Casio fx-9750G PLUS Owner's Manual

Chapter

Programming

20-1 Before Programming

20-2 Programming Examples

20-3 Debugging a Program

20-4 Calculating the Number of Bytes Used by a Program

20-5 Secret Function

20-6 Searching for a File

20-7 Searching for Data Inside a Program

20-8 Editing File Names and Program Contents

20-9 Deleting a Program

20-10 Useful Program Commands

20-11 Command Reference

20-12 Text Display

20-13 Using Calculator Functions in Programs

20-1 Before Programming

The programming function helps to make complex, often-repeated calculations quick and easy. Commands and calculations are executed sequentially, just like the manual calculation multistatements. Multiple programs can be stored under file names for easy recall and editing.

File Name

Program

Select the PRGM icon in the Main Menu and enter the PRGM Mode. When you do, a program list appears on the display.

Selected memory area (use f and c to move)

•{EXE}/{EDIT} ... program {execute}/{edit}

•{NEW} ... {new program}

P. 368 •{DEL}/{DEL·A} ... {specific program}/{all program} delete

P. 362 •{SRC}/{REN} ... file name {search}/{change}

•{LOAD}* ... {loads a built-in Program Library program}

CFX

*See the separate Software Library Manual for details (except fx-

9750G PLUS, CFX-9850G PLUS).

* The following models do not support the LOAD command: fx-9750G

PLUS, CFX-9850G PLUS.

File Name

Program

File Name

Program

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• If there are not programs stored in memory when you enter the PRGM Mode, the message “No Programs” appears on the display and only the NEW item (3) is shown in the function menu.

The values to the right of the program list indicate the number of bytes used up by each program.

20-2 Programming Examples

Example 1 To calculate the surface area and volume of three regular

The following are the formulas used for calculating surface area S and volume V of a regular octahedron for which the length of one side is known.

When inputting a new formula, you first register the file name and then input the actual program.

uTo register a file name

Example To register the file name OCTA

•Note that a file name can be up to eight characters long.

1. Display the program list menu and press 3 (NEW) to display a menu, which

•{RUN}/{BASE} ... {general calculation}/{number base} program input

P. 360 •{

•{SYBL} ... {symbol menu}

octahedrons of the dimensions shown in the table below

Store the calculation formula under the file name OCTA.

Length of One Side (A) Surface Area (S) Volume (V)

7 cm cm

10 cm cm

S = 2 3 A2,V = –––– A

15 cm cm

contains the following items.

Q} ... {password registration}

2. Input the name of the file.

OCTA

• The cursor changes form to indicate alpha character input.

• The following are the characters you can use in a file name: A through Z, r, θ, spaces, [, ], {, }, ’, ”, ~, 0 through 9, ., +, –, ×, ÷

•Note, however, that v and . cannot be input for the name of a program that contains binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal calculations.

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20 - 2 Programming Examples

•Use 1 (RUN) to input a program for general calculations (a program to be executed in the COMP Mode). For programs that involve number system specifications, use 2 (BASE). Note that programs input after pressing 2 (BASE) are indicated by

•Pressing 6 (SYBL) displays a menu of symbols ( ’, ”, ~ ) that can be input.

•You can delete a character while inputting a file name by moving the cursor to the character you want to delete and pressing D.

3. Press w to register the file name and change to the program input screen.

•Registering a file name uses 17 bytes of memory.

• The file name input screen remains on the display if you press w without inputting a file name.

•To exit the file name input screen and return to the program list without registering a file name, press J.

•When you register the name of a program that contains binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal calculations, the indicator B is appended to the right of the file name.

uTo input a program

The following items are included in the function menu of the program input screen, which is used for program input.

P. 365 •{TOP}/{BTM} ... {top}/{bottom} of program

P. 364 • {SRC} ... {search}

• {MENU} ... {mode menu}

• {SYBL} ... {symbol menu}

to the right of the file name.

File name

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P. 3

uTo change modes in a program

•Pressing 4 (MENU) while the program input screen is on the display causes a mode change menu to appear. You can use this menu to input mode changes into your programs.

•{STAT}/{MAT}/{LIST}/{GRPH}/{DYNA}/{TABL}/{RECR}

For details on each of these modes, see “To select an icon”, as well as the sections of this manual that describe what you can do in each mode.

• The following menu appears whenever you press 4 (MENU) while inputting a program that involves number base specifications.

•{d ~ o}/{LOG}

Programming Examples 20- 2

•Pressing 6 (SYBL) displays a menu of symbols ( ’, ”, ~, *, /, # ) that can be input into a program.

•Pressing ! Z displays a menu of commands that can be used to change set up screen settings inside a program.

•{ANGL}/{COOR}/{GRID}/{AXES}/{LABL}/{DISP}/{P/L }/{DRAW}/{DERV}/ {BACK}/{FUNC}/{SIML}/{S-WIN}/{LIST}/{LOCS }/{T-VAR}/{ΣDSP}/{RESID}

P. 5 For details on each of these commands, see “Set Up Screen Function Key

Menus”.

The following function key menu appears if you press !Z while inputting a program that contains binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal calculation.

•{Dec}/{Hex}/{Bin}/{Oct}

Actual program contents are identical to manual calculations. The following shows how the calculation of the surface area and volume of a regular octahedron would be calculated using a manual calculation.

Surface Area S .. c*!9d* <value of A> xw

Volume V ........... !9c/d* <value of A> Mdw

You could also perform this calculation by assigning the value for the length of one side to variable A.

Length of One Side A

............ <value of A> aaAw

Surface Area S .. c*!9d*aAxw

Volume V ........... !9c/d*aA Mdw

If you simply input the manual calculations shown above however, the calculator would execute them from beginning to end, without stopping. The following commands make it possible to interrupt a calculation for input of values and display of intermediate results.

?: This command pauses program execution and displays a question mark as a

prompt for input of a value to assign to a variable. The syntax for this command is: ? → <variable name>.

^: This command pauses program execution and displays the last calculation

result obtained or text. It is similar to pressing w in a manual calculation.

P. 369 • For full details on using these and other commands, see “Useful Program

Commands”.

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20- 2 Programming Examples

The following shows examples of how to actually use the ? and ^ commands.

!W4(?)aaA6(g)5(:)

c*!9d*aAx

6(g)5(^)

!9c/d*aAMd

!Q or JJ

uTo r un a program

1. While the program list is on the display, use f and c to highlight the name

of the program you want to run.

2. Press 1 (EXE) or w to run the program.

Let’s try running the program we input above.

Length of One Side (A) Surface Area (S) Volu me (V)

7 cm 169.7409791 cm2161.6917506 cm

10 cm 346.4101615 cm2471.4045208 cm

15 cm 779.4228634 cm21590.990258 cm

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1 (EXE) or w

(Value of A)

baw

Intermediate result produced by

Programming Examples 20- 2

··

•Pressing w while the program’s final result is on the display re-executes the program.

P. 378 •You can also run a program while in the RUN Mode by inputting:

Prog ”<file name>” w.

•An error occurs if the program specified by Prog ”<file name>” cannot be found.

··

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20-3 Debugging a Program

A problem in a program that keeps the program from running correctly is called a “bug,” and the process of eliminating such problems is called “debugging.” Either of the following symptoms indicates that your program contains bugs and that debugging is required.

•Error messages appearing when the program is run

•Results that are not within your expectations

uTo eliminate bugs that cause error messages

An error message, like the one shown below, appears whenever something illegal occurs during program execution.

P. 436 error was generated, along with the cursor. Check the “Error Message Table” for

P. 360 •Note that pressing d or e will not display the location of the error if the

P. 365 contents of the program and make necessary changes. See “Editing File Names

When such a message appears, press d or e to display the location where the

steps you should take to correct the situation.

program is password protected.

uTo eliminate bugs that cause bad results

If your program produces results that are not what you normally expect, check the

and Program Contents” for details on how to change program contents.

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20-4 Calculating the Number of Bytes Used by a

Program

There are two types of commands: 1-byte* commands and 2-byte* commands.

*A byte is a unit of memory that can be used for storage of data.

• Examples of 1-byte commands: sin, cos, tan, log, (, ), A, B, C, 1, 2, etc.

• Examples of 2-byte commands: Lbl 1, Goto 2, etc.

While the cursor is located inside of a program, each press of d or e causes the cursor to move one byte.

•You can check how much memory has been used and how much remains at

P. 2 4 Mode. See “Memory Status (MEM)” for details.

any time by selecting the MEM icon in the Main Menu and entering the MEM

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20-5 Secret Function

When inputting a program, you can protect it with a password that limits access to the program contents to those who know the password. Password protected programs can be executed by anyone without inputting the password.

uTo register a password

Example To create a program file under the name AREA and protect it

with the password CASIO

1. While the program list is on the display, press 3 (NEW) and input the file

name of the new program file.

3(NEW)

AREA

2. Press 5 (Q) and then input the password.

5(Q)

CASIO

P. 353 • The password input procedure is identical to that used for file name input.

3. Press w to register the file name and password. Now you can input the

contents of the program file.

•Registration of a password uses 16 bytes of memory.

•Pressing w without inputting a password registers the file name only, without a password.

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4. After inputting the program, press ! Q to exit the program file and return

to the program list. Files that are password protected are indicated by an asterisk to the right of the file name.

uTo r ecall a program

Example To recall the file named AREA which is protected by the

password CASIO

1. In the program list, use f and c to move the highlighting to the name of the

program you want to recall.

Secret Function 20- 5

2. Press 2 (EDIT).

3. Input the password and press w to recall the program.

• The message “Mismatch” appears if you input the wrong password.

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20-6 Searching for a File

There are three different methods for searching for a specific file name.

uTo find a file using scroll search

Example To use scroll search to recall the program named OCTA

1. While the program list is on the display, use

f and c to scroll through the list of program names until you find the one you want.

2. When the highlighting is located at the name

of the file you want, press 2 (EDIT) to recall it.

uTo find a file using file name search

Example To use file name search to recall the program named OCTA

1. While the program list is on the display, press 3 (NEW) and input the name of

the file you want to find.

P. 360 • If the file you are looking for is password protected, you should also input the

password.

3(NEW)

OCTA

1 2 34 56

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2. Press w to recall the program.

• If there is no program whose file name matches the one you input, a new file is created using the input name.

uTo find a file using initial character search

Example To use initial character search to recall the program named

OCTA

1. While the program list is on the display, press 6 (g) 1 (SRC) and input the

initial characters of the file you want to find.

6(g)1(SRC)

OCT

Searching for a File 20-

2. Press w to search.

•All files whose file names start with the characters you input are recalled.

• If there is no program whose file name starts with the characters you input, the message “Not Found” appears on the display. If this happens, press J to clear the error message.

3. Use f and c to highlight the file name of the program you want to recall and then press 2 (EDIT) to recall it.

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20-7 Searching for Data Inside a Program

Example To search for the letter “A” inside the program named OCTA

1. Recall the program.

2. Press 3 (SRC) and input the data you want to search for.

3(SRC)

•You cannot specify the newline symbol (_) or display command (^) for the

search data.

3. Press w to begin the search. The contents of the program appear on the screen with the cursor located at the first instance of the data you specified.

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Indicates search operation is in progress

4. Press w to find the next instance of the data.

• If there is no match inside the program for the data you specified, the contents of the program appear with the cursor located at the point from which you started your search.

•Once the contents of the program are on the screen, you can use the cursor keys to move the cursor to another location before searching for the next instance of the data. Only the part of the program starting from the current cursor location is searched when you press w.

•Once the search finds an instance of your data, inputting characters or moving the cursor causes the search operation to be cancelled (clearing the Search indicator from the display).

• If you make a mistake while inputting characters to search for, press A to clear your input and re-input from the beginning.

20-8 Editing File Names and Program Contents

uTo edit a file name

Example To change the name of a file from TRIANGLE to ANGLE

1. While the program list is on the display, use f and c to move the highlighting to the file whose name you want to edit and then press 6 (g) 2 (REN).

2. Make any changes you want.

DDD

3. Press w to register the new name and return to the program list.

• If the modifications you make result in a file name that is identical to the name of a program already stored in memory, the message “Already Exists” appears. When this happens, you can perform either of the following two operations to correct the situation.

•Press e or d to clear the error and return to the file name input screen.

•Press A to clear the new file name and input a new one.

uTo edit program contents

1. Find the file name of the program you want in the program list.

2. Recall the program.

• The procedures you use for editing program contents are identical to those

P. 2 0 used for editing manual calculations. For details, see “Editing Calculations”.

• The following function keys are also useful when editing program contents.

P. 353

1 (TOP) ....... Moves the cursor to the top

2 (BTM) ....... Moves the cursor to the

Example 2 To use the OCTA program to create a program that calculates

of the program

bottom of the program

the surface area and volume of regular tetrahedrons when the length of one side is known

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