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2002
User Manual
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Keithley 2002 User guide

Model 2002 Multimeter
User’s Manual
2002-900-01 Rev. E / February 2009
www.keithley.com
EC N E D I FN OC F O E RUSA E M R E TA E R G A
Model 2002 Multimeter
©2009, Keithley Instruments, Inc.
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
All rights reserved.
Any unauthorized reproduction, photocopy, or use of the information herein, in whole or in part, without the prior written approval
of Keithley Instruments, Inc. is strictly prohibited.
TSP™, TSP-Link™, and TSP-Net™ are trademarks of Keithley Instruments, Inc. All Keithley Instruments product names are
trademarks or registered trademarks of Keithley Instruments, Inc. Other brand names are trademarks or registered trademarks of
their respective holders.
Document Number: 2002-900-01 Rev. E/ February 2009
The following safety precautions should be observed before using this product and any associated instrumentation. Although some instruments an d access ories would n ormally be used with non-h azardous voltag es, there are situ ations where h azardous condition s may be present.
This product is inte nded for us e by qual ified person nel who recognize s hock haz ards and are famili ar with the s afety prec autions requ ired to avoid possible in jury. Rea d and fo llow all inst a llatio n, opera tion, an d mai ntenanc e info rmatio n carefu lly b efore us ing the product. Ref er to the user documentation for complete product specifications.
If the product is used in a manner not specified, the protection provided by the product warranty may be impaired. The types of product users are:

Safety Precautions

Responsible body i
operated within its specifications and operating limits, and for ensuring that operators are adequately trained. Operators
They must be protected from electric shock and contact with hazardous live circuits. Maintenance personnel
replacing consuma ble ma terials . Main tenanc e proc edures are descri bed in t he u ser docum ent ation. The proced ures expl icitly st ate if th e operator may perform them. Otherwise, they should be performed only by service personnel.
Service personnel are trained to work on live circuits, perform safe installations, and repair products. Only properly trained service personnel may perform installation and service procedures.
Keithley Instruments products are designed for use with electrical signals that are rated Measurement Category I and Measurement
tegory II, as described in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard IEC 60664. Most measurement, control, and
Ca data I/O signals are Measurement Ca tegory I and must not be dire ctly connected to ma ins voltag e or to voltage sourc es with high transient over-voltages. Measurement Category II connections require protection for high transient over-voltages often associated with local AC mains connect ions. Assume all measurement, co ntrol, and dat a I/O connec tions are for conn ection to Cate gory I sources u nless otherwise marked or described in the user documentation.
Exercise extreme caution when a shock hazard is present. Lethal vo American National Standards Institute (ANSI) states that a shock hazard exists when voltage levels greater than 30V RMS, 42.4V peak, or 60VDC are present. A good safety practice is to expect that hazardous voltage is present in any unknown circuit before measuring.
Operators of this product must be protected from electric shock at all times. The responsible body must ensure that operators are p
revented access and /or insulate d from every connection point. In some case s, connect ions must b e exposed to potential human contact. Product operators in th ese ci rcu ms t ances must be train ed t o p r otec t themselves from the ri sk of electric shock. If the ci rcu it is capable of operating at or above 1000V, no conductive part of the circuit may be exposed.
use the product for its inten ded function. T hey must be trained in e lectrical safe ty procedures a nd proper us e of the inst rument.
s the individual or group responsible for the use and maintenance of equipment, for ensuring that the equipment is
perform routine procedures on the produ ct to keep it operatin g p rop erly, for example, setting the li ne v oltage or
ltage may be present on cable connector jacks or test fixtures. The
Do not connect switc hing cards direc tly to unlim ited power circui ts. They ar e intended to b e used with im pedance-lim ited sources connect switching cards directly to AC mains. When connecting sources to switching cards, install protective devices to limit fault current and voltage to the card.
Before operating an instrument, ensure that the line cord is connected to a properly-grounded power receptacle. Inspect the conne cables, test leads, and jumpers for possible wear, cracks, or breaks before each use.
. NEVER
cting
11/07
When installing equipment wh ere access to the main power cord is restricted, such as rack mounting, a separate main input power
!
disconnect device must be provided in close proximity to the equipment and within easy reach of the operator. For maximum safety, do not touch the product, test cables, or any other instruments while power is applied to the circuit under te
AL W AYS remove powe r from the entire te st system and d ischarge an y capa citors before: c onnecting or disconne cting cab les or jumpers, installing or removing switching cards, or making internal changes, such as installing or removing jumpers.
Do not touch any o bject that could pro vide a c urrent p ath to the com mon sid e of the c ircuit under t est or p ower line (e arth) gro make measurements with dry hands while standing on a dry, insulated surface capable of withstanding the voltage being measured.
The instrument and accessories must be used in accordance with its specifications and operating instructions, or the safety of the equipment may be impaired.
Do not exceed the maxi mum s ignal levels of the ins tru ment s and acces sories , as defi ned in th e spec ifica tion s and op erating inform and as shown on the instrument or test fixture panels, or switching card.
When fuses are used in a product, replace with the same type and rating for continued protection against fire hazard. Chassis connections must only be used as shield connections for measuring circuits, NOT as safety earth ground connections. If you are using a test fixture, keep the lid closed while power is applied to the device under test. Safe operation requires the
interlock. If a screw is present, connect it to safety earth ground using the wire recommended in the user documentation. The symbol on an instrument indicates that the user should refer to the operating instructions located in the user documentation. The symbol on an instrument shows that it can source or measure 1000V or more, including the combined effect of normal and
common mode voltages. Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these voltages.
st.
und. Always
ation,
use of a lid
The symbol on an instrument shows that the surface may be hot. Avoid personal contact to prevent burns. The symbol indicates a connection terminal to the equipment frame.
If this symbol is on a product, it indicates that mercury is present in the display lamp. Please note that the lamp must be properly disposed of according to federal, state, and local laws.
ARNING heading in the user documentation explains dangers that might result in personal injury or death. Always read the
The W associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure.
The CA warranty.
Instrumentation and accessories shall not be connected to humans. Before performing any maintenance, disconnect the line cord and all test cables. T o main tain protecti on from electric sho ck and fire, replacem ent component s in mains circu its - includi ng the power trans former , tes
and input jacks - must be purchased from Keithley Instruments. Standard fuses with applicable national safety approvals may be used if the rating and type are the same. Other components that are not safety-related may be purchased from other suppliers as long as they are equivalent to the original component (note that selected parts should be purchased only through Keithley Instruments to maintain accuracy and function ality of the product). If you ar e unsure about the applicabi lity of a replacement co mponent, call a Keithley Ins truments office for information.
To clean an instrument, use a damp cloth or mild, water-based cleaner. Clean the exterior of the instrument only. Do not apply cl directly to the instrumen t or allow liqui ds to enter or spi ll on the inst rument. Produ cts tha t consist of a circuit board wi th no case or chassis (e.g., a data acquisition board for installation into a computer) should never require cleaning if handled according to instructions. If the board becomes contaminated and operation is affected, the board should be returned to the factory for proper cleaning/servicing.
UTION heading in th e u se r documentation e xp lains hazards that could damage the i nst rum ent . Such damage may inv al ida te the
t leads,
eaner

Table of Contents

1 General Information
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 1-1
1.2 Features .............................................................................................................................................................. 1-1
1.3 Warranty information ......................................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.4 Manual addenda ................................................................................................................................................. 1-2
1.5 Safety symbols and terms .................................................................................................................................. 1-2
1.6 Specifications ..................................................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.7 Inspection ........................................................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.8 Options and accessories ..................................................................................................................................... 1-2
2 Front Panel Operation
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.2 Power-up ............................................................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.2.1 Line power connections ............................................................................................................................. 2-1
2.2.2 Line fuse replacement ................................................................................................................................ 2-2
2.2.3 Power-up sequence .................................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.2.4 High energy circuit safety precautions ....................................................................................................... 2-4
2.2.5 Power-on default conditions ...................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.2.6 Warm-up period ......................................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.2.7 IEEE-488 primary address ......................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.3 Display ............................................................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.3.1 Multiple displays ........................................................................................................................................ 2-4
2.3.2 Information messages ................................................................................................................................ 2-7
2.3.3 Status and error messages .......................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.3.4 Navigating menus ...................................................................................................................................... 2-9
2.4 Functions ............................................................................................................................................................ 2-9
2.4.1 DC and AC voltage .................................................................................................................................... 2-9
2.4.2 DC and AC current .................................................................................................................................. 2-23
2.4.3 Two and four-wire resistance ................................................................................................................... 2-28
2.4.4 Frequency ................................................................................................................................................. 2-32
2.4.5 Temperature ............................................................................................................................................. 2-33
2.5 Range ............................................................................................................................................................... 2-40
2.5.1 Display resolution .................................................................................................................................... 2-40
2.5.2 Maximum readings .................................................................................................................................. 2-40
2.5.3 Manual ranging ........................................................................................................................................ 2-40
2.5.4 Autoranging ............................................................................................................................................. 2-40
2.6 Relative ............................................................................................................................................................ 2-40
2.6.1 Configuring rel ......................................................................................................................................... 2-41
2.6.2 Enabling rel .............................................................................................................................................. 2-41
i
2.6.3 Multiple display of rel .............................................................................................................................. 2-41
2.7 Triggers ............................................................................................................................................................. 2-41
2.7.1 Trigger model ........................................................................................................................................... 2-41
2.7.2 Configuring the measure layer ................................................................................................................. 2-46
2.7.3 Configuring the scan layer ........................................................................................................................ 2-48
2.7.4 Configuring the arm layer ........................................................................................................................ 2-49
2.7.5 Halting triggers ......................................................................................................................................... 2-50
2.7.6 External triggering .................................................................................................................................... 2-50
2.7.7 Trigger Link .............................................................................................................................................. 2-53
2.8 Buffer ................................................................................................................................................................ 2-64
2.8.1 Burst mode ................................................................................................................................................ 2-65
2.8.2 Configuring data storage .......................................................................................................................... 2-67
2.8.3 Storing and recalling readings .................................................................................................................. 2-69
2.8.4 Buffer multiple displays ........................................................................................................................... 2-70
2.9 Filter ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-71
2.9.1 Filter types ................................................................................................................................................ 2-71
2.9.2 Filter modes .............................................................................................................................................. 2-71
2.9.3 Response time ........................................................................................................................................... 2-73
2.9.4 Auto filtering ............................................................................................................................................ 2-73
2.9.5 Configuring the filters .............................................................................................................................. 2-74
2.10 Math .................................................................................................................................................................. 2-75
2.10.1 Polynomial ................................................................................................................................................ 2-75
2.10.2 Percent ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-76
2.10.3 Percent deviation ...................................................................................................................................... 2-76
2.10.4 Selecting and configuring math ................................................................................................................ 2-76
2.10.5 Calculate multiple display ........................................................................................................................ 2-77
2.11 Scanning ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-77
2.11.1 Scanning overview ................................................................................................................................... 2-77
2.11.2 Front panel scanner controls ..................................................................................................................... 2-77
2.11.3 Using CHAN key to close and open internal channels ............................................................................ 2-78
2.11.4 Using CONFIGURE CHAN to configure channels ................................................................................. 2-79
2.11.5 Using CONFIG-SCAN to configure scanning ......................................................................................... 2-80
2.11.6 Using SCAN to configure scan parameters .............................................................................................. 2-81
2.11.7 Starting and stopping scanning ................................................................................................................. 2-83
2.11.8 Scanner operation examples ..................................................................................................................... 2-83
2.12 Menu ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-87
2.12.1 SAVESETUP ........................................................................................................................................... 2-90
2.12.2 GPIB ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-96
2.12.3 CALIBRATION ....................................................................................................................................... 2-96
2.12.4 TEST ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-97
2.12.5 LIMITS ..................................................................................................................................................... 2-97
2.12.6 STATUS-MSG ......................................................................................................................................... 2-99
2.12.7 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................... 2-99
3 IEEE-488 Reference
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 3-1
3.2 IEEE-488 bus connections ................................................................................................................................. 3-1
3.3 Primary address selection ................................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.4 QuickBASIC 4.5 programming .......................................................................................................................... 3-3
3.5 General bus commands ....................................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.5.1 REN (remote enable) .................................................................................................................................. 3-4
3.5.2 IFC (interface clear) ................................................................................................................................... 3-4
ii
3.5.3 LLO (local lockout) ................................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.5.4 GTL (go to local) ....................................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.5.5 DCL (device clear) ..................................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.5.6 SDC (selective device clear) ...................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.5.7 GET (group execute trigger) ...................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.5.8 SPE, SPD (serial polling) ........................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.6 Front panel aspects of IEEE-488 operation ....................................................................................................... 3-5
3.6.1 Error and status message ............................................................................................................................ 3-5
3.6.2 IEEE-488 status indicators ......................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.6.3 LOCAL key ................................................................................................................................................ 3-6
3.7 Status structure ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6
3.7.1 Condition registers ..................................................................................................................................... 3-8
3.7.2 Transition filters ......................................................................................................................................... 3-8
3.7.3 Event registers ............................................................................................................................................ 3-8
3.7.4 Enable registers .......................................................................................................................................... 3-8
3.7.5 Queues ...................................................................................................................................................... 3-16
3.7.6 Status byte and service request (SRQ) ..................................................................................................... 3-16
3.8 Trigger model (IEEE-488 operation) ............................................................................................................... 3-18
3.9 Programming syntax ........................................................................................................................................ 3-23
3.10 Common commands ........................................................................................................................................ 3-29
3.10.1 *CLS — clear status ................................................................................................................................ 3-29
3.10.2 *ESE <NRf> — event enable .................................................................................................................. 3-30
*ESE? — event enable query ................................................................................................................... 3-30
3.10.3 *ESR? — event status register query ....................................................................................................... 3-31
3.10.4 *IDN? — identification query ................................................................................................................. 3-32
3.10.5 *OPC — operation complete ................................................................................................................... 3-33
3.10.6 *OPC? — operation complete query ....................................................................................................... 3-34
3.10.7 *OPT? — option identification query ...................................................................................................... 3-35
3.10.8 *RCL — recall ......................................................................................................................................... 3-35
3.10.9 *RST — reset ........................................................................................................................................... 3-36
3.10.10 *SAV — save ........................................................................................................................................... 3-36
3.10.11 *SRE <NRf> — service request enable ................................................................................................... 3-36
*SRE? — service request enable query ................................................................................................... 3-36
3.10.12 *STB? — status byte query ..................................................................................................................... 3-38
3.10.13 *TRG — trigger ....................................................................................................................................... 3-39
3.10.14 *TST? — self-test query .......................................................................................................................... 3-39
3.10.15 *WAI — wait-to-continue ....................................................................................................................... 3-40
3.11 Signal oriented measurement commands ......................................................................................................... 3-41
3.12 Calculate subsystem ......................................................................................................................................... 3-67
3.12.1 :CALCulate[1] ......................................................................................................................................... 3-67
3.12.2 :CALCulate2 ............................................................................................................................................ 3-69
3.12.3 :CALCulate3 ............................................................................................................................................ 3-71
3.13 :DISPlay subsystem ......................................................................................................................................... 3-76
3.14 :FORMat subsystem ......................................................................................................................................... 3-79
3.15 :INPut subsystem ............................................................................................................................................. 3-84
3.16 :OUTPut subsystem ......................................................................................................................................... 3-85
3.17 :ROUTe subsystem .......................................................................................................................................... 3-86
3.17.1 :CLOSe <list> .......................................................................................................................................... 3-86
3.17.2 :OPEN <list> ............................................................................................................................................ 3-86
3.17.3 :OPEN:ALL ............................................................................................................................................. 3-87
3.17.4 :SCAN commands .................................................................................................................................... 3-87
3.18 Sense subsystems ............................................................................................................................................. 3-91
3.18.1 [:SENSe[1]] subsystem ............................................................................................................................ 3-91
3.18.2 :ALTernate[1] commands ........................................................................................................................ 3-91
iii
3.18.3 :FUNCtion <name> .................................................................................................................................. 3-91
3.18.4 :DATA commands .................................................................................................................................... 3-92
3.18.5 :APERture <n> ......................................................................................................................................... 3-93
3.18.6 :NPLCycles <n> ....................................................................................................................................... 3-94
3.18.7 :COUPling AC|DC ................................................................................................................................... 3-96
3.18.8 RANGe commands ................................................................................................................................... 3-96
3.18.9 :REFerence <n> ........................................................................................................................................ 3-99
3.18.10 :DIGits <n> ............................................................................................................................................. 3-101
3.18.11 :AVERage commands ............................................................................................................................ 3-102
3.18.12 [:FUNCTION] <name> .......................................................................................................................... 3-105
3.18.13 :PWINdow <n> ...................................................................................................................................... 3-106
3.18.14 :METHod <name> ................................................................................................................................. 3-106
3.18.15 :SOURce <name> ................................................................................................................................... 3-106
3.18.16 THReshold commands ........................................................................................................................... 3-107
3.18.17 :TRANsducer <name> ........................................................................................................................... 3-108
3.18.18 :RTD commands ..................................................................................................................................... 3-109
3.18.19 :TCouple:TYPE <name> ........................................................................................................................ 3-111
3.18.20 :RJUNctionX commands ........................................................................................................................ 3-112
3.18.21 :OCOMpensated <b> ............................................................................................................................. 3-114
3.18.22 :DTCouple commands ............................................................................................................................ 3-114
3.18.23 :SENSe2 subsystem ................................................................................................................................ 3-115
3.19 :SOURce subsystem ....................................................................................................................................... 3-116
3.20 :STATus subsystem ........................................................................................................................................ 3-117
3.20.1 [:EVENt]? ............................................................................................................................................... 3-117
3.20.2 :ENABle <NRf> ..................................................................................................................................... 3-122
3.20.3 :PTRansition <NRf> ............................................................................................................................... 3-125
3.20.4 :NTRansition <NRf> .............................................................................................................................. 3-132
3.20.5 :CONDition? ........................................................................................................................................... 3-134
3.20.6 :PRESET ................................................................................................................................................. 3-134
3.20.7 :QUEue commands ................................................................................................................................. 3-135
3.21 :SYSTem subsystem ....................................................................................................................................... 3-137
3.21.1 :PRESet ................................................................................................................................................... 3-137
3.21.2 :POSetup <name> ................................................................................................................................... 3-137
3.21.3 :FRSWitch? ............................................................................................................................................ 3-137
3.21.4 :VERSion? .............................................................................................................................................. 3-138
3.21.5 :ERRor? .................................................................................................................................................. 3-138
3.21.6 :AZERo commands ................................................................................................................................ 3-138
3.21.7 :AMEThod <name> ............................................................................................................................... 3-139
3.21.8 :LSYNc:STATe <b> .............................................................................................................................. 3-143
3.21.9 :KEY <NRf> .......................................................................................................................................... 3-143
3.21.10 :CLEar .................................................................................................................................................... 3-145
3.21.11 :LFRequency .......................................................................................................................................... 3-145
3.21.12 :DATE <yr>, <mo>, <day> .................................................................................................................... 3-145
3.21.13 :TIME <hr>, <min>, <sec> .................................................................................................................... 3-145
3.21.14 :TSTamp commands ............................................................................................................................... 3-146
3.21.15 :RNUMber:RESet ................................................................................................................................... 3-146
3.22 :TRACe subsystem ......................................................................................................................................... 3-147
3.22.1 :CLEar .................................................................................................................................................... 3-147
3.22.2 :FREE? ................................................................................................................................................... 3-147
3.22.3 :EGRoup <name> ................................................................................................................................... 3-147
3.22.4 :POINts <n> ........................................................................................................................................... 3-148
3.22.5 :FEED <name> ....................................................................................................................................... 3-148
3.22.6 :DATA? .................................................................................................................................................. 3-151
3.22.7 :TSTamp:FORMat <name> ................................................................................................................... 3-151
iv
3.23 Trigger subsystem .......................................................................................................................................... 3-152
3.23.1 :INITiate commands .............................................................................................................................. 3-152
3.23.2 :ABORt .................................................................................................................................................. 3-152
3.23.3 :IMMediate ............................................................................................................................................. 3-152
3.23.4 :COUNt <n> ........................................................................................................................................... 3-153
3.23.5 :DELay <n> ............................................................................................................................................ 3-153
3.23.6 :SOURce <name> .................................................................................................................................. 3-154
3.23.7 :TIMer <n> ............................................................................................................................................. 3-154
3.23.8 :SIGNal .................................................................................................................................................. 3-155
3.23.9 TCONfigure commands ......................................................................................................................... 3-155
3.23.10 RTCLock commands ............................................................................................................................. 3-157
3.24 :UNIT subsystem ........................................................................................................................................... 3-159
A Specifications B Interface Function Codes C ASCII Character Codes and IEEE-488 Multiline Interface Command Messages D IEEE-488 Bus Overview E IEEE-488 Conformance Information F SCPI Conformance Information G Example Programs H HP3458A Emulation Mode
v

List of Illustrations

2 Front Panel Operation
Figure 2-1 Bar graph (zero-at-left) multiple display .................................................................................................... 2-6
Figure 2-2 Zero-centered bar graph multiple display .................................................................................................. 2-6
Figure 2-3 Maximum and minimum multiple display ................................................................................................. 2-7
Figure 2-4 Positive and negative peak spikes ............................................................................................................ 2-15
Figure 2-5 DC voltage multifunction multiple displays ............................................................................................ 2-16
Figure 2-6 AC voltage multifunction multiple displays ............................................................................................ 2-20
Figure 2-7 DC in-circuit current measurements ........................................................................................................ 2-26
Figure 2-8 AC current multifunction multiple displays ............................................................................................. 2-28
Figure 2-9 3-wire RTD temperature measurements .................................................................................................. 2-34
Figure 2-10 2-wire RTD temperature measurements .................................................................................................. 2-35
Figure 2-11 Temperature equations ............................................................................................................................. 2-38
Figure 2-12 Trigger model (front panel operation) ...................................................................................................... 2-44
Figure 2-13 External triggering connectors (BNC) ..................................................................................................... 2-50
Figure 2-14 External triggering and asynchronous trigger link input pulse specifications ......................................... 2-50
Figure 2-15 Meter complete and asynchronous trigger link output pulse specifications ............................................ 2-51
Figure 2-16 DUT test system ....................................................................................................................................... 2-51
Figure 2-17 External trigger connectors ...................................................................................................................... 2-52
Figure 2-18 Trigger link connectors ............................................................................................................................ 2-53
Figure 2-19 DUT test system ....................................................................................................................................... 2-54
Figure 2-20 Trigger Link connections (asynchronous example #1) ............................................................................ 2-54
Figure 2-21 Operation model for asynchronous trigger link example #1 .................................................................... 2-56
Figure 2-22 Connections using Trigger Link adapter .................................................................................................. 2-57
Figure 2-23 DUT test system (asynchronous example #2) .......................................................................................... 2-57
Figure 2-24 Trigger Link connections (asynchronous example #2) ............................................................................ 2-58
Figure 2-25 Operation model for asynchronous Trigger Link example #2 ................................................................. 2-60
Figure 2-26 Semi-synchronous Trigger Link specifications ....................................................................................... 2-61
Figure 2-27 Typical semi-synchronous mode connections ......................................................................................... 2-61
Figure 2-28 Trigger Link connections (semi-synchronous example) .......................................................................... 2-62
Figure 2-29 Operation mode for semi-synchronous Trigger Link example ................................................................ 2-63
Figure 2-30 Averaging and advanced filter types ........................................................................................................ 2-72
Figure 2-31 Moving and repeating filter modes .......................................................................................................... 2-73
Figure 2-32 SCAN key menu structure ....................................................................................................................... 2-82
Figure 2-33 SCAN key menu structure for ratio and delta .......................................................................................... 2-83
Figure 2-34 Limits bar graph example ........................................................................................................................ 2-98
Figure 2-35 Using limit test to start 100 Ω resistor ...................................................................................................... 2-99
Figure 2-36 Digital I/O port ....................................................................................................................................... 2-100
Figure 2-37 Digital I/O port simplified schematic ..................................................................................................... 2-101
Figure 2-38 Sample externally powered relay sample ............................................................................................... 2-102
Figure 2-39 Line cycle synchronization .................................................................................................................... 2-104
vii
3 IEEE-488 Reference
Figure 3-1 IEEE-488 connector ................................................................................................................................... 3-2
Figure 3-2 IEEE-488 connections ................................................................................................................................ 3-2
Figure 3-3 IEEE-488 connector location ..................................................................................................................... 3-2
Figure 3-4 Model 2002 status register structure ........................................................................................................... 3-7
Figure 3-5 Standard event status .................................................................................................................................. 3-9
Figure 3-6 Operation event status .............................................................................................................................. 3-10
Figure 3-7 Arm event status ....................................................................................................................................... 3-11
Figure 3-8 Sequence event status ............................................................................................................................... 3-12
Figure 3-9 Trigger event status .................................................................................................................................. 3-13
Figure 3-10 Measurement event status ......................................................................................................................... 3-14
Figure 3-11 Questionable event status ......................................................................................................................... 3-15
Figure 3-12 Status byte and service request (SRQ) ..................................................................................................... 3-17
Figure 3-13 Trigger Model (IEEE-488 bus operation) ................................................................................................ 3-19
Figure 3-14 Standard Event Enable Register ............................................................................................................... 3-31
Figure 3-15 Standard Event Status Register ................................................................................................................ 3-32
Figure 3-16 Service Request Enable Register .............................................................................................................. 3-37
Figure 3-17 Status Byte Register ................................................................................................................................. 3-39
Figure 3-18 ASCII data format .................................................................................................................................... 3-79
Figure 3-19 IEEE754 single precision data format (32 data bits) ................................................................................ 3-80
Figure 3-20 IEEE754 double precision data format (64 data bits) .............................................................................. 3-81
Figure 3-21 Measurement Event Register .................................................................................................................. 3-118
Figure 3-22 Questionable Event Register .................................................................................................................. 3-119
Figure 3-23 Operation Event Register ....................................................................................................................... 3-120
Figure 3-24 Trigger Event Register ........................................................................................................................... 3-120
Figure 3-25 Arm Event Register ................................................................................................................................ 3-121
Figure 3-26 Sequence Event Register ........................................................................................................................ 3-121
Figure 3-27 Measurement Event Enable Register ...................................................................................................... 3-123
Figure 3-28 Questionable Event Enable Register ...................................................................................................... 3-123
Figure 3-29 Operation Event Enable Register ........................................................................................................... 3-124
Figure 3-30 Trigger Event Enable Register ............................................................................................................... 3-124
Figure 3-31 Arm Event Enable Register .................................................................................................................... 3-124
Figure 3-32 Sequence Event Enable Register ............................................................................................................ 3-125
Figure 3-33 Measurement Transition Filter ............................................................................................................... 3-126
Figure 3-34 Questionable Transition Filter ................................................................................................................ 3-127
Figure 3-35 Operation Transition Filter ..................................................................................................................... 3-128
Figure 3-36 Trigger Transition Filter ......................................................................................................................... 3-129
Figure 3-37 Arm Transition Filter .............................................................................................................................. 3-130
Figure 3-38 Sequence Transition Filter ...................................................................................................................... 3-131
Figure 3-39 Key-press codes ...................................................................................................................................... 3-144
D IEEE-488 Bus Overview
Figure D-1 IEEE-488 bus configuration ...................................................................................................................... D-2
Figure D-2 IEEE-488 handshake sequence .................................................................................................................. D-3
Figure D-3 Command codes ........................................................................................................................................ D-6
viii
Ω
Ω
Ω

List of Tables

2 Front Panel Operation
Table 2-1 Data checked on power-up ......................................................................................................................... 2-3
Table 2-2 Power-up error messages ........................................................................................................................... 2-3
Table 2-3 Multiple displays by function .................................................................................................................... 2-5
Table 2-4 Status and error messages .......................................................................................................................... 2-8
Table 2-5 EXIT key actions ....................................................................................................................................... 2-9
Table 2-6 CONFIGURE DCV menu structure ........................................................................................................ 2-10
Table 2-7 CONFIGURE ACV menu structure ........................................................................................................ 2-11
Table 2-8 DCV and ACV integration times set-by-resolution ................................................................................. 2-12
Table 2-9 DCV and ACV auto filter ........................................................................................................................ 2-13
Table 2-10 DCV and ACV auto resolution ................................................................................................................ 2-13
Table 2-11 CONFIGURE DCI menu structure .......................................................................................................... 2-24
Table 2-12 CONFIGURE ACI menu structure .......................................................................................................... 2-24
Table 2-13 DCI and ACI integration time set-by-resolution ...................................................................................... 2-25
Table 2-14 DCI and ACI auto filter ........................................................................................................................... 2-25
Table 2-15 DCI and ACI auto resolution ................................................................................................................... 2-26
Table 2-16 CONFIGURE OHMS-2W menu structure .............................................................................................. 2-29
Table 2-17 CONFIGURE OHMS-4W menu structure .............................................................................................. 2-29
Table 2-18 Table 2-19 Table 2-20
Table 2-21 Trigger level range and increments .......................................................................................................... 2-32
Table 2-22 CONFIGURE FREQUENCY menu structure ......................................................................................... 2-33
Table 2-23 CONFIG TEMPERATURE menu structure ............................................................................................ 2-36
Table 2-24 Temperature integration time set-by-resolution ....................................................................................... 2-39
Table 2-25 Temperature auto resolution .................................................................................................................... 2-39
Table 2-26 Allowable rel values ................................................................................................................................. 2-41
Table 2-27 CONFIGURE TRIGGER menu structure ................................................................................................ 2-42
Table 2-28 Reading storage options ........................................................................................................................... 2-64
Table 2-29 CONFIGURE DATA STORE menu structure ........................................................................................ 2-65
Table 2-30 Available functions in burst mode ........................................................................................................... 2-66
Table 2-31 Burst mode sequence ............................................................................................................................... 2-67
Table 2-32 Fill-and-stop sequence ............................................................................................................................. 2-69
Table 2-33 Continuous sequence ................................................................................................................................ 2-70
Table 2-34 Pretrigger sequence .................................................................................................................................. 2-70
Table 2-35 Auto filters ............................................................................................................................................... 2-74
Table 2-36 CONFIGURE FILTER menu structure ................................................................................................... 2-74
Table 2-37 CONFIGURE MATH menu structure ..................................................................................................... 2-76
Table 2-38 CHANNEL SELECTION menu structure ............................................................................................... 2-78
Table 2-39 CONFIGURE CHANNELS menu structure ............................................................................................ 2-79
Table 2-40 SCAN OPERATION menu structure ...................................................................................................... 2-81
Table 2-41 Main menu structure ................................................................................................................................ 2-88
Table 2-42 Factory default conditions ........................................................................................................................ 2-91
2 and Ω 4 integration time set-by-resolution ......................................................................................... 2-30
2 and Ω 4 auto filter ............................................................................................................................... 2-30
2 and Ω 4 auto resolution ....................................................................................................................... 2-31
ix
3 IEEE-488 Reference
Table 3-1 General bus commands and associated statements .................................................................................... 3-4
Table 3-2 IEEE-488.2 common commands and queries .......................................................................................... 3-29
Table 3-3 Signal oriented measurement command summary ................................................................................... 3-41
Table 3-4 CALCulate command summary ............................................................................................................... 3-46
Table 3-5 DISPlay command summary .................................................................................................................... 3-48
Table 3-6 FORMat command summary ................................................................................................................... 3-48
Table 3-7 INPut command summary ........................................................................................................................ 3-49
Table 3-8 OUTput command summary .................................................................................................................... 3-49
Table 3-9 ROUTe command summary ..................................................................................................................... 3-50
Table 3-10 SENSe command summary ...................................................................................................................... 3-50
Table 3-11 SOURce command summary ................................................................................................................... 3-59
Table 3-12 STATus command summary .................................................................................................................... 3-60
Table 3-13 SYSTem command summary ................................................................................................................... 3-62
Table 3-14 TRACe command summary ..................................................................................................................... 3-63
Table 3-15 Trigger command summary ..................................................................................................................... 3-63
Table 3-16 UNIT command summary ........................................................................................................................ 3-65
Table 3-17 Minimum delay times for stream mode .................................................................................................. 3-142
B Interface Function Codes
Table B-1 Model 2002 interface function codes ........................................................................................................ B-1
D IEEE-488 Bus Overview
Table D-1 IEEE-488 bus command summary ............................................................................................................ D-4
Table D-2 Hexadecimal and decimal command codes ............................................................................................... D-7
Table D-3 Typical addressed command sequence ...................................................................................................... D-7
Table D-4 Typical common command sequence ....................................................................................................... D-7
Table D-5 IEEE command groups .............................................................................................................................. D-8
E IEEE-488 Conformance Information
Table E-1 IEEE-488 documentation requirements .................................................................................................... E-1
Table E-2 Coupled commands ................................................................................................................................... E-3
H HP3458A Emulation Mode
Table H-1 Commands not supported by HP3458A emulation mode ......................................................................... H-2
Table H-2 Supported HP3458A commands ............................................................................................................... H-3
x
1

General Information

1.1 Introduction

This section contains general information about the Model 2002 Multimeter. It is arranged in the following manner:

1.2 Features

1.3 Warranty information
1.4 Manual addenda
1.5 Safety symbols and terms
1.6 Specifications
1.7 Inspection
1.8 Options and accessories
1.2 Features
Some important Model 2002 features include:
• Full range of functions  Among other functions, the multimeter can measure DC voltage (normal and peak spikes), AC voltage (RMS, average, and peak), DC current (normal and in-circuit), AC current (RMS and average), two and four-wire resistance (normal and offset-compensated), frequency (voltage and current), and temperature (resistance temperature devices or thermocouples).
• T wo-line display  Readings and front panel messages are shown on an alphanumeric display having a 20­character top line and a 32-character bottom line.
• Multifunction measuring and display  From the front panel, you can configure the instrument to sequentially measure and simultaneously display readings of multi­ple functions.
• Reading and setup storage  Readings and setup data can be stored and recalled from the front panel or over the IEEE-488 bus. For example, the buffer can be pro­grammed to store up to 850 readings at 4.5 digits, or up to 250 time-stamped readings at 6.5 digits. The Model 2002 can be configured with memory options that extend the storage capacity up to 30,000 readings and ten setups.
• High-speed measurements  The instrument is capable of acquiring, for example, 2000 readings/second at 4.5 digits of resolution, and 215 readings/second at 6.5 digits.
• T alk-only mode  From the front panel, you can set the instrument to send readings to an IEEE-488 printer or, with an optional adapter, to a Centronics printer.
• Digital calibration  The instrument may be digitally calibrated from either the front panel or over the bus.
• Standard IEEE-488 interface  Bus operation con­forms to the IEEE-488.2 and SCPI standards.
• Trigger link  This is a new trigger concept that pro­vides more versatile and precise external triggering. It is in addition to the standard Trigger In/Measurement Complete BNC external triggering techniques.
• Optional field-installable internal scanner  This is a 10-channel scanner card, which includes eight channels of 2-pole relay switching and two channels of 2-pole solid-state switching. All channels can be configured for 4-pole operation.
1-1
General Information

1.3 Warranty information

Warranty information is located on the inside front cover of this instruction manual. Should your Model 2002 require warranty service, contact the Keithley representative or authorized repair facility in your area for further informa­tion. When returning the instrument for repair, be sure to fill out and include the service form at the back of this manual to provide the repair facility with the necessary information.

1.4 Manual addenda

Any improvements or changes concerning the instrument or manual will be explained in an addendum included with the manual. Be sure to note these changes and incorporate them into the manual.

1.5 Safety symbols and terms

The following symbols and terms may be found on an instru­ment or used in this manual.
!
The symbol on an instrument indicates that the user should refer to the operating instructions located in the manual.
The symbol on an instrument shows that high voltage may be present on the terminal(s). Use standard safety pre­cautions to avoid personal contact with these voltages.
The WARNING heading used in this manual explains dan­gers that might result in personal injury or death. Always read the associated information very carefully before per­forming the indicated procedure.
The CAUTION heading used in this manual explains haz­ards that could damage the instrument. Such damage may invalidate the warranty.
1.6 Specifications
Full Model 2002 specifications are included in Appendix A.

1.7 Inspection

The Model 2002 was carefully inspected, both electrically and mechanically before shipment. After unpacking all items from the shipping carton, check for any obvious signs of physical damage that may have occurred during transit. (Note: There may be a protective film over the display lens,
which can be removed.) Report any damage to the shipping agent immediately. Save the original packing carton for pos­sible future reshipment. The following items are included with every Model 2002 order:
• Model 2002 Multimeter (with MEM1 or MEM2 mem­ory option, if ordered) with line cord.
• Model 8605 High Performance Modular Test Leads.
• Model 2002 User’s Manual and Model 2002 Calibra­tion Manual.
• Accessories as ordered.
• Full calibration data (conforming to MIL-STD 45662A).
If an additional manual is required, order the appropriate manual package:
• Keithley part number 2002-900-00 for the User’ s Manual.
• Keithley part number 2002-902-00 for the Repair Manual.
• Keithley part number 2002-903-00 for the Getting Started Manual.
• Keithley part number 2002-905-00 for the Calibration Manual.
The manual packages include a manual and any pertinent addenda.

1.8 Options and accessories

The following options and accessories are available from Keithley for use with the Model 2002.
Model 1050 Padded Carrying Case: A carrying case for a
Model 2002 or a Model 7001. Includes handles and shoulder strap.
Models 2002/MEM1 and 2002/MEM2: These optional con-
figurations of the Model 2002 extend its storage capacity. The MEM1 option has 32K-bytes for non-volatile storage of five setups, and 7000 readings in compact format or 1400 readings in full format. The MEM2 option has 128K-bytes for non-volatile storage of ten setups, and 30000 compact readings or 6000 full readings.
Model 2001-SCAN: This is a 10-channel scanner card that
installs within the Model 2002. It has eight channels of 2­pole relay switching and two channels of 2-pole solid-state switching. All channels can be configured for 4-pole opera­tion. Included are two pairs of leads for connection to Model 2002 rear panel inputs (Keithley part number CA-109).
1-2
M
General Information
Model 2001-TCSCAN: This is a thermocouple/general pur-
pose scanner card that installs in the option slot of the Model
2002. The card has nine analog input channels that can be used for high-accuracy , high-speed scanning. A built-in tem­perature reference allows multi-channel, cold-junction com­pensated temperature measurements using thermocouples.
Model 4288-1 Single Fixed Rack Mount Kit: Mounts a sin-
gle Model 2002 in a standard 19-inch rack.
Model 4288-2 Side-by-side Rack Mount Kit: Mounts two
instruments (Models 182, 428, 486, 487, 2001, 2002, 7001) side-by-side in a standard 19-inch rack.
Model 4288-3 Side-by-side Rack Mount Kit: Mounts a
Model 2002 and a Model 199 side-by-side in a standard 19­inch rack.
Model 4288-4 Side-by-side Rack Mount Kit: Mounts a
Model 2002 and a 5 220, 224, 230, 263, 595, 614, 617, 705, 740, 775, etc.) side­by-side in a standard 19-inch rack.
Models 7007-1 and 7007-2 Shielded IEEE-488 Cables:
Connect the Model 2002 to the IEEE-488 bus using shielded cables and connectors to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI). The Model 7007-1 is one meter long; the Model 7007-2 is two meters long.
¼
-inch instrument (Models 195A, 196,
RMS, 42.4V peak; the test probes are rated at 1000V.) These components are designed to be used with high performance test leads terminated with banana plugs, such as the Model 8605 High Performance Modular Test Leads.
The following test leads and probes are rated at 30V RMS,
42.4V peak:
Models 5805 and 5805-12 Kelvin Probes: Consists of two
spring-loaded Kelvin test probes with banana plug termina­tion. Designed to be used with instruments that measure 4­terminal resistance. The Model 5805 is 0.9m long; the Model 5805-12 is 3.6m long.
Model 5806 Kelvin Clip Lead Set: Includes two Kelvin clip
test leads (0.9m) with banana plug termination. Designed for instruments that measure 4-terminal resistance. A set of eight replacement rubber bands for the Model 5806 is available as Keithley P/N GA-22.
Model 8604 SMD Probe Set: Consists of two test leads (3ft),
each terminated with a surface mount device “grabber” clip on one end and a banana plug with retractable sheath on the other end.
Model 8610 Low Thermal Shorting Plug: Consists of four
banana plugs mounted to a 1-inch square circuit board, inter­connected to provide a short circuit among all plugs.
Models 8501-1 and 8501-2 Trigger Link Cables: Connect
the Model 2002 to other instruments with Trigger Link con­nectors (e.g., Model 7001 Switch System). The Model 8501-1 is one meter long; the Model 8501-2 is two meters long.
Model 8502 Trigger Link Adapter: Allows you to connect
the Trigger Link of the Model 2002 to instruments that use the standard BNC (In/Out) external triggering technique.
Model 8530 IEEE-488 to Centronics Printer Adapter Cable: Translates the IEEE-488 connector pinout and signal
level to a Centronics termination. This permits a standard Centronics parallel printer to be connected to a Model 2002 in TALK-ONLY mode.
Model 8605 High Performance Modular T est Leads: Con-
sists of two high voltage (1000V) test probes and leads. The test leads are terminated with a banana plug with retractable sheath on each end. (Each Model 2002 is shipped with one set of these test leads.)
Model 8606 High Performance Probe Tip Kit: Consists of
two spade lugs, two alligator clips, and two spring hook test probes. (The spade lugs and alligator clips are rated at 30V
Model 8611 Low Thermal Patch Leads: Consists of two
test leads (3ft), each with a banana plug with a retractable sheath at each end. These leads minimize the thermally­induced offsets that can be created by test leads.
Model 8612 Low Thermal Spade Leads: Consists of two
test leads (3ft), each terminated with a spade lug on one end and a banana plug with a retractable sheath on the other end. These leads minimize the thermally-induced offsets that can be created by test leads.
Model 8680 RTD Probe Adapter: This adapts RTDs with
terminated and unterminated cables to instruments with banana jacks for measuring 4-terminal resistance. It has a 4­pin “T”-style connector and a 4-pin screw terminal block.
Model 8681 Miniature RTD Surface Probe: This is a low
cost platinum 4-wire-RTD with unterminated wires. It is designed to measure the temperature of flat surfaces or free space.
odel 8693 General Purpose/Immersion RTD Probe:
This probe has a platinum RTD sensor. It is designed for immersion in liquids as well as other general purpose applications.
1-3
General Information
Model 8695 Surface RTD Probe: This probe has a platinum
RTD sensor. It is designed to measure the temperature of flat surfaces of solids.
Model 8696 Air/Gas RTD Probe: This probe has a platinum
RTD sensor. It has an exposed junction within a protective shroud for measuring the temperature of air or gases.
1-4
2

Front Panel Operation

2.1 Introduction

This section contains detailed reference information for front panel operation of the Model 2002. It is organized as follows:
2.2 Power-up: Covers information on connecting the
instrument to line power, w arm-up period, default con­ditions, and the power-up sequence.
2.3 Display: Covers display format and messages that
may appear while using the instrument.
2.4 Functions: Describes the measurement functions of
the instrument (DC and AC voltage, DC and AC current, 2-wire and 4-wire resistance, frequency, and temperature).
2.5 Range: Covers both manual and autoranging
operation.
2.6 Relative: Gives details on using the relative feature
that can be used to null offsets or subtract a baseline value from present and future readings.
2.7 Triggering: Details types of trigger modes as well as
trigger sources that can be used.
2.8 Buffer: Covers use of the reading buf fer including pro-
gramming buffer size and recalling data, time stamp, and statistics information.
2.9 Filter: Covers the use of the digital filter types that can
be used to reduce reading noise.
2.10 Math: Describes the calculations that can be per-
formed on readings in continuous operation.
2.11 Scanning: Discusses setting up internal and external
scans, along with ratio and delta calculations.
2.12 Menu: Covers selections controlled from the main
menu, such as saving instrument setups, GPIB (IEEE­488 bus) configuration, calibration, self-tests, limits, and the digital I/O port.

2.2 Power-up

2.2.1 Line power connections
Follow the procedure below to connect the Model 2002 to line power and turn on the instrument.
1. The Model 2002 operates from a line voltage in the range of 90-134V or 180-250V at a frequency of 50, 60, or 400Hz. Check to see that the operating voltage in your area is compatible.
CAUTION
Operating the instrument on an incor­rect line voltage may cause damage to the instrument, possibly voiding the warranty.
2. Before plugging in the power cord, make sure the front panel power switch is in the off (0) position.
3. Connect the female end of the supplied power cord to the AC receptacle on the rear panel. Connect the other end of the power cord to a grounded AC outlet.
2-1
Front Panel Operation
WARNING
The power cord supplied with the Model 2002 contains a separate ground wire for use with grounded outlets. When proper connections are made, instru­ment chassis is connected to power line ground through the ground wire in the power cord. Failure to use a grounded outlet may result in personal injury or death due to electric shock.
2.2.2 Line fuse replacement
A rear panel fuse located below the AC receptacle protects the power line input of the instrument. If the fuse needs to be replaced, perform the following steps:
WARNING
Make sure the instrument is disconnect­ed from the power line and other equip­ment before replacing the line fuse.
1. With the power off, place the end of a flat-blade screw­driver into the rear panel LINE FUSE holder. Push in gently and rotate the fuse carrier one-quarter turn coun­terclockwise. Release pressure on the holder and its internal spring will push the fuse carrier out of the holder.
2. Remove the fuse and replace it with the same type (0.5A, 250V, slow blow, 5 × 20mm). The Keithley part number is FU-71.
CAUTION
Do not use a fuse with a higher current rating than specified, or instrument damage may occur. If the instrument repeatedly blows fuses, locate and cor­rect the cause of the trouble before replacing the fuse. See the optional Model 2002 Repair Manual for trouble­shooting information.
2.2.3 Power-up sequence
On power-up, the Model 2002 performs self-tests on its EPROM and RAM, and checksum tests on data stored in non-volatile memory . (See Table 2-1.) If a failure is detected, the instrument momentarily displays an error message and the ERR annunciator turns on. (Messages are listed in Table 2-2.)
NOTE
If a problem develops while the instrument is under warranty, return it to Keithley Instruments, Inc. for repair.
If the instrument passes the self-tests, the firmware revision levels, memory option (if installed), and presently selected IEEE-488 primary address are displayed. An e xample of this display is shown as follows:
Model 2002
Rev . A01 A01 MEM1 IEEE Addr=16
The firmware revision levels (left to right) are for the main microcontroller and display microcontroller. The revision level number may be different in your particular unit. If the MEM1 or MEM2 memory options are not present, that por­tion of the bottom line is left blank. The IEEE-488 address is its default value of 16.
Next, if the unit is configured to display the calibration due date at power-up, the unit shows the following:
Model 2002
Calibration due: mmm/dd/yy
where “mmm” is the month abbreviation, “dd” is the day, and “yy” is the year. If no calibration date is set, the display shows that it is due now. (See the Model 2002 Calibration Manual to set the calibration due date and paragraph 2.12.3 of this manual to set the display option.)
After the power-up sequence, the instrument begins its nor­mal display, for example:
3. Install the new fuse and fuse carrier into the holder by reversing the above procedure.
2-2
000.0000 mVDC
Power-up error messages
Error messages that may be displayed during power-up are summarized in Table 2-2. These are shown when one of the checksum tests of Table 2-1 fails.
Table 2-1
Data checked on power-up
Data Type of storage Memory option
Front Panel Operation
IEEE-488 address Power-on default
Calibration constants Calibration dates
Instrument setups 1 in electrically-erasable PROM
Reading buffer (Volatile RAM)
Note: STD is standard memory, MEM1 is memory option #1, MEM2 is memory option #2.
Table 2-2
Power-up error messages
Message Action
Error +515, Calibration dates lost
Error +514, DC calibration data lost
The cal dates are set to factory default values, but they are not stored into EEPROM. To do this, perform a comprehensive calibration.
DC cal constants are set to factory default values, but they are not stored into EEPROM. To do this, perform a comprehensive calibration.
Electrically-erasable PROM Electrically-erasable PROM
Electrically-erasable PROM Electrically-erasable PROM
4 more in non-volatile RAM 9 more in non-volatile RAM
Non-volatile RAM
STD, MEM1, MEM2 STD, MEM1, MEM2
STD, MEM1, MEM2 STD, MEM1, MEM2
STD, MEM1, MEM2 MEM1 MEM2
STD MEM1, MEM2
Error +513, AC calibration data lost
Error +512,
AC cal constants are set to factory default values, but they are not stored into EEPROM. To do this, perform a comprehensive calibration.
Power-on defaults are reset to factory defaults (bench) and stored into EEPROM.
Power-on state lost Error +511,
GPIB address is reset to factory default (16) and stored into EEPROM.
GPIB address lost Error +510,
Reading buffer data lost Error -314,
The reading buffer controls are reset to factory defaults, but they are not stored into NVRAM. To do this, store readings in the buffer.
Instrument setup is reset to bench defaults and stored into EEPROM.
Save/recall memory lost
Notes:
1. Any of these error conditions may occur the first time a unit is turned on or after replacing the firmware.
2. Error +510, Reading buffer data lost, applies to units with optional memory.
3. Error +512, Power-on state lost, may occur the first time the unit is powered-up after replacing the MEM2 memory option with MEM1.
2-3
Front Panel Operation
2.2.4 High energy circuit safety precautions
To optimize safety when measuring voltage in high energy distribution circuits, read and use the directions in the fol­lowing warning.
WARNING
Dangerous arcs of an explosive nature in a high energy circuit can cause severe personal injury, or death. If the multi­meter is connected to a high energy cir­cuit when set to a current range, low resistance range, or any other low impedance range, the circuit is virtually shorted. Dangerous arcing can result even when the multimeter is set to a voltage range if the minimum voltage spacing is reduced.
When making measurements in high energy circuits, use test leads that meet the following requirements:
• Test leads should be fully insulated.
• Only use test leads that can be connected to the circuit (e.g., alligator clips, spade lugs, etc.) for hands-off mea­surements.
• Do not use test leads that decrease voltage spacing. This diminishes arc protection and creates a hazardous condition.
Use the following sequence when testing power circuits:
1. De-energize the circuit using the regular installed connect-disconnect device, such as a circuit breaker, main switch, etc.
2. Attach the test leads to the circuit under test. Use appro­priate safety rated test leads for this application.
3. Set the multimeter to the proper function and range.
4. Energize the circuit using the installed connect­disconnect device and make measurements without disconnecting the multimeter.
5. De-energize the circuit using the installed connect­disconnect device.
6. Disconnect the test leads from the circuit under test.
2.2.5 Power-on default conditions
Power-on default conditions are those conditions the instru­ment assumes when it is first turned on. You can change these power-on default conditions (e xcept the primary address) by using the save setup feature that is av ailable with the MENU key, as described in paragraph 2.12.1. Depending on the installed memory option, either one, five, or ten user-defined setups can be stored, any one of which could be selected as the power-on default.
Table 2-42 in paragraph 2.12.1 lists the default conditions that are set at the factory to optimize bench and GPIB (IEEE-
488) operation.
2.2.6 W arm-up period
The Model 2002 can be used within one minute after it is turned on. However, the instrument should be turned on and allowed to warm up for at least four hours before use to achieve rated accuracy.
2.2.7 IEEE-488 primary address
The IEEE-488 primary address of the instrument must be the same as the primary address you specify in the controller’s programming language. The default primary address of the instrument is 16, but you can set the address to any value from 0 to 30 by using the MENU key. Refer to paragraph
2.12.2 for step-by-step instructions on setting the primary address. Section 4 contains details on using the Model 2002 over the IEEE-488 bus.

2.3 Display

The display of the Model 2002 is primarily used to display readings along with the units and type of measurement. When not displaying readings, it is used for informational messages, such as menu headings and selections. At the top of the display are annunciators to indicate various states of operation. The Getting Started manual covers the display basics.
2-4
WARNING
The maximum common-mode voltage (voltage between INPUT LO and chas­sis ground) is 500V peak. Exceeding this value may cause a breakdown in insula­tion, creating a shock hazard.
2.3.1 Multiple displays
Each measurement function has its own set of “multiple dis­plays” shown on the bottom line of the front panel display. The PREVious and NEXT DISPLAY keys scroll through the selections for the present function.
Front Panel Operation
Some of the multiple displays are for multiple functions, where different functions are measured sequentially from the same set of test leads. The readings are shown simulta­neously, such as:
• T op line sho ws a DC v oltage measurement; bottom line shows positive and negative peak spike measurements.
• Top line shows an AC RMS voltage reading; bottom line shows an AC frequency measurement and a crest factor calculation.
Also, the multiple displays can sho w a reading in a dif ferent form, or give additional information about the reading, for example:
• Top line shows a reading; bottom line shows a zero­centered bar graph with adjustable limits.
Table 2-3
Multiple displays by function
Function Next display Paragraph
All
Bar graph Zero-centered bar graph Maximum and minimum values Relative and actual values Calculated and actual values (see Note 1) Limits bar graph (see Note 1) Adjacent channel readings (see Note 2)
DC voltage
DC volts, AC ripple voltage and frequency Positive peak spikes and highest value Negative peak spikes and lowest value Positive and negative peak spikes
AC voltage
AC RMS voltage, frequency, and crest factor
AC RMS, average, and peak voltages DC current AC current
(none specific to function)
AC RMS (or average) current and frequency
AC RMS and average current 2-wire resistance
Source current
Voltage drop across DUT 4-wire resistance
Source current
Voltage drop across DUT
Lead resistance Frequency
Period calculation
Trigger level Temperature
Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin units
RTD resistance (or thermocouple voltage)
Reference junction (thermocouples only) Data storage buffer
Maximum and minimum values
Average and standard deviation
Notes:
1. Multiple displays for calculated values and limits bar graph are not available for the frequenc y function.
2. The multiple display for adjacent channel readings is not available for the DC and AC current functions.
• Top line shows a frequency measurement; bottom line shows the adjustable trigger level.
To scroll through the multiple displays available for each measurement function, repeatedly press and release the NEXT DISPLAY key. The same action with the PREVious DISPLAY key does a reverse scroll through the displays. To return to the default reading display, just press and hold either key.
Multiple displays that are specific to a particular function or operation are discussed later in this section, such as the peak spikes displays in DC voltage, and the calculations display in math. (See T able 2-3 for paragraph references.) Displays that are common to most of the measurement functions are dis­cussed here.
2.3.1
2.3.1
2.3.1
2.6
2.10
2.12.5
2.11
2.4.1
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.4.5
2.8
2-5
Front Panel Operation
Bar graph
The “normal” bar graph, with a zero at the left end, is a graphical representation of a reading as a portion of a range. (See Figure 2-1.) The vertical lines displayed along the bar designate 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of full scale. Each full segment of the bar represents approximately 4% of the range limit.
-11.96859 VDC
0 -20V
Full
Range
25% of
full range
50% of
full range
75% of full range
Figure 2-1
Bar graph (zero-at-left) multiple display
For measurement functions with a range (voltage, current, and resistance), the right endpoint of the bar graph is plus full scale of the present range for positive readings, and minus full scale for negative readings. When the 100% line changes to an arrow, the reading exceeds the present range.
Note that the normal bar graph is not available when the ACV units are dB or dBm.
For functions without a range (frequency and temperature), the right endpoint of the bar graph is user-programmable by pressing either CONFIG-NEXT DISPLAY or CONFIG­PREV DISPLAY. Note that these configuration menus are context-sensitive. If the unit is in any function except fre­quency or temperature, CONFIG-NEXT DISPLAY results in the zero bar graph configuration display.
Perform the following to view or change the range of the bar graph:
1. From the frequency or temperature function, press the CONFIG key and then the NEXT or PREV DISPLAY key. The following menu is displayed:
BARGRAPH TYPE
ZERO-AT-LEFT ZERO-CENTERED
2. Use the cursor keys ( and ) to place the cursor on ZERO-AT -LEFT and press ENTER. You will access one of the following menus:
For frequency:
FREQ BARGRAPH RANGE
2Hz 20Hz 200Hz 2kHz 20kHz
200kHz 2MHz 15MHz
For temperature:
BARGRAPH:0 to 0040°C
3. Change the frequency range by highlighting one of the selections and pressing ENTER. For the temperature range, use the cursor keys and the RANGE ▲ and ▼ keys to enter a numeric value (0 - 9999°C). Press EN­TER when done.
Zero-centered bar graph
The zero-centered bar graph is a graphical representation of a reading with plus and minus limits. (See Figure 2-2.) The limits are expressed in a user-selectable percentage of range for voltage, current, and resistance, and a user-selectable val­ue for frequency and temperature.
-05.95770 VDC
-50% +50%
-50% of range
-25% of range 0%
+50% of range
25% of range
Figure 2-2
Zero-centered bar graph multiple display
The vertical lines displayed along the bar designate the plus and minus limits, zero, and halfway to either limit. There are ten full segments between zero and each end, so each full segment represents 10% of the limit. When a line at the limit changes to an arrow, the reading exceeds the programmed range.
The plus and minus percentage of range that is programmed (0.01 - 99.99%) applies to all voltage, current, and resistance functions. Because of rounding, values greater than 99.5% are shown as 100% and, likewise, values greater than 1% (such as 1.67%) are shown rounded to the nearest integer percent.
Note that the zero-centered bar graph is not available when the ACV units are dB or dBm.
2-6
Figure 2-3
Maximum and minimum multiple display
Minimum
value
-15.82867 VDC
Max = -05.74602 Min = -15.82867
Maximum
value
Front Panel Operation
Perform the following to view or change the plus and minus percentage of range:
1. From a voltage, current, or resistance function, press CONFIG and then NEXT or PREV DISPLAY. The fol­lowing is displayed:
ZERO-BARGRAPH±50.00%
2. Change the percentage by using the cursor keys and the RANGE ▲ and ▼ keys to enter a numeric value (0.01 -
99.99%). Press ENTER when done. The same percent­age of range is used for voltage, current, and resistance measurements.
Perform the following to view or change the plus and minus value limit:
1. From the frequency or temperature function, press CONFIG and then NEXT or PREV DISPLAY. The fol­lowing menu is displayed:
BARGRAPH TYPE
ZERO-AT-LEFT ZERO-CENTERED
2. Use the cursor keys ( and ) to place the cursor on ZERO-CENTERED and press ENTER. You will access one of the following menus:
For frequency:
FREQ ZEROBARGRAPH(±)
1Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1kHz 10kHz
100kHz 1MHz 10MHz 15MHz
• Pressing the present function key.
• Leaving the display by changing function or entering a menu.
The resolution, units, and prefix on the bottom line are the same as shown for top line reading. If necessary, the bottom line values automatically change to scientific notation, rounded to 4.5 digits.
2.3.2 Information messages
Press the INFO key to view context-sensitive information from most of the displays. An arrow ( or ) on the bot­tom line indicates that there is more information. Use the cursor keys ( and ) to view the complete line. To exit an INFO display, just press INFO, ENTER, EXIT, or a func­tion key.
2.3.3 Status and error messages
For temperature:
ZERO-BARGRAPH±0002°C
3. Change the frequency limits by highlighting one of the selections and pressing ENTER. For the temperature, use the cursor keys and the RANGE ▲ and ▼ keys to enter a numeric value (0 - 9999°C). Press ENTER when done.
Maximum and minimum
The maximum and minimum multiple display shows the maximum and minimum readings since the display was en­tered. (See Figure 2-3.) The maximum and minimum values are reset by the following:
During Model 2002 operation and programming, you will encounter a number of front panel messages. Typical messages are either of status or error variety, as listed in Table 2-4.
The most recent status or error messages can be momentarily displayed. Just enter a configuration menu or the main menu, and press the PREV key . (The display is blank if no message is queued.)
2-7
Front Panel Operation
Table 2-4
Status and error messages
Number Description Event
+900 “Internal System Error” EE +611
+610 +519
+518 +517 +516 +515 +514 +513 +512 +511 +510
+444 to +350
+312 +311 +310 +309 +308 +307 +306 +305 +304 +303 +302 +301
+174 +173 +172 +171
“Questionable T emperature” “Questionable Calibration”
“Excessive temp drift during cal” “Low level calibration data lost” “Preamp calibration data lost” “Install option id lost” “Calibration dates lost” “DC calibration data lost” “AC calibration data lost” “Power-on state lost” “GPIB address lost” “Reading buffer data lost”
Calibration Errors (see Calibration Manual)
“Buffer pretriggered” “Buffer lost” “Buffer full” “Buffer half full” “Buffer A v ailable” “Voltmeter complete” “Reading A vailable” “High limit 2 event” “Low limit 2 event” “High limit 1 event” “Low limit 1 event” “Reading overflow”
“Re-entering the idle layer” “Waiting in arm layer 2” “Waiting in arm layer 1” “Waiting in trigger layer”
SE SE
EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE
EE
SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE
SE SE SE
SE +161 “Program running” SE +126
+125 +124 +123 +122 +121
“Device calculating” “Device measuring” “Device sweeping” “Device ranging” “Device settling” “Device calibrating”
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE +101 “Operation complete” SE +000 “No error” SE
-100
-101
-102
-103
-104
-105
-108
-109
-110
-111
-112
“Command error” “Invalid character” “Syntax error” “Invalid separator” “Data type error” “GET not allowed” “Parameter not allowed” “Missing parameter”
“Command header error” “Header separator error” “Program mnemonic too long”
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
Table 2-4
Status and error messages (cont.)
Number Description Event
-113
-114
-120
-121
-123
-124
-128
-140
-141
-144
-148
-150
-151
-154
-158
-160
-161
-168
-170
-171
-178
-200
-201
-202
“Undefined header” “Header suffix out of range”
“Numeric data error” “Invalid character in number” “Exponent too large” “Too many digits” “Numeric data not allowed”
“Character data error” “Invalid character data” “Character data too long” “Character data not allowed”
“String data error” “Invalid string data” “String too long” “String data not allowed”
“Block data error” “Invalid block data” “Block data not allowed”
“Expression error” “Invalid expression” “Expression data not allowed”
“Execution error” “Invalid while in local” “Settings lost due to rtl”
EE EE
EE EE EE EE EE
EE EE EE EE
EE EE EE EE
EE EE EE
EE EE EE
EE EE EE
(return to local)
-210
-211
-212
-213
-214
-215
-220
-221
-222
-223
-224
-230
-241
-260
-281
-282
-314
-315
-330
-350
-410
-420
-430
-440
“Trigger error” “Trigger ignored” “Arm ignored” “Init ignored” “Trigger deadlock” “Arm deadlock”
“Parameter Error” “Settings conflict” “Parameter data out of range” “Too much data” “Illegal parameter value”
“Data corrupt or stale” “Hardware missing” “Expression Error” “Cannot create program” “Illegal program name”
“Save/recall memory lost” “Configuration memory lost” “Self T est failed” “Queue overflow”
“Query interrupted” “Query unterminated” “Query deadlocked” “Query unterminated after indefi-
EE EE EE EE EE EE
EE EE EE EE EE
EE EE EE EE EE
EE EE EE EE
EE EE EE EE
nite response”
SE = Status event EE = Error event
2-8
▼
Front Panel Operation
2.3.4 Navigating menus
There are basically two types of menu structures; the Main Menu and the Configure menus. The Main Menu accesses items for which there are no dedicated keys, and Configure menus are used to configure measurement functions and oth­er instrument operations.
Use the following rules to navigate through the menu struc­ture:
1. The top level of the Main Menu is accessed by pressing the MENU key. A Configuration menu is accessed by pressing CONFIG and then the desired function (DCV, ACV, etc.) or operation (TRIG, STORE, etc.).
2. A menu item is selected by placing the cursor on it and pressing ENTER. Cursor position is denoted by the blinking menu item or parameter. The cursor keys ( and ) control cursor position.
3. A displayed arrow ( and ) on the bottom line indi­cates that there are one or more additional items (mes­sages) to select from. Use the appropriate cursor key to display them.
4. A numeric parameter is keyed in by placing the cursor on the digit to be changed and using the RANGE ▲ or
key to increment or decrement the digit.
5. A change is only executed when ENTER is pressed. Entering an invalid parameter generates an error and the entry is ignored.
6. The EXIT key is used to back out of the menu structure. Any change that is not entered is cancelled when EXIT is pressed. The EXIT key has additional actions and are summarized in Table 2-5.
“remembers” its own unique setup configuration. Setup con­figuration parameters that are remembered include:
• Range
• Relative
• Integration time
• Filtering
• Display resolution
• Multiple displays
To access the configuration menus for the measurement functions, press the CONFIG key and then a function key (DCV, ACV, DCI, ACI, Ω 2, Ω 4, FREQ, TEMP). Rules for navigating the menu structures are covered in paragraph
2.3.4.
2.4.1 DC and AC voltage
The Model 2002 can make DCV measurements from 1nV to 1100V and ACV measurements from 10nV to 775V. The basic measurement procedures for DCV and ACV are con­tained in the Getting Started manual.
Voltage configuration
The following information explains the various configura­tion options for DC and AC voltage measurements. The con­figuration menus are summarized in Tables 2-6 and 2-7. The menus are accessed by pressing CONFIG and then DCV or ACV. Paragraph 2.3.5 summarizes the rules for navigating through menus.

2.4 Functions

To minimize the need to reprogram setup conditions every time you switch from one function to another, each function
Table 2-5
EXIT key actions
Condition EXIT key action
T emporary message displayed (e.g., TRIGGERS HAL TED) INFO message displayed Reading display hold Scanning Data storage
Cancels display of temporary message.
Cancels INFO message, returns to menu or normal reading display. Cancels reading display hold, resumes normal reading display. Disables scanning. Also stops data storage if enabled. Stops data storage. Temporary message STORAGE INTERRUPTED is displayed.
Note that a function does not have to be selected in order to be configured. When the function is selected, it will assume the programmed status.
2-9
Front Panel Operation
Table 2-6
CONFIGURE DCV menu structure
Menu item Description
SPEED
NORMAL FAST MEDIUM HIACCURACY SET-SPEED-EXACTLY SET-BY-RSLN
FILTER
AUTO AVERAGING ADVANCED
AVERAGING-MODE
RESOLUTION
AUTO
3.5d, 4.5d, 5.5d, 6.5d,
7.5d, 8.5d
Measurement speed (integration time) menu:
Select 1 PLC (power line cycle, 16.67msec for 60Hz, 20msec for 50Hz and 400Hz). Select 0.01 PLC. Select 0.1 PLC. Select 10 PLC. Set integration time in PLC (0.01-50). Default to setting appropriate for resolution.
Digital filter menu:
Default to filter appropriate for integration time. Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings). Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) with a noise tolerance window (0-
100% of range).
Select moving average or repeating average mode.
Display resolution menu:
Default to resolution appropriate for integration time. Select a specific resolution.
2-10
Table 2-7
CONFIGURE ACV menu structure
Menu item Description
Front Panel Operation
SPEED
NORMAL FAST MEDIUM HIACCURACY SET-SPEED-EXACTLY SET-BY-RSLN
FILTER
AUTO AVERAGING ADVANCED
AVERAGING-MODE
RESOLUTION
AUTO
3.5d, 4.5d, 5.5d, 6.5d,
7.5d, 8.5d
UNITS
VOLTS dB dBm
COUPLING
AC AC+DC
Measurement speed (integration time) menu:
Select 1 PLC (power line cycle, 16.67msec for 60Hz, 20msec for 50Hz and 400Hz). Select 0.01 PLC. Select 0.1 PLC. Select 10 PLC. Set integration time in PLC (0.01-50). Default to setting appropriate for resolution.
Digital filter menu:
Default to filter appropriate for integration time. Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings). Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) with a noise tolerance
window (0-100% of range).
Select moving average or repeating average mode.
Display resolution menu:
Default to resolution appropriate for integration time. Select a specific resolution.
Display units menu:
Select volts. Select dB and set voltage reference level. Select dBm and set reference impedance.
Coupling menu:
Select AC coupled measurements. Select DC coupled measurements.
AC-TYPE
RMS AVERAGE PEAK LOW-FREQ-RMS POSITIVE-PEAK NEGATIVE-PEAK
Type of ACV measurement menu:
Select true RMS ACV. Select average ACV. Select peak ACV. Select low frequency (typically <50Hz) true RMS ACV. Select positive DCV peak spikes measurements. Select negative DCV peak spikes measurements.
2-11
Front Panel Operation
SPEED
The SPEED parameter sets the integration time of the A/D converter, the period of time the input signal is measured (also known as aperture). The integration time affects the usable resolution, the amount of reading noise, as well as the ultimate reading rate of the instrument. From the front panel, the integration time is specified in parameters based on a number of power line cycles (NPLC), where 1 PLC for 60Hz is 16.67msec and 1 PLC for 50Hz and 400Hz is 20msec.
The SPEED parameters for all functions (except frequency) are explained as follows:
FAST: Sets integration time to 0.01 PLC. Use F AST if speed
is of primary importance at the expense of increased reading noise and less usable resolution.
MEDIUM: Sets integration time to 0.1PLC. Use MEDIUM
when a compromise between noise performance and speed is acceptable.
NORMAL: Sets integration time to 1 PLC. A compromise
like MEDIUM, but NORMAL provides better noise perfor­mance at the expense of speed.
HIACCURACY: Sets integration time to 10 PLC. Use
HI-ACCURACY when high common-mode and normal­mode rejection is required.
SET-SPEED-EXACTLY: When this parameter is selected,
the current PLC value is displayed. By using the cursor keys ( and ) and the RANGE ▲ and ▼ keys, you can enter any PLC value from 0.01 to 50. Be sure to press ENTER after keying in a new value. Note that an integer PLC value will increase noise rejection.
SET-BY-RSLN: This parameter optimizes the integration
time for the present resolution setting. See Table 2-8 for the default integration times of the DCV and ACV functions. The default set-by-resolution integration times of other func­tions are listed in Tables 2-13, 2-18 and 2-24.
FILTER
FILTER lets you set the digital filter response. The filter menu is available from the function configuration menus (i.e. CONFIGURE DCV) or by pressing CONFIGURE FILTER with the desired function already selected. All of the param­eters (menu items) for FILTER are explained in paragraph
2.9. Since the AUTO parameter has specific effects on DCV and ACV, it is covered here.
AUTO: This parameter for a digital filter optimizes its use
for the present measurement function. The defaults for auto­matic filtering of DCV and ACV are listed in Table 2-9.
Table 2-8
DCV and ACV integration times set-by-resolution
Measurement function and type Resolution
DCV 3.5d, 4.5d
5.5d
6.5d
7.5d
8.5d
Integration time
0.01 PLC
0.02 PLC
0.10 PLC
1.00 PLC
10.00 PLC DCV peak spikes 3.5d (to 7.5d) Not used RMS, average 3.5d, 4.5d
5.5d
6.5d, 7.5d, 8.5d
0.01 PLC
0.02 PLC
10.00 PLC Low frequency RMS 3.5d to 8.5d Not used ACV peak 4d (to 8d) Not used
Notes:
1. For DCV measurements, if the integration time is SET-BY-RSLN
and the resolution AUTO, the integration time will be 1.0 PLC and the resolution 7.5 digits.
2. For RMS and average measurements, if the integration time is SET-
BY-RSLN and the resolution is AUTO, the integration will be 1.0 PLC and the resolution 5.5 digits.
3. For DCV peak spikes, low frequency RMS, and ACV peak measure-
ments, the integration time setting is ignored.
4. The resolution of DCV peak spikes can be from 3.5d to 8.5d, but the
accuracy is specified at 3.5d. The resolution of ACV peak can be from 4d to 8d, but the accuracy is specified at 4d.
2-12
Table 2-9
DCV and ACV auto filter
Front Panel Operation
Measurement function and type Units State Type Readings
DCV - On Advanced 10 1.0% Moving DCV peak spikes - On Advanced 10 5.0% Moving RMS, average, low fre-
Any Off Advanced 10 5.0% Moving
quency RMS ACV peak Volts
dB, dBm
On On
RESOLUTION
Except for frequency , temperature, and some special cases of AC voltage, all functions can operate with 3½ to 8½-digit resolution, or they can default to a setting appropriate for the selected integration time.
3.5d, 4.5d, 5.5d, 6.5d, 7.5d or 8.5d: Sets resolution to the specified number of digits.
AUTO: optimizes the resolution for the present integration time setting. See Table 2-10 for the default resolutions of the DCV and ACV functions. The default resolutions of the other functions are listed in Tables 2-15, 2-20 and 2-25.
UNITS
This parameter selects the displayed units for AC voltage measurements.
VOLTS: With volts selected as the units, AC voltage mea­surements are expressed in volts.
dB: Expressing AC voltage in dB makes it possible to com­press a large range of measurements into a much smaller scope. The relationship between dB and voltage is defined by the following equation:
V
IN
dB = 20 log
------------ ­V
REF
where: VIN is the AC input signal.
V
is the specified voltage reference level.
REF
Advanced Averaging1010
Noise tolerance
5.0% –
Averaging Mode
Moving Moving
Table 2-10
DCV and ACV auto resolution
Measurement function and type Integration time Resolution
DCV 0.01 to <0.02 PLC
0.02 to <0.10 PLC
0.10 to <1.00 PLC
1.00 to <10.00 PLC
10.00 to 50 PLC
4.5d
5.5d
6.5d
7.5d
8.5d DCV peak spikes Not used 3.5d RMS, average 0.01 to <0.02 PLC
0.02 to <10.00 PLC
10.00 to 50 PLC
4.5d
5.5d
6.5d Low frequency RMS Not used 5.5d ACV peak Not used 4d
Notes:
1. If the DCV resolution is AUTO and the integration time SET-BY-
RSLN, the resolution will be 7.5 digits and the integration time 1.0 PLC.
2. For DCV peak spikes, low frequency RMS, and ACV peak measure-
ments, the integration time setting is ignored.
3. For RMS and average measurements, if the resolution is A UT O and the
integration time is SET -BY-RSLN, the resolution will be 5.5 digits and the integration time 1.0 PLC.
The instrument will read 0dB when the reference voltage level is applied to the input. dB measurements are possible on all ACV measurement types except positive peak spikes and negative peak spikes, as these may be negative, and the log of a negative number is not defined. Note that dB mea-
2-13
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