Bubbles may form more easily if you mix cold and hot water. If bubbles do form, let the developer stand until they dissipate. Attaching an aerator to the water supply will help eliminate small bubbles.
Develop to the contrast index for your application; see “Exposure” and the characteristic curves. The contrast index depends primarily on the developer, temperature, dilution, and processing technique. It is affected less by exposure time and normal product variability.
KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Developer Replenisher KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Developer Starter KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Fixer and Replenisher
Processing Sequence
Rinse the film at 65 to 70°F (18 to 21°C) in KODAK Indicator Stop Bath or KODAK EKTAFLO Stop Bath for 15 to 30 seconds. Use running water for 30 seconds if no stop bath is available.
Put the first sheet into the stop bath and agitate vigorously. Put the remaining sheets into the stop bath one at a time, and agitate each vigorously for about 5 seconds. Go through the stack at the normal pace.
Fix the film at 65 to 70°F (18 to 21°C) in KODAK PROFESSIONAL Fixer, KODAK Rapid Fixer, or KODAFIX Solution for 2 to 4 minutes. Move the sheets to the fixer one at a time. Continue the agitation.
Wash the film in running water at 65 to 70°F (18 to 21°C) for 5 to 15 minutes. T o sav e time and conserve water , you can use KODAK Hypo Clearing Agent. First rinse the film in running water for 15 seconds. Tr ansfer the stack of film to the hypo clearing agent solution and agitate for 1
1
minutes.
2
Then wash the film for 5 minutes in running water, providing at least one change of water during this time. Treat the film with KODAK PHOTO-FLO Solution and hang it up to dry; do not squeegee.
Step
Develop 1 4 ft (1.2 m)
Fix 3 12 ft (3.8 m)
Wash 2 8 ft (2.4 m)
Dry 8 ft (2.4 m) To produce a contrast i ndex of about 1.4, start with a machine
speed of 10 feet per minute (3.05 m/min).
No. of Racks
Path
Length
Temperature
85 ±0.5°F
(29.4 ±0.3°C)
85°F (29°C)
nominal
75 to 80°F
(24 to 27°C)
135 to 140°F
(57 to 60°C)
KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Developer Replenisher KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Developer Starter KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Fixer and Replenisher
Processing Sequence
Step
Develop 1 4 ft (1.2 m)
Fix 3 12 ft (3.8 m)
Wash 2 8 ft (2.4 m)
Dry 8 ft (2.4 m) To produce a contrast index of about 2.2, start with a machine
speed of 10 feet per minute (3.05 m/min). You will obtain adequate washing at speeds up to 15 feet per minute (4.5 m/min).
No. of Racks
Path
Length
Temperature
85 ±0.5°F
(29.4 ±0.3°C)
85°F (29°C)
nominal
75 to 80°F
(24 to 27°C)
135 to 140°F
(57 to 60°C)
8 KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film • P-255
KODAK DURAFLO RT Developer Replenisher KODAK DURAFLO RT Developer Starter KODAK Rapid Fixer
Processing Sequence
Step
No. of Racks
Develop 1 8 ft (2.4 m)
Fix 3 12 ft (3.8 m)
Wash 2 8 ft (2.4 m)
Dry 8 ft (2.4 m)
To produce a contrast index of about 1.4, start with a machine speed of 8 feet per minute (2.4 m/min). Washing at this speed will not provide archival quality, but it should be adequate for many scientific recording applications.
* Use a lower dryer temperature (95 to 110°F or 35 to 44°C) with 2415
Film if spots form due to rapid drying. Lower temperatures may also be adequate if you are drying only roll film.
Path
Length
Temperature
80 ±0.5°F
(27 ±0.3°C)
80°F (27°C)
nominal
70 to 75°F
(21 to 24°C)
135 to 140°F
(57 to 60°C)
Spectral-Sensitivity Curves
3.0
Effective Exposure:1.4 sec visible, 0.2 sec ultraviolet Process:
2.0
*
1.0
LOG SENSITIVITY
0.0
*
1.0
F002_0194AC
KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dil D),
8 minutes at 68 F (20 C)
Diffuse Density=
0.3 above D-min
Diffuse Density=
1.0 above D-min
WAVELENGTH (nm)
*Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure (erg/cm ) required
to produce specified density
2
700 750650600550500450400350300250
Modulation-Transfer Curves
200
PRINTING
The 0.1 neutral density built into the ESTAR-AH Base is one-half to one-third that found in conventional 35 mm picture-taking films. Correctly exposed and processed pictorial negatives may appear to be “thinner” than normal. It is important to take this into account when you judge the printability of negatives.
The micro-fine grain of Technical Pan Film makes possible printing at higher magnifications than are usually acceptable with conventional picture-taking films. Enlargements made at magnifications greater than 25X with highly specular (point-source) enlargers may show a random distribution of poorly defined white specks in otherwise dense areas. The specks are caused by tiny matte particles coated on the back surface of the film. You can mask the specks, with little loss in the overall sharpness of the image, by using an enlarger with a diffuse or semi-diffuse light source.
IMAGE-STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS
The data in this section are based on development at 68°F (20°C) in KODAK HC-110 De veloper (Dilution D) for 8 minutes or KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer for 9 minutes.
100
70 50
30 20
Process: Small tank,
10
7 5
RESPONSE (%)
3 2
TungstenExposure:
KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dil D),
8 minutes at 68 F (20 C);
KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer,
8 minutes at 68 F (20 C);
1
1001 2 3 4 5 10 20 50 200 600
SPATIAL FREQUENCY (cycles/mm)
F002_0180AC
NOTICE: The sensitometric curves and data in this publication represent product tested under the conditions of exposure and processing specified. They are representative of production coatings, and therefore do not apply directly to a particular box or roll of photographic material. They do not represent standards or specifications that must be met by Eastman Kodak Company. The company reserves the right to change and improve product characteristics at any time.
KODAK Developer
HC-110 (Dilution D) TECHNIDOL Liquid
Diffuse rms
Granularity
* Read at a net diffuse density of 1.0 using a 48-micrometre aperture
and 12X magnification.
8 Extremely fine 5 Micro fine
*
KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film P-255 9
Characteristic Curves
4.0
3.0
2.0
DENSITY
1.0
0.0
3.0
F002_0188AC
4.0
3.0
2.0
DENSITY
1.0
Exposure: Process:
Tungsten, 1/25 second
Small tank, KODAK DEKTOL Developer, 3 minutes at 68 F (20 C), agitation at 30-second intervals
200Exposure Index:
2.50Contrast Index:
=3.60
2.0
1.0
LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)
Exposure: Process:
CONTRAST
3.00
2.50
2.00
Tungsten, 1 second
Small tank, KODAK Developer D-19; 2, 4, and 8 minutes at 68 F (20 C), agitation at 30-second intervals
EXPOSURE
INDEX
DEVELOPMENT TIME
(minutes)
INDEX
200
150
100
8642
0.0 1.0
8 min =3.50 4 min =2.90 2 min =2.80
4.0
3.0
2.0
DENSITY
1.0
0.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
DENSITY
1.0
Exposure: Process:
CONTRAST
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
Daylight, 1/25 second
Small tank, KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dil B), 4, 6, 8, and 12 minutes at 68 F (20 C), agitation at 30-second intervals
EXPOSURE
86
(minutes)
INDEX
250 200 150 100
1210
INDEX
4
DEVELOPMENT TIME
2.0 LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)
Exposure: Process:
Tungsten, 1/25 second
Small tank, KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dil D), 4, 6, and 8 minutes at 68 F (20 C), agitation at 30-second intervals
(minutes)
EXPOSURE
INDEX
745
86
150
100
50
CONTRAST
INDEX
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
DEVELOPMENT TIME
12 min =2.70
8 min =2.05
6 min =1.60
4 min =1.40
8 min =2.00
6 min =1.65
4 min =1.35
1.00.01.0
F002_0185AC
0.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
DENSITY
1.0
2.0 LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)
Exposure: Process:
CONTRAST
Tungsten, 1 second
Small tank, KODAK Developer D-19 (1:2), 4, 5 , and 7 minutes at 68 F (20 C), agitation at 30-second intervals
INDEX
3.00
2.80
2.60
2.40
2.20
DEVELOPMENT TIME
1
2
EXPOSURE
4567
(minutes)
INDEX
200
150
100
F002_0182AC
7 min =3.60
1
2
5 min =3.50 4 min =3.20
1.00.01.0
0.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
DENSITY
1.0
2.0 LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)
Exposure: Process:
CONTRAST
Tungsten, 1 second
Small tank, KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dil F), 6, 8, and 10 minutes at 68 F (20 C), agitation at 30-second intervals
8
(minutes)
EXPOSURE
INDEX
60 50
40
30
INDEX
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
610
DEVELOPMENT TIME
F002_0183AC
10 min =1.30
8 min =1.20
1.00.01.0
6 min =1.05
0.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)
0.0 1.0
F002_0189AC
0.0
3.5
2.5
1.5
LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)
0.5
F002_0184AC
10 KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film • P-255
4.0
3.0
2.0
DENSITY
1.0
Exposure: Process:
CONTRAST
Daylight, 1/25 second
Small tank, KODAK TECHNIDOL Liquid Developer 5, 7, 9, and 11 minutes at 68 F (20 C), agitation at 30-second intervals
Developing
Time (min)
5
9 min =0.65
1159
7 9
11
11 min =0.70
INDEX
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
DEVELOPMENT TIME
(minutes)
7
Exposure
Index
16 20 25 25
7 min =0.60
5 min =0.50
Contrast
Index
0.48
0.58
0.64
0.70
Exposure:
4.0
Process:
Chemicals at 85 F (29.4 C); KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor, Model 11; 1 developer rack
Daylight, 1/25 second
KODAK VERSAMAT 885
3.0
CONTRAST
INDEX
2.60
2.20
2.0
1.80
DENSITY
1.40
1.00 510
15 20
MACHINE SPEED
1.0
(fpm)
EXPOSURE
INDEX
250 200 150
100
25
5 fpm =3.60
10 fpm =2.80
15 fpm =2.20
20 fpm =1.60
25 fpm =1.35
0.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
DENSITY
1.0
0.0
3.0
F002_0186AC
4.0
3.0
2.0
DENSITY
1.0
0.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)
Exposure: Process:
Tungsten, 1/25 second
Small tank, KODAK Developer D-76; 6, 8, 10, and 12 minutes at 68 F (20 C), agitation at 30-second intervals
86
(minutes)
EXPOSURE
INDEX
125 100 75
50
1210
CONTRAST
INDEX
2.00
1.75
1.50
GAMMA
1.25
1.00 DEVELOPMENT TIME
8 min =1.50
6 min =1.20
2.0 LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)
Exposure: Process:
5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ft/min at 85 F (29.4 C); KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor, Model 11; 1 developer rack
Daylight, 1/25 second
KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Chemicals at
CONTRAST
INDEX
2.20
1.80
1.40
1.00
0.60 MACHINE SPEED
510
15 20
(fpm)
EXPOSURE
INDEX
200 150 100 50
25
20 fpm =1.05
25 fpm =0.85
2.0
1.0
LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)
0.0 1.0
F002_0193AC
12 min =2.50
10 min =2.00
5 fpm =2.90
10 fpm =1.55
15 fpm =1.30
0.0 1.0
F002_0191AC
1.00.01.0
DENSITY
0.0
3.0
2.0 LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)
Exposure:
4.0
Process:
KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor,
Daylight, 1/25 second
KODAK DURAFLO RT Developer at
5, 10, 15, and 20 ft/min at 85 F (29.4 C);
Model 11; 2 developer racks
3.0
CONTRAST
INDEX
2.20
1.80
2.0
1.0
1.40
1.00
0.60 510
MACHINE SPEED
(fpm)
DENSITY
0.0
3.0
2.0 LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)
EXPOSURE
INDEX
15 20
200 150 100 50
1.0
1.0
0.0 1.0
F002_0190AC
5 fpm =2.40
10 fpm =1.60
15 fpm =1.00
20 fpm =0.80
0.0 1.0
F002_0192AC
KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film P-255 11
QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE TO DEVELOPERS
KODAK
PROFESSIONAL
Technical Pan Film
(sizes)
2415
(135 and long rolls)
4415
(4 x 5- and
8 x 10-inch)
6415 (120)
Pictorial
TECHNIDOL
Liquid
TECHNIDOL
Liquid
Reverse-
Text
Slides
DEKTOL
Copying
Printed
Material
D-19
HC-110
(Dil B) or
TECHNIDOL
Liquid
KODAK Developer to Use for–
Copying Continuous­Tone Photos
HC-110
(Dil B),
TECHNIDOL
Liquid
Micro­photo-
graphy
HC-110
(Dil D)
HC-110
(Dil D) or
TECHNIDOL
Liquid
Electro-
phoretic
Gels
HC-110
(Dil B),
TECHNIDOL
Liquid
Photo-
microg-
raphy
HC-110
(Dil B), D-19, or HC-110
(Dil D)
Electron
Microg-
(1:2), or HC-110
MORE INFORMATION
Kodak has many publications to assist you with information on Kodak products, equipment, and materials.
Additional information is available on the Kodak website and through the U.S.A./Canada faxback system.
The following publications are available from dealers who sell Kodak products, or you can contact Kodak in your country for more information.
E-30 Storage and Care of KODAK Photographic
Materials—Before and After Processing
F-2 Pathways to Black and White E103BF KODAK PROFESSIONAL Black-and-White Films E103CF Chemicals for KODAK PROFESSIONAL
Black-and-White Films
For the latest version of technical support publications for
KODAK PROFESSIONAL Products, visit Kodak on-line at:
http://www.kodak.com/go/professional
If you have questions about KODAK PROFESSIONAL Products, call Kodak. In the U.S.A.:
1-800-242-2424, Ext. 19, Monday–Friday 9 a.m.–7 p.m. (Eastern time)
In Canada:
1-800-465-6325, Monday–Friday 8 a.m.–5 p.m. (Eastern time)
Note: The Kodak materials described in this publication for use with KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film are available from dealers who supply KODAK PROFESSIONAL Products. You can use other materials, but you may not obtain similar results.
raphy
D-19,
D-19
(Dil B)
Astro-
nomical
D-19
Laser
HC-110
(Dil B)
KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film KODAK Publication No. P-255
CAT 817 2785
Kodak, D-19, D-76, Dektol, Duraflo, Ektaflo, Estar,
HC-110, Kodafix, Microdol-X, Photo-Flo, Technidol,
T-Max, Versamat, and Wratten are trademark
Minor Revision 6-03
Printed in U.S.A.
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