Keithley 2000 User Manual

Model 2000 Multimeter

User’s Manual

A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE

WARRANTY

Keithley Instruments, Inc. warrants this product to be free from defects in material and workmanship for a
period of 3 years from date of shipment.

Keithley Instruments, Inc. warrants the following items for 90 days from the date of shipment: probes, cables,
rechargeable batteries, diskettes, and documentation.

During the warranty period, we will, at our option, either repair or replace any product that proves to be defecti v e.
To exercise this warranty, write or call your local Keithley representative, or contact Keithley headquarters in

Cleveland, Ohio. You will be given prompt assistance and return instructions. Send the product, transportation
prepaid, to the indicated service facility . Repairs will be made and the product returned, transportation prepaid.
Repaired or replaced products are warranted for the balance of the original warranty period, or at least 90 days.

LIMITATION OF WARRANTY

This warranty does not apply to defects resulting from product modification without Keithley’s express written
consent, or misuse of any product or part. This warranty also does not apply to fuses, software, non-rechar geable
batteries, damage from battery leakage, or problems arising from normal wear or failure to follow instructions.

THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR USE. THE
REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE B UYER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES.

NEITHER KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS, INC. NOR ANY OF ITS EMPLOYEES SHALL BE LIABLE FOR
ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT
OF THE USE OF ITS INSTRUMENTS AND SOFTWARE EVEN IF KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS, INC., HAS
BEEN ADVISED IN ADVANCE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. SUCH EXCLUDED DAM­AGES SHALL INCLUDE, BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO: COSTS OF REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION,
LOSSES SUSTAINED AS THE RESULT OF INJURY T O ANY PERSON, OR DAMAGE TO PROPER TY.

Keithley Instruments, Inc.

Sales Offices: BELGIUM: Bergensesteenweg 709 • B-1600 Sint-Pieters-Leeuw • 02-363 00 40 • Fax: [phone]

CHINA: Y uan Chen Xin Building, Room 705 • 12 Yumin Road, Dewai, Madian • Beijing 100029 • 8610-6202-2886 • Fax: [phone]
FINLAND: Tietäjäntie 2 • 02130 Espoo • Phone: [phone] • Fax: [phone]
FRANCE: 3, allée des Garays • 91127 Palaiseau Cédex • 01-64 53 20 20 • Fax: [phone]
GERMANY: Landsberger Strasse 65 • 82110 Germering • 089/84 93 07-40 • Fax: [phone]
GREAT BRITAIN: Unit 2 Commerce Park, Brunel Road • Theale • Berkshire RG7 4AB • 0118 929 7500 • F ax: 0118 929 7519
INDIA: Flat 2B, Willocrissa • 14, Rest House Crescent • Bangalore 560 001 • 91-80-509-1320/21 • Fax: [phone]
ITALY: Viale San Gimignano, 38 • 20146 Milano • 02-48 39 16 01 • Fax: [phone]
KOREA: FL., URI Building • 2-14 Yangjae-Dong • Seocho-Gu, Seoul 137-130 • 82-2-574-7778 • Fax: [phone]
NETHERLANDS: Postbus 559 • 4200 AN Gorinchem • 0183-635333 • Fax: [phone]
SWEDEN: c/o Regus Business Centre • Frosundaviks Allé 15, 4tr • 169 70 Solna • 08-509 04 679 • F ax: 08-655 26 10
SWITZERLAND: Kriesbachstrasse 4 • 8600 Dübendorf • 01-821 94 44 • Fax: [phone]
TAIWAN: 1FL., 85 Po Ai Street • Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C. • 886-3-572-9077• Fax: [phone]

28775 Aurora Road • Cleveland, Ohio 44139 • 440-248-0400 • Fax: [phone]

1-888-KEITHLEY (534-8453) • www.keithley.com

© Copyright 2001 Keithley Instruments, Inc.

Printed in the U.S.A.

11/01

Model 2000 Multimeter

User’s Manual

©1994, Keithley Instruments, Inc.

All rights reserved.

Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.

Seventh Printing, December 2001

Document Number: 2000-900-01 Rev. G

Manual Print History

The print history shown below lists the printing dates of all Re visions and Addenda created
for this manual. The Revision Level letter increases alphabetically as the manual undergoes
subsequent updates. Addenda, which are released between Revisions, contain important
change information that the user should incorporate immediately into the manual. Addenda
are numbered sequentially . When a new Revision is created, all Addenda associated with the
previous Revision of the manual are incorporated into the new Revision of the manual. Each
new Revision includes a revised copy of this print history page.

Revision A (Document Number 2000-900-01)..............................................................November 1994

Revision B (Document Number 2000-900-01)................................................................ February 1995

Revision C (Document Number 2000-900-01).................................................................... March 1995

Addendum C (Document Number 2000-900-02).................................................................. April 1995

Revision D (Document Number 2000-900-01)................................................................... August 1995

Addendum D (Document Number 2000-900-02)..............................................................October 1995

Addendum D (Document Number 2000-900-03)..........................................................September 1996

Revision E (Document Number 2000-900-01).................................................................... March 1997

Revision F (Document Number 2000-900-01)...................................................................... April 1999

Revision G (Document Number 2000-900-01)..............................................................December 2001

All Keithley product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of Keithley Instruments, Inc.
Other brand names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.

S

afety Precautions

The following safety precautions should be observed before using this product and any associated instrumentation. Although
some instruments and accessories would normally be used with non-hazardous voltages, there are situations where hazardous
conditions may be present.

This product is intended for use by qualified personnel who recognize shock hazards and are familiar with the safety precautions
required to avoid possible injury. Read and follow all installation, operation, and maintenance information carefully before us­ing the product. Refer to the manual for complete product specifications.

If the product is used in a manner not specified, the protection provided by the product may be impaired.
The types of product users are:

Responsible body

ment is operated within its specifications and operating limits, and for ensuring that operators are adequately trained.

Operators

instrument. They must be protected from electric shock and contact with hazardous live circuits.

Maintenance personnel

voltage or replacing consumable materials. Maintenance procedures are described in the manual. The procedures explicitly state
if the operator may perform them. Otherwise, they should be performed only by service personnel.

Service personnel

trained service personnel may perform installation and service procedures.
Keithley products are designed for use with electrical signals that are rated Installation Category I and Installation Category II,

as described in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard IEC 60664. Most measurement, control, and data
I/O signals are Installation Category I and must not be directly connected to mains voltage or to voltage sources with high tran­sient over-voltages. Installation Cate gory II connections require protection for high transient over -voltages often associated with
local A C mains connections. Assume all measurement, control, and data I/O connections are for connection to Category I sourc­es unless otherwise marked or described in the Manual.

Exercise extreme caution when a shock hazard is present. Lethal voltage may be present on cable connector jacks or test fixtures.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) states that a shock hazard exists when v oltage le vels greater than 30V RMS,

42.4V peak, or 60VDC are present.

circuit before measuring.

Operators of this product must be protected from electric shock at all times. The responsible body must ensure that operators
are prevented access and/or insulated from every connection point. In some cases, connections must be exposed to potential
human contact. Product operators in these circumstances must be trained to protect themselves from the risk of electric shock.
If the circuit is capable of operating at or above 1000 volts,

Do not connect switching cards directly to unlimited power circuits. They are intended to be used with impedance limited sourc­es. NEVER connect switching cards directly to AC mains. When connecting sources to switching cards, install protective de­vices to limit fault current and voltage to the card.

Before operating an instrument, make sure the line cord is connected to a properly grounded power receptacle. Inspect the con­necting cables, test leads, and jumpers for possible wear, cracks, or breaks before each use.

When installing equipment where access to the main power cord is restricted, such as rack mounting, a separate main input pow­er disconnect device must be provided, in close proximity to the equipment and within easy reach of the operator.

For maximum safety, do not touch the product, test cables, or any other instruments while power is applied to the circuit under
test. ALWAYS remove power from the entire test system and discharge any capacitors before: connecting or disconnecting ca­bles or jumpers, installing or removing switching cards, or making internal changes, such as installing or removing jumpers.

is the individual or group responsible for the use and maintenance of equipment, for ensuring that the equip-

use the product for its intended function. They must be trained in electrical safety procedures and proper use of the

perform routine procedures on the product to keep it operating properly, for example, setting the line

are trained to work on live circuits, and perform safe installations and repairs of products. Only properly

A good safety practice is to expect that hazardous voltage is present in any unknown

no conductive part of the circuit may be exposed.

Do not touch any object that could provide a current path to the common side of the circuit under test or power line (earth) ground. Al­ways make measurements with dry hands while standing on a dry , insulated surface capable of withstanding the voltage being measured.

The instrument and accessories must be used in accordance with its specifications and operating instructions or the safety of the
equipment may be impaired.

Do not exceed the maximum signal levels of the instruments and accessories, as defined in the specifications and operating in­formation, and as shown on the instrument or test fixture panels, or switching card.

When fuses are used in a product, replace with same type and rating for continued protection against fire hazard.
Chassis connections must only be used as shield connections for measuring circuits, NOT as safety earth ground connections.
If you are using a test fixture, keep the lid closed while power is applied to the device under test. Safe operation requires the use

of a lid interlock.
If a screw is present, connect it to safety earth ground using the wire recommended in the user documentation.

!

The symbol on an instrument indicates that the user should refer to the operating instructions located in the manual.

The symbol on an instrument shows that it can source or measure 1000 volts or more, including the combined effect of
normal and common mode voltages. Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these voltages.

The

WARNING

information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure.

CAUTION

The
ranty.

Instrumentation and accessories shall not be connected to humans.
Before performing any maintenance, disconnect the line cord and all test cables.
T o maintain protection from electric shock and fire, replacement components in mains circuits, including the power transformer ,

test leads, and input jacks, must be purchased from Keithley Instruments. Standard fuses, with applicable national safety ap­provals, may be used if the rating and type are the same. Other components that are not safety related may be purchased from
other suppliers as long as they are equivalent to the original component. (Note that selected parts should be purchased only
through Keithley Instruments to maintain accuracy and functionality of the product.) If you are unsure about the applicability
of a replacement component, call a Keithley Instruments office for information.

To clean an instrument, use a damp cloth or mild, water based cleaner. Clean the exterior of the instrument only. Do not apply
cleaner directly to the instrument or allow liquids to enter or spill on the instrument. Products that consist of a circuit board with
no case or chassis (e.g., data acquisition board for installation into a computer) should never require cleaning if handled accord­ing to instructions. If the board becomes contaminated and operation is affected, the board should be returned to the factory for
proper cleaning/servicing.

heading in a manual explains dangers that might result in personal injury or death. Al ways read the associated

heading in a manual explains hazards that could damage the instrument. Such damage may inv alidate the war -

11/01

Table of Contents

General Information

1

Introduction..........................................................................................1-2

Feature overview..................................................................................1-2

Warranty information...........................................................................1-3

Manual addenda...................................................................................1-3

Safety symbols and terms....................................................................1-3

Specifications.......................................................................................1-3

Inspections...........................................................................................1-4

Options and accessories.......................................................................1-5

Basic Measurements

2

Introduction..........................................................................................2-2

Front panel summary...........................................................................2-3

Rear panel summary............................................................................2-6

Power-up..............................................................................................2-8

Display...............................................................................................2-17

Measuring voltage..............................................................................2-18

Measuring current..............................................................................2-22

Measuring resistance .........................................................................2-24

Measuring frequency and period.......................................................2-26

Measuring temperature......................................................................2-28

Math...................................................................................................2-30

Measuring continuity.........................................................................2-34

Testing diodes....................................................................................2-35

Measurement Options

3

Introduction..........................................................................................3-2

Measurement configuration.................................................................3-3

Trigger operations................................................................................3-8

Buffer operations...............................................................................3-17

Limit operations.................................................................................3-20

Scan operations..................................................................................3-22

System operations..............................................................................3-32

Remote Operation

4

Introduction..........................................................................................4-2

Selecting a language............................................................................4-4

RS-232 operation.................................................................................4-6

GPIB bus operation and reference.......................................................4-9

Status structure...................................................................................4-19

Trigger model (GPIB operation).......................................................4-29

Programming syntax .........................................................................4-32

Common commands..........................................................................4-39

SCPI Command Reference

5

SCPI Signal oriented measurement commands ..................................5-3

SCPI command subsystems reference tables ......................................5-7

Calculate subsystem..........................................................................5-20

DISPlay subsystem............................................................................5-26

:FORMat subsystem..........................................................................5-28

ROUTe subsystem.............................................................................5-32

[SENSe[1]] subsystem ......................................................................5-37

STATus subsystem.............................................................................5-52

:SYSTem subsystem.......................................................................... 5-61

:TRACe subsystem............................................................................5-68

Trigger subsystem .............................................................................5-70

:UNIT subsystem...............................................................................5-74

Specifications

A

Accuracy calculations.........................................................................A-7

Optimizing measurement accuracy.................................................. A-10

Optimizing measurement speed .......................................................A-11

B

Status and Error Messages

Example Programs

C

Program examples.............................................................................. C-2

D

Models 196/199 and 8840A/8842A Commands

E

IEEE-488 Bus Overview

Introduction.........................................................................................E-2

Bus description....................................................................................E-4

Bus lines..............................................................................................E-6

Bus commands ....................................................................................E-8

Interface function codes ....................................................................E-15

IEEE-488 and SCPI Conformance Information

F

Introduction.........................................................................................F-2

List of Illustrations

Basic Measurements

2

Model 2000 front panel .......................................................................2-3

Model 2000 rear panel.........................................................................2-6

Power module......................................................................................2-8

DC and AC voltage measurements....................................................2-19

DC and AC current measurements.....................................................2-22

Two- and four-wire resistance measurements....................................2-25

Frequency and period measurements.................................................2-27

Thermocouple temperature measurements........................................2-28

Continuity measurements ..................................................................2-34

Diode testing......................................................................................2-35

Measurement Options

3

Moving average and repeating filters...................................................3-4

Front panel triggering without stepping/scanning...............................3-8

Rear panel pinout...............................................................................3-11

Trigger link input pulse specifications (EXT TRIG).........................3-12

Trigger link output pulse specifications (VMC)................................3-12

DUT test system ................................................................................3-13

Trigger link connections....................................................................3-13

Operation model for triggering example ...........................................3-14

DIN to BNC trigger cable..................................................................3-16

Buffer locations..................................................................................3-18

Using limit test to sort 100Ω, 10% resistors......................................3-21

Front panel triggering with stepping..................................................3-24

Front panel triggering with scanning.................................................3-25

Internal scanning example with reading count option.......................3-27

Internal scanning example with timer and delay options ..................3-29

External scanning example with Model 7001 ...................................3-31

4

Remote Operation

RS-232 interface connector .................................................................4-8

IEEE-488 connector...........................................................................4-10

IEEE-488 connections.......................................................................4-10

IEEE-488 connector location.............................................................4-11

Model 2000 status register structure..................................................4-19

Standard event status .........................................................................4-22

Operation event status........................................................................4-22

Measurement event status..................................................................4-23

Questionable event status...................................................................4-23

Status byte and Service Request (SRQ).............................................4-25

Trigger model (GPIB operation)........................................................4-29

Device action (trigger model)............................................................4-31

Standard event enable register...........................................................4-41

Standard event status register............................................................4-43

Service request enable register..........................................................4-49

Status byte register ............................................................................4-51

SCPI Command Reference

5

ASCII data format.............................................................................5-28

IEEE754 single precision data format (32 data bits).........................5-29

IEEE754 double precision data format (64 data bits) .......................5-29

Measurement event register...............................................................5-53

Questionable event register...............................................................5-54

Operation event register ....................................................................5-55

Measurement event enable register...................................................5-57

Questionable event enable register....................................................5-57

Operation event enable register.........................................................5-57

Key-press codes.................................................................................5-66

IEEE-488 Bus Overview

E

IEEE-488 bus configuration................................................................E-5

IEEE-488 handshake sequence ...........................................................E-7

Command codes................................................................................E-12

List of Tables

Basic Measurements

2

Fuse ratings..........................................................................................2-9

Factory defaults..................................................................................2-13

Crest factor limitations ......................................................................2-18

3

Measurement Options

Rate settings for the measurement functions.......................................3-7

Auto delay settings ..............................................................................3-9

Bus commands parameters for stepping and scanning counters .......3-28

Remote Operation

4

Language supported.............................................................................4-4

RS-232 connector pinout.....................................................................4-8

General bus commands and associated statements............................4-14

IEEE-488.2 common commands and queries....................................4-39

SCPI Command Reference

5

Signal oriented measurement command summary..............................5-3

CALCulate command summary..........................................................5-8

DISPlay command summary...............................................................5-9

FORMat command summary ..............................................................5-9

ROUTe command summary ..............................................................5-10

SENSe command summary...............................................................5-10

STATus command summary..............................................................5-16

SYSTem command summary ............................................................5-17

TRACe command summary..............................................................5-17

Trigger command summary...............................................................5-18

UNIT command summary.................................................................5-19

B

Status and Error Messages

Status and error messages...................................................................B-2

Models 196/199 and 8840A/8842A Commands

D

Models 196/199 device-dependent command summary ....................D-2

Models 8840A/8842A device-dependent command

Summary..........................................................................................D-6

E

IEEE-488 Bus Overview

IEEE-488 bus command summary..................................................... E-8

Hexadecimal and decimal command codes......................................E-11

Typical addressed command sequence............................................. E-13

Typical addressed command sequence............................................. E-13

IEEE command groups.....................................................................E-14

Model 2000 interface function codes ...............................................E-15

F

IEEE-488 and SCPI Conformance Information

IEEE-488 documentation requirements.............................................. F-2

Coupled commands ............................................................................ F-4

1

General

Information

1-2 General Information

Introduction

This section contains general information about the Model 2000 Multimeter . The information

is organized as follows:

• Feature overview

• Warranty information

• Manual addenda

• Safety symbols and terms

• Specifications

• Inspection

• Options and accessories

If you have any questions after reviewing this information, please contact your local
Keithley representativ e or call one of our Applications Engineers at 1-800-348-3735 (U.S.
and Canada only). Worldwide phone numbers are listed at the front of this manual.

Feature overview

The Model 2000 is a 6½-digit high-performance digital multimeter. It has 0.002% 90-day
basic DC voltage accuracy and 0.008% 90-day basic resistance accurac y. At 6
timeter delivers 50 triggered readings/sec o ver the IEEE-488 b us. At 4
2000 readings/sec into its internal buffer. The Model 2000 has broad measurement ranges:

½

digits, the mul-

½

digits, it can read up to

• DC voltage from 0.1

• AC (RMS) voltage from 0.1

• DC current from 10nA to 3A.

• AC (RMS) current from 1

• Two and four-wire resistance from 100µ

• Frequency from 3Hz to 500kHz.

• Thermocouple temperature from -200°C to +1372°C.

Some additional capabilities of the Model 2000 include:

• Full range of functions — In addition to those listed above, the Model 2000 functions
include period, dB, dBm, continuity, diode testing, mX+b, and percent.

• Optional scanning — For internal scanning, options include the Model 2000-SCAN, a
10-channel, general-purpose card, and the Model 2001-TCSCAN, a 9-channel, thermo­couple card with a built-in cold junction. For external scanning, the Model 2000 is com­patible with Keithley's Model 7001 and 7002 switch matrices and cards.

• Programming languages and remote interfaces — The Model 2000 offers three program­ming language choices (SCPI, Keithley Models 196/199, and Fluk e 8840A/8842A) and
two remote interface ports (IEEE-488/GPIB and RS-232C).

• Reading and setup storage — Up to 1024 readings and two setups (user and factory de­faults) can be stored and recalled.

• Closed-cover calibration — The instrument can be calibrated either from the front panel
or remote interface.

µ

V to 1000V.

µ

µ

A to 3A.

V to 750V, 1000V peak.

Ω

to 120MΩ.

Warranty information

Warranty information is located at the front of this instruction manual. Should your
Model 2000 require warranty service, contact the Keithley representative or authorized re­pair facility in your area for further information. When returning the instrument for repair ,
be sure to fill out and include the service form at the back of this manual to provide the re­pair facility with the necessary information.

Manual addenda

Any improvements or changes concerning the instrument or manual will be explained in
an addendum included with the manual. Be sure to note these changes and incorporate them
into the manual.

Safety symbols and terms

General Information 1-3

The following symbols and terms may be found on the instrument or used in this manual.

The symbol on the instrument indicates that the user should refer to the operating in­structions located in the manual.

symbol

The
Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these voltages.

The

WARNING

injury or death. Always read the associated information very carefully before performing the
indicated procedure.

The

CAUTION

strument. Such damage may invalidate the warranty.

Specifications

Full Model 2000 specifications are included in Appendix A.

!

on the instrument shows that high voltage may be present on the terminal(s).

heading used in this manual explains dangers that might result in personal

heading used in this manual explains hazards that could damage the in-

1-4 General Information

Inspection

The Model 2000 was carefully inspected electrically and mechanically before shipment.
After unpacking all items from the shipping carton, check for any obvious signs of physical
damage that may have occurred during transit. (Note: There may be a protective film over the
display lens, which can be removed.) Report any damage to the shipping agent immediately.
Save the original packing carton for possible future reshipment. The following items are
included with every Model 2000 order:

• Model 2000 Multimeter with line cord.

• Safety test leads (Model 1751).

• Accessories as ordered.

• Certificate of calibration.

• Model 2000 User's Manual (P/N 2000-900-00).

• Model 2000 Calibration Manual (P/N 2000-905-00).

• Model 2000 Support Software Disk including T estPoint run-time applications, TestPoint
instrument libraries for GPIB and RS-232, and QuickBASIC examples.

If an additional manual is required, order the appropriate manual package. The manual pack-

ages include a manual and any pertinent addenda.

Options and accessories

The following options and accessories are available from Keithley for use with the Model

2000.

Scanner cards

General Information 1-5

Model 2000-SCAN:

Model 2000. Channels can be configured for 2-pole or 4-pole operation. Included are two pairs
of leads for connection to Model 2000 rear panel inputs (Keithley P/N CA-109).

Model 2001-TCSCAN:

the Model 2000. The card has nine analog input channels that can be used for high-accuracy,
high-speed scanning. A b uilt-in temperature reference allo ws multi-channel, cold-junction com­pensated temperature measurements using thermocouples.

General purpose probes

Model 1754 Universal Test Lead Kit:

lugs, two banana plugs, two hooks, and two alligator clips.

Model 8605 High Performance Modular Test Leads:

test probes and leads. The test leads are terminated with a banana plug with retractable sheath
on each end.

Model 8606 High Performance Probe Tip Kit:

clips, and two spring hook test probes. (The spade lugs and alligator clips are rated at 30V RMS,

42.4V peak; the test probes are rated at 1000V.) These components are for use with high perfor­mance test leads terminated with banana plugs, such as the Model 8605.

The following test leads and probes are rated at 30V RMS, 42.4V peak:

Models 5805 and 5805-12 Kelvin Probes:

with banana plug termination. Designed for instruments that measure 4-terminal resistance. The
Model 5805 is 0.9m long; the Model 5805-12 is 3.6m long.

This is a 10-channel scanner card that installs in the option slot of the

This is a thermocouple scanner card that installs in the option slot of

Consists of one set of test leads (0.9m), two spade

Consists of two high voltage (1000V)

Consists of two spade lugs, two alligator

Consists of two spring-loaded Kelvin test probes

Model 5806 Kelvin Clip Lead Set:

plug termination. Designed for instruments that measure 4-terminal resistance. A set of eight
replacement rubber bands is available as Keithley P/N GA-22.

Model 8604 SMD Probe Set:

face mount device “grabber” clip on one end and a banana plug with a retractable sheath on the
other end.

Includes two Kelvin clip test leads (0.9m) with banana

Consists of two test leads (0.9m), each terminated with a sur-

1-6 General Information

Low thermal probes

Model 8610 Low Thermal Shorting Plug:

inch square circuit board, interconnected to provide a short circuit among all plugs.

Model 8611 Low Thermal Patch Leads:

banana plug with a retractable sheath at each end. These leads minimize the thermally-induced
offsets that can be created by test leads.

Model 8612 Low Thermal Spade Leads:

with a spade lug on one end and a banana plug with a retractable sheath on the other end. These
leads minimize the thermally-induced offsets that can be created by test leads.

Cables and adapters

Models 7007-1 and 7007-2 Shielded GPIB Cables:

bus using shielded cables and connectors to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI). The
Model 7007-1 is 1m long; the Model 7007-2 is 2m long.

Models 8501-1 and 8501-2 Trigger Link Cables:

ments with Trigger Link connectors (e.g., Model 7001 Switch System). The Model 8501-1 is
1m long; the Model 8501-2 is 2m long.

Model 8502 Trigger Link Adapter:

of the Model 2000 to instruments that use the standard BNC trigger connectors.

Model 8504 DIN to BNC Trigger Cable:

(Voltmeter Complete) and two (External Trigger) of the Model 2000 to instruments that use
BNC trigger connectors. The Model 8504 is 1m long.

Consists of four banana plugs mounted to a 1-

Consists of two test leads (0.9m), each with a

Consists of two test leads (0.9m), each terminated

Connect the Model 2000 to the GPIB

Connect the Model 2000 to other instru-

Allows you to connect any of the six T rigger Link lines

Allows you to connect Trigger Link lines one

Rack mount kits

Model 4288-1 Single Fixed Rack Mount Kit:

inch rack.

Model 4288-2 Side-by-Side Rack Mount Kit:

486, 487, 2000, 2001, 2002, 6517, 7001) side-by-side in a standard 19-inch rack.

Model 4288-3 Side-by-Side Rack Mount Kit:

by-side in a standard 19-inch rack.

Model 4288-4 Side-by-Side Rack Mount Kit:

ment (Models 195A, 196, 220, 224, 230, 263, 595, 614, 617, 705, 740, 775, etc.) side-by-side
in a standard 19-inch rack.

Carrying case

Model 1050 Padded Carrying Case:

shoulder strap.

Mounts a single Model 2000 in a standard 19-

Mounts two instruments (Models 182, 428,

Mounts a Model 2000 and a Model 199 side-

Mounts a Model 2000 and a 5.25-inch instru-

A carrying case for a Model 2000. Includes handles and

2

Basic

Measurements

2-2 Basic Measurements

Introduction

This section summarizes front panel operation of the Model 2000. It is organized as follows:

•

Front panel summary —

connections.

•

Rear panel summary —

•

Power-up —

the warm-up time, and default conditions.

•

Display —

instrument.

•

Measuring voltage —

level voltage considerations.

•

Measuring current —

fuse replacement.

•

Measuring resistance —

shielding considerations.

•

Measuring frequency and period —

nections.

•

Measuring temperature —

surements.

•

Math —

readings.

•

Measuring continuity —

•

Testing diodes —

Includes an illustration and summarizes keys, display, and

Includes an illustration and summarizes connections.

Describes connecting the instrument to line power , the power-up sequence,

Discusses the display format and messages that may appear while using the

Covers DC and AC voltage measurement connections and low

Covers DC and AC current measurement connections and current

Details two and four-wire measurement connections and

Covers frequency and period measurement con-

Describes the use of thermocouples for temperature mea-

Covers the mX+b, percent, dBm, and dB math functions performed on single

Explains setting up and measuring continuity of a circuit.

Describes testing general-purpose and zener diodes.

Front panel summary

The front panel of the Model 2000 is shown in Figure 2-1. This figure includes important ab-

breviated information that should be reviewed before operating the instrument.

Basic Measurements 2-3

Figure 2-1

Model 2000 front
panel

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

5

1
3

SHIFT

LOCAL

POWER

1 Function keys

SCAN

CH1REM

STEP CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10
TALK
LSTN
SRQ
SHIFT
TIMER

HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR

%

MX+B

DCV

ACV

HOLD

EX TRIG

TRIG

SAVE SETUP

OPEN CLOSE

dBm

DCI

LIMITS ON/OFFDELAY

STORE

RECALL

CONFIG HALT

STEP SCAN

REL FILT

dB

ACI

CONT

Ω2 Ω4

TEST

GPIB

DIGITS RATE

RELFILTER

RS232

CAL

2

(shifted and unshifted)

MATH
REAR

BUFFER

STAT

PERIOD TCOUPL

FREQ

EXIT ENTER

8

4W

2000 MULTIMETER

TEMP

RANGE

AUTO

RANGE

4

350V
PEAK

F

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

7

HI

1000V

!

PEAK

LO

500V
PEAK

R

3A 250V

AMPS

Select measurement function (DC and A C v oltage, DC and AC current, 2-wire and 4-wire re­sistance, frequency, period, temperature with thermocouples), math function (mX+b, %,
dBm, dB), or special function (continuity, diode test).

2 Operation keys

EXTRIG Selects external triggers (front panel, bus, trigger link) as the trigger source.
TRIG Triggers a measurement from the front panel.
STORE Enables reading storage.
RECALL Displays stored readings and buffer statistics (maximum, minimum, average,

standard deviation). Use

▲

and ▼ to scroll through buffer; use and to

toggle between reading number and reading.
FILTER Displays digital filter status for present function and toggles filter on/off.
REL Enables/disables relative reading on present function.

and Moves through selections within functions and operations. If scanner card in-

stalled, manually scans channels.
OPEN Opens all channels on internal scanner card; stops scanning.
CLOSE Closes selected internal channel.
STEP Steps through channels; sends a trigger after each channel.
SCAN Scans through channels; sends a trigger after last channel.
DIGITS Changes number of digits of resolution.
RATE Changes reading rate: fast, medium, slow.
EXIT Cancels selection, moves back to measurement display.
ENTER Accepts selection, moves to next choice or back to measurement display.
SHIFT Used to access shifted keys.
LOCAL Cancels GPIB remote mode.

6

2-4 Basic Measurements

3 Shifted operation keys

DELAY Sets user delay between trigger and measurement.
HOLD Holds reading when the selected number of samples is within the selected tol-

LIMITS Sets upper and lower limit values for readings.
ON/OFF Enables/disables limits; selects beeper operation for limit testing.
TEST Selects built-in tests, diagnostics, display test.
CAL Accesses calibration.
SAVE Saves present configuration for power-on user default.
SETUP Restores factory or user default configuration.
CONFIG Selects minimum/maximum channels, timer, and reading count for step/scan.
HALT Turns off step/scan.
GPIB Enables/disables GPIB interface; selects address and language.
RS232 Enables/disables RS-232 interface; selects baud rate, flow control, terminator.

4 Range keys

▲
▼

AUTO Enables/disables autorange.

5 Annunciators

*(asterisk) Reading being stored.
(diode) Instrument is in diode testing function.
(speaker) Beeper on for continuity or limits testing.

)

)

)

(more) Indicates additional selections are available.
4W 4-wire resistance reading displayed.
AUTO Autoranging enabled.
BUFFER Recalling stored readings.
CH 1-10 Displayed internal channel is closed.
ERR Questionable reading; invalid cal step.
FAST Fast reading rate.
FILT Digital filter enabled.
HOLD Instrument is in hold mode.
LSTN Instrument addressed to listen over GPIB.
MATH Math function (mX+b, %, dB, dBm) enabled.
MED Medium reading rate.
REAR Reading acquired from rear inputs.
REL Relative reading displayed.
REM Instrument is in GPIB remote mode.
SCAN Instrument is in scan mode.
SHIFT Accessing shifted keys.
SLOW Slow reading rate.
SRQ Service request over GPIB.
STAT Displaying buffer statistics.
STEP Instrument is in step mode.
TALK Instrument addressed to talk over GPIB.
TIMER Timed scans in use.
TRIG Indicates external trigger (front panel, bus, trigger link) selected.

erance.

Moves to higher range; increments digit; moves to next selection.
Moves to lower range; decrements digit; moves to previous selection.

Basic Measurements 2-5

6 Input connections

INPUT HI and LO Used for making DC volts, A C volts, 2-wire resistance measurements.
AMPS Used in conjunction with INPUT LO to make DC current and A C cur -

SENSE

Ω

4 WIRE Used with INPUT HI and LO to make 4-wire resistance measure-

HI and LO ments.

rent measurements. Also holds current input fuse (3A, 250V, fast
blow, 5

×

20mm).

7 INPUTS

Selects input connections on front or rear panel.

8 Handle

Pull out and rotate to desired position.

WARNING:

NO INTERNAL OPERATOR SERVICABLE PARTS,SERVICE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY.

WARNING:

NO INTERNAL OPERATOR SERVICABLE PARTS,SERVICE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY.

CAUTION:

FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE HAZARD,REPLACE FUSE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING.

CAUTION:

FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE HAZARD,REPLACE FUSE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING.

2-6 Basic Measurements

Rear panel summary

The rear panel of the Model 2000 is shown in Figure 2-2. This figure includes important ab-

breviated information that should be reviewed before operating the instrument.

Figure 2-2

Model 2000 rear
panel

34 5

2

HI

350V

PEAK

SENSE

Ω 4W

1

!

1000V
PEAK

!

LO

500V
PEAK

INPUT

TRIGGER

LINK

!

3 5

1

VMC

4 6

2

EXT TRIG

FUSE LINE

250mAT

125mAT

6

8

7

5

2

1

#2

EXTERNAL TRIGGER INPUT

Trigger Reading

TTL HI

>72µsec

TTL LO

VOLT METER COMPLETE OUTPUT

MADE IN

U.S.A.

RS232

!

100 VAC

(SB)

120 VAC

220 VAC
240 VAC

(SB)

120

IEEE-488

(CHANGE IEEE ADDRESS

FROM FRONT PANEL)

LINE RATING

50, 60

400HZ

17 VA MAX

6

34

#1

Reading

Complete

>10µsec

TTL HI

TTL LO

Basic Measurements 2-7

1 Option slot

An optional scanner card (Model 2000-SCAN, 2001-SCAN, or 2001-TCSCAN) installs in
this slot.

2 Input connections

INPUT HI and LO Used for making DC volts, AC volts, 2-wire resistance measurements
SENSE

Ω

HI and LO and also for connecting scanner card.

4 WIRE Used with INPUT HI and LO to make 4-wire resistance measurements

and for connecting scanner card.

3 TRIGGER LINK

One 8-pin micro-DIN connector for sending and receiving trigger pulses among other instru­ments. Use a trigger link cable or adapter, such as Models 8501-1, 8501-2, 8502, 8504.

4 RS-232

Connector for RS-232 operation. Use a straight-through (not null modem) DB-9 cable.

5 IEEE-488

Connector for IEEE-488 (GPIB) operation. Use a shielded cable, such as Models 7007-1 and
7007-2.

6 Power module

Contains the AC line receptacle, power line fuse, and line voltage setting. The Model 2000
can be configured for line voltages of 100V/120V/220V/240VAC at line frequencies of 45Hz
to 66Hz or 360Hz to 440Hz.

WARNING:NO INTERNAL OPERATOR SERVICABLE PARTS,SERVICE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY.

WARNING:NO INTERNAL OPERATOR SERVICABLE PARTS,SERVICE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY.

CAUTION:FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE HAZARD,REPLACE FUSE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING.

CAUTION:FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE HAZARD,REPLACE FUSE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING.

2-8 Basic Measurements

Power-up

Line power connection

Follow the procedure below to connect the Model 2000 to line power and turn on the

instrument.

1. Check to see that the line voltage selected on the rear panel (see Figure 2-3) is correct
for the operating voltage in your area. If not, refer to the next procedure, “Setting line
voltage and replacing fuse.”

CAUTION Operating the instrument on an incorrect line voltage may cause damage to

2. Before plugging in the power cord, make sure that the front panel po wer switch is in the
off (0) position.

3. Connect the female end of the supplied power cord to the A C receptacle on the rear
panel. Connect the other end of the power cord to a grounded AC outlet.

WARNING The power cord supplied with the Model 2000 contains a separate ground

the instrument, possibly voiding the warranty.

wire for use with grounded outlets. When proper connections are made,
instrument chassis is connected to power line ground through the ground
wire in the power cord. Failure to use a grounded outlet may result in per­sonal injury or death due to electric shock.

Figure 2-3

Power module

4. Turn on the instrument by pressing the front panel power switch to the on (1) position.

Model 2000

HI

1000V

350V

PEAK

!

PEAK

LO

500V

3 5

1

PEAK

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4W

!

4 6

2

TRIGGER

MADE IN

U.S.A.

LINK

RS232

!

VMC
EXT TRIG

!

FUSE LINE

250mAT

100 VAC

(SB)

120 VAC

220 VAC

125mAT

240 VAC

(SB)

IEEE-488

(CHANGE IEEE ADDRESS

FROM FRONT PANEL)

120

LINE RATING

50, 60
400HZ

17 VA MAX

Line Voltage Selector

Fuse

220

240

120

100

Spring

Window

Fuse Holder Assembly

Setting line voltage and replacing fuse

A rear panel fuse located next to the A C receptacle protects the po wer line input of the instru­ment. If the line voltage setting needs to be changed or the line fuse needs to be replaced, per­form the following steps.

WARNING Make sure the instrument is disconnected from the AC line and other equip-

ment before changing the line voltage setting or replacing the line fuse.

1. Place the tip of a flat-blade screwdriver into the po wer module by the fuse holder assem­bly (see Figure 2-3). Gently push in and to the left. Release pressure on the assembly and
its internal spring will push it out of the power module.

2. Remove the fuse and replace it with the type listed in Table 2-1.

CAUTION For continued protection against fire or instrument damage, only replace

fuse with the type and rating listed. If the instrument repeatedly blows fuses,
locate and correct the cause of the trouble before replacing the fuse. See the
optional Model 2000 Repair Manual for troubleshooting information.

3. If configuring the instrument for a different line voltage, remo ve the line voltage selector
from the assembly and rotate it to the proper position. When the selector is installed into
the fuse holder assembly, the correct line voltage appears inverted in the window.

4. Install the fuse holder assembly into the power module by pushing it in until it locks in
place.

Basic Measurements 2-9

Table 2-1

Fuse ratings

Line voltage Fuse rating Keithley P/N

100/120V
220/240V

0.25A slow-blow 5×20mm

0.125A slow-blow 5

×

20mm

FU-96-4
FU-91

2-10 Basic Measurements

Power-up sequence

On power-up, the Model 2000 performs self-tests on its EPR OM and RAM and momentarily
lights all segments and annunciators. If a failure is detected, the instrument momentarily dis­plays an error message and the ERR annunciator turns on. (Error messages are listed in Appen­dix B.)

NOTE

of this display is:

If a problem develops while the instrument is under warranty, return it to Keithley
Instruments, Inc., for repair.

If the instrument passes the self-tests, the firmware revision le vels are displayed. An example

REV : A01 A02

where: A01 is the main board ROM revision.

A02 is the display board ROM revision.

After the power-up sequence, the instrument begins its normal display of readings.

High energy circuit safety precautions

T o optimize safety when measuring v oltage in high ener gy distrib ution circuits, read and use

the directions in the following warning.

WARNING Dangerous arcs of an explosive nature in a high energy circuit can cause

severe personal injury or death. If the multimeter is connected to a high
energy circuit when set to a current range, low resistance range, or any other
low impedance range, the circuit is virtually shorted. Dangerous arcing can
result even when the multimeter is set to a voltage range if the minimum volt­age spacing is reduced in the external connections.

When making measurements in high energy circuits, use test leads that meet the following

requirements:

• Test leads should be fully insulated.

• Only use test leads that can be connected to the circuit (e.g., alligator clips, spade lugs,
etc.) for hands-off measurements.

• Do not use test leads that decrease voltage spacing. These diminishes arc protection and
create a hazardous condition.

Use the following sequence when testing power circuits:

Basic Measurements 2-11

1. De-energize the circuit using the regular installed connect-disconnect device, such as a
circuit breaker, main switch, etc.

2. Attach the test leads to the circuit under test. Use appropriate safety rated test leads for
this application.

3. Set the multimeter to the proper function and range.

4. Energize the circuit using the installed connect-disconnect device and make measure­ments without disconnecting the multimeter.

5. De-energize the circuit using the installed connect-disconnect device.

6. Disconnect the test leads from the circuit under test.

WARNING The maximum common-mode voltage (voltage between INPUT LO and the

chassis ground) is 500V peak. Exceeding this value may cause a breakdown
in insulation, creating a shock hazard.

2-12 Basic Measurements

Power-on defaults

Power-on defaults are the settings the instrument assumes when it is turned on. The Model
2000 offers two choices for the settings: factory and user. The power-on default will be the last
configuration you saved. The SAVE and SETUP keys select the two choices of power-on
defaults.

To save present configuration as user settings:

1. Configure the instrument as desired for USER default.

2. Press SHIFT then SAVE.

3. Use the

4. Press ENTER.

To restore factory or user settings:

1. Press SHIFT then SETUP.

2. Use the

3. Press ENTER.

Since the basic measurement procedures in this manual assume the factory defaults, reset the
instrument to the factory settings when following step-by-step procedures. Table 2-2 lists the
factory default settings.

▲

and ▼ keys to select YES or NO.

▲

and ▼ keys to select FACTory or USER.