– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
– 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program memory
– 256/512/512/1K Bytes EEPROM
– 512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM
– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
– Programming Lock for Software Security
• Peripheral Features
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Six PWM Channels
– 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
Temperature Measurement
– 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package
Temperature Measurement
– Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator
– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change
• Special Microcontroller Features
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated Oscillator
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby,
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting
Oscillator amplifier.
1.1.4Port C (PC5:0)
1.1.5PC6/RESET
If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7...6 is used as
TOSC2...1 input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.
The various special features of Port B are elaborated in and ”System Clock and Clock Options”
on page 26.
Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
PC5...0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C.
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin
for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running.
The minimum pulse length is given in Table 28-12 on page 323. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset.
The various special features of Port C are elaborated in ”Alternate Functions of Port C” on page
86.
1.1.6Port D (PD7:0)
8271CS–AVR–08/10
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
3
ATmega48A/48PA/88A/88PA/168A/168PA/328/328P
The various special features of Port D are elaborated in ”Alternate Functions of Port D” on page
89.
1.1.7AV
CC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should be externally
connected to V
, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to V
CC
through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6...4 use digital supply voltage, VCC.
1.1.8AREF
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
1.1.9ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only)
In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter.
These pins are powered from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.
CC
8271CS–AVR–08/10
4
2.Overview
2.1Block Diagram
ATmega48A/48PA/88A/88PA/168A/168PA/328/328P
The ATmega48A/48PA/88A/88PA/168A/168PA/328/328P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a
single clock cycle, the ATmega48A/48PA/88A/88PA/168A/168PA/328/328P achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption
versus processing speed.
Figure 2-1.Block Diagram
Powe r
RESET
Comp.
VCC
debugWIRE
PROGRAM
CPU
Internal
Bandgap
LOGIC
SRAMFlash
AVC C
AREF
GND
2
6
GND
Watchdog
Timer
Watchdog
Oscillator
Oscillator
Circuits /
Clock
Generation
EEPROM
8bit T/C 2
DATA B US
Supervision
POR / BOD &
16bit T/C 18bit T/C 0A/D Conv.
Analog
8271CS–AVR–08/10
USART 0
SPITWI
PORT C (7)PORT B (8)PORT D (8)
RESET
XTAL[1..2]
ADC[6..7]PC[0..6]PB[0..7]PD[0..7]
The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the
32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent
5
ATmega48A/48PA/88A/88PA/168A/168PA/328/328P
registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting
architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.
The ATmega48A/48PA/88A/88PA/168A/168PA/328/328P provides the following features:
4K/8K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities,
256/512/512/1K bytes EEPROM, 512/1K/1K/2K bytes SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32
general purpose working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal
and external interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface,
an SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), a programmable Watchdog Timer with internal Oscillator, and five software selectable power saving
modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire
Serial Interface, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode
saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the
next interrupt or hardware reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run,
allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. The ADC
Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except asynchronous timer and ADC,
to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator
Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low power consumption.
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density non-volatile memory technology. The
On-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI
serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot program running on the AVR core. The Boot program can use any interface to download the
application program in the Application Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash section will
continue to run while the Application Flash section is updated, providing true Read-While-Write
operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega48A/48PA/88A/88PA/168A/168PA/328/328P is a powerful
microcontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The ATmega48A/48PA/88A/88PA/168A/168PA/328/328P AVR is supported with a full suite of
program and system development tools including: C Compilers, Macro Assemblers, Program
Debugger/Simulators, In-Circuit Emulators, and Evaluation kits.
2.2Comparison Between Processors
The ATmega48A/48PA/88A/88PA/168A/168PA/328/328P differ only in memory sizes, boot
loader support, and interrupt vector sizes. Table 2-1 summarizes the different memory and interrupt vector sizes for the devices.
ATmega48A/48PA/88A/88PA/168A/168PA/328/328P support a real Read-While-Write Self-Programming mechanism. There is a separate Boot Loader Section, and the SPM instruction can
only execute from there. In ATmega 48A/48PA there is no Read-While-Write support and no
separate Boot Loader Section. The SPM instruction can execute from the entire Flash.
A comprehensive set of development tools, application notes and datasheets are available for
download on http://www.atmel.com/avr.