Honeywell Colorimetric Gas Operating Manual

GAS DETECTION TUBES AND SAMPLING HANDBOOK

Second Edition

Table Of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 3

2. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES .................................. 5

3. OPERATION OF DETECTION TUBES AND PUMPS ........................... 7

3.1 Hand Pump Description .................................................................. 8

3.2 Tube Measurements…………………………………………... ...........8

3.2.1 Tube Description and Packaging ..................................... 8

3.2.2 Testing Hand Pump for Leaks ....................................... 10

3.2.3 Measurement Procedure ............................................... 10

3.2.4 Reading Tubes…………………………………….. .......... 13

3.3 Maintenance of the LP-1200 Piston Hand Pump .......................... 14

3.4 Selection of Sampling Pump ......................................................... 15

3.5 Operation and Maintenance of Remote Sampler .......................... 15

4. TECHNICAL INFORMATION ...............................................................19

4.1 Theory of Operation ...................................................................... 19

4.2 Explanation of Data Sheets .......................................................... 20

4.3 Humidity, Temperature, Pressure and Matrix Effects .................... 22

5. DATA SHEETS FOR GAS DETECTION TUBES ................................ 26

6. SPECIALTY TUBES ........................................................................... 103

6.1 Smoke Generating Tubes ...........................................................103

6.2 RAE-Sep™ Tubes .......................................................................105

6.3 PID Conditioning Tubes ..............................................................109

7. APPENDICES..................................................................................... 117

7.1 Appendix 1. Alphabetical Tube List ............................................ 117

7.2 Appendix 2. Tube List by Part Number ...................................... 119

7.3 Appendix 3. Detectable Compounds ..........................................121

7.4 Appendix 4. Equivalent Tubes of Other Manufacturers ..............126

7.5 Appendix 5. Conversion Factors for Gas Concentrations .......... 129

7.6 Appendix 6. Humidity Conversion Tables ................................... 130

7.7 Appendix 7. Other RAE Systems Gas Detection Products ........ 131

7.8 Appendix 8. Warranty ................................................................. 132

7.9 Appendix 9. RAE Systems Contacts .......................................... 133

Table Of COnTenTs

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1. INTRODUCTION

WARNING

The products described herein will perform as designed only if they are used, maintained, and serviced in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Failure to use, maintain, and operate products properly can result in dangerously inaccurate readings.

INTRODUCTION

CAUTION: For safety reasons, the equipment described here-

in must be operated and serviced by qualied personnel only.

Read and understand this instruction manual completely before operating or servicing.

ATTENTION: Pour des raisons de sécurité, ces équipments Doivent être utilisés, entretenus et réparés uniquement par un

personnel qualié. Étudier le manuel d’instructions en entier avant d’utiliser, d’entretenir ou de réparer l’équipement.

Custom Tubes

Please contact RAE Systems about the availability of custom tubes not included in this handbook. Contact information is included on page 128.

Application & Technical Notes

RAE Systems’ web site includes the Application Notes and Technical Notes cited in this handbook, as well as many others. Visit our web site at: www.raesystems.com.

© 2013 by RAE Systems Inc. This handbook is fully protected by copyright, and no part of it may be reproduced in any form without the express written consent of RAE Systems Inc., 3775 N. First St., San Jose, CA 95134-1708 USA.

INTRODUCTION

This handbook describes the use and performance of gas detection tubes and sampling pumps manufactured by RAE Systems Inc. RAE Systems began manufacturing gas detection tubes in 1997 and is adding many new tubes to its product line each year. Modern production facilities and techniques allow

us to offer high-quality tubes at a highly competitive price.

Gas detection tubes were rst developed at Harvard University in the early

1900s for measuring carbon monoxide. In this method a gas sample is pulled through a glass tube containing a reagent, and a reaction between the gas and solid reagent forms a color that is related to the concentration of the gas. The concept is similar to other colorimetric methods such as pH paper for measuring acids and bases, and bleaching of dyes to determine ozone or chlorine levels in water or air. Early tubes were designed mainly

for conned space entry, such as in the mining industry, where CO and

H2S are the main toxic gases. Since then, a large number of tubes have been developed for a broad range of chemicals. With the coming of OSHA regulations in the workplace in the 1970s, these compounds have expanded from mostly inorganic, acutely toxic compounds to include a large number of organic compounds whose health effects tend to be more long term. Along with this change has come an increased need for

specicity in the measurements.

A few important factors limited the accuracy of early tube/hand pump systems. First the tubes had no precalibrated markings. Some tubes were read using a color comparison chart, which depended on the user’s interpretation of the color. Other tubes came with an external scale that was slid into position by the user. This introduced potential error in the position of the scale but, more important, did not allow for variations in the length of stain produced by different batches of the same tubes. Modern tubes avoid such errors by having calibrations performed on each batch, which are then marked directly on the tubes.

A second error source was in the volume of air sampled. Early pumps were variations of a rubber squeeze bulb that gave poor reproducibility in the

amount of compression. Later, xtures were added to the bulbs to ensure a uniform compression and thus a xed volume. The Draeger and MSA

bellows pumps function in the same way as the squeeze bulbs, but draw in accurate sample volumes.

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Air sampling can also be performed using piston pumps, which latch into

a precisely dened position to x the volume. These pumps pull a strong vacuum initially and thus create substantially higher owrate than the bellows pumps. Piston pumps generate a high ow initially followed by

an approximately exponential decay, whereas bellows pumps provide a

more steady ow initially followed by the slow decay. The difference in ow

patterns means that the pumps cannot be interchanged between types. For example, piston pumps sometime cause a smearing of the color stain

INTRODUCTION

when used on tubes originally developed for bellows pumps. This occurs

because the higher ow rates do not allow enough contact time to give

sharp endpoints when a piston pump is used.

For a period of time, attempts were made to improve accuracy by stabilizing

the ow rate using rate-limiting orices. Some manufacturers supplied as many as four different orice sizes to match the particular tube being used. However, exchanging limiting orices proved to be cumbersome

and unnecessary as long as enough contact time was allowed to avoid

smearing the stain. Therefore, limiting orices have fallen out of use and it has now become standard practice to build the ow restriction into the

tube itself. This is done by selecting the particle size of the support material and type of end plug that give a sampling time appropriate for the particular chemical reaction of the tube.

2. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES FOR GAS DETECTION TUBE MANUFACTURE

All RAE Systems gas detection tubes are developed in an ISO 9001

certied facility and manufactured in an ISO 9001 certied factory. All

procedures, work instructions, and quality records are documented and maintained to ensure tube quality. The procedures are outlined below.

A. Tube Selection. Glass tubing is selected to t a standard bore size to

ensure uniform length of color change.

B. Support Preparation. Silica, alumina, and other support materials

are chosen from the highest quality available and sieved to yield a

narrow particle size distribution. The supports are then further puried as necessary and dried to well-dened levels depending on the

requirements of the tube reactions.

C. Reagent Loading. Chemicals are chosen according to strict purity

standards and loaded onto the support materials. Deposition of the

chemicals onto the support follows a protocol developed specically

for each tube type. The loaded support material is then dried as needed for the reaction.

QUALITY ASSURANCE

As a result of these developments, modern tube/pump systems have stabilized into two categories: (1) low-vacuum bellows pumps with less

ow resistance in the tubes, by virtue of being wider (~7 mm o.d.) and

having larger particles, and (2) high-vacuum piston pumps with greater

resistance in the tubes by being narrower (~5 mm) and having smaller

particles. The bellows pump/tube systems tend to have faster sampling but require more pump strokes to complete a measurement, whereas the piston pump systems generally need fewer strokes but longer sampling time per stroke. RAE Systems tubes are primarily of the narrow-bore type and are designed for use with a piston sampling pump.

D. Tube Filling and Sealing. End plugs are selected of materials that

do not react with the reagent. The tubes are lled under conditions

that minimize exposure to air, water vapor, or other gases that may affect the quality of the tubes. The tubes are then packed tightly by a combination of shaking and physical compression. The ends of the

tubes are then melted closed using an automated ame sealer. Any

necessary inert atmosphere is maintained through the tube-sealing process.

E. Calibration. Each batch of tubes is calibrated independently of other

batches. A series of standard gases are purchased or prepared by a

variety of methods, including ow dilution of gas primary standards,

permeation tubes, and diffusion tubes, or static dilution from liquid or gas primary standards. Multiple tubes are used to determine each calibration position, and these are then printed onto each tube in the batch with an automated printing machine.

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F. Packaging. The tubes and their technical data sheets are packed

into labeled boxes with protective corrugated cardboard.

G. Quality Control Sampling Plan. A portion of each batch is sent to

the RAE Systems Quality Assurance Laboratory for independent QA testing. The most widely used tubes pass the accuracy criterion of

≤±15% of length of stain. A separate set of tubes is stored in the QA

laboratory and the manufacturing facility for evaluation at later dates, if necessary.

3. OPERATION OF DETECTION TUBES & PUMPS

CAUTION:

Wear safety glasses and gloves when opening

tubes or handling open tubes with sharp edges. Failure to wear protective equipment may lead to cuts and other severe injuries to eyes and hands.

H. Accuracy and Precision. The accuracy is measured by testing

at least ve tubes and calculating the average deviation from the

standard gas value. The precision is calculated as the standard

deviation from the average value of the ve measurements. All tubes

meet the accuracy and precision criteria listed in Table 2-1:

Table 2-1. RAE Systems Tube Accuracy and Precision Specications

Tube Type

CO, CO PH3, SO

CO, H SO

CO, Acetone, Benzene, MEK, Toluene, Xylene

Cl NO Butane, Diesel, Ethanol,

Formaldehyde, Gasoline,

OPER ATION

Methyl Bromide, Ozone, Phenol, Trichloroethylene, Vinyl Chloride, others

, H2O, H2S, NH3,

O , H2S, NH3, PH3,

, ClO2, HCN, HCl, HF,

x, NO

, RSH, RNH

Conc.

Range

>50 ppm 10% 10% 12%

≤50 ppm 12% 15% 20%

All 12% 15% 20%

All 20% 20% 25%

Precision

Accuracy

>20-100% Full Scale

≤20% Full

Scale

Always test the pump for leaks immediately before

using it for a series of measurements. Failure to test the pump for leakage may lead to dangerously inaccurate readings.

Avoid contact with tube contents in case of

accidental breakage. Exposure to tube contents

can result in signicant health hazards.

Dispose of spent tubes according to local

regulations. Review the reaction principle and other information listed in the Gas Detection Tube Data Sheet supplied to identify materials that may require special disposal procedures. (Data Sheets for all currently available RAE Systems tubes are included in Chapter 5.)

OPER ATION

I. Interim Storage. Only batches that pass all quality assurance

procedures are sent to interim storage, where they are maintained at 3-7°C (37 - 45°F) in darkness until shipment.

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3.1 Hand Pump Description

strokes is indicated on one side, along with the total sample volume, the unit of measure, the gas type, and the batch number.

2. Data Sheet. Each box is packaged with a Data Sheet that provides detailed information on the tube performance. Figure 3-3 is an excerpt of a typical data sheet. Complete data sheets are provided in Chapter 5 and discussed in detail in Chapters 4.2 and 4.3.

Figure 3-1. LP-1200 Hand Pump with tube inserted.

The LP-1200 is a piston-type hand pump that draws a xed volume of

gas, selectable at either 50 mL or 100 mL by rotating the handle. A tight vacuum seal is formed by a greased plunger gasket. The tapered rubber inlet accommodates a range of tube diameters for different types of tubes.

The inlet lter prevents glass pieces and dust from entering the shaft. An end-of-ow indicator in the handle turns white when the gas sampling is

complete. A pump stroke counter is rotated to keep track of the number of strokes completed.

3.2 Tube Measurements

3.2.1 Tube Description & Packaging

OPER ATION

1. Tube and Box. Figure 3-2 shows the key components of a RAE

Figure 3-2. Gas detection tube parts description.

Top: Standard single tube. Bottom: Pretreatment tube

connected to measurement tube with rubber connector.

Systems gas detection tube. The tubes are typically packaged in a box of 10 tubes. Each box has quick instructions on the back. Some tubes require preconditioning of the gas and are packaged with 5 pretreatment tubes and 5 measurement tubes for a total of 5 measurements. The concentration scale is printed on the tube and an arrow indicates the direction in which the gas must enter. The standard number of 100 mL

Gas Detection Tube Data Sheet

Hydrogen Sulde H

Extended

Range Range (ppmv) 12.5 - 125 No. of Pump Strokes Sample Volume (mL) Sample Time (min) Correction Factor (CF)

Figure 3-3. Excerpt of a Tube Data Sheet

3. Part Number. The 7-digit part number is indicated on the top right of

the data sheet. The second 3 digits indicate the tube chemical type, and the last two digits number indicate the approximate range of the

tube. The higher the number, the higher the range.

4. Sampling Volume and Time. Using the standard number of pump strokes, the concentration of the gas is read from stain length directly matched to the printed scale after the listed sampling time has elapsed. However, the range of the tube may be extended by using a smaller or larger sample volume. In such cases, the scale reading must be multiplied by a Correction Factor (CF) to adjust for the different sample

size. For example, the RAE Systems 10-103-18 hydrogen sulde tube

has a standard range of 25-250 ppm. When used with the standard one stroke, the readings will correspond directly to the printed scale on the tube. When used with half a stroke, a Ccorrection Factor (CF) of 2 is applied. An observed reading of 50 ppm then corresponds to an actual concentration of:

50 x 2 = 100 ppm

S No. 10-103-18

Standard

Range

25 - 250

2 1 0.5

200 100 50

2 x 1 1 1

0.5 1 2

Extended

Range

50 - 500

OPER ATION

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5. Cross-sensitivity. Gas detection tubes are generally quite selective,

but some compounds may interfere in the measurements. The Data Sheet lists possible interfering compounds; others may also exist. In most cases these compounds increase the stain length, but in some cases they decrease the stain length. The user must be aware of potential interferences, or incorrect readings may result.

2. In cases where a pre-tube is provided (e.g., Benzene 10-101-01 and NOx 10-109-20), connect the pre-tube to the measurement tube using the rubber connector in the direction indicated on the tube.

3.2.2 Testing Hand Pump For Leaks

Before a series of measurements, the pump used must be tested for leaks. Follow this procedure:

1. Insert an unopened tube snugly into the inlet of the aspirating pump.

2. Align the red dot on the plunger with the red dot on the pump shaft.

3. Pull the plunger one full stroke and wait 2 minutes.

4. Rotate the plunger dot away from the pump shaft alignment mark, and allow the plunger to be drawn back into the pump shaft. Keep your hand on the shaft to keep it from snapping back too suddenly.

There are no leaks if the plunger returns to within 3 mm of its original position. If a leak is detected, refer to Section 3.3 for maintenance procedures.

3.2.3 Measurement Procedure

Break both ends of a new detection tube using the tip breaker on the side of the pump. Insert the tube until it stops, and then back off about 1 mm before breaking off the tip. The latter procedure allows the tip to fall

OPER ATION

into the tip reservoir at the end of the pump shaft. The reservoir can be emptied by opening the rubber cover on the opposite side of the pump.

3. Insert the measurement tube securely into the rubber pump inlet. Point the tube arrow towards the pump (see Figs. 3-1 and 3-2).

Insert open tube with arrow pointing towards pump.

4. Select the sample volume desired and align the red dot on the plunger with the red dot on the pump shaft. Pull the handle quickly until it latches at ½ or 1 full stroke (50 or 100 mL) and wait for the sampling time indicated on the data sheet to allow the air to be drawn through

the tube. The end-of-ow indicator is dark during sampling. Flow is complete when the end-of-ow indicator returns to its white color.

Withdraw plunger sharply until it locks in place, and rotate stroke counter.

Wait for indicated sampling time when end-of-ow indicator turns white.

OPER ATION

Break tube open at both ends.

End-of-ow indicator is dark when sampling (left) and white when sampling is complete (right).

5. For additional pump strokes, rotate the handle ¼ turn clockwise or counterclockwise and push it back fully without removing the tube from

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3.2.4 Reading Tubes

1. The concentration of the compound being measured is read directly from the scale printed on the tube.

the pump. Then repeat Step 4.

If additional strokes are needed, rotate plunger 90 degrees.

Push plunger back into pump shaft without removing tube.

Withdraw plunger for second stroke and repeat strokes as necessary.

Remove and read tube; return plunger and stroke counter to original position; empty tube tip reservoir as necessary.

OPER ATION

2. The reading is taken as the furthest distance along the tube that the color change just becomes visible. If the leading edge is diagonal instead of perpendicular to the axis of the tube, use the average of the minimum and maximum values. The three tubes shown in Figure 3-4 are all read as 0.9.

Figure 3-4. Reading of various types of endpoints after sampling.

3. Read the tube immediately after gas sampling, as colors may change, fade, or disperse with time.

4. If a non-standard number of pump strokes was used for sampling, multiply the reading by the Correction Factor given on the tube Data Sheet (Chapter 5).

5. If humidity and temperature corrections are necessary as indicated on the Data Sheets, multiply the observed readings by the given Correction Factor(s) (CF) to obtain the true concentration. For more details and a theoretical discussion, see Chapter 4.3 on the effects of humidity and temperature.

OPER ATION

6. The user must be aware of potential interfering compounds in the tube measurements. Interferences can be either positive or negative.

CAUTION: Always examine the data sheet and other available information for possible interferences. Failure to consider interferences may lead to dangerously inaccurate readings.

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3.3 Maintenance of the LP-1200 Piston Hand Pump

Replace the outlet check valve gasket if there is resistance on the return stroke. Using the special tool or needle-nose pliers, unscrew the plunger tip from the plunger rod. Replace the O-ring, check valve gasket as necessary, and reassemble. Inspect the gasket ring in the

inlet end tting. If it is damaged, replace before screwing the end tting

back on.

Figure 3-5. Transparent view of LP-1200 pump

1. Tube Tip Reservoir

Remove the tube tip reservoir cover as needed to empty the broken

glass reservoir that is in the pump end tting.

2. Pump Inlet and Filter

The rubber pump inlet can become worn with use and result in leaks. Unscrew the pump inlet nut and replace the rubber inlet. If the inlet

is not replaced, inspect the inlet lter and replace or clean the lter when it becomes visibly dirty or if the end-of-ow indicator on the pump shows that the ow takes longer than recommended on the tube box.

3. Pump Mechanism

The plunger gasket may leak if it is worn or not well lubricated. To replace the gasket:

1. Unscrew the pump end tting on the handle side.

2. Pull the plunger out of the pump shaft.

3. Replace the gasket.

4. Carefully push the plunger back into the shaft. Use a ne

OPER ATION

screwdriver or tweezers to help ease the gasket into the shaft.

5. Lubricate the inside of the shaft with vacuum grease to ensure a good seal.

showing internal parts.

3.4 Selection Of Sampling Pump

RAE Systems tubes are designed for operation with a RAE Systems hand pump for drawing samples through RAE Systems tubes. Pumps from

different manufacturers may have different ow patterns or deliver different volumes, which can cause signicant errors. For example, bellows hand pumps as supplied by MSA and Draeger have substantially different ow

patterns.

Caution: Use of a sampling pump other than a RAE Systems hand pump may cause serious errors. Always test any pump for leaks before use.

3.5 Operation And Maintenance Of Remote Sampler

The Detection Tube Remote Sampler is designed for use with RAE Systems

hand pumps for gas-detection tubes and adsorption tubes. The exible

Remote Sampler allows gases to be sampled through narrow apertures, down holes, or from other areas remotely located from the sampling pump. The sampler is available in two lengths, 15 feet (4.5 meters), p/n 010-3009015, and 35 feet (11 meters), p/n 010-3009-035.

1. Installation

OPER ATION

Caution: Do not overtighten the plunger gasket. It could cause a sudden loss of vacuum.

The inlet check valve may cause leaks if worn or not lubricated.

Unscrew the end tting on the inlet side and pull out the disk-shaped

rubber-inlet check valve. Replace as necessary, adding a light coat of grease around the hole.

Refer to Figure 3.7 for installation and part descriptions. Unscrew the pump adapter nut and remove the standard rubber tube adapter from the pump. Inspect the remote sampler to ensure that the porous

metal lter is in place, and screw the pump adapter nut attached to the

sampler into the pump. Store the standard nut and rubber adapter in a safe place for later use.

2. Operation

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To ensure a good seal, insert the gas detection tube into the tube holder and twist the tube while pushing in. If the tube uses a pre-tube, insert the pre-tube into the pre-tube holder and push the pre-tube into the end of the standard tube holder. Secure the pre-tube holder using the rubber buckles. Lower the extension hose to the desired position.

Figure 3-6. Installation of the remote sampling probe into

the LP-1200 hand pump.

4. Routine Maintenance

a. Porous Metal Filter: The metal frit lter should be replaced when it

becomes visibly dirty or if the end-of-ow indicator on the pump shows that the ow takes longer than recommended on the tube box.

b. Leak Test: If a leak is discovered with either pump, rst remove the

probe and check the pump for leaks. Then examine the tubing and connections for the leak source, as follows:

i. Hand Pump: Insert a sealed tube into the tube holder tightly. Pull

3 pump strokes to expel the air from inside the tubing. Pull a fourth stroke and wait for 2 minutes. Rotate the plunger dot away from the pump shaft alignment mark, and allow for the plunger to be drawn back into the pump shaft. Keep your hand on the shaft to prevent it from springing back too suddenly. If the plunger returns to within 3 mm of its original position, there are no leaks.

3. Correction

Caution: In order to obtain accurate readings, the following corrective procedures must be employed when using the 35-foot (11-meter) remote sampler.

OPER ATION

The 35-foot (11-meter) remote sampler causes a slight delay and reduced reading because of the extra volume in the extension tubing. Increase the sample time by 30 seconds for a 2-minute

tube, 20 seconds for a 1.5-minute tube, and by 15 seconds for a 1-minute tube. Then multiply the reading by 1.08 to obtain the corrected value. Corrections for the 15-foot (4.5-meter) remote sampler are unnecessary.

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OPER ATION

4. TECHNICAL INFORMATION

4.1 Gas Detection Tube Theory Of Operation

Gas detection tubes operate on a chemical reaction between the vaporphase compound and a liquid or solid detecting reagent, which is supported on an inert matrix. The most common types of reactions are the following:

• Acid-base reactions These include reactions of acidic gases like HCl and HF with bases, and reaction of alkaline vapors such as ammonia with an acid in the tube. A dye present in the tube changes color as the pH changes on exposure to the vapors.

• Reduction-oxidation (Red-ox) reactions These generate an oxidized or reduced compound, which has a different color. The chlorine tube uses oxidative coupling of colorless o-toluidine to form an orange azodye. White di-iodine pentoxide is reduced by CO and many organic vapors to form deep brown-colored iodine. Orange chromium (VI) is reduced by many organic compounds to form brown or green-colored Cr(III) compounds.

• Ligand-exchange reactions These generate new complexes that are more colored than the starting reagents. The most notable is the

conversion of white lead acetate to brown-black lead sulde in the

detection of H the chlorine ligand of HgCl2 releases HCl, which then causes a pHdependent dye-color change.

S. In the case of phosphine, the exchange of PH3 for

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

•

Pre-layers or Pre-tubes These are used to condition the sample by controlling humidity, removing interferences, or transforming the analyte to another detectable compound. Examples include drying

OPER ATION

agents in NH3 and HCl tubes, organic removal by charcoal or oxidation in selective CO tubes, and oxidation of NO to NO2 in the nitrogen oxides tube.

All RAE Systems detection tubes are length-of-stain types. In these tubes, the reaction of the gas with the supported reagent is fast, compared to the transport of the bulk air sample through the tube. Therefore, all of the detected vapors are reacted within the tube. As a result, there is not a strong dependence of the readings on the rate at which the gas is

sampled. However, a very high ow rate can cause some smearing to a high reading. Conversely, low ow rates are less likely to affect the stain

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length, but can give low readings by concentrating the colored products in

a shorter section of the tube. In cases of ow extremes, errors outside the standard 25% accuracy can be produced.

RAE Systems tubes are calibrated using RAE Systems piston hand pumps.

The ow during a single pump stroke initially rises sharply and then decays

exponentially (see Figure 4-1). The best accuracy is therefore obtained

when the ow through the tube mimics this prole.

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

3. Precision. This value is determined by measuring a standard gas sample with at least 5 randomly chosen tubes. Precision is reported as the standard deviation from the average of the 5 measurements.

Precision is typically ≤±15%. (See Section 2 for complete table.)

4. Linearity with number of pump strokes. Multiple strokes are measured with a gas standard with concentration at the low end of the tube.

Tubes must have correlation coefcients (r2) >0.95 to be considered

linear.

Humidity. The effect on the reading as a function of humidity of the

standard gas is listed. Any required Correction Factors are tabulated.

6. Temperature. The effect of temperature is determined by equilibrating the gas sample, tube, and pump to the test temperatures, typically 0°, 10°, 25°, and 40°C (32°, 50°, 77°, and 104°F). Any required Correction Factors are tabulated. If humidity has a measurable effect on the gas readings, the temperature tests are performed at constant relative humidity (not absolute humidity). Any temperature corrections should be multiplied by any humidity corrections to obtain true readings.

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Figure 4-1. Piston pump internal pressure pattern. Data is offset

by 2 seconds.

4.2 Explanation Of Data Sheets

The Data Sheets supplied with each box of tubes give representative information applying to all batches. The Data Sheets include:

1. Standard and extended measurement ranges, pump strokes required, gas volumes required, sampling times, and the detection limit. The standard range and strokes apply to the calibration scale printed on the tubes. The range can usually be extended to higher or lower concentrations by reducing or increasing, respectively, the number of pump strokes.

2. Correction Factors (CF) for conditions of pump stroke, temperature, humidity, or gas type other than the standard conditions. The CF is multiplied by the observed reading to obtain the corrected concentration.

7. Storage Life. Samples of tubes are stored for extended periods to

evaluate their accuracy at dened time periods to determine their

storage life. The user should store tubes in darkness at 3° to 7°C (37° to 45°F) to maximize their shelf life. Freezing tubes (storage below 0°C, or 32°F) can damage some types and is not recommended.

8. Cross-Sensitivity. Tubes are challenged with a variety of possible interfering gases to quantitate their relative response. Although the tubes are highly selective, compounds that are chemically similar to a target compound sometimes show a positive interference. Others interfere with the measurement gas without showing a response on their own; for example, when acidic vapors coexist with basic vapors. Such information is listed in a separate note or column titled “Interferes in Mixtures.” The user should know as much about the sample environment as possible in order to make sound judgments regarding possible interferences; otherwise inaccurate readings may result. In some cases, a different color or pattern of the stain can clue the user to the presence of an interfering compound.

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4.3 Humidity, Temperature, Pressure, and Matrix Effects

2. Temperature

1. Humidity

Humidity has little effect on most tubes either because the reaction is insensitive to moisture or because drying agents are added to absorb the moisture in a pre-layer (see Figure 4-2). Humidity tends to have the greatest effect on compounds that are highly water-soluble, such

as acids and bases. HF (hydrouoric acid) is a notable example that

requires humidity corrections; water-adsorbing prelayers cannot be used because they tend to be reactive with HF. The humidity effect tends to be greater as the concentration range of the tube is lowered. When correcting for humidity, the CF is multiplied by the reading in addition to multiplying by any temperature correction. Any necessary

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Correction Factors are listed in the individual tube data sheets. Note

that the relative humidity at the measurement temperature denes the

correction, rather than the absolute humidity.

Temperature can affect gas tube readings in at least three ways. First, as the temperature increases, the gas density decreases, causing a tendency for the reading to decrease (see pressure effects described in the next section). Second, as the temperature increases, the reaction rate increases, causing the reading to be sharper and shorter. A third, balancing effect is that adsorption is often a prerequisite for reaction. Adsorption is weaker as temperature increases, and thus the reading can become longer. The interplay of these competing effects results in some stains that are longer with increasing temperature, and others that are shorter.

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Figure 4-2. Effect of humidity on gas detection tube readings.

Figure 4-3. Effect of temperature on gas detection tube readings.

Additional factors occur in special cases. For example, pretube or prelayer reactions are sometimes more complete at higher temperatures, causing higher readings in the measurement layer. In some cases, the color of the stain can change. In the water vapor 120-20 tube, the color stain is green at room temperature and a more purple color below room temperature.

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3. Pressure

Tubes change color in proportion to the mass of the compounds reaching the reagent (i.e, the absolute concentration). Therefore, as the pressure decreases at higher altitudes, the apparent response is reduced because there are fewer molecules per unit volume sampled. The conventional desired reading is in ppmv (parts per million by volume), which is a relative concentration, such as a mole or volume

fraction (% of molecules of compound per molecules of total gas [air]),

rather than an absolute concentration.

All RAE Systems tubes are calibrated at 1 atmosphere (760 mm Hg) pressure at sea level.

• For tubes calibrated in absolute concentrations such as lbs./MMCF or

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

mg/m3, no pressure corrections are needed.

Example Location Altitude

(km)

Altitude

(feet)

Pressure,

(mm Hg)

San Francisco, CA 0 0 760 1.00 Atlanta, GA 0.3 1000 731 1.04 Spokane, WA 0.6 2000 703 1.08 Rapid City, SD 0.9 3000 676 1.12 Salt Lake City, UT 1.2 4000 650 1.17 Denver, CO 1.5 5000 625 1.22 Colo. Spgs., CO 1.8 6000 601 1.27 Santa Fe, NM 2.1 7000 578 1.32 Alta, UT 2.4 8000 555 1.37 Winter Park, CO 2.7 9000 534 1.42 Keystone, CO 3.0 10000 514 1.48

4. Matrix Gas

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

• For tubes calibrated in relative concentrations (e.g., ppm), correct for

pressure using one of the following equations:

Corrected reading = Observed Reading x 760 mm Hg Pressure (mm Hg)

Corrected reading = Observed Reading x 101.3 kPa Pressure (kPa)

Corrected reading = Observed Reading x 14.7 psia Pressure (psia)

The pressure in mm Hg can be estimated as a function of altitude using the following equation:

P (mm Hg) = 760exp(-0.1286[alt(km)]) below 2 km

Example Correction Factors are listed in the following table as a function of altitude. Weather changes may also affect the atmospheric

pressure, but the necessary corrections are usually <10%.

The matrix gas usually has little or no effect on the tube readings as long as the gas does not chemically react with the tube reagents or measured compound. Thus, readings in air, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, or carbon dioxide give essentially the same results. However,

the viscosity of the gas has a signicant effect on the sampling time.

Thus, for example, the sampling time of the CO 10-102-18 tube is

about half as long in pure hydrogen (viscosity 9.0 μPa-s) as it is in air (viscosity 18.6 μPa-s).

Viscosity

Matrix Gas

Air 18.6 1.00 90 n-Butane 7.5 0.40 36 Propane 8.3 0.45 40 Hydrogen 9.0 0.48 44 Ethane 9.5 0.51 46 Acetylene 10.4 0.56 50 Methane 11.2 0.60 54 Carbon Dioxide 15.0 0.81 73 Nitrogen 17.9 0.96 87 Helium 20.0 1.08 97 Oxygen 20.8 1.12 101 Argon 22.9 1.23 111 Neon 32.1 1.73 155

@ 27°C (μPa-s)

Sampling Time

Relative to Air

Sampling Time for a 90 second Tube (seconds)

At a given viscosity, higher ow rates tend to give longer stains. However,

this is often compensated by higher diffusion rates to the reactive surface

in the less viscous gases, resulting in no signicant effect on the readings.

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5. DATA SHEETS FOR GAS DETECTION TUBES

Acetone C3H6O No. 10-111-40

Amines RNH2 (CH3NH2) No. 10-132-10

Extended

Range Range (ppmv) No. of Pump Strokes Sample Volume (mL) Sample Time (min)

0.05 - 1% 0.1 - 2% 0.2 - 4%

2 1 0.5

200 100 50

2 x 2 2 1.5

Correction Factor 0.5

Standard

Range

Extended

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ±12%

Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r

= 0.992

Humidity: No effect 5 - 85% RH

Temperature Range: 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F)

Temp (°C/°F) 0/32 10/50 25/77 40/104 Corr. Factor 1.25 1.15 1.0 0.95

Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.

Color Change: Orange → Black

Reaction Principle: CH

Cross-sensitivity:

Data SheetS

Substance Methyl ethyl ketone 0.6% 0.55% 1.1

Methyl propyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone CO CO

Ethyl Acetate Hexane Isobutylene Toluene

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

Faint black color over entire stain length. Ketones can be distinguished by their

darker stains and sharp endpoints.

COCH3 + Cr(VI) + H2SO4 → Cr(III) + Oxidation Prods.

Concentration

(ppmv)

1.0% 0.65% 1.5

1.0% 0.40% 2.5

1.5% 0 -

2.5% 0 -

5.0% 1.4% brown 3.6 300 0.5% diffuse

1.0% 0.85% diffuse

0.24% entire tube

0.20% entire tube

400 0.3% diffuse

Apparent Reading*

Factor

Other Possible Interferences: Other hydrocarbons.

Range

Corr.

Extended

Range

Range (ppmv) 0.25 - 5 0.5 - 10 1.0 - 20 No. of Pump Strokes 2 1 0.5 Sample Volume (mL) 200 100 50 Sample Time (min) 2 x 1 1 1 Correction Factor 0.5 1.0 2.0

Standard

Range

Extended

Range

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ±20% Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r

= 0.997

Humidity: No effect 0 - 90% RH

Temperature Range: 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F) @ constant 50%RH.

Temp (°C/°F) 0/32 10/50 20/68 30/86 40/104 Corr. Factor 1.16 1.10 1.0 0.96 0.96

Storage Life: 1 year in darkness at 5-25°C (40-77°F). Refrigeration preferred. Color Change: Pink → Yellow Reaction Principle: 2RNH

Cross-sensitivity: Substance

Ammonia 5 6.0 0.8 Methylamine 10 10* 1.0 Ethylamine 8 7.0 1.1 Allyamine 7.4 8.0 0.93 Diethylamine 5 6.3 0.79 Trimethylamine 4.5 9.8 0.46 Triethylamine 6 9.5 0.63 Methylaziridine (Propylene imine) 5 6.5 0.77 Ethylenediamine 7 2.0 Ethanolamine 36 4.1 Pyridine 10 Over range H2S 100 0 CO 500 0 Isobutylene 100 0 HCl 1000 0

* Data based on RAE Systems pump and tubes used in standard range. This tube is calibrated using methylamine.

Deep purple with yellow stain at endpoint.

†

Slight color change to light pink.

£ Interferes in mixtures.

+ H2SO4 → (RNH3)2SO4

Concentration

(ppmv)

Apparent Reading*

†

Correction

Factor

3.5

8.8

Other Possible Interferences: Other bases.

Data SheetS

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Ammonia NH3 No. 10-100-05

Extended

Range

Range (ppmv) 0.5 - 15 No. of Pump Strokes Sample Volume (mL) Sample Time (min) Correction Factor

2 1 0.5

200 100 50

2 x 1.5 1.5 1

0.55 1 2.4

Standard

Range

1 - 30

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 12%

Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r

= 0.999

Humidity: The tubes are calibrated at 50% RH @ 24 °C (75 °F)

% RH < 5% 10% 50% 80% 95%

Corr. Factor 0.8 0.85 1.0 1.0 1.0

Temperature Range: 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F) @ constant 50%RH

Temp (°C/°F) 0/32 10/50 25/77 35/95 Corr. Factor 0.9 0.95 1.0 1.1

Extended

Range

2 – 60

Ammonia NH3 No. 10-100-10

Extended

Range

Range (ppmv) 2.5 - 50 No. of Pump Strokes Sample Volume (mL) Sample Time (min) Correction Factor

2 1 0.5

200 100 50

2 x 1 1 1

0.5 1 2

Standard

Range

5 - 100

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 12%

Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r

= 1.000

Humidity: @ 24 °C (75 °F) The tubes are calibrated at 50% RH.

% RH < 5% 20% 50% 70% 90%

Corr. Factor 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.3

Temperature Range: 0 - 35°C (32 - 95°F) @ constant 50% RH

Temp (°C/°F) 0/32 10/50 24/75 34/93 Corr. Factor 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0

Extended

Range

10 – 200

Data SheetS

Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40-77°F). Refrigeration preferred. Color Change: Purple → Beige Reaction Principle: Prelayer reduces humidity effects

3NH

+ H3PO4 → (NH4)3PO4

Data SheetS

Cross-sensitivity: Substance

Concentration

(ppmv)

Apparent Reading*

Pyridine 10 15 Diethylamine Hydrazine Methylhydrazine CO CO

H2S Hexane Isobutylene Toluene

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range. ** These hydrazines can be measured using 2 strokes with a CF of 5.

16000 ppm CO2 reduces the NH3 response by 30% in mixtures, 5000 ppm CO2 reduces

response by 10% in mixtures, and 1000 ppm CO2 has no effect.

20 18 20 2** 20 2.3**

100 0

20000 0#

200 0 100 0 100 0 100 0

Other Possible Interferences: Amines and other bases.

Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 3 - 10°C (37 - 50°F). Refrigeration required.

Color Change: Purple → Beige

Reaction Principle: Prelayer reduces humidity effects

+ H3PO4 → (NH4)3PO4

3NH

Cross-sensitivity

Substance

Butylamine 100 Diethylamine CO

Hexane Isobutylene Toluene

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in

Concentration

(ppmv)

250 0

100

100 50000 0 50000 0

200 0 100 0 100 0 100 0

Apparent Reading*

45 60

0 0

standard range. # At 50% RH.

Other Possible Interferences: Amines and other bases.

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Ammonia NH3 No. 10-100-12

Ammonia NH3 No. 10-100-15

Extended

Range

Range (ppmv) 5 - 130 No. of Pump Strokes Sample Volume (mL) Sample Time (min) Correction Factor

2 1 0.5

200 100 50

2 x 1.5 1.5 1

0.5 1 2

Standard

Range 10-260

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 12%

Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r

= 1.000

Humidity: @ 22 °C (72 °F) The tubes are calibrated at 50% RH.

% RH < 5% 10% 50% 70% 90%

Corr. Factor 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0

Temperature Range: 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F) @ constant 50%RH

Temp (°C/°F) 0/32 10/50 22/72 40/104 Corr. Factor 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0

Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 3 - 10°C (37 - 50°F). Refrigeration required.

Color Change: Purple → Beige

Reaction Principle: Prelayer reduces humidity effects

Data SheetS

+ H3PO4 → (NH4)3PO4

3NH

Cross-sensitivity:

Substance

Butylamine 200 Diethylamine CO H

Hexane Isobutylene Toluene

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in

# At 50% RH.

Concentration

(ppmv)

200

250 0

100

100 50000 0 50000 0

200 0 100 0

100 0 100 0

Apparent Reading*

200 260

0 0

standard range.

Other Possible Interferences: Amines and other bases.

Extended

Range

20 - 520

Extended

Range

Standard

Range

Extended

Range

Range (ppmv) 12 - 250 25 - 500 50 - 1000 No. of Pump Strokes 2 1 0.5 Sample Volume (mL) 200 100 50 Sample Time (min) 2 x 1 1 1 Correction Factor 0.56 1 2

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 12%

Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r

= 0.998

Humidity: No effect at 10 - 90% RH. At <5% RH multiply the reading by 0.8.

Temperature Range: 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F) @ constant 50%RH.

Temp (°C/°F) 0/32 10/50 24/75 40/104

Corr. Factor 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.2

Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 3 - 10°C (37 - 50°F). Refrigeration required.

Color Change: Purple → Beige

Reaction Principle: Prelayer reduces humidity effects

3NH3 + H3PO4 → (NH4)3PO

Cross-sensitivity: Substance

Butylamine 300 Diethylamine CO CO

NO2 CH

Hexane Toluene Isobutylene

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

At 50% RH. ‡Reduces reading in mixtures

Concentration

(ppmv)

100

250 0

50000 0

250 0

500

200 0

25000 0

1500 0

200 0

5000 0

Apparent Reading*

200

‡

Other Possible Interferences: Amines and other bases.

Data SheetS

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Ammonia NH3 No. 10-100-40

Benzene Specic C

No. 10-101-01

6H6

Extended

Range

Range (ppmv) 0.5 - 7.5% No. of Pump Strokes Sample Volume (mL) Sample Time (min) Correction Factor

2 1 0.5

200 100 50

2 x 2 2 1.5

0.5 1 2

Standard

Range

1 - 15%

Extended

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 10%

Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r

= 0.999

Humidity: 85% RH reduces the reading by about 25% compared to dry air

Temperature Range: No effect 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F)

Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.

Color Change: Orange → Deep Purple

Reaction Principle: 3NH

Cross-sensitivity: Substance

CO 3000 0

Data SheetS

NO Hexane Isobutylene CH

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

+ H3PO4 → (NH4)3PO

Concentration

(ppmv)

100000 0

200 0

100 0

1000 0

25000 0

Apparent Reading*

Other Possible Interferences: Amines and other bases

Range

2 - 30%

Extended

Range

Range (ppmv) 0.25 - 5 No. of Pump Strokes Sample Volume (mL) Sample Time (min) Correction Factor

6 3 1

600 300 100

6 x 3 3 x 3 3

0.27 1 4

Standard

Range

0.5-10

Extended

Range

1.5 - 30

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤±12%

Humidity: No effect 0 - 95% RH

Temperature Range: 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F)

Temp (°C/°F) 0/32 10/50 25/77 40/104 Corr. Factor 2.7 1.6 1.0 0.6

Storage Life: 1 year in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.

Color Change: White → Brown

Reaction Principle: Pretube removes interferences

+ CH2O → diphenylmethane + H2O

6H6

→ p-quinoid products

2S2O7

Apparent Reading*

Cross-sensitivity: Substance

diphenylmethane + H

Concentration

(ppmv)

Isobutylene 100 0 n-Hexane 500

0 n-Heptane 100 0 Toluene 100 0

m-Xylene 50 0 m-Xylene 100 5

25000 0 CO 10 0 H2S 25 0

Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

Hexane above 100 ppm will reduce the benzene response.

Data SheetS

Other Possible Interferences: Hydrocarbons and similar reducing gases.

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Benzene Specic C

No. 10-101-10

6H6

1,3-Butadiene CH2=CHCH=CH2 No. 10 -13 5 - 04

Extended

Range

Range (ppmv) 2.5 - 20 No. of Pump Strokes Sample Volume (mL) Sample Time (min) Correction Factor

10 5 1

1000 500 100

10 x 3 5 x 3 3

0.5 1 5

Standard

Range

5 - 40

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 12%

Humidity: No effect 5 - 100% RH

Temperature Range: No effect 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F)

Storage Life: 1 year in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.

Color Change: White → Light Brown

Reaction Principle: Pretube removes interferences

+ I2O5 + H2S2O7 → I2 + oxidation products

Data SheetS

Cross-sensitivity: Substance

6H6

Concentration

(ppmv)

Apparent Reading*

Isobutylene 100 ~2 (faint) n-Hexane n-Octane Toluene m-Xylene

β-Pinene

CO H2S

Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard Range.

#With 10 strokes, toluene and xylene at 50 ppm read 2 ppm and 100 ppm

octane reads ≤2 ppm.

10 0

100 0

35 0 50 0

50 ~2 (very faint) 10 7 25 0

Other Data: Without the pretube the readings are 30% higher.

Extended

Range

25 - 200

Extended

Range Range (ppmv) 0.25-2.5 No. of Pump Strokes Sample Volume (mL) Sample Time (min) Correction Factor

4 2 1

400 200 100

4 x 2 2 x 2 2

0.43 1 2.4

Standard

Range

0.5-5

Extended

Range

1-10

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 15% Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r2 >0.998 Humidity Range: no effect 0 - 90% RH. Temperature Range: 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F)

Temp (°C/°F) 0/32 10/50 20/68 30/86 40/104

Corr. Factor 1.5 1.15 1.0 0.85 0.8

Storage Life: 2 years in darkness below 10°C (50°F). Refrigeration required.

Color Change: Pink → White

Reaction Principle: CH

Cross-sensitivity: Substance

Isobutylene 5 4.4 Ethylene 10 0** Hexane 100 0 Toluene 100 0 CH

CO 400 0

S 30 0

NO 8 1.9 NO

HCN 10 0

*Data based on RAE pumps and tubes used in standard range. ** The entire tube changes to very light pink, no boundary.

=CHCH=CH2 + KMnO2 → Oxidation products

Concentration

(ppmv)

75000 0

4000 0

5 0.5

10 0.5 50 0

Apparent Reading*

Caution: Dispose of spent or expired tubes according to local regulations. Possibly hazardous materials are given under the section Reaction Principle.

Data SheetS

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Benzene C

No. 10-101-20

6H6

n-Butane n-C4H10 No. 10-137-30

Extended

Range Range (ppmv) 2.5 - 50 No. of Pump Strokes Sample Volume (mL) Sample Time (min) Correction Factor

2 1 0.5

200 100 50

2 x 2 2 1.5

0.5 1 2

Standard

Range

5 - 100

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 12%

Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r

= 0.992

Humidity: No effect 5 - 95% RH

Temperature Range: 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F)

Temp (°C/°F) 0/32 10/50 21/70 40/104 Corr. Factor 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.

Color Change: White → Light Brown

Reaction Principle: C

Cross-sensitivity:

Data SheetS

Substance

+ I2O5 + H2S2O7 → I2 + oxidation products

6H6

Concentration

(ppmv)

Apparent

Reading* CO 50 40 CO

NO NH

Hexane Isobutylene Toluene o-Xylene

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

50000 0

50 20 100 40 100 0

25000 0

10 0

50 >100 100 10 100 20

50 3

Extended

Range

10 - 200

Extended

Range

Standard

Range

Extended

Range

Range (ppmv) 12.5– 700 25 - 1400 50 - 2800 No. of Pump Strokes 2 1 0.5 Sample Volume (mL) 200 100 50 Sample Time (min) 2 x 2.5 2.5 2 Correction Factor 0.5 1 2

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 20%

Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r

>0.999

Humidity: No effect 5 - 100% RH.

Temperature Range: No effect 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F).

Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.

Color Change: Yellow-Orange → Brown (greenish)

Reaction Principle: C

+ K2Cr2O

4H10

Cross-sensitivity: Substance CH

Propane 500 Isobutane 100 Isobutylene 1500 n-Pentane 200 n-Hexane 1500 CO 500 H

S 500

Ethanol 1000 Acetone 1000 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 1000

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range. #

Propane gives light brown reading with very indistinct endpoint, butane gives moderately

sharp endpoint, and pentane and hexane give sharp endpoints.

+ H2SO4 → Cr(III) + Oxidation Products

Concentration

(ppmv)

Apparent Reading*

25000 0 -

~650

(l.brown)

20 ~5

~15 ~100

80 (green)

530 (green)

0 -

90 5.6

~3 >300 ~9 >100 ~8 >100

Correction

Factor

~0.8

2.5

2.8

Data SheetS

Other Possible Interferences: Hydrocarbons and similar reducing gases.

Other Possible Interferences: Other hydrocarbons

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Carbon Dioxide CO2 No. 10-104-30

Carbon Dioxide CO2 No. 10-104-40

Extended

Range

Standard

Range Range 150 - 2500 300 - 5000 600 - 10000 No. of Pump Strokes 2 1 0.5 Sample Volume (mL) 200 100 50 Sample Time (min) 2 x 2 2 1.5 Correction Factor 0.5 1 2.3

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 10%

Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r

= 0.993

Humidity: No effect 5 - 85% RH

Temperature Range: 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F)

Temp (°C/°F) 0/32 10/50 21/70 40/104 Corr. Factor 0.90 0.95 1.0 0.95

Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.

Color Change: White → Purple

Reaction Principle: CO

Data SheetS

Cross-sensitivity: Substance

+ H2NNH2 → H2NNHCO2H (pH indicator change)

Concentration

(ppmv)

Apparent Reading*

CO 3000 0 SO

NO NH

Hexane Isobutylene Toluene

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

2050 500

200 ~50 100 0

50,000 0

2000 0 1500 0

100 0 400 0

Other Possible Interferences: Acid gases. Ammonia interferes in mixtures.

Extended

Range

Extended

Range

Range 0.025 - 0.5% No. of Pump Strokes 2 Sample Volume (mL) 200 Sample Time (min) 2 x 2 Correction Factor 0.5

Standard

Range

Extended

Range

0.05 - 1% 0.1 - 2%

1 0.5

100 50

2 1.5 1 2.3

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 10%

Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r

= 0.994

Humidity: No effect 5 - 85% RH

Temperature Range: 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F)

Temp (°C/°F) 0/32 10/50 21/70 40/104 Corr. Factor 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.75

Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.

Color Change: White → Purple

Reaction Principle: CO

Cross-sensitivity: Substance

+ H2NNH2 → H2NNHCO2H (pH indicator change)

Concentration

(ppmv)

Apparent Reading*

CO 250 0 SO

10 0.1% NO 100 0 NH CH

10% 0

2.5% 0

H2S 0.5% 0.1% Hexane 1200 0 Isobutylene 100 0 Benzene 100 0 Toluene 400 0

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

Data SheetS

Other Possible Interferences: Acid gases. Ammonia interferes in mixtures.

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