Aerosoft Airbus A320 User Manual

AIRBUS A320/A321

Volume 4

Systems Guide

Version 01-03-001

RECORD OF REVISIONS

revision n°	Issue date	Release	Description
001	Oct 30, 2104	1.00	completion

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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................................				5
AIRCRAFT GENERAL .....................................................................................................................................................				5
AIR CONDITIONING & PNEUMATICS ...........................................................................................................................				5
PRESSURIZATION.....................................................................................................................................................				7
VENTILATION...........................................................................................................................................................				8
APU ..............................................................................................................................................................................				8
GENERAL..................................................................................................................................................................				8
SYSTEM COMPONENTS ...........................................................................................................................................				8
AIR BLEED SYSTEM ..................................................................................................................................................				8
CONTROLS AND DISPLAYS.......................................................................................................................................				8
AUTOFLIGHT ................................................................................................................................................................				9
OVERVIEW...............................................................................................................................................................				9
PILOT INTERFACES...................................................................................................................................................				9
FLIGHT CONTROL UNIT .......................................................................................................................................				9
MULTIFUNCTION CONTROL AND DISPLAY UNIT...............................................................................................				10
SIDESTICK CONTROLLER....................................................................................................................................				10
THRUST LEVERS.................................................................................................................................................				11
FLIGHT PHASES......................................................................................................................................................				11
PERFORMANCE......................................................................................................................................................				11
AUTOPILOTS ..........................................................................................................................................................				12
ENGAGEMENT...................................................................................................................................................				12
DISENGAGEMENT .............................................................................................................................................				12
AUTOPILOT & SPEED BRAKES ...........................................................................................................................				12
AUTOTHRUST ........................................................................................................................................................				12
AUTOTHRUST ARMING STATUS........................................................................................................................				13
AUTOTHRUST ACTIVE STATUS ..........................................................................................................................				13
AUTOTHRUST DEACTIVATION...........................................................................................................................				13
AUTOTHRUST MODES.......................................................................................................................................				13
AUTOTHRUST/FLIGHT DIRECTOR/AUTOPILOT..................................................................................................				13
ALPHA FLOOR....................................................................................................................................................				14
FLIGHT AUGMENTATION COMPUTERS .................................................................................................................				14
FLIGHT ENVELOPE .............................................................................................................................................				14
WINDSHEAR ......................................................................................................................................................				14
LOW ENERGY WARNING ...................................................................................................................................				14
FLIGHT GUIDANCE.................................................................................................................................................				14
LATERAL GUIDANCE MODES .................................................................................................................................				15
SELECTED HEADING (OR TRACK) MODE ...........................................................................................................				15
MANAGED NAVIGATION MODE........................................................................................................................				15
LOCALIZER LATERAL MODE...............................................................................................................................				15
VERTICAL MODES ..................................................................................................................................................				16
CLIMB................................................................................................................................................................				16
OPEN CLIMB......................................................................................................................................................				17
DESCENT................................................................................................................................................................				17
OPEN DESCENT .................................................................................................................................................				19
ALTITUDE ACQUIRE...........................................................................................................................................				19
ALTITUDE HOLD ................................................................................................................................................				19
VERTICAL SPEED – FLIGHT PATH ANGLE ...........................................................................................................				20
COMMON MODES.................................................................................................................................................				21
TAKE OFF: SRS ...................................................................................................................................................				21
TAKE OFF: RUNWAY..........................................................................................................................................				21
APPROACH: ILS APPROACH...............................................................................................................................				22
APPROACH: NON ILS APPROACH ......................................................................................................................				23
GO AROUND......................................................................................................................................................				24
MANAGES MODE VERSUS SELECTED MODE .........................................................................................................				25
MANAGED SPEED..............................................................................................................................................				25

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SELECTED SPEED ...............................................................................................................................................				25
MANAGED LATERAL GUIDANCE........................................................................................................................				26
SELECTED LATERAL GUIDANCE HEADING OR TRACK ........................................................................................				26
MANAGED CLIMB..............................................................................................................................................				27
OPEN CLIMB......................................................................................................................................................				27
SELECTED CLIMB ...............................................................................................................................................				28
MANAGED DESCENT .........................................................................................................................................				28
OPEN DESCENT .................................................................................................................................................				29
SELECTED DESCENT...........................................................................................................................................				29
VERTICAL GUIDANCE LEVEL OFF .......................................................................................................................				30
COMMUNICATIONS ...................................................................................................................................................				31
COMMUNICATION RADIOS ...................................................................................................................................				31
AUDIO MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................				32
DOORS AND WINDOWS.............................................................................................................................................				32
ELECTRICAL ................................................................................................................................................................				33
GENERAL ...........................................................................................................................................................				33
AC GENERATION ...............................................................................................................................................				33
AC BUSES...........................................................................................................................................................				33
DC GENERATION ...............................................................................................................................................				33
PRIORITY LOGIC.................................................................................................................................................				34
GROUND POWER ..............................................................................................................................................				34
ECAM ELEC SYSTEM DISPLAYS ..........................................................................................................................				34
ELEC OVERHEAD PANEL ....................................................................................................................................				35
EQUIPMENT...............................................................................................................................................................				36
FLIGHT CONTROLS .....................................................................................................................................................				36
GENERAL................................................................................................................................................................				36
COCKPIT CONTROLS ..............................................................................................................................................				36
COMPUTERS ..........................................................................................................................................................				36
PITCH CONTROL ....................................................................................................................................................				37
ROLL CONTROL......................................................................................................................................................				37
YAW CONTROL ......................................................................................................................................................				37
FLARE MODE .........................................................................................................................................................				37
SPEED BRAKES AND GROUND SPOILER CONTROL ................................................................................................				37
OVERHEAD PANEL CONTROLS...............................................................................................................................				37
ECAM F/CTL & WHEEL PAGE .................................................................................................................................				38
PROTECTIONS........................................................................................................................................................				38
FLAPS AND SLATS ..................................................................................................................................................				39
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS ...............................................................................................................................................				40
ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT SYSTEM..........................................................................................................				40
EFIS CONTROL PANEL........................................................................................................................................				41
ELECTRONIC CENTRALIZED AIRCRAFT MONITOR..................................................................................................				41
ECAM CONTROL PANEL ....................................................................................................................................				42
STANDBY COMPASS ..............................................................................................................................................				42
STANDBY HORIZON ...............................................................................................................................................				42
DDRMI ...................................................................................................................................................................				42
CLOCK ....................................................................................................................................................................				42
VOR/DME RECEIVERS ............................................................................................................................................				43
FLIGHT MODE ANNUNCIATOR ..............................................................................................................................				43
AUTO THRUST OPERATIONS ANNUNCIATIONS ................................................................................................				43
AP/FD VERTICAL MODE ANNUNCIATIONS........................................................................................................				44
AP/FD A/THR ENGAGEMENT ANNUNCIATIONS ...............................................................................................				44
APROACH CAPABILITIES ANNUNCIATIONS .......................................................................................................				45
APPROACH CAPABILITIES ANNUNCIATIONS .....................................................................................................				45
FUEL ...........................................................................................................................................................................				47
GENERAL ...........................................................................................................................................................				47
TANKS................................................................................................................................................................				47
ENGINE FEED.....................................................................................................................................................				47

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FUEL FEED SEQUENCE.......................................................................................................................................				47
CENTRE FUEL TANK TRANSFER .........................................................................................................................				48
OVERHEAD PANEL.............................................................................................................................................				48
ECAM FUEL SYSTEM DISPLAY............................................................................................................................				49
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM...................................................................................................................................................				50
GENERAL................................................................................................................................................................				50
ECAM HYD PAGE ...................................................................................................................................................				50
HYD OVERHEAD PANEL .........................................................................................................................................				50
ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION .......................................................................................................................................				51
WING ANTI-ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM ..................................................................................................................				51
PROBE / WINDOW ANTI-ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM ..............................................................................................				51
ENGINE ANTI-ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM................................................................................................................				52
RAIN REMOVAL .....................................................................................................................................................				52
LANDING GEAR AND BRAKES.....................................................................................................................................				52
GENERAL................................................................................................................................................................				52
NOSEWHEEL STEERING .........................................................................................................................................				53
MAIN WHEEL BRAKES............................................................................................................................................				53
ANTI-SKID ..............................................................................................................................................................				53
AUTOBRAKES.........................................................................................................................................................				53
BRAKE-FAN ............................................................................................................................................................				53
LANDING GEAR LEVER AND INDICATOR PANEL ....................................................................................................				53
ECAM WHEEL PAGE...............................................................................................................................................				53
ACCU-PRESS/BRAKE GAUGE..................................................................................................................................				54
PARKING BRAKE ....................................................................................................................................................				54
LIGHTING ...................................................................................................................................................................				54
COCKPIT LIGHTING ................................................................................................................................................				54
EXTERNAL LIGHTS..................................................................................................................................................				54
MASTER CAUTION, MASTER WARNING & AUTOLAND WARNING ............................................................................				55
NAVIGATION ..............................................................................................................................................................				55
ADIRS.....................................................................................................................................................................				55
RADIO NAVIGATION ..............................................................................................................................................				55
NAVIGATION RADIOS........................................................................................................................................				56
GPWS.....................................................................................................................................................................				56
RUNWAY AWARENESS AND ADVISORY SYSTEM ...................................................................................................				56
RADIO ALTIMETER / TCAS .....................................................................................................................................				57
POWER PLANT ...........................................................................................................................................................				58
FADEC ....................................................................................................................................................................				58
THRUST CONTROL SYSTEM ...................................................................................................................................				58
THRUST LEVERS .....................................................................................................................................................				58
MANUAL MODE.....................................................................................................................................................				59
RADIO NAVIGATION...................................................................................................................................................				59
NAVAID SELECTION ON MCDU PAGES ..................................................................................................................				59
AUTOTUNE VOR ....................................................................................................................................................				59
AUTOTUNE ADF/DME ...........................................................................................................................................				59
AUTOTUNE ILS.......................................................................................................................................................				59
SEATBELT/NO SMOKING............................................................................................................................................				60
WEATHER RADAR ......................................................................................................................................................				60
AUTO MULTISCAN MODE......................................................................................................................................				60
MAN MULTISCAN MODE.......................................................................................................................................				60
CONTROLS .............................................................................................................................................................				63
WEATHER RADAR DISPLAY....................................................................................................................................				63
OPERATION ...........................................................................................................................................................				63
GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................................................................				65

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INTRODUCTION

It is very easy to find actual manuals for the A320 range of aircraft on the internet. For obvious reasons we cannot include them but even a quick source will lead you to a treasure-trove of information. Start your search with ‘A320 FCOM’ to find complete operation manuals. Almost all you find in there is applicable to this product.

AIRCRAFT GENERAL

The Airbus A320 family includes the A318, A319, A320, and A321, all medium range, subsonic narrow body civil aviation aircraft. Powered by two high-powered by-pass turbofan engines they seat up to 220 passengers.

AIR CONDITIONING & PNEUMATICS

The air conditioning system is fully automatic and provides continuous renewal of conditioned air in three zones: COCKPIT, FWD CABIN and AFT CABIN. Temperatures in these three zones can be regulated independently. The air is supplied via the pneumatic systems using:

two pack flow control valves

two packs

the mixing unit that combines air from the packs and the cabin

The cold air from the PACKs is mixed with the hot bleed air (taken from the engines or APU) by a mixing unit that is controlled by the zone regulator.

All control is done via the AIR COND panel on the overhead panel.

Zone temperature control selectors o COLD = 18 °C

o CENTER = 24 °C o HOT = 30° C

HOT AIR pb switch

o ON: hot air pressure is regulated

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oOFF: valve closes + trim air valve closes and cabin temperature will drop to external temperature

oFAULT: (plus ECAM caution) when duct temperature is above 80°C, resets when temperature is below 70°C

PACK pb switch

oON: pack flow control is automatically controlled (note the pack flow valve is closed during

certain conditions like engine start etc.) o OFF: pack flow control valves close

oFAULT: (plus ECAM caution) when valve position does not match the selected position

PACK FLOW

oLO: to be used with little or no passengers

o NORM: to be used with (near to) maximum amount of passengers

oHI: to be used to clear smoke or contaminants or in extreme temperatures (only available if both engines are running)

ENG x BLEED pb

oON

o OFF o FAULT

Feedback on the air conditioning system is given on the ECAM COND page and on the ECAM BLEED page.

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PRESSURIZATION

Under normal operation conditions the complete pressurization is fully automatic. The system consists of:

two Cabin Pressure Controllers

outflow valve

control panel

two safety valves

In automatic operation pressurization is divided in 6 different modes

Ground: before take-off and 1 minute after landing the outflow valve is fully open to equalize pressure with outside pressure.

Take-off: just before take-off the system prepresurizes the cabin to avoid a sudden pressure increase

Climb: cabin altitude is decreased to cruise level using input from vertical speed and other sensors

Cruise: cabin pressure is maintained

Descent: cabin altitude is increased to cruise level using input from vertical speed and other sensors

Abort: in case of an aborted take-off the system will prevent the triggered climb mode from starting to decrease the pressure.

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VENTILATION

The ventilation of avionics is controlled by the Avionics Equipment Ventilation Controller (AEVC). It provides cooling of the avionics compartments using two fans, a heat exchanger that uses the outside skin of the aircraft to cool the air and an inlet and outlet valve. Only the automated mode is simulated and you can see the ventilation valve position on the CAB PRESS ECAM page. Battery, galley and toilet ventilation is provided by fans that draws air from the cabin and vents it overboard via a vent in the aircraft skin.

Do note that the AEVC is very loud and other sounds from the aircraft systems that are heard on other aircraft types are not heard on the Airbus A320 series.

APU

GENERAL

The Auxiliary Power Unit provides:

Bleed air for engine starting

Bleed air for air conditioning

Electrical power for all the buses

The APU can be used on the ground and in flight with the following limitations:

100% generator load up to 25,000 feet

Full pneumatic and hydraulic pressure up to 20,000 feet

Can be started using the battery up to 25,000 feet.

SYSTEM COMPONENTS

The APU consists of a gas turbine engine with an APU computer that manages the system. The air intake uses a electrically operated inlet flap and the exhaust vents in the tail cone. The electrical starter will start the engine when the inlet flap is fully opened. The fuel is taken from the left wing tank using a separate fuel pump.

AIR BLEED SYSTEM

Bleed air from the APU is selectable from the overhead panel and has priority over main engine bleed air as long as the APU BLEED pb is ON. The bleed air can start engines and provide the air condition system.

CONTROLS AND DISPLAYS

The APU ECAM page displays the parameters of the APU. For the gas turbine engine N (in %) and EGT (in °C) are available. The APU generator shows load (in %), voltage (in V) and frequency (in HZ) plus the connection to the bus (arrow when connected, nothing when not connected). Bleed air shows pressure (in PSI) plus the position of the valve (open or closed). All system messages are shown in green while within correct parameters, or amber when outside correct parameters.

The APU MASTER SW pb on the overhead APU panel is pressed (ON will show) to power up the APU computer, the fuel pump is activated and the air inlet is opened. When ON is shown the APU is ready to start.

The APU START pb starts the APU. When pressed it will show ON and the APU computer will command and control the startup. Aircraft batteries must be selected ON, even when the engine generators are online. When

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the APU is running and bleed air and electrical power are available a green AVAIL will show and the ON will not be shown. Note the APU needs a 3 minute cool down period after it has shut down.

On the ELEC panel the APU GEN pb will be dark when the APU generator is ON, and when pressed it will show OFF as the APU generator is taken of line. When there is any problem an amber FAULT will show and the ECAM will show more information.

On the AIR COND panel the APU BLEED pb will show ON when APU N speed is sufficient. When pushed the pb will be dark and the bleed air valve will close. When there is any problem an amber FAULT will show and the ECAM will show more information.

AUTOFLIGHT

OVERVIEW

The following components are used by the pilot to interact with the autoflight system:

Flight Control Unit (FCU)

Multifunction Control and Display Units (MCDUs)

Sidesticks

Thrust levers

Primary Flight Display (PFD)

Navigation Display (ND)

The autoflight system is part of the Flight Management System (FMS). The FMS (including autopilots and autothrust system) is made up by two Flight Management Guidance Computers (FMGCs) and two Flight Augmentation Computers (FACs).

	FACs		FLIGHT MANAGEMENT
		FMS	FLIGHT GUIDANCE
	FMGCs
			FLIGHT AUGMENTATION

Flight Management provides navigation, performance optimization and display management.

Flight Guidance provides autopilot commands (sent to the flight control computers), flight director commands (sent to the PFD) and thrust commands (sent to the autothrust systems).

Flight Augmentation provides flight envelope calculations, turn coordination and yaw damping.

PILOT INTERFACES

FLIGHT CONTROL UNIT

The FCU is located in the center of the glareshield and four knobs provide control for:

Airspeed

Heading (or track) or navigation modes

Climb or descent modes and/or

Vertical speed (or flight path angle)

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There are two modes possible for airspeed, heading and vertical speed. Switching between modes is done by pulling (right click) the knob.

Selected Functions

oIn selected mode the pilot controls speed and lateral/vertical navigation. After pulling the knob the pilot can rotate the knob to set the desired value. When the knob is pushed (left click) the current value for that function is inserted.

Managed Functions

oIn managed mode the displays are dashed (note the FCU altitude windows is never dashed) and the control of speed and lateral/vertical navigation is managed by the FMS.

MULTIFUNCTION CONTROL AND DISPLAY UNIT

The MCDUs is the primary interface between pilot and FMS (and in our simulation it is also used to access some simulation functions.

SIDESTICK CONTROLLER

The sidestick controllers are used to fly the aircraft manually. Any strong input with these will deactivate the autopilot.

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THRUST LEVERS

The thrust levers are used to manually control thrust or to select the desired autothrust mode. With both engines operating the autothrust range is between the idle and the FLX/MCT detents. With autothrust active the position of the thrust lever determines the maximum thrust level.

Normally the thrust levers are positioned in the climb (CL) detent at the thrust reduction altitude after takeoff and left there until the landing flare.

FLIGHT PHASES

The FMGC divides the complete flight into phases that normally will automatically switch to the next phase when certain conditions are met.

		Flight Phase	Optimum Speed Profile	Switching conditions to next phase
		Preflight	-	SRS take off mode engaged +
				N1 > 85% or Ground Speed > 90 kts
		Take Off	V2 followed by V2 +10	At ACC ALT (or manually)
		Climb	ECON CLB SPD/MACH	At reaching Cruise Flight Level
		Cruise	ECON CRZ MACH	At reaching ToD
		Descent	ECON DES MACH/SPD	Overflying Decel waypoint with NAV (or LOC/LOC*) engaged
				Manually activating APPR phase
				To Go Around: thrust levers to TOGA
		Approach	VAPP (GS Min)	To Done: automatic 30 seconds after landing
				To Climb: inserting new CRZ FL
		Go Around	VAPP or Current Speed	To Approach: manually select APPR phase
				To Climb: manually select CLMB phase
		Done		At depressing INIT or PERF to Preflight

PERFORMANCE

The FMGC will minimize the flight cost through speed optimization. Depending on the Cost Index setting it will compute optimal targets for the following items:

Take off, approach and go around speed are calculated as a function of the TOW and performance model. Note that V1, V2 and Vr have to be manually entered (in our aircraft these speeds are calculated but can be overwritten.

CLB and DES speeds are computed as a function of the GW, Cost Index, environment (temperature, wind) and Cruise level. The speeds are NOT recalculated when the mode is active.

Cruise Mach is computed as the optimal speed and is updated continuously update to the current weather condition and F-PLN modifications.

Optimum Flight Level is calculated assuming a 5 minute minimum cruise flight. It is continuously update in flight.

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AUTOPILOTS

ENGAGEMENT

The autopilot (two identical systems) are engaged by the AP1 and AP2 pb on the FCU. When engaged a green bar will show on the pb and the appropriate FMA annunciation is displayed. When a flight director is on when the autopilot is engaged, the autopilot engages in appropriate mode (OP CLMB and NAV) otherwise it will engage in the default guidance modes (HDG and V/S or TRK-FPA).

Either autopilot can be engaged seconds after takeoff.

DISENGAGEMENT

Disengage the autopilot by depressing the AP1 or AP1 button.

The autopilot is automatically disengaged by moving the side stick (or rudder pedals) a certain amount. This will trigger a master warning.

The autopilot is automatically disengaged when the throttles are set above FLX/MCT on ground.

The autopilot is automatically disengaged when a normal law is exceeded or pitch or bank angle are excessive.

The autopilot is automatically disengaged during a non-precision approach when the aircraft reaches MDA minus 50 feet .

AUTOPILOT & SPEED BRAKES

With the autopilot engaged the speed brakes are limited to ½ deflection. When autopilot is engaged with speed brakes extended beyond ½ they will retract to ½. Note this will cause a sudden pitch up.

AUTOTHRUST

The autothrust system reduces workload for the pilot, provides additional comfort for the passengers and reduces fuel use. Two main modes are included:

Fixed Thrust Modes

oUses constant thrust; airspeed is controlled with pitch. Normally used for level changes when no specific vertical speed is required.

Variable Thrust Modes

oIn variable thrust mode the airspeed remains constant by changing the amount of thrust. Normally used for level flight or when a certain airspeed is required during level change.

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AUTOTHRUST ARMING STATUS

When autothrust is OFF the thrust is controlled manually and corresponds to the position of the trust levers. When autothrust is ARMED and the thrust levers are moved into the A/THR active the autothrust status changes to ACTIVE. The status is shown on the FMA (blue indicates armed mode and white indicates active mode). Autothrust is automatically armed during takeoff when thrust levers are in the TOGA or FLX detent.

AUTOTHRUST ACTIVE STATUS

The autothrust system controls thrust only in active status. Both fixed (MCT, CLB, IDLE, THR) and variable thrust (SPEED, MACH) modes are available in active status.

AUTOTHRUST DEACTIVATION

The autothrust system can be disabled by depressing the FCU A/THR pb or by retarding the throttles to the idle detent. A single chime and a short amber master caution illumination alerts the pilot.

AUTOTHRUST MODES

FIXED THRUST MODES

TOGO: Provides fixed maximum thrust and is only available when autothrust status is armed.

FLX: Flex thrust is used for reduced thrust takeoffs. Thrust is calculated using the assumed temperature as set in the MCDU.

MCT: Provides Maximum Continuous Thrust at the current ambient conditions.

CLB: Provides fixed thrust equal to the climb thrust rating at current ambient conditions.

IDLE: Provides fixed idle thrust.

Only available in active autothrust status. Note the thrust levers can be anywhere in the autothrust range!

THR: When the thrust is not TOGA, FLX, MCT or CLB the fixed thrust is called THR.

VARIABLE THRUST MODES

SPEED: The autothrust system will provide variable thrust to maintain a set speed or a managed speed in level flight or when the aircraft follows a programmed flight path. Only available when autothrust is active.

MACH: Identical to speed mode but not available at low altitudes. The speed mode is automatically switched to Mach mode (and vice versa) at a preset altitude.

AUTOTHRUST/FLIGHT DIRECTOR/AUTOPILOT

The vertical guidance modes use pitch to maintain a target speed or a specific vertical path. If vertical guidance modes are used to control a target speed, autothrust uses a fixed thrust mode. If vertical guidance modes are

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used to control a specific vertical path, autothrust uses variable thrust to maintain target speed. When manually flown in fixed autothrust mode the flight director’s pitch command bar indicates the pitch needed to fly the desired speed.

ALPHA FLOOR

The alpha floor protection assists the pilot in recovering from dangerous low speed and high angle of attack by automatically setting TOGA thrust when:

Excessive angle of attack (alpha)

Excessive high nose up attitude

Windshear is detected

When the alpha floor conditions are no longer detected the autothrust system will stay in TOGA lock until the pilot disables auto throttle. It is recommended the pilot moves the throttle to the TOGA detent before depressing the FCU A/THR pb to avoid a power surge. After that the pilot can pull the throttle to the CL indent and engage the autothrust.

FLIGHT AUGMENTATION COMPUTERS

The FACs handle:

Yaw damping and turn coordination

Rudder trim

Flight envelope and maneuvering speed computations

Alpha floor protection

Windshear detection

Low energy detection

FLIGHT ENVELOPE

Many different speeds are calculated by the FACs are used by the autoflight system. These speeds include the minimum safe speed, maximum speed and never exceed speed. They also calculate the alpha floor speed. Most of these speeds are shown on the PFD airspeed indicator.

WINDSHEAR

The FACs will try to detect windshear and will warn the pilot of this dangerous condition. Windshear detection is only active below 1300 feet AGL in configuration 1 or greater. When detected the flight director will show an optimal pitch attitude and the aural warning “WINDSHEAR” will be heard.

LOW ENERGY WARNING

Between 2000 and 100 feet AGL the FACs will detect a low energy state (based on airspeed, descent angle and angle of attack) and will warn the pilot with an aural “SPEED SPEED SPEED” warning. Normally this warning will precede an alpha floor condition.

FLIGHT GUIDANCE

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Flight guidance is provided for speed control, lateral navigation and (limited in this project) vertical navigation. There are two types:

Selected Guidance: In this mode the aircraft will fly on autopilot using the settings on the FCU. You switch from managed mode to selected mode by pulling (right mouse click) the SPD, HDG and ALT knobs.

Managed Guidance: In this mode the airspeed is calculated by the FMS and differs per flight phase. The FMS also provides managed lateral and vertical flight plan guidance following the flight plan that has been inserted in the MCDU. The FCU will show dashes in managed guidance. You switch from selected guidance to managed mode by pushing (left mouse click) the SPD, HDG or ALT knobs.

Please note the FCU altitude window will never be dashed.

When the autopilot is engaged or the flight director is activated the Flight Mode Annunciator (FMA) (at the top of the PFD) will also display the activated settings.

LATERAL GUIDANCE MODES

The lateral guidance modes keep the aircraft course to its destination.

SELECTED HEADING (OR TRACK) MODE

The heading (or track) mode will guide the aircraft on a heading (HDG) or track (TRK) and is the default lateral mode. The pilot activates it by pulling (right mouse click) the HDG button on the FCU. A digital display of the heading (track) will be shown on the FCU and HDG will be displayed on the FMA. Note this mode cannot be activated when LAND mode is activated.

If the knob is turned to the desired HDG (TRK) and pulled the aircraft will make the shortest turn to the selected HDG (TRK)

If the HDG knob is pulled but not turned the current HDG (TRK) is selected.

If the HDG knob is pulled first and turned the aircraft will turn in the direction of the turn.

If the HDG knob is turned but not pulled the selected value is cleared after a period that depends on the flight mode.

MANAGED NAVIGATION MODE

When a flight plan is available and activated the managed nav mode will guide the aircraft along the path stored in the FMS. It is activated by the pilot by pushing (left mouse click) the FCU HDG knob. The display will show dashes and the FMA will display NAV.

LOCALIZER LATERAL MODE

When the FCU LOC pb is pushed the loc lateral guidance mode is armed and the FGS will only use the localizer signal for lateral guidance. In the FMA LOC will be displayed and the LOC pb will illuminate. It can be used to intercept and track a localizer while maintaining a selected altitude. Note that a ILS frequency must be tuned and TAKEOFF and GO-AROUND mode are not selected. To disarm press the LOC pb again.

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VERTICAL MODES

The vertical guidance modes will make the aircraft change altitude. To leave a FCU selected altitude a dual action sequence is needed:

Turn the ALT selector to set the new altitude

Pull the ALT selector to select OPEN CLB/DES mode or Push the ALT selector to engage CLB/DES mode or

Select a target V/S and pull the V/S selector knob to engage V/S mode

CLIMB

CLB mode manages the vertical guidance towards the FCU selected altitude taking altitude and speed constraints into account.

ARMING CONDITIONS

On ground or when TAKE OFF or GA modea are engaged as long as no other vertical modes are selected.

In flight when lateral NAV mode is engaged, FCU selected altitude is higher than aircraft altitude or when aircraft meets a ALT CSTR

DISARMING CONDITIONS

Engagement of any other vertical mode

FCU selected mode lower then aircraft altitude

Switching to DES or APP phase

Loss of vertical flight path validity or loss of ANV mode

ENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS

Aircraft more than 5 seconds in flight

FCU selected altitude above current altitude

Not in descent or approach mode

NAV mode engaged

Not in G/S mode

CLB mode is automatically selected when

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o ACC ALT is reached

oALT CSTR is reached with CLB mode armed

CLB mode can be manually selected by pushing the ALT selector knob.

DISENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS

NAV mode lost or disengaged

Selecting another vertical mode

Setting a lower altitude in FCU than current altitude

GUIDANCE

In standard CLB mode the engine stay at max climb thrust, the speed will be the one calculated by the FMGS and pitch will vary to keep that speed.

OPEN CLIMB

ENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS

The aircraft must be in flight more than 5 seconds

LAND mode is not engaged

FCU selected altitude is higher than current altitude OPEN CLIMB is engaged by:

Pulling the ALT selector knob

Acceleration altitude reached with armed CLM mode and NAV not engaged

When an overspeed condition is detected (the aircraft will pitch up to loose speed)

DISENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS

Selecting any other vertical mode

Selecting a lower altitude then the current altitude

GUIDANCE

In OPEN CLB the target Speed / Mach is kept by varying the pitch, thrust is managed by the A / THR or manually, speed target can be selected or managed. All ALT CSTR are ignored in OPEN CLB.

DESCENT

DES mode provides vertical guidance following a computed descent profile between Top of Descent to the Deceleration point. It uses the data in the F-PLN and the available WIND data. It is divided into three sections:

Repressurization segment (ignored in our simulation)

Idle Path segment where the engines are at idle and AP / FD controls SPD

Geometric path when the AP / FD controls vertical path and the A /THR controls the SPD

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ARMING CONDITIONS

FCU selected altitude is below current altitude

TAKE OFF, GO AROUND or LAND mode is not engaged

DISARMING CONDITIONS

Selecting any other vertical mode

FCU selected altitude is above current altitude

Loss of NAV, LOC or vertical path validity

Selecting GO AROUND mode

ENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS

FCU selected level is below current altitude

NAV, LOC* or LOC is active

TAKE OFF, GO AROUND, LAND, FINAL not active

DES mode is engaged automatically when an altitude constraint is met with DES mode armed.

DES mode is manually engaged by pushing the ALT selector knob

DISENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS

Engagement of any other vertical mode

Selecting a FCU altitude above current altitude

GUIDANCE

In DES mode the aircraft is guided along the DES PATH. The SPD target can be selected or managed (with the speed to vary around the calculated optimal nominal descent speed. SPD CSTR is taken into account in the speed profile.

If the aircraft is above the DES PATH it will pitch down until the upper limit of the MANAGED SPD RANGE is reached. That speed will be kept and the aircraft will differentiate from the DES PATH. Extending ½ speed brakes will allow the aircraft to get back on the calculated path.

If the aircraft is below the DES PATH the aircraft will maintain the target speed until the DES PATH is reached.

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OPEN DESCENT

In selected descend mode the autothrust system will be set to idle and the set speed will be kept using pitch. This mode is not useful for final approaches.

ENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS

The aircraft must be in flight more than 5 seconds

LAND mode is not engaged

FCU selected altitude is lower than current altitude

OPEN DESCENT is engaged by pulling the ALT selector knob

DISENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS

Selecting any other vertical mode

Selecting a higher altitude then the current altitude

GUIDANCE

In OPEN DES the target Speed / Mach is maintained by pitch controls and thrust is maintained by the A / THR or manually by the pilot. Speed target can be selected or managed.

ALTITUDE ACQUIRE

ALT* will guide the aircraft to the FCU selected altitude, ALT CST* guides the aircraft to an altitude constraint. Once the set altitude is reached the ALTITUDE HOLD (ALT or ALT CST) mode will engage.

GUIDANCE

In the ALT* and ALT CST* mode the vertical speed is managed to reduce vertical speed to ensure a smooth capture of the set FCU altitude.

ALTITUDE HOLD

ALT mode will keep the aircraft at a set altitude. The altitude can be a FCU set altitude (with ALT engaged) or an altitude constraint.

ARMING CONDITIONS

ALT mode is automatically armed when the aircraft climbs or descents to a target altitude.

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ENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS

ALT or ALT CST is automatically engaged when the aircraft is 20 feet from the target altitude.

DISENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS

ALT or ALT CST is disengaged when any other vertical mode is selected.

GUIDANCE

The level kept is the level memorized at engagement of the mode.

VERTICAL SPEED – FLIGHT PATH ANGLE

V/S–FPA is a selected mode, it captures and keeps the vertical speed or the flight path displayed in the V/S – FPA FCU window.

ENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS

V/S-FPA is automatically selected:

5 seconds after liftoff with no other vertical mode selected

Loss of G/S, G/S*, FINAL, LOC. LOC*, NAV (with DES engaged)

Automatic reversions V/S-FPA is manually selected by:

V/S-FPA selection knob pulled

V/S-FPA selection knob pushed (will engage an immediate level off and set VS=0)

AP engagement with no other vertical mode set

Selection of an different altitude (at least 250 ft from current altitude) in ALT*

Selection of an higher altitude in DES or OP DES

Selection of an lower altitude in CLB or OP CLB

DISENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS

Engagement of other vertical mode

o Manually by pulling altitude selection knob or performing a go around o Automatically by reaching FCU altitude or G/S* engagement

GUIDANCE

FMGS pitch mode will guide the aircraft to the target V/S (FPA). A/THR mode is SPD or MACH.

V/S-FPA guidance has priority over speed guidance and when reaching the limit of the flight envelope will change to OPEN mode.

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COMMON MODES

COMMON modes are combinations of vertical and lateral modes.

COMMON MODE	VERTICAL	LATERAL
TAKE OFF	Mode: Pitch Take off	Mode: Runway LOC or Runway Track
	FMA: SRS	FMA: RWY or RWY TRK
ILS APPROACH	Mode: G/S* or G/S	Mode: LOC* or LOC
	FMA: LAND or FLARE or ROLL OUT	FMA: LAND or FLARE or ROLL OUT
NON ILS APPROACH	Mode: Final Descent	Mode: Nav
	FMA: FINAL	FMA: APP NAV
GO AROUND	Mode: Pitch Go Around	Mode: Go Around track
	FMA: SRS	FMA: GA TRACK

TAKE OFF: SRS

This mode is available during take off and the first 5 seconds of flight. In SRS mode the aircraft will follow pitch guidance at speeds defines by the speed reference guidance law.

ENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS

V2 is inserted in MCDU

Slats are extended

DISENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS

Manually by engaging any other vertical mode

Automatically at acceleration altitude

GUIDANCE

The aircraft will keep V2 + 10 knots

An attitude protection will prevent a too high nose up during take off

Flight path angle of minimum climb rate of 120 ft/min

TAKE OFF: RUNWAY

The RUNWAY mode will provide lateral guidance during take off and immediately thereafter using the LOC signal (when it is available. The RUNWAY TRK mode will provide lateral guidance on an extended runway center line.

ENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS

SRS engagement conditions

LOC signal received

Aircraft heading within 20 degrees of runway heading