Kodak Duplicating Microfilms
Microfilms are fine grain, high resolution microfilms with the exposure and
development latitude to duplicate/enhance varying quality originals.
Information regarding the following duplicating microfilms are included in this
document:
• Kodak Duplicating 2462 Microfilm
• Kodak Direct Duplicating 2468/3468 Microfilm
Kodak Duplicating Microfilms are
silver-halide films designed for
making high quality duplicates of
original camera and other
duplicate microfilms. Depending
on the film type used, these films
can either maintain or reverse
image polarity . These duplicating
microfilms can be used in a
variety of manufacturer’s silver
duplicators. Kodak Duplicating
• Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate 2470 Microfilm
Product applications Eastman Kodak Company produces Kodak Duplicating 2462 Microfilm, Kodak
Direct Duplicating 2468/3468 Microfilm and Kodak Direct Duplicating
Intermediate 2470 Microfilm. These films all require conventional processing.
Direct duplicating films maintain image polarity between generations. Kodak
Duplicating 2462 Microfilm reverses polarity.
Kodak Duplicating and
Direct Duplicating Microfilms
are primarily intended for
creating multiple distribution
copies of camera film
masters, and occasionally
as intermediate print film
masters, when creating
large quantities of duplicates
such that the original camera film is not at risk of damage. Kodak Direct
Duplicating Intermediate Microfilm is typically used as an intermediate print
master but may also be used as a distribution copy. All duplicating microfilms
use a “contact-printing” method, such that the master and duplicate are
brought into intimate contact during exposure. A description of each follows.
D-32 September 2009 1
Kodak Duplicating Microfilm — 2462
• Reverses image polarity (neg-to-pos or pos-to-neg) with conventional
processing
• Blue spectral sensitivity
• Medium contrast
• Primarily used for making positive images of publications such as
newspapers and magazines for frequent viewing
Kodak Direct Duplicating Microfilm — 2468/3468
Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate Microfilm — 2470 (Estar Base)
• Maintains image polarity (neg-to-neg or pos-to-pos) with conventional
processing
• Orthochromatic color sensitivity (blue-green)
• Medium contrast
• Primarily used for making distribution copies
• Maintains image polarity (neg-to-neg or pos-to-pos) with conventional
processing
• Orthochromatic color sensitivity (blue-green)
• Excellent tone reproduction
• Medium - low contrast
• Primarily used as an intermediate master to make multiple generation
copies
• Can also be used as a distribution copy
Microfilm thicknesses
Kodak silver-halide duplicating microfilms are available in the following
thicknesses:
• 2462 and 2468 Estar Base 4.0 mil — used in normal 16, 35 and 105 mm
roll film applications.
• 3468 Estar Thin Base 2.5 mil — used in 16 mm applications for reduced
loading frequency, reduced film storage requirements and maximum image
capacity per roll.
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Common features The following features are common to all Kodak Duplicating Microfilms:
• Life expectancy of 500 years (LE-500) when processed and stored proper ly,
compared with 100 years (LE-100) for nonsilver duplicating films such as
diazo and vesicular.
• Ultra-high resolving power.
• Static-resistant, process-survivable backing.
• Micro-fine granularity.
• Very slow speed.
• Manufactured process is registere d to ISO 90 00 .
• Manufactured to ANSI and ISO standards specificati ons for films to be u sed
for storing records of long-term or permanent value.
The following “duplication tree” illustrates how the various duplicating
microfilms are used to produce the desired contrast and image polarity of
distribution copies. As an example, 3N is showing 3rd generation negativeappearing distribution copies.
KEY:
CN = Camera Negative
st
generation
1 = 1
nd
2 = 2
3 = 3
generation
rd
generation
N = Negative polarity
P = Positive polarity
D-32 September 2009 3
Physical properties Nominal thickness data (mils)
Microfilm Base* (mils Estar) Total†
2462, 2468, 2470 4.0 4.2
3468 2.5 2.7
* Static-resistance — process-survivable
† Unprocessed
Exposure
The following table indicates values for 1/25-secon d tu ng st en exp os ur es
calculated using the formula 45/H, where H is the exposure in lux-seconds
required for a density of .10 (1.20 for 2462 Microfilm) above minimum density
with indicated processing. This number can be used directly with incident-light
meters.
Meter Setting Value — recommended processes
2462 2.1
2468/3468 0.2
2470 0.12
Reciprocity data
For the Direct Duplicating Microfilms (2468/3468 and 2470), tungsten
exposures from 100 to 0.001 seconds, and processing in a Kodak Prostar
Processor as recommended, reciprocity failure is negligible and no correction
is normally needed. Similar results are expected with other recommended
processes.
With Duplicating Microfilm 2462 and using other than 1/50-second tungsten
exposures, correct for reciprocity failure at a density of 1.20 above D-min as
follows:
2462 Exposure Time (seconds)
100 10 1 1/10 to 1/100
Speed change (%) -75 -50 -20 none
Effective meter setting* 0.5 1.0 1.6 2.1
Correction in camera stops +2 +1 +1/3 none
*for Kodak Prostar Processor and continuous strand.
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Exposure guidelines — 2468/3468 and 2470
Print density decreases with increased exposure and increases with added
development for the direct duplicating microfilms. For intermediate duplicating
masters, generally the D-min in the master should be printed to the density in
the following table. 2470 Microfilm is genera lly no t used for distrib ution copi es.
If it is used as a distribution copy, reduce D-min levels to the levels indicated
for 2468/3468 Microfilm.
Microfilm Exposure Control
Print D-min of master to a density on
the duplicate as specified below:
2462 .08 to .15
2468/3468 .10 to .15
2470 .15 to .25
Processing information
Conventional
Processor
Kodak Prostar 13.5 sec. 100°F
Deep tank 90 sec.* 8°F
Developer Fixer Wash Dry Dilution
Dwell Temp Dwell Temp Temp Temp Dev Fix
37.8°C
29.4°C
Processors and processing chemicals
Kodak Duplicating Microfilms can be processed in most typical continuousstrand type medium- and deep-tank processors using common Kodak
Processing Chemicals and parameters. They are compatible with all standard
microfilm processing equipment and high quality microfilm chemicals, although
results may vary.
IMPORTANT: For best results and to avoid aeration, always add chemical
concentrate to water, not water to concentrate.
Processor set up
Following are the specifications for all Kodak Duplicating Microfilms. These are
the starting points and mixed formats.
13.5
sec.
45-90
sec.
NOTE: The dwell times and temperatures are starting points only. Specific
systems or customer needs may demand variation from these values
based on photographic aims. Dwell time is determined by timing film
speed from entrance roller to exit roller while running in the processor.
Deep tank times given should match the photographic results of a
Prostar Processor; significantly shorter development times are
achievable with these films by using higher exposure conditions
without any detriment to image quality.
96°F
35.6°C
85°F
29.4°C
96°F
35.6°C
80°F
26.7°C
135°F
57.2°C
160°F Max
71.1°C
Ready to Use
1:7 1:3
* For 2462 Microfilm, the starting dwell time for the developer is 68 second s.
D-32 September 2009 5
Replenishment rates Development/transport time and transport rates are set to achieve desired
photographic aims; replenishment rate settings are determined by multiplying
the transport speed by the required replenishment rates for the appropriate
film width being used.
Use the chart and formula provided to determine the developer and fixer
replenishment rates (mL/min) by multiplying transport speed (ft/min) (which is
determined by dividing the path length of the developer tank in feet by the
dwell time in seconds and multiplying by 60; see example) and the appropriate
processor replenishment specification (mL/linear ft).
Replenishment mL/linear ft
16 mm 35 mm 105 mm
DevFixDevFixDevFix
Kodak Prostar 0.75 0.75 1.5 1.5 N/A N/A
Deep Tank 1.00 1.25 2.0 2.5 6.0 7.5
NOTE: These are starting point recommendations. Actual settings may
require adjustments to maintain process activity levels. Shorter dwell
times are acceptable; however, exposure adjustments will be
necessary.
Transport
speed X
(ft/min)
A calculation of replenisher rate follows:
For Processor: Allen M-70 Processor
Type of Film: 35 mm (2468 Microfilm)
Dwell: 70 seconds
Developer Film Path: 84 feet
Replenishment (Dev): 2 (from table above)
Calculated transport speed:
x 60 sec/min = 72 ft/min
84 ft
70 sec (transport speed)
Results:
72 ft/min x 2 mL/ft = 144 mL/min
replenishment rate for developer
Replenishment/
feet of film =
(mL/Lft)
Replenishment
rate
(mL/min)
6 September 2009 D-32
Before-process handling and storage
Handling Total safelight exposu re, whether before or after image exposure, should not
exceed 30 minutes. For darkroom handling, 2468/3468 and 2470 Microfilms
should use a Kodak 1 Safelight Filter / red or Kodak 2 Safelight Filter / dark
red, in a suitable safelight lamp with a 15-watt bulb, located at least 4 feet (1.2
meters) from the film. Use a Kodak OA Safelight Filter /greenish yellow, with
the same lamp distance conditions for 2462 Microfilm. When using gooseneck
lamps with contact printers, a Kodak 1 Safelight Filter / red is required.
Storage For optimum life of Direct Duplicating Microfilms (2468/3468 and 2470), keep
unopened packages at 55°F (13°C), at 50 percent relative humidity or below,
and protected from radiation and x-rays. Film stored at higher temperatures or
humidities for a period of six months or more may lose photographic speed or
D-max. Duplicating Microfilm (2462) can be stored at 70°F (21°C) at 50
percent relative humidity or below , and protected from radiation and x-rays. T o
avoid moisture condensation on film that has been refrigerated, allow cold film
to reach approximate room temperature before opening the package (about 3
hours if refrigerated, 5 hours if frozen).
After-process and storage information
Image stability and keeping These microfilms are manufactured to ANSI and ISO specifications for
extended term storage use. When processed as recommended, these
microfilms meet both ANSI and ISO specifications for microfilms intended for
long-term storage. These microfilms have a Life Expectancy LE-500 rating.
ISO 19801 2002, Photography — Processed Silver-Gelatin Type Black-and-
White Film — Specifications for Stability, state that the maximum permissible
concentration of thiosulfate ion is 0.014 gr am s pe r square me te r (1 .4
micrograms per square centimeter). Thiosulfate limits for Class 1 grain apply
to this microfilm.
ANSI ISO 18911 2000, Photography — Processed Safety Photographic FilmsStorage Practices, gives a ppropriate conditions for extended term (p ermanent)
and long-term storage films. Information is also available in Kodak Publication
D-31, Storage and Preservation of Microfilms. Extended term storage
conditions require a temperature of less that 70°F (21°C) and 20- to 50percent RH for polyester base microfilm.
These ANSI/ISO Standards can be obtained by contacting: Association for
Information and Image Management International (AIIM), 1100 Wayne
Avenue, Suite 1100, Silver Spring, MD 20910-5603, website: http ://
www.ansi.org or by calling 301-587-8202.
NOTE: Refer to the latest revision of each ANSI or ISO St andard specified.
D-32 September 2009 7
Image structure Resolving power: Based on recommended process.
Film Test-Object Contrast Lines/mm
2462 1.6:1 (ISO-RPL)
1000:1 (ISO-RP)
2468/3468 1.6:1 (ISO-RPL)
1000:1 (ISO-RP)
2470 1.6:1 (ISO-RPL)
1000:1 (ISO-RP)
These values were determined according to a method similar to ANSI/ISO
6328-2000, Photography — Photographic Materials — Determining of ISO
Resolving Power, except the light source used was a high-pressure mercury
arc.
250
630
400
1000
400
1000
Characteristic curves While the data presented are typical of production coatings , they do not
represent standards which must be met by Eastman Kodak Comp any. Varying
storage, exposure, and processing conditions will affect results. The company
reserves the right to change and improve the product characteristics at any
time.
Kodak Duplicating Microfilm 2462
Kodak Microfilm Developer and Replenisher (1:7)
Kodak Prostar Processor, Diffuse Visual
Density
Log Exposure (lux seconds)
8 September 2009 D-32
Density
Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate Microfilm 2470
Kodak Direct Duplicating Microfilm 2468/3468
Kodak Microfilm Developer and Replenisher (1:7)
Kodak Prostar Processor, Dif fuse Visual
Log Exposure (lux seconds)
________ Kodak Direct Duplicating Microfilm 2468/3468
- - - - - - - - Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate Microfilm 2470
D-32 September 2009 9
Modulation transfer function curves
Response (%)
While the data presented are typical of production coatin g s, the y do not
represent standards which must be met by Eastman Kodak Comp any. Varying
storage, exposure, and processing conditions will affect results. The company
reserves the right to change and improve the product characteristics at any
time.
Kodak Duplicating Microfilm 2462
Tungsten: Kodak Prostar Plus Developer
Kodak Prostar Processors; Diffuse Visual
Spatial Frequency (cycles/mm))
Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate Microfilm 2470
Kodak Direct Duplicating Microfilm 2468
Tungsten: Kodak Prostar Plus Developer
Kodak Prostar Processors; Diffuse Visual
Response (%)
Spatial Frequency (cycles/mm))
10 September 2009 D-32
Modulation transfer function
The MFT curve was determined using a method similar to that described in
ANSI PH2.39-1977 (R1990), Photographic Modulation Transfer Function of
Continuous-Tone Black-and-White Photographic Films, Method of Measuring.
Diffuse RMS granularity
Determined at a net diffuse density of 1.00, using the aperture indicated.
48-Micrometer
Aperture Value
2462 5 15
2468/3468 less than 5 10
2470 less than 5 10
These values represent 1,000 times the standard deviatio n of density
produced by the granular structure of the material when a uniformly exposed
and developed sample is scanned with a densitometer calibrated to read
American Standard diffuse visual density, and having a circular measuring
aperture with the indicated diameter.
Granularity is an objective measurement of the spatial variation of sample
density that generally correlates with graininess, which is the subjective effect
of the image nonuniformity upon an observation when comparisons ar e made
at the same density level.
Broadly speaking, granularity measurements with the 48-micrometer aperture
will indicate the magnitude of the graininess sensation produced by viewing
the diffusely illuminated sample with 12X monocular magnification.
NOTE: If the viewing conditions are changed from the specified conditions,
the published RMS values may no longer correctly indicate the relative
sensations of graininess produced by various samples.
48-Micrometer
Aperture Value
D-32 September 2009 11
Spectral sensitivity curves
Log Sensitivity
(ergs/sq. cm) required
to produce specified density)
(Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure
Kodak Duplicating Microfilm 2462
Effective Exp 1.4 sec; All recommended processes;
Diffuse Visual; D=1.0>D-min
Wavelength (nm)
Kodak Direct Duplicating Microfilm 2468/3468
Effective Exp 1.4 sec; All recommended processes;
Diffuse Visual; D=1.0>D-min
Log Sensitivity
(ergs/sq. cm) required
to produce specified density)
(Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure
Wavelength (nm)
12 September 2009 D-32
Log Sensitivity
(Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure
Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate Microfilm 2470
All recommended processes; Diffuse Visual; D=1.0>D-min
(ergs/sq. cm) required
to produce specified density)
Wavelength (nm)
NOTE: Wh ile the data presente d are typical of production coatings, they do not represent standards which must be met by
Eastman Kodak Company. Varying storage, exposure, and processing conditions will affect results. The company
reserves the right to change and improve the product characteristics at any time.
D-32 September 2009 13
Ordering information
Contact your Regional Sales Manager if you have any questions.
Microfilms
Code Mil Format Spec Description No/Case CAT No.
2462 4 16 mm x 1000 ft 649 Type Z plastic core 10 833 2512
16 mm x 1600 ft 649 Type Z plastic cor e 10 834 5191
35 mm x 1000 ft 778 Type K plastic core 10 802 9720
35 mm x 2000 ft 778 Type K plastic core Pallet Pk 829 2716
35 mm x 2000 ft 778 Type K plastic core 5 819 3492
105 mm x 500 ft 914 Paperboard core, no keyway 4 813 6764
105 mm x 500 ft 914 Paperboard core, no keyway 150/pallet 846 4984
2468 4 16 mm x 1000 ft 649 Type Z plastic core 10 810 5652
35 mm x 1000 ft 778 Type K plastic core 10 811 3896
35 mm x 2000 ft 778 Type K plastic core 5 801 0357
105 mm x 500 ft 914 Type Z plastic core 10 883 0705
2470 4 16 mm x 1000 ft 649 Type Z plastic core 10 817 9749
35 mm x 1000 ft 684 Type K plastic core 10 825 8345
35 mm x 2000 ft 778 Type K plastic core 5 875 1778
105 mm x 500 ft 914 Paperboard core, no keyway 4 827 4292
Ordering information
Chemicals
Chemical CAT No. Working Strength Solutions
Microfilm DEVELOPER and Replenisher — Concentrate at 1:7 yields
1 gal — 4/case 177 8869 32 gal
50 gal — 1 drum 190 1917 400 gal
Microfilm FIXER and Replenisher — Concentrate at 1:3 yields
1 gal — 4/case 817 7222 16 gal
50 gal — 1 drum 190 1164 200 gal
Kodak Prostar Processors Ready-to-use solution
Prostar Plus Developer: 1 gal — 4/case 102 2490 4 gal
Prostar Plus Fixer: 1 gal — 4/case 102 2656 4 gal
Material Safety Data Sheet s (MSDSs) on the chem icals (onl y) are available by
calling: 1-800-242-2424, ext. 43. MSDSs are also available at:
www.Kodak.com/eknec. You will need to supply the Kodak catalog number of
the chemicals for which you need MSDSs. Call the same number for MSDSs
for the actual working solutions and caution labels for the processor tanks.
Disclaimer The sensitometric curves and data in this publication represent product tested
under the conditions of exposure and processing specified. They are
representative of production coatings and, therefore, do not apply directly to a
particular box or roll of photograph ic material. They do not rep resent standards
or specifications which must be met by Eastman Kodak Company. The
company reserves the right to change and improve product characteristics at
any time.
14 September 2009 D-32
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