Emerson FloBoss 103, FloBoss 104 Instruction Manual
Remote Automation Solutions
Part Number D301153X012
August 2017
FloBoss
™
103 and 104 Flow Manager
Instruction Manual
FloBoss 103
FloBoss 104
FloBoss 103/104 Instruction Manual
ii Revised August-2017
Revision Tracking Sheet
August 2017
This manual may be revised periodically to incorporate new or updated information. The revision date
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to any page also changes the date of the manual that appears on the front cover. Listed below is the
revision date of each page (if applicable):
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All pages
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August-2004
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April-2004
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December-2003
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October-2002
Initial issue
April-2002
FloBoss 103/104 Instruction Manual
Revised August-2017 iii
Contents
Chapter 1 – General Information 1-1
1.1 Scope of Manual ............................................................................................................................ 1-1
1.2 Product Overview ........................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.2.1 Components and Features................................................................................................. 1-3
1.2.2 Hardware ............................................................................................................................ 1-5
1.2.3 Firmware ............................................................................................................................ 1-8
1.2.4 Options and Accessories ................................................................................................... 1-9
1.2.5 FCC Information ............................................................................................................... 1-10
1.3 Product Functions ........................................................................................................................ 1-10
1.3.1 Flow Measurement ........................................................................................................... 1-11
1.3.2 History Points ................................................................................................................... 1-12
1.3.3 Security ............................................................................................................................ 1-15
1.3.4 Function Sequence Tables (FST) .................................................................................... 1-15
1.3.5 PID Control ....................................................................................................................... 1-15
1.3.6 Spontaneous-Report-By-Exception (SRBX) Alarming ..................................................... 1-15
1.3.7 Pass Through Communications ....................................................................................... 1-16
1.3.8 Protocol Automatic Switching........................................................................................... 1-16
1.3.9 User C Capability ............................................................................................................. 1-16
1.4 Product Electronics ...................................................................................................................... 1-16
1.4.1 Termination Board Overview............................................................................................ 1-16
1.4.2 Processor and Memory .................................................................................................... 1-17
1.4.3 Liquid Crystal Display ....................................................................................................... 1-17
1.4.4 Communications Ports ..................................................................................................... 1-17
1.4.5 RTD Input ......................................................................................................................... 1-19
1.4.6 Real-Time Clock ............................................................................................................... 1-19
1.4.7 Diagnostic Monitoring ....................................................................................................... 1-19
1.4.8 Automatic Self Tests ........................................................................................................ 1-19
1.4.9 Low Power Mode ............................................................................................................. 1-20
1.5 Additional Technical Information .................................................................................................. 1-21
Chapter 2 – Installation and Use 2-1
2.1 Installation Overview ...................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Installation Requirements ............................................................................................................... 2-2
2.2.1 Environmental Requirements ............................................................................................. 2-2
2.2.2 Site Requirements .............................................................................................................. 2-3
2.2.3 Compliance with Hazardous Area Standards .................................................................... 2-3
2.3 Mounting ......................................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.3.1 General Guidelines ............................................................................................................ 2-4
2.3.2 Pipe Stand Mounting (FloBoss 103/FloBoss 104) ............................................................. 2-7
2.3.3 Orifice Plate Mounting (FloBoss 103) ................................................................................ 2-7
2.3.4 Meter Mounting (FloBoss 104) ........................................................................................... 2-8
2.4 Startup and Operation .................................................................................................................. 2-11
2.4.1 Starting the FB100 ........................................................................................................... 2-11
2.4.2 Operation.......................................................................................................................... 2-12
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2.5 Configuration .................................................................................................................................2-13
Chapter 3 – Power Connections 3-1
3.1 Power Installation Requirements .................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 Grounding Installation Requirements .............................................................................................. 3-2
3.2.1 Grounding Guidelines ......................................................................................................... 3-2
3.2.2 Installing Grounding for the FB100 ..................................................................................... 3-3
3.3 Determining Power Requirements .................................................................................................. 3-4
3.4 Solar Powered Installations............................................................................................................. 3-4
3.4.1 Sizing the Solar Panel ......................................................................................................... 3-5
3.5 Batteries .......................................................................................................................................... 3-6
3.5.1 Overcharging Potential ....................................................................................................... 3-6
3.5.2 Determining Battery Requirements ..................................................................................... 3-7
3.5.3 Replacing the Batteries ....................................................................................................... 3-7
3.6 Wiring Connections ......................................................................................................................... 3-8
3.6.1 Wiring Connections ............................................................................................................. 3-8
3.6.2 Connecting Enclosure Ground Wiring ................................................................................. 3-8
3.6.3 Connecting Main Power Wiring ........................................................................................... 3-9
3.7 Backing Up Configuration and Log Data .......................................................................................3-10
Chapter 4 – Input/Output 4-1
4.1 I/O Description ................................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.1.1 Selecting the Type of I/O .................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2 I/O Wiring Requirements ................................................................................................................. 4-3
4.3 Analog Input .................................................................................................................................... 4-3
4.3.1 Wiring the Analog Input ....................................................................................................... 4-3
4.4 Analog Output ................................................................................................................................. 4-4
4.4.1 Wiring the Analog Output (6-point I/O Board) ..................................................................... 4-4
4.4.2 Wiring the Analog Output (4-point I/O Board) ..................................................................... 4-5
4.5 Discrete Input .................................................................................................................................. 4-5
4.5.1 Wiring the Discrete Input ..................................................................................................... 4-6
4.6 Discrete Output ............................................................................................................................... 4-6
4.6.1 Wiring the Discrete Output .................................................................................................. 4-7
4.7 Pulse Input ...................................................................................................................................... 4-7
4.7.1 Wiring the Pulse Input ......................................................................................................... 4-7
4.8 RTD Input ........................................................................................................................................ 4-8
4.8.1 Wiring the RTD Input........................................................................................................... 4-8
Chapter 5 – Communications 5-1
5.1 Communications Overview ............................................................................................................. 5-1
5.2 EIA-485 (RS-485) Communications Wiring .................................................................................... 5-2
5.3 Local Operator Interface Port Wiring .............................................................................................. 5-2
5.4 Serial Communications Card .......................................................................................................... 5-3
5.5 Dial-up Modem Communications Card ........................................................................................... 5-4
Chapter 6 – Dual-Variable Sensor (DVS) 6-1
6.1 Dual-Variable Sensor ...................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1.1 Making Process Connections ............................................................................................. 6-2
6.1.2 Configuring the DVS ........................................................................................................... 6-2
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Revised August-2017 v
Chapter 7 – Pulse Interface Module 7-1
7.1 Pulse Interface Module .................................................................................................................. 7-1
7.1.1 Making Process Connections............................................................................................. 7-3
7.1.2 Configuring the Pulse Interface Module ............................................................................. 7-3
Chapter 8 – Calibration 8-1
8.1 Calibration (AI, RTD & Meter) ........................................................................................................ 8-1
8.2 Performing a Calibration ................................................................................................................ 8-1
8.3 Adjusting for Zero Shift ................................................................................................................... 8-7
8.4 Verifying a Calibration .................................................................................................................... 8-8
Chapter 9 – Troubleshooting 9-1
9.1 Troubleshooting Guidelines ........................................................................................................... 9-1
9.2 Troubleshooting Checklists ............................................................................................................ 9-2
9.2.1 Dial-up Modem ................................................................................................................... 9-2
9.2.2 Serial Communications ...................................................................................................... 9-2
9.2.3 Optional I/O ........................................................................................................................ 9-2
9.2.4 Software Issues .................................................................................................................. 9-3
9.2.5 Power Issues ...................................................................................................................... 9-3
9.2.6 Dual-Variable Sensor (FB103) ........................................................................................... 9-3
9.2.7 Pulse Interface Module (FB104) ........................................................................................ 9-4
9.2.8 Resistance Temperature Detector ..................................................................................... 9-4
9.3 Procedures ..................................................................................................................................... 9-5
9.3.1 Preserving Configuration and Log Data ............................................................................. 9-5
9.3.2 Resetting the FB100 .......................................................................................................... 9-5
9.3.3 Restarting and Reconfiguring ............................................................................................ 9-6
9.3.4 Connecting the Termination Board to the Backplane ........................................................ 9-7
Appendix A – Glossary A-1
Index I-1
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FloBoss 103/104 Instruction Manual
Revised August-2017 General Information 1-1
Chapter 1 – General Information
In This Chapter
1.1 Scope of Manual .............................................................................. 1-1
1.2 Product Overview ............................................................................ 1-2
1.2.1 Components and Features ................................................... 1-3
1.2.2 Hardware .............................................................................. 1-5
1.2.3 Firmware ............................................................................... 1-8
1.2.4 Options and Accessories ...................................................... 1-9
1.2.5 FCC Information ................................................................. 1-10
1.3 Product Functions .......................................................................... 1-10
1.3.1 Flow Measurement ............................................................. 1-11
1.3.2 History Points ..................................................................... 1-12
1.3.3 Security ............................................................................... 1-15
1.3.4 Function Sequence Tables (FST) ...................................... 1-15
1.3.5 PID Control ......................................................................... 1-15
1.3.6 Spontaneous-Report-By-Exception (SRBX) Alarming ....... 1-15
1.3.7 Pass Through Communications ......................................... 1-16
1.3.8 Protocol Automatic Switching ............................................. 1-16
1.3.9 User C Capability ............................................................... 1-16
1.4 Product Electronics ........................................................................ 1-16
1.4.1 Termination Board Overview .............................................. 1-16
1.4.2 Processor and Memory ...................................................... 1-17
1.4.3 Liquid Crystal Display ......................................................... 1-17
1.4.4 Communications Ports ....................................................... 1-17
1.4.5 RTD Input ........................................................................... 1-19
1.4.6 Real-Time Clock ................................................................. 1-19
1.4.7 Diagnostic Monitoring ......................................................... 1-19
1.4.8 Automatic Self Tests .......................................................... 1-19
1.4.9 Low Power Mode ................................................................ 1-20
1.5 Additional Technical Information.................................................... 1-21
This manual focuses on the hardware aspects of the FloBoss™ 103 and
FloBoss 104 Flow Managers, referred to generically within this manual
as “the FB100-Series” or “the FB100”. For information about the
software used to configure these devices, refer to the ROCLINK™ 800
Configuration Software User Manual (Part D301159X012).
This chapter details the structure of this manual and provides an
overview of the FB100-Series and its components.
1.1 Scope of Manual
This manual contains the following chapters:
Chapter 1
General Information
Provides an overview of the hardware and
specifications for the FB100.
Chapter 2
Installation and Use
Provides information on installation, tools, wiring,
and mounting the FB100.
Chapter 3
Power Connections
Provides information on connecting the FB100 to a
DC or solar panel power source.
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1-2 General Information Revised August-2017
Chapter 4
Input/Output
Provides information on the various I/O capabilities
of the FB100.
Chapter 5
Communications
Provides information on the communications
capabilities of the FB100.
Chapter 6
Dual-Variable Sensor
Provides information on the dual-variable sensor that
provides static and differential pressure inputs.
Chapter 7
Pulse Interface Module
Provides information on the pulse interface module
that provides pressure and pulse inputs.
Chapter 8
Calibration
Provides instructions on calibrating AI, RTD, and
DVS inputs.
Chapter 9
Troubleshooting
Provides information on diagnosing and correcting
problems for the FB100.
Glossary
Provides a general listing of acronyms and terms.
Index
Provides an alphabetic listing of items and topics
contained in this manual.
1.2 Product Overview
The FB100-Series—whether the FB103 or FB104—is a 32-bit
microprocessor-based electronic flow computer. The FB100
electronically measures, monitors, and manages gas flow for a single
meter run using orifice plate, rotary meter, or turbine meter techniques.
This economical flow computer reliably and accurately performs gas
flow calculations, temperature measurements, data archival, and remote
communications with an optional communications card installed.
Note: Any functional differences between the FB103 and FB104 are
noted in the text.
The FB100 performs minute, hourly (periodic), daily, and minimum /
maximum historical data archivals for standard history and a
configurable time interval archival for extended history. The FloBoss
103 is the perfect solution to electronically replace traditional paper
charting. The FB100 records the corrected gas flow across an orifice
plate or meter, stores the data, and has the ability to send the data to a
remote host.
The FB100 computes gas flow for both volume and energy. It provides
on-site functionality and supports remote monitoring, measurement,
data archival, communications, and control. The design of the FB100
allows you to configure specific applications, including those requiring
logic and sequencing control using a Function Sequence Table (FST).
Note: For further information on FSTs, refer to the Function Sequence
Table (FST) User Manual (part D301058X012).
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1.2.1 Components and Features
The FB100 provides the following components and features:
▪ Weather-tight enclosure
▪ Termination printed circuit board (“Termination module”)
▪ 32-bit processor print circuit board (“Processor module”)
▪ Battery charger printed circuit board. (“Battery Charger module”)
▪ Backplane printed circuit board
▪ 2 MB of field-upgradeable flash ROM (Random Access Memory)
▪ 512 KB of battery backed-up RAM (Random Access Memory)
storage
▪ Integral Dual-Variable Sensor (DVS, available on the FB103) for
static pressure and differential pressure measurement using orifice
metering
▪ Pulse Interface module (available on the FloBoss 104) for line
pressure and pulse counts using turbine or rotary metering
▪ Support for a three-wire 100-ohm Resistance Thermal Detector
(RTD) input
▪ Internal lead-acid batteries (optional)
▪ Solar panel mast assembly
▪ Local Operator Interface (LOI) port – EIA-232 (RS-232)
▪ EIA-485 (RS-485) on Comm 1 port
▪ Communications module using EIA-232 (RS-232), EIA-485 (RS-
485), or dial-up modem
▪ Extensive applications firmware
Refer to each component’s Product Data Sheets for the approvals
options for hazardous locations.
Physical
Configuration
Physically, the FB100 consists of a termination module with optional
I/O points, RAM battery backup board, optional Comm 2
communications module, processor module, battery charger module,
backplane, and optional display housed in a compact, weather-tight
case. The FB100 is packaged in a NEMA 4 windowed enclosure that
mounts on a pipestand, to an orifice plate via a 3- or 5-valve manifold,
to a turbine meter, or to a rotary meter. The aluminum alloy enclosure
protects the electronics from physical damage and harsh environments.
Refer to Figures 1-1 and 1-2.
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1-4 General Information Revised August-2017
A
Field conduit entry
B
Optional solar panel mounts here
C
Liquid crystal display (LCD)
D
Dual variable sensor (DVS)
Figure 1-1. FloBoss 103 Flow Manager with LCD
A
Liquid crystal display (LCD)
B
Pulse interface module
C
Optional solar panel
D
Pressure transducer
Figure 1-2. FloBoss 104 Flow Manager with Solar Panel
D
B C A
A
A
B
D
C
FloBoss 103/104 Instruction Manual
Revised August-2017 General Information 1-5
The enclosure is fabricated from die-cast aluminum alloy with iridite
plating and paint. The NEMA 4 enclosure protects the electronics from
physical damage and harsh environments. The caps at either end of the
enclosure unscrew to allow field maintenance. Two ¾-14 pipe-threaded
holes permit field conduit wiring and communications.
The DVS flange (available on the FB103) has bracket holes that allow
the enclosure and DVS to be mounted on a pipestand or mounting
bracket. The Pulse Interface module (available on the FloBoss 104) has
a universal mounting plate that also has bracket holes that allow you to
mount the enclosure and Interface on a meter.
1.2.2 Hardware
This section discusses the hardware components of the FB100.
Backplane
The backplane printed circuit board regulates power and routes signals
to the termination module, the processor module, the backup battery
board, the optional communications module, the Dual-Variable Sensor
(DVS, available on the FB103), the Pulse Interface module (available
on the FB104), and the battery charger module. Refer to Figure 1-3.
A
Battery pack (if ordered)
B
Battery Charger module
C
Optional liquid crystal display (LCD)
D
Termination board connectors
E
Processor module
F
Backplane
G
Optional communications module
H
RAM backup
Figure 1-3. Inside the FB100-Series Enclosure
H
D
C
B
A
G
E
F
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Termination
Module
Located in the terminal side of the explosion-proof housing, the
termination module provides connections to the field wiring. Refer to
Figure 1-4.
A
Local operator interface (LOI)
B
COM2
C
Power supply
D
I/O field wiring
E
LOI (COM1)
F
RTD
Figure 1-4. Wiring Terminals
Connections include the power supply, Local Operator Interface (LOI)
communications, Comm 1 (for EIA-485 [RS-485] communications),
optional Comm 2 (for EIA-232 [RS-232], wireless spread-spectrum
radio, or dial-up modem communications), RTD wiring, and the I/O
field wiring.
The termination board provides surge and static discharge protection for
the field wiring. Electronics include the RTD circuits and the final I/O
drivers/receivers. The termination board also serves as an interface to
the backplane board in the electronics portion of the enclosure.
Processor Module
The 32-bit processor module (see Figure 1-3) contains the processor,
memory (static RAM, Flash EEPROM, and boot ROM), Local Operator
Interface (LOI) EIA-232 (RS-232) communications driver, Comm 1
EIA-485 (RS-485) communications driver, the reset controller, and the
real-time clock.
The processor module (also called the central processor unit or CPU)
provides the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus; the Liquid Crystal
C
A
E B F
D
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Display (LCD) drivers; and controls for the Dual-Variable Sensor
(DVS), the Pulse Interface module, and the optional I/O termination
points.
The microprocessor has low-power operating modes, including
inactivity and low battery condition. The FB100 comes standard with
512 KB of built-in, static random access memory (SRAM) for storing
data and history. The FB100 also has 2 MB of programmable read-only
memory (flash ROM) for storing operating system firmware,
applications firmware, and configuration parameters.
Battery Charger
Module
The battery charger module controls charging of the internal batteries, if
installed. The batteries are three D-size lead-acid batteries providing 2.5
Amp-hours of current at 6.2 volts nominal. The battery charger board
also serves as the interface to the optional LCD assembly, as well as
supporting the On/Off and Norm/Reset jumpers.
A backup battery provides backup power for the static RAM and the
real-time clock. This battery is field replaceable and under normal
conditions has a functional life in excess of five years.
Dual-Variable
Sensor (DVS)
The Dual-Variable Sensor (DVS, available on the FB103) measures
static pressure and differential pressure for orifice flow calculation by
converting the applied pressure to electrical signals and making the
readings available to the processor board.
The DVS housing fastens to a flanged adapter, which, in turn, mounts
with four bolts to the bottom of the enclosure (see Figure 1-1). The
DVS cable connects into the backplane board. Refer to Chapter 6, Dual-
Variable Sensor.
Pulse Interface
Module
The Pulse Interface module (available on the FB104) measures the flow
of natural gas using turbine metering or rotary metering by converting
the applied pressure to electrical signals and counting the number of
pulses (from rotary meter) and making the readings available to the
processor board.
The module housing fastens to a flanged adapter, which, in turn, mounts
with four bolts to the bottom of the enclosure (see Figure 1-2). A cable
connects the module into the backplane board. Refer to Chapter 7, Pulse
Interface Module.
Resistance Temperature
Detector (RTD)
An RTD temperature probe typically mounts in a thermowell on the
meter run. The RTD measures the flowing temperature. Protect RTD
wires either by a metal sheath or by conduit connected to a liquid-tight
conduit fitting on the enclosure.
The RTD wires connect directly to the RTD connector on the
termination board inside the enclosure (see Figure 1-4). Refer to
Chapter 4, Input/Output.
The built-in inputs and outputs (I/O) on the FB100-Series (see Figure
1-4) consist of a 2- or 3-wire 100-ohm Resistance Temperature Detector
(RTD) input interface and a port for either a Dual-Variable Sensor
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1-8 General Information Revised August-2017
(DVS) or a Pulse Interface module. Three diagnostic analog inputs (AI)
monitor the battery voltage, logical voltage, and enclosure/battery
temperature. Refer to Chapter 4, Input/Output.
Communications
The Local Operator Interface (LOI) port provides a direct, local link
between the FB100-Series and a PC through a Local Operator Interface
cable using EIA-232 (RS-232) communications.
The Comm 1 allows EIA-485 (RS-485) serial communication protocols.
The optional communications card for EIA-232 (RS-232), EIA-485
(RS-485), or dial-up modem activate Comm 2. Refer to Chapter 5,
Communications.
ROCLINK 800
Configuration
Software
The PC-based ROCLINK 800 configuration software enables you to
configure and access the I/O parameters, DVS inputs, flow calculations,
power control, security, and FST programs. Refer to the ROCLINK 800
Configuration Software User Manual (Part D301159X012) for details
concerning software capabilities.
The PC communicates with the FB100-Series through an LOI cable
using EIA-232 (RS-232) communications.
1.2.3 Firmware
The firmware contained in flash ROM on the processor module
determines the functionality of the FB100 and includes:
▪ 1992 AGA-3 flow calculations (with user-selectable AGA8
compressibility Detail, Gross I, or Gross II) for a single meter run
▪ 1996 AGA-7 flow calculations (with user-selectable AGA8
compressibility) for a single meter run.
▪ Memory logging of 240 alarms and 240 events
▪ Archival of minute data from the last 60 minutes for up to 35 points
(Standard History)
▪ Archival of 35 days of hourly data for up to 35 points (Standard
History)
▪ Archival of 35 days of daily data for up to 35 points (Standard
History).
▪ Archival of Min / Max historical data for today and yesterday
(Standard History)
▪ Archival of 5040 entries for up to 15 points at user-specified interval
(Extended History)
▪ Power control (wake up on ring) on optional internal modem
▪ Logic and sequencing control using a user-defined Function
Sequence Table (FST)
▪ Closed-loop (PID) control capabilities (requires optional I/O
termination points)
▪ Communications based on the ROC protocol or Modbus slave, or
optional host, (ASCII or RTU) protocol for use with EFM
applications
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▪ Alarm call-in to host for Spontaneous-Report-By-Exception (SRBX)
▪ User-level security.
1.2.4 Options and Accessories
The FB100 supports the following options and accessories:
▪ Communication modules for either EIA-232 (RS-232), EIA-485
(RS-485), dial-up modem
▪ 6 Input/Output (I/O) termination points
▪ Local Operator Interface (LOI) cable
▪ Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) with two-line alpha-numeric viewing
▪ Solar panel mast assembly
▪ Blank plate for the FB103 for use when no DVS is required
Plug-in communication modules allow you to customize the FB100
installation for most communication requirements. Optional
communication cards provide the ability to send and receive data.
The housing accommodates one of the following modules:
▪ EIA-232 (RS-232) or EIA-485 (RS-485) for asynchronous serial
communications
▪ Dial-up modem for communications over a telephone network
Liquid Crystal
Display (LCD)
The optional Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) enables you to view data
and configuration parameters while on site without using the local
operator interface (LOI) and a PC. The LCD display plugs into the
battery charger board and is visible through the window on the front of
the FB100-Series. The LCD can be rotated 90° in either direction.
The LCD’s 2-line display shows one line for a value and the other line
for a 5-character alphanumeric description of the value. The display
operates from the internal 3.3 Volt supply. Through this display, you
can view predetermined information stored in the FB100. You can
define up to 16 items for display. Every three seconds the display
automatically cycles through the configured list of items.
Solar Panel
You can install an external solar panel to recharge the backup batteries.
The panel connects to the CHG+ / CHG- inputs on the termination
board. An integral solar panel (2 W or 5 W, available from Remote
Automation Solutions) connects directly to the battery charger board
assembly. Circuitry on the battery charger board monitors and regulates
the charge based on battery voltage, charging voltage, and temperature.
The FB100-Series requires a minimum 8-volt 200 mA solar panel.
The optional input/output (I/O) termination points provide additional
inputs and outputs for expanded monitoring and control applications.
I/O includes analog input (AI), analog output (AO), discrete input (DI),
discrete output (DO), and pulse input (PI). The DO circuitry is optically
coupled to help isolate the processor board from the output device. I/O
can be used to drive a sampler or odorizer, open a valve, or monitor an
additional analog input.
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1.2.5 FCC Information
This equipment complies with Part 68 of the FCC rules. Etched on the
modem assembly is, among other information, the FCC certification
number and Ringer Equivalence Number (REN) for this equipment. If
requested, this information must be provided to the telephone company.
This module has an FCC-compliant telephone modular plug. The
module is designed to be connected to the telephone network or
premises’ wiring using a compatible modular jack that is Part 68compliant.
The REN is used to determine the quantity of devices that may be
connected to the telephone line. Excessive RENs on the telephone line
may result in the devices not ringing in response to an incoming call.
Typically, the sum of the RENs should not exceed five (5.0). Contact
the local telephone company to determine the total number of devices
that may be connected to a line (as determined by the total RENs).
If this equipment and its dial-up modem causes harm to the telephone
network, the telephone company will notify you in advance that
temporary discontinuance of service may be required. However, if
advance notice is not practical, the telephone company will notify the
customer as soon as possible. In addition, you will be advised of your
right to file a complaint with the FCC if you believe it necessary.
The telephone company may make changes to its facilities, equipment,
operations, or procedures that could affect the operation of the
equipment. If this happens, the telephone company will provide advance
notice so you can make the necessary modifications to maintain
uninterrupted service.
If you experience trouble with this equipment or the dial-up modem,
contact Remote Automation Solutions TechSupport (at 641-754-3923)
for repair or warranty information. If the equipment harms the telephone
network, the telephone company may request that you disconnect the
equipment until the problem is resolved.
1.3 Product Functions
This section describes the functions of the FB100-Series, most of which
are determined by firmware and are configurable using ROCLINK 800.
The features and applications include:
▪ Flow calculations for an orifice meter (AGA3) or rotary or turbine
meter (AGA7)
▪ Extensive historical data archival
▪ Memory logging of 240 alarms and 240 events
▪ Security with local and remote password protection
▪ Logic and sequencing control using a user-defined FST program
▪ Spontaneous-Report-by-Exception (SRBX) capability
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1.3.1 Flow Measurement
The primary function of the FB100-Series is to measure the flow of
natural gas through an orifice or turbine or rotary meter in accordance
with the 1992 American Petroleum Institute (API) and American Gas
Association (AGA) standards.
The primary inputs used for AGA3 flow measurement function are
differential pressure, static pressure, and temperature. The differential
and static pressure inputs, which are sampled once per second, come
from the Dual-Variable Sensor. The temperature input, which is
sampled and linearized once per second, comes from an RTD probe.
The primary inputs used for AGA7 flow measurement are Pulse Input
(PI) counts, static pressure, and temperature. The Pulse Input counts are
acquired from a rotary meter (pulse interface module) or turbine meter
(PI on termination board), the static pressure (including auxiliary
pressure) inputs come from the pressure transducers, and the
temperature input is read from an RTD probe.
Flow Calculations for
Orifice Metering
The flow calculation is in accordance with ANSI/API 2530-92 (AGA
Report No. 3 1992), API Chapter 14.2 (AGA Report No. 8 1992 2nd
printing 1994), and API Chapter 21.1. The flow calculation may be
configured for either metric or English units.
Flow Timer
The differential pressure stored for each second is compared to the
configured low flow cutoff. If the differential pressure is less than or
equal to the low flow cutoff or the converted static pressure is less than
or equal to zero, flow is considered to be zero for that second.
Flow time for a recalculation period is defined to be the number of
seconds for which the differential pressure exceeded the low flow
cutoff.
Input and Extension
Calculation
Each second the FB100-Series stores the measured input for differential
pressure, static pressure, and temperature and calculates the Integral
Value (IV). IV is the square root of the absolute upstream static pressure
multiplied by the differential pressure.
The FB100-Series calculates flow time averages of the inputs and the IV
over the configured calculation period, unless there is no flow for an
entire calculation period. Linear averages of the inputs are recorded to
allow monitoring during no flow periods.
Instantaneous Rate
Calculations
The instantaneous value of the Integral Value (IV) is used with the
previous calculation period’s Integral Multiplier Value (IMV) to
compute the instantaneous flow rate.
The IMV is defined as the value resulting from the calculation of all
other factors of the flow rate equation not included in the IV. The
instantaneous flow rate is used with the volumetric heating value to
compute the instantaneous energy rate.
Flow and Energy
The averages of the differential and static pressure, temperature, and
sum of the IV are used with the flow time to compute the flow and
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Accumulation
energy over the calculation period. The flow and energy are then
accumulated and stored at the top of every hour. At the configured
contract hour, the flow and energy are then stored to the Daily Historical
Log and zeroed for the start of a new day (contract hour).
Flow Calculations for
Turbine Metering
The turbine flow calculation is in accordance with 1996 AGA Report
No. 7 (1993 API Chapter 21.1). The FloBoss performs 1992 AGA8
compressibility calculations in accordance with AGA Report No. 8
1992 (API Chapter 14.2).
Once every scan period, the FB100 processes the pulse counts,
determines the number of pulse counts since the last reading, and
calculates a rate. Next, the static pressure and auxiliary pressure values
are read. Then the temperature is read and linearizing compensation is
applied to the pressure readings if necessary.
All resultant values are stored in the current value database. The values
are taken from the current value database and used to calculate the
Minute, Hour, and Daily historical values.
Once a minute and once an hour, the values are logged along with other
configured values to the Historical Database. At the configured Contract
Hour, the values are stored to the Daily Historical Log and zeroed for
the start of a new day.
1.3.2 History Points
History is saved to 2 databases: Standard and Extended History. The
number of entries/logs available to Standard and Extended History is
configurable.
The Standard history archives up to 35 points (8 are pre-configured) of
min/max, minute, hourly and daily values. The min/max values are from
today and yesterday; the minute values are from the last 60 minutes; the
hourly values are from the last 35 days; and the daily values are from
the last 35 days.
The Extended History database creates one entry for up to 15 points at a
user-specified interval (see Specifications table). All the points in the
Extended History will be logged at the same interval.
The default setting for Extended history archives 4 points of 10-minute
values (from the last 35 days). 10-minute archiving provides a
monitoring resolution similar to a chart recorder.
The first eight history points are pre-configured for flow metering
history and cannot be changed:
1. Flowing Minutes Today (Accumulate archive type).
2. Differential Pressure for AGA3 (Average) or Accumulated Raw
Pulses for AGA7 (Totalize).
3. Static or Line Pressure (Average).
4. Flowing Temperature (Average).
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5. IMV (Integral Multiplier Value) for AGA3 (Average) or BMV
(Base Multiplier Value) for AGA7 (Average).
6. Pressure Extension for AGA3 (Average) or Today’s Total for AGA7
(Totalize).
7. Instantaneous Flow (Accumulate).
8. Instantaneous Energy (Accumulate).
History Point 2 (AGA3), History Point 3, History Point 4, and History
Point 6 (AGA3) are all pre-defined as an Average Archive Type that
employs one of the following techniques:
▪ Flow dependent time-weighted linear averaging (default)
▪ Flow dependent time-weighted formulaic averaging
▪ Flow-weighted linear averaging
▪ Flow-weighted formulaic averaging
The Averaging Technique is selected by using ROCLINK 800 software.
The selected Averaging Technique is applied to the meter inputs. Refer
to the ROCLINK 800 Configuration Software User Manual (Part
D301159X012).
Minute Historical
Log
The FB100 has a 60-minute historical log for every history point. The
Minute Historical Log stores the last 60 minutes of data from the current
minute. Each history point has Minute Historical Log entries, unless the
history point is configured for FST-controlled logging.
Hourly Historical
Log
The FB100 has a total of 35 days of hourly historical logs available for
every history point. The Hourly Historical Log is also called the
periodic database. With two exceptions (FST Minute and FST Second
logging), the system records the Hourly Log at the beginning of every
hour.
The time stamp for periodic logging consists of the month, day, hour,
and minute. The exception is for FST Second logging, in which the time
stamp consists of the day, hour, minute, and second.
Daily Historical
Log
The FB100 has a total of 35 daily historical logs for every history point.
The Daily Log is recorded at the configured contract hour every day
with a time stamp that is the same as the Hourly Log. Each history point
has daily historical log entries, unless the history point is configured for
FST-controlled logging.
Mix/Max Historical
Log
The Min / Max database displays the minimum and the maximum
values for the database points over a 24-hour period for today and
yesterday. You can view the Min / Max historical log but not save it to
disk.
Mix/Max Historical
Log
The Min / Max database displays the minimum and the maximum
values for the database points over a 24-hour period for today and
yesterday. You can view the Min / Max historical log but not save it to
disk.
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Extended History
Log
The FB100 has configurable archive times (1 minute to 60 minutes)
which, in turn, determine the number of entries.
Alarm Log
The Alarm Log contains the change in the state of any alarm signal that
has been enabled for alarms. The system Alarm Log has the capacity to
maintain and store up to 240 alarms in a “circular” log. The Alarm Log
has information fields that include time and date stamp, alarm clear or
set indicator, and either the Tag name of the point or a 14-byte detail
string in ASCII format.
In addition to providing functionality for appending new alarms to the
log, the Alarm Log allows host packages to request the index of the
most recently logged alarm entry. Alarm logging is available internally
to the system, to external host packages, and to FSTs. Alarm Logs are
not stored to the flash ROM during the Save Configuration function in
ROCLINK 800 software.
The Alarm Log operates in a circular fashion with new entries
overwriting the oldest entry when the buffer is full. The Alarm Log
provides an audit history trail of past alarms. The Alarm Log and the
Event Log are stored separately to prevent recurring alarms from
overwriting configuration audit data.
Event Log
The Event Log contains changes to any parameter within the FB100
made through the protocol. This Event Log also contains other FloBoss
events, such as power cycles, cold starts, and disk configuration
downloads. The Event Log provides an audit history trail of past
operation and changes.
The system Event Log has the capacity to maintain and store up to 240
events in a circular log. The Event Log has information fields that
includes point type, parameter number, time and date stamp, point
number if applicable, the operator identification, and either the previous,
current parameter values, and either the Tag name of the point or a 14byte detail string in ASCII format.
In addition to providing functionality for appending new events to the
log, the Event Log allows host packages to request the index of the most
recently logged event entry. Event logging is available internally to the
system, to external host packages, and to the FST.
Event logs are not stored to flash ROM when you perform a Save
Configuration using ROCLINK 800 software. The Event Log operates
in a circular fashion with new entries overwriting the oldest entry when
the buffer is full. The Event Log provides an audit trail history of past
operation and changes. The Event Log and Alarm Log are stored
separately to prevent recurring alarms from overwriting configuration
audit data.
The FB100 has the ability to limit the AGA calculation-related events to
only critical events. This can keep unnecessary events from being
logged and filling the event log. The events which will not be logged are
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temperature, pressure, Reynolds number, and warnings for orifice
diameter, pipe diameter, and beta ratio.
1.3.3 Security
The FB100 provides for security within the unit. A maximum of 16 logon identifiers (IDs) may be stored. In order for the unit to communicate,
the log-on ID supplied to ROCLINK 800 software must match one of
the IDs stored in the FB100. The Local Operator Interface port (Security
on LOI) has security Enabled by default. The Comm 1 and Comm 2 can
likewise be configured to have security protection, but is disabled by
default.
1.3.4 Function Sequence Tables (FST)
The FB100 supports FST user programmability. Two FST programs
can be developed with a maximum length of 3000 bytes each (typically
300 lines of code). The number of FST lines per execution cycle can be
configured in ROCLINK 800 software. The number set on the ROC >
Information screen determines both FST programs.
The FST code resides in static RAM and is backed up to flash memory
when the Save Configuration function is issued through ROCLINK 800
software.
Note: For further information on FSTs, refer to the Function Sequence
Table (FST) User Manual (D301058X012).
1.3.5 PID Control
PID Control is available when the optional I/O termination points are
installed. PID (Proportional, Integral, and Derivative) functionality
calculates both the Primary Control and Override Control change in
output. PID Control then selects which Control is to be used, based
upon whether the High Override Type Select or Low Override Type
Select is chosen and adjusts the Output control as necessary. The Output
of the PID functions can be implemented through an Analog Output or
the two Discrete Outputs.
1.3.6 Spontaneous-Report-By-Exception (SRBX) Alarming
The SRBX functionality allows a communications port to be set up to
enable the FloBoss to contact the host computer when specified alarm
conditions exist. To configure SRBX alarming, each comm port must
have the SRBX parameter enabled, each point must have the alarming
parameter enabled, and points must have the SRBX Set on Clear
parameter set.
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1.3.7 Pass Through Communications
Pass Through Communications allow you to configure an FB100 unit to
send Pass Through messages, when using a FB100. By using any of the
FB100 communications ports, Pass Through Mode allows data to be
received by one unit and then passed through to other devices connected
on any other communications port. For example, the host communicates
via a radio (when an external radio is used with the EIA-232 module) on
the FB100’s Comm 2 port. You can then connect other FB100s via EIA485 (RS-485) on the Comm 1 port of the first FB100, and then all the
FB100s can use the one radio to communicate to the host.
Notes:
▪ If you configure Comm 2 as a dial-up modem, you must configure it
as a receiving port. If you configure Comm 2 as an RS-232 port, it
has no such restrictions.
▪ The Device Group (located on the General tab of the ROC >
Information screen) of the FB100 receiving the data must match the
Device Group of the FB100(s) to which the data is passed. If the
Device Group does not match, the data is not forwarded.
1.3.8 Protocol Automatic Switching
The FB100 has the capability to communicate with ROC or Modbus
protocol. With the standard version of FloBoss firmware, Modbus Slave
is standard. If you require Modbus Host functionality, contact your local
sales representative.
1.3.9 User C Capability
The FB100 supports programs written in User C. This capability allows
you to write and subsequently load special features into the FB100 to
enhance the functionality. User C programs typically provide the ability
to interface with alternate metering equipment, perform alternate
calculation methods, or communicate with alternate protocols. Consult
your local sales representative for User C applications.
1.4 Product Electronics
This section describes the FB100 electronics. For communication
modules, refer to Chapter 4. Refer to Chapter 5 for information on the
I/O termination points, Chapter 6 for the Dual-Variable Sensor (DVS),
or Chapter 7 for the Pulse Interface module.
1.4.1 Termination Board Overview
Components of the termination board (see Figure 1-4) support the
functionality of the FloBoss 100-Series and include:
▪ Local operator interface (LOI) EIA-232 (RS-232) terminations
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▪ EIA-485 (RS-485) communications (Comm 1) terminations
▪ RTD input terminations
▪ Optional I/O and terminations
▪ Remote charge terminations
▪ Optional Comm 2 terminations
1.4.2 Processor and Memory
The FB100-Series derives processing power from a 32-bit
microprocessor. The 32-bit CMOS microprocessor features dual 32-bit
internal data buses and a single 8-bit external data bus. The unit can
address up to 4 MB of memory, including high-speed direct memory
access.
The FB100 has 512 KB of static random access memory (SRAM) for
storing interrupt vectors, Proportional, Integral, and Derivative alarms,
events, and history data.
The FB100 also has a 2 MB flash memory chip for storing the operating
system factory code, configuration parameters, and User C programs.
1.4.3 Liquid Crystal Display
An optional two-line Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) panel mounts on the
Battery Charger module.
The LCD allows you to view the current and past gas volumes on site
without requiring a PC. The LCD provides you a visual indication of the
status of the meter run by displaying the historical performance data to
help ensure the health and integrity of your installation.
The LCD panel remains on at all times when the power is applied in the
valid operating range. The panel cycles its display through a configured
list of up to 16 parameter values, with the first seven being preconfigured. The first three displays show values for time, date, and
battery condition and cannot be configured. The next five displays show
certain flow parameters and are factory configured, but you may change
their configuration.
To configure the list of values for the LCD panel, refer to the LCD User
List Setup procedure in the ROCLINK 800 Configuration Software User
Manual (Part D301159X012).
1.4.4 Communications Ports
The FB100 provides two standard and one optional communication
ports:
▪ Standard Operator interface port EIA-232 (RS-232) – LOI.
▪ Standard EIA-485 (RS-485) Communications – Comm 1.
▪ Optional EIA-232 (RS-232), or Dial-up Modem Communications –
Comm 2.
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Local Operator Interface
(LOI) Port
The Local Operator Interface (LOI) port provides direct
communications between the FB100 and the serial port of an operator
interface device, such as personal computer using an EIA-232 (RS-232)
link.
The interface allows you to access the FB100 (using ROCLINK 800
software) for configuration and transfer of stored data. The LOI port is
capable of initiating a message in support of Spontaneous-Report-byException (SRBX) alarming.
The LOI terminal on the Termination module provides wiring access to
a built-in EIA-232 (RS-232) serial interface, which is capable of up to
19.2K bps operation. The operator interface port supports ROC or
Modbus protocol communications. The LOI also supports the log-on
security feature of the FB100, if you enable the Security on LOI through
the ROCLINK 800 software.
EIA-485 (RS-485) Serial
Communications on
COMM1
Use Comm 1 to monitor or alter the FB100-Series from a remote site,
using a host or ROCLINK 800 software. Comm 1 supports baud rates
up to 19,200 bps. Comm 1 also supports the log-on security feature of
the FloBoss unit if you have enabled the security on Comm 1 in
ROCLINK 800 software.
Comm 1 sends and receives messages using the ROC or Modbus
protocol. Comm 1 is capable of initiating a message in support of
Spontaneous-Report-by-Exception (SRBX) alarming. Comm 1 permits
EIA-485 (RS-485) serial communication protocols that meet EIA-485
(RS-485) specifications for differential, asynchronous transmission of
data over distances of up to 1220 m (4000 ft). The EIA-485 (RS-485)
drivers are designed for true multi-point applications with multiple
devices on a single bus.
The default values for the EIA-485 (RS-485) communications are:
▪ 9600 Baud
▪ 8 Data Bits
▪ 1 Stop Bit
▪ No Parity
▪ 10 millisecond Key On Delay and
▪ 10 millisecond Key Off Delay
The maximum baud rate is 19,200 bps. You can disable the Comm 1
port (the default state is enabled) using the ROCLINK 800 Radio Power
Control screen (select Configure > Control> Radio Power Control
from the ROCLINK 800 software’s menu).
Optional
Communications
Module (COMM2)
Two plug-in communication printed circuit boards and one
communication module allow you to customize the FB100 installation
for most communication requirements. The communication PCBs and
module provide an interface for the host communications Comm 2 port.
These cards permit serial communication protocols and dial-up modem
communications.
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Revised August-2017 General Information 1-19
The Comm 2 port is capable of initiating a message in support of
Spontaneous-Report-by-Exception (SRBX) alarming. Refer to Chapter
3 for additional information. One of the following card types can be
accommodated:
▪ EIA-232 (RS-232) for asynchronous serial communications (baud
rate up to 19,200).
▪ Dial-up modem for communications over a telephone network
(default at 2400 baud).
1.4.5 RTD Input
The FB100 supports a direct input from a Resistance Temperature
Detector (RTD) sensor to measure flowing temperature. The RTD has a
measurement range of -40 to 240°C (-40 to 464°F). The terminals for
the RTD wires are labeled “RTD” (see Figure 1-4).
During operation, the RTD is read once per second. The value from the
RTD is linearized, and then it is sent to processing as Analog Input (AI)
Point Number A3. The AI routine converts this value to engineering
units, and checks alarming. To conserve power, the RTD power is
switched on and off. During calibration, the RTD power is on
constantly. When calibration completes, the RTD cycles power again.
1.4.6 Real-Time Clock
The real-time clock provides the FB100 with the time of day, month,
year, and day of the week. The real-time clock automatically switches to
backup power when the FB100 loses primary input power. Backup
power for the real-time clock is adequate for a period in excess of five
years with no power applied to the FB100.
1.4.7 Diagnostic Monitoring
The electronics board has three diagnostic inputs incorporated into the
circuitry for monitoring battery voltage, logical voltage, and board
temperature. Access these analog inputs using the I/O function of
ROCLINK 800 software. The three values are available as the following
Analog Input (AI) points:
▪ E1 – logical voltage
▪ E2 – battery voltage
▪ E5 – board (battery) temperature
1.4.8 Automatic Self Tests
The FB100 performs the following self-tests on a periodic basis:
▪ Software and hardware watchdog
▪ Sensor operation
▪ Memory validity
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The FB100 operates with its internal batteries down to 5.4 volts dc. The
LCD becomes active when you apply input power with the proper
polarity and startup voltage (typically set greater than 8.0 volts) to the
CHG+ / CHG- connector (provided the power input fusing/protection is
operational). The battery and logical voltage tests ensure that the FB100
operates in the optimum mode.
The CPU controls the software watchdog circuit. The software arms the
watchdog timer every second. If the watchdog timer is not armed for a
period of 9 seconds, then the watchdog timer forces the FB100 to reset.
If necessary, the software automatically resets. The CPU also controls
the hardware watchdog circuit and monitors the power to the hardware.
If the battery voltage drops below 5.4 volts, the FB100 automatically
shuts down.
The FloBoss 103 monitors its orifice-metering Dual-Variable Sensor for
accurate and continuous operation. The FloBoss 104 monitors its Pulse
Interface Module.
1.4.9 Low Power Mode
Sleep mode places the CPU in a low power mode. Low voltage
detection circuitry (preset at a low voltage limit of 5.4 V) monitors the
battery voltage. During Sleep mode, sub-modules power down. The
FB100 enters sleep mode after one minute of inactivity on the
communication ports. Optionally, you can turn off sleep mode, which
enables your FB100 to stay active all the time.
Wake-up from sleep mode occurs when the FB100 receives either a
timed interrupt from the real-time clock or a signal from one of the
communication ports.
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1.5 Additional Technical Information
Refer to Table 1-1 for additional and most-current technical documents
(available at www.EmersonProcess.com/Remote).
Table 1-1. Additional Technical Information
Name
Form Number
Part Number
FloBoss™ 103 Flow Manager
FB103
D301152X012
FloBoss™ 104 Flow Manager
FB104
D301200X012
FloBoss™ 103 and 104 Firmware
FB100:FW1
D301157X012
DVS205 Dual-Variable Sensor
DVS205
D301569X012
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FloBoss 103/104 Instruction Manual
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Chapter 2 – Installation and Use
In This Chapter
2.1 Installation Overview ........................................................................ 2-1
2.2 Installation Requirements ................................................................ 2-2
2.2.1 Environmental Requirements ............................................... 2-2
2.2.2 Site Requirements ................................................................ 2-3
2.2.3 Compliance with Hazardous Area Standards ...................... 2-3
2.3 Mounting .......................................................................................... 2-4
2.3.1 General Guidelines ............................................................... 2-4
2.3.2 Pipe Stand Mounting (FloBoss 103) .................................... 2-7
2.3.3 Orifice Plate Mounting (FloBoss 103) .................................. 2-7
2.3.4 Meter Mounting (FloBoss 104) ............................................. 2-8
2.4 Startup and Operation ................................................................... 2-11
2.4.1 Starting the FB100 ............................................................. 2-11
2.4.2 Operation ............................................................................ 2-12
2.5 Configuration.................................................................................. 2-13
This chapter focuses on the installation, mounting, and startup of the
FB100.
2.1 Installation Overview
The following steps detail the general process for installing a FloBoss
103 to a pipe stand or orifice plate or for installing a FloBoss 104 to a
turbine or rotary meter. Review each section in this chapter for specific
instructions.
1. Install the pipe stand (if pipe stand mounting) according to the
directions included with the pipe stand.
2. Remove the orifice/meter run from service.
3. Mount the FB100 assembly according to the procedures in Section
2.3.
4. Install the RTD and connect it to the termination board.
5. Connect the FB100 to the operator interface (ROCLINK 800
software).
6. Power the FB100. If powered externally, wire the unit to the
external power source.
7. Calibrate the input(s) from the Dual-Variable Sensor or Pulse
Interface module.
8. Calibrate the RTD input.
9. Connect the FB100 to any other external communication devices or
networks.
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Place the meter run in service and monitor with ROCLINK 800
software for proper operation.
2.2 Installation Requirements
Careful planning helps to ensure a smooth installation. Be sure to
consider location, ground conditions, climate, and site accessibility, as
well as the suitability of the FB100-Series application while planning an
installation.
The versatility of the FB100 enables you to use it in many types of
installations. For additional information concerning a specific
installation, contact your local sales representative.
Note: The FB100 has been tested and been found to comply with the
limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the
FCC rules. These limits provide reasonable protection against
harmful interference when the equipment operates in a
commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and
can radiate radio frequency energy. If not installed and used in
accordance with this instruction manual, the FB100 may cause
harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of the
equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful
interference, in which case you will be required to correct the
interference at your own expense.
2.2.1 Environmental Requirements
The FB100 enclosure is classified as a NEMA 4 equivalent enclosure.
This provides the level of protection required to keep the units operating
under a variety of weather conditions.
The FB100 is designed to operate over a wide range of temperatures.
However, in extreme climates it may be necessary to moderate the
temperature in which the unit must operate.
The FB100 is designed to operate over a –40°C to +75°C (–40°F to
+167°F) temperature range. The LCD temperature range is –25°C to
+70°C (–13°F to +158°F). When mounting the FB100, be aware of
external devices that could have an effect on the operating temperature.
Operation beyond the recommended temperature range could cause
errors and erratic performance. Prolonged operation under extreme
conditions could also result in failure of the unit.
Check the installation for mechanical vibration. Do not expose the
FB100 to levels of vibration that exceed 2g for 15 to 150 Hz and 1g for
150 to 2000 Hz.
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