Kodak D-32 User Manual
Kodak Duplicating Microfilms
Microfilms are fine grain, high resolution microfilms with the exposure and
development latitude to duplicate/enhance varying quality originals.
Information regarding the following duplicating microfilms are included in this
document:
• Kodak Duplicating 2462 Microfilm
• Kodak Direct Duplicating 2468/3468 Microfilm
Kodak Duplicating Microfilms are
silver-halide films designed for
making high quality duplicates of
original camera and other
duplicate microfilms. Depending
on the film type used, these films
can either maintain or reverse
image polarity . These duplicating
microfilms can be used in a
variety of manufacturer’s silver
duplicators. Kodak Duplicating
• Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate 2470 Microfilm
Product applications Eastman Kodak Company produces Kodak Duplicating 2462 Microfilm, Kodak
Direct Duplicating 2468/3468 Microfilm and Kodak Direct Duplicating
Intermediate 2470 Microfilm. These films all require conventional processing.
Direct duplicating films maintain image polarity between generations. Kodak
Duplicating 2462 Microfilm reverses polarity.
Kodak Duplicating and
Direct Duplicating Microfilms
are primarily intended for
creating multiple distribution
copies of camera film
masters, and occasionally
as intermediate print film
masters, when creating
large quantities of duplicates
such that the original camera film is not at risk of damage. Kodak Direct
Duplicating Intermediate Microfilm is typically used as an intermediate print
master but may also be used as a distribution copy. All duplicating microfilms
use a “contact-printing” method, such that the master and duplicate are
brought into intimate contact during exposure. A description of each follows.
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Kodak Duplicating Microfilm — 2462
• Reverses image polarity (neg-to-pos or pos-to-neg) with conventional
processing
• Blue spectral sensitivity
• Medium contrast
• Primarily used for making positive images of publications such as
newspapers and magazines for frequent viewing
Kodak Direct Duplicating Microfilm — 2468/3468
Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate Microfilm — 2470 (Estar Base)
• Maintains image polarity (neg-to-neg or pos-to-pos) with conventional
processing
• Orthochromatic color sensitivity (blue-green)
• Medium contrast
• Primarily used for making distribution copies
• Maintains image polarity (neg-to-neg or pos-to-pos) with conventional
processing
• Orthochromatic color sensitivity (blue-green)
• Excellent tone reproduction
• Medium - low contrast
• Primarily used as an intermediate master to make multiple generation
copies
• Can also be used as a distribution copy
Microfilm thicknesses
Kodak silver-halide duplicating microfilms are available in the following
thicknesses:
• 2462 and 2468 Estar Base 4.0 mil — used in normal 16, 35 and 105 mm
roll film applications.
• 3468 Estar Thin Base 2.5 mil — used in 16 mm applications for reduced
loading frequency, reduced film storage requirements and maximum image
capacity per roll.
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Common features The following features are common to all Kodak Duplicating Microfilms:
• Life expectancy of 500 years (LE-500) when processed and stored proper ly,
compared with 100 years (LE-100) for nonsilver duplicating films such as
diazo and vesicular.
• Ultra-high resolving power.
• Static-resistant, process-survivable backing.
• Micro-fine granularity.
• Very slow speed.
• Manufactured process is registere d to ISO 90 00 .
• Manufactured to ANSI and ISO standards specificati ons for films to be u sed
for storing records of long-term or permanent value.
The following “duplication tree” illustrates how the various duplicating
microfilms are used to produce the desired contrast and image polarity of
distribution copies. As an example, 3N is showing 3rd generation negativeappearing distribution copies.
KEY:
CN = Camera Negative
st
generation
1 = 1
nd
2 = 2
3 = 3
generation
rd
generation
N = Negative polarity
P = Positive polarity
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Physical properties Nominal thickness data (mils)
Microfilm Base* (mils Estar) Total†
2462, 2468, 2470 4.0 4.2
3468 2.5 2.7
* Static-resistance — process-survivable
† Unprocessed
Exposure
The following table indicates values for 1/25-secon d tu ng st en exp os ur es
calculated using the formula 45/H, where H is the exposure in lux-seconds
required for a density of .10 (1.20 for 2462 Microfilm) above minimum density
with indicated processing. This number can be used directly with incident-light
meters.
Meter Setting Value — recommended processes
2462 2.1
2468/3468 0.2
2470 0.12
Reciprocity data
For the Direct Duplicating Microfilms (2468/3468 and 2470), tungsten
exposures from 100 to 0.001 seconds, and processing in a Kodak Prostar
Processor as recommended, reciprocity failure is negligible and no correction
is normally needed. Similar results are expected with other recommended
processes.
With Duplicating Microfilm 2462 and using other than 1/50-second tungsten
exposures, correct for reciprocity failure at a density of 1.20 above D-min as
follows:
2462 Exposure Time (seconds)
100 10 1 1/10 to 1/100
Speed change (%) -75 -50 -20 none
Effective meter setting* 0.5 1.0 1.6 2.1
Correction in camera stops +2 +1 +1/3 none
*for Kodak Prostar Processor and continuous strand.
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