ZyXEL VMG4381B10A Users Manual
Figure 58 Network Settings > Home Networking > 5th Ethernet Port
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 37 Network Settings > Home Networking > 5th Ethernet Port
LABEL DESCRIPTION
State Select Enable to use the Ethernet WAN port as a LAN port on the Device.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device.
Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
8.10 The MoCA Screen
The VMG4381-B10A supports MoCA (Multimedia over Coax Alliance), which allows multimedia and
home networking over coaxial cable. Data communication and audio/video streaming are allowed at
the same time.
Chapter 8 Home Networking
Click Network Settings > Home Networking > MoCA to open this screen.
Figure 59 Network Settings > Home Networking > MoCA
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 38 Network Settings > Home Networking > MoCA
LABEL DESCRIPTION
MoCA Privacy Select the check box to enable MoCA privacy . If this is enabled, all devices
connected via coaxial cable must use the same password.
Privacy Password Enter the password for the MoCA connection.
Enable Auto Scan Select the check box to enable auto scan for the operating frequency.
Last Operating
Frequency
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device.
Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
Manually select an operating frequency from the droplist.
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8.11 The LAN VLAN Screen
Click Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN VLAN to open this screen. Use this screen to
control the VLAN ID and IEEE 802.1p priority tags of traffic sent out through individual LAN ports.
Figure 60 Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN VLAN
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 39 Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN VLAN
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Lan Port These represent the Device’s LAN ports.
Tag Operation Select what you want the Device to do to the IEEE 802.1q VLAN ID and priority tags of
802.1P Mark Use this option to set what to do for the IEEE 802.1p priority tags when you add or remark
VLAN ID If you will add or remark tags for this LAN port’s downstream traffic, specify the VLAN ID
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
downstream traffic before sending it out through this LAN port.
• Unchange - Don’t do anything to the traffic’s VLAN ID and priority tags.
• Add - Add VLAN ID and priority tags to untagged traffic.
• Remove - Delete one tag from tagged traffic. If the frame has double tags, this removes
the outer tag. This does not affect untagged traffic.
• Remark - Change the value of the outer VLAN ID and priority tags.
the tags for a LAN port’s downstream traffic. Either select Unchange to not modify the
traffic’s priority tags or select an priority from 0 to 7 to use. The larger the number, the
higher the priority.
(from 0 to 4094) to use here.
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
8.12 TFTP Server Name Screen
Click Network Setting > Home Networking > TFTP Server Name to open this screen. Use this
screen to access the TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) Server using DHCP option 66.
Figure 61 Network Setting > Home Networking > TFTP Server Name
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WAN
LAN
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 40 Network Setting
LABEL DESCRIPTION
TFTP Server Name Type a name for the TFTP Server. This allows you to access the TFTP
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
> Home Networking > TFTP Server Name
server using DHCP option 66. However, option 66 (open standard)
supports only the IP address of the hostname or a single TFTP server.
8.13 Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this
chapter.
8.13.1
LANs, WANs and the Device
The actual physical connection determines whether the Device ports are LAN or WAN ports. There
are two separate IP networks, one inside the LAN network and the other outside the WAN network
as shown next.
Figure 62 LAN and WAN IP Addresses
8.13.2 DHCP Setup
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to
obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the Device as a DHCP
server or disable it. When configured as a server, the Device provides the TCP/IP configuration for
the clients. If you turn DHCP service off, you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else
the computer must be manually configured.
IP Pool Setup
The Device is pre-configured with a pool of IP addresses for the DHCP clients (DHCP Pool). See the
product specifications in the appendices. Do not assign static IP addresses from the DHCP pool to
your LAN computers.
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8.13.3 DNS Server Addresses
DNS (Domain Name System) maps a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa.
The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a
computer before you can access it. The DNS server addresses you enter when you set up DHCP are
passed to the client machines along with the assigned IP address and subnet mask.
There are two ways that an ISP disseminates the DNS server addresses.
• The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an information sheet, when
you sign up. If your ISP gives you DNS server addresses, enter them in the DNS Server fields in
the DHCP Setup screen.
• Some ISPs choose to disseminate the DNS server addresses using the DNS server extensions of
IPCP (IP Control Protocol) after the connection is up. If your ISP did not give you explicit DNS
servers, chances are the DNS servers are conveyed through IPCP negotiation. The Device
supports the IPCP DNS server extensions through the DNS proxy feature.
Please note that DNS proxy works only when the ISP uses the IPCP DNS server extensions. It
does not mean you can leave the DNS servers out of the DHCP setup under all circumstances. If
your ISP gives you explicit DNS servers, make sure that you enter their IP addresses in the
DHCP Setup screen.
Chapter 8 Home Networking
8.13.4 LAN TCP/IP
The Device has built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses and DNS servers to
systems that support DHCP client capability.
IP Address and Subnet Mask
Similar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do computers on a LAN
share one common network number.
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your
network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in
selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user
account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this
is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to
192.168.255.0 and you must enable the Network Address Translation (NAT) feature of the Device.
The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for
private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. Let's say you select
192.168.1.0 as the network number; which covers 254 individual addresses, from 192.168.1.1 to
192.168.1.254 (zero and 255 are reserved). In other words, the first three numbers specify the
network number while the last number identifies an individual computer on that network.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address that is easy to remember, for
instance, 192.168.1.1, for your Device, but make sure that no other device on your network is
using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your Device will compute
the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. Y ou don't need to change
the subnet mask computed by the Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise.
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Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the
Internet, for example, only between your two branch offices, you can assign any IP addresses to
the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has
reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP or it can be assigned from a private
network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP
can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are
part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the
appropriate IP addresses.
Note: Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address;
always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment,
please refer to RFC 1597, “Ad dress All ocati on for Private Internets” and RFC 1466,
“Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space”.
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9.1 Overview
WAN
R1
R2
A
R3
LAN
The Device usually uses the default gateway to route outbound traffic from computers on the LAN
to the Internet. T o have the Device send data to devices not reachable through the default gateway,
use static routes.
For example, the next figure shows a computer (A) connected to the Device’s LAN interface. The
Device routes most traffic from A to the Internet through the Device’s default gateway (R1). You
create one static route to connect to services offered by your ISP behind router R2. You create
another static route to communicate with a separate network behind a router R3 connected to the
LAN.
Figure 63 Example of Routing Topology
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9.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
•Use the Static Route screen to view and set up static routes on the Device (Section 9.2 on page
158).
•Use the Policy Forwarding screen to configure policy routing on the Device. (Section 9.3 on
page 159).
•Use the RIP screen to set up RIP settings on the Device. (Section 9.4 on page 161).
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9.2 The Routing Screen
Use this screen to view and configure the static route rules on the Device. Click Network Setting
> Routing > Static Route to open the following screen.
Figure 64 Network Setting > Routing > Static Route
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 41 Network Setting > Routing > Static Route
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Add new static
route
# This is the index number of the entry.
Status This field displays whether the static route is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this
Name This is the name that describes or identifies this route.
Destination IP This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always
Subnet Mask This parameter specifies the IP network subnet mask of the final destination.
Gateway This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same
Interface This is the WAN interface used for this static route.
Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the static route on the Device.
Click this to configure a new static route.
route is active. A gray bulb signifies that this route is not active.
based on network number.
network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to
their destinations.
Chapter 9 Routing
Click the Delete icon to remove a static route from the Device. A window displays asking
you to confirm that you want to delete the rout e.
9.2.1 Add/Edit Static Route
Use this screen to add or edit a static route. Click Add new static route in the Routing screen or
the Edit icon next to the static route you want to edit. The screen shown next appears.
Figure 65 Routing: Add/Edit
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 42 Routing: Add/Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active This field allows you to activate/deactivate this static route.
Select this to enable the static route. Clear this to disable this static route without having to
delete the entry.
Route Name Enter a descriptive name for the static route.
IP Type Select whether your IP type is IPv4 or IPv6.
Destination IP
Address
IP Subnet Mask If you are using IPv4 and need to specify a route to a single host, use a subnet mask of
Use Gateway IP
Address
Gateway IP
Address
Use Interface Select the WAN interface you want to use for this static route.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
Enter the IPv4 or IPv6 network address of the final destination.
255.255.255.255 in the subnet mask field to force the network number to be identical to
the host ID. Enter the IP subnet mask here.
The gateway is a router or swi tch on the same network segment as t he device's LAN o r WAN
port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.
If you want to use the gateway IP address, select Enable.
Enter the IP address of the gateway.
9.3 The Policy Forwarding Screen
Traditionally, routing is based on the destination address only and the Device takes the shortest
path to forward a packet. Policy forwarding allows the Device to override the default routing
behavior and alter the packet forwarding based on the policy defined by the network administrator.
Policy-based routing is applied to outgoing packets, prior to the normal routing.
You can use source-based policy forwarding to direct traffic from different users through different
connections or distribute traffic among multiple paths for load sharing.
The Policy Forwarding screen let you view and configure routing policies on the Device. Click
Network Setting > Routing > Policy Forwarding to open the following screen.
Figure 66 Network Setting > Routing > Policy Forwarding
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 43 Network Setting > Routing >Policy Forwarding
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Add new Policy
Forwar d Rule
# This is the index number of the entry.
Click this to create a new policy forwarding rule.
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Table 43 Network Setting > Routing >Policy Forwarding (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Policy Name This is the name of the rule.
Source IP This is the source IP address.
Source Subnet
Mask
Protocol This is the transport layer protocol.
Source Port This is the source port number.
WAN This is the WAN interface through which the traffic is routed.
Modify Click the Edit icon to edit this policy.
his is the source subnet mask address.
Click the Delete icon to remove a policy from the Device. A window displays asking you to
confirm that you want to delete the policy.
9.3.1 Add/Edit Policy Forwarding
Click Add new Policy Forward Rule in the Policy Forwarding screen or click the Edit icon next
to a policy. Use this screen to configure the required information for a policy route.
Figure 67 Policy Forwarding: Add/Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 44 Policy Forwarding: Add/Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Policy Name Enter a descriptive name of up to 8 printable English keyboard characters, not including
spaces.
Source IP Enter the source IP address.
Source Subnet
Mask
Protocol Select the transport layer protocol (TCP or UDP).
Source Port Enter the source port number.
Source MAC Enter the source MAC address.
WAN Select a WAN interface through which the traffic is sent. You must have the WAN
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
Enter the source subnet mask address.
interface(s) already configured in the Broadband screens.
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9.4 The RIP Screen
Routing Information Protocol (RIP, RFC 1058 and RFC 1389) allows a device to exchange routing
information with other routers.
Click Network Setting > Routing > RIP to open the RIP screen.
Figure 68 RIP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 45 RIP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Interface This is the name of the interface in which the RIP setting is used.
Version The RIP version controls the format and the broadcas ti ng me th od of t he RIP packets that
the Device sends (it recognizes both formats when receiving). RIP version 1 is universally
supported but RIP version 2 carries more information. RIP version 1 is probably adequate
for most networks, unless you have an unusual network topology.
Operation Select Passive to have the Device update the routing table based on the RIP packets
received from neighbors but not advertise its route information to other routers in this
interface.
Select Active to have the Device advertise its route information and also listen for routing
updates from neighboring routers.
Enabled Select the check box to activate the settings.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
Chapter 9 Routing
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10.1 Overview
Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a network’s ability to deliver data with minimum delay, and
the networking methods used to control the use of bandwidth. Without QoS, all traffic data is
equally likely to be dropped when the network is congested. This can cause a reduction in network
performance and make the network inadequate for time-critical application such as video-ondemand.
Configure QoS on the Device to group and prioritize application traffic and fine-tune network
performance. Setting up QoS involves these steps:
1 Configure classifiers to sort traffic into different flows.
2 Assign priority and define actions to be performed for a classified traffic flow.
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Quality of Service (QoS)
The Device assigns each packet a priority and then queues the packet accordingly . P ackets assigned
a high priority are processed more quickly than those with low priority if there is congestion,
allowing time-sensitive applications to flow more smoothly. Time-sensitive applications include both
those that require a low level of latency (delay) and a low level of jitter (variations in delay) such as
Voice over IP (VoIP) or Internet gaming, and those for which jitter alone is a problem such as
Internet radio or streaming video.
This chapter contains information about configuring QoS and editing classifiers.
10.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
•The General screen lets you enable or disable QoS and set the upstream bandwidth (Section
10.3 on page 165).
•The Queue Setup screen lets you configure QoS queue assignment (Section 10.4 on page 166).
•The Class Setup screen lets you add, edit or delete QoS classifiers (Section 10.5 on page 168).
•The Policer Setup screen lets you add, edit or delete QoS policers (Section 10.5 on page 168).
•The Monitor screen lets you view the Device's QoS-related packet statistics (Section 10.7 on
page 175).
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Traffic
Time
Traffic Rate
Traffic
Time
Traffic Rate
(Before Traffic Shaping)
(After Traffic Shaping)
10.2 What You Need to Know
The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter.
QoS versus Cos
QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the same flow are given
the same priority. CoS (class of service) is a way of managing traffic in a network by grouping
similar types of traffic together and treating each type as a class. You can use CoS to give different
priorities to different packet types.
CoS technologies include IEEE 802.1p layer 2 tagging and DiffServ (Differentiated Services or DS).
IEEE 802.1p tagging makes use of three bits in the packet header, while DiffServ is a new protocol
and defines a new DS field, which replaces the eight-bit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP header.
Tagging and Marking
In a QoS class, you can configure whether to add or change the DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) value,
IEEE 802.1p priority level and VLAN ID number in a matched packet. When the packet passes
through a compatible network, the networking device, such as a backbone switch, can provide
specific treatment or service based on the tag or marker.
T raffic Shaping
Bursty traffic may cause network congestion. Traffic shaping regulates packets to be transmitted
with a pre-configured data transmission rate using buffers (or queues). Your Device uses the Token
Bucket algorithm to allow a certain amount of large bursts while keeping a limit at the aver age rate.
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Traffic
Time
Traffic Rate
Traffic
Time
Traffic Rate
(Before Traffic Policing) (After Traffic Policing)
T raffic Policing
Traffic policing is the limiting of the input or output transmission rate of a class of traffic on the
basis of user-defined criteria. Traffic policing methods measure traffic flows against user-defined
criteria and identify it as either conforming, exceeding or violating the criteria.
The Device supports three incoming traffic metering algorithms: Token Bucket Filter (TBF), Single
Rate Two Color Maker (srTCM), and Two Rate Two Color Marker (trTCM). You can specify actions
which are performed on the colored packets. See Section 10.8 on page 176 for more information on
each metering algorithm.
10.3 The Quality of Service General Screen
Click Network Setting > QoS > General to open the screen as shown next.
Use this screen to enable or disable QoS and set the upstream bandwidth. See Section 10.1 on
page 163 for more information.
Figure 69 Network Settings > QoS > General
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 46 Network Setting > QoS > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
QoS Se lect the Enable check box to turn on QoS to improve your network performance.
WAN Managed
Upstream
Bandwidth
LAN Managed
Downstream
Bandwidth
Enter the amount of upstream bandwidth for the WAN interfaces that you want to allocate
using QoS.
The recommendation is to set this speed to match the interfaces’ actual transmission speed.
For example, set the WAN int erfac es’ s pee d t o 100 000 k bps i f your Internet connection has
an upstream transmission speed of 100 Mbps.
You can set this number higher than the interfaces’ actual transmission speed. The Device
uses up to 95% of the DSL port’s actual upstream transmission speed even if you set this
number higher than the DSL port’s actual transmission speed.
You can also set this number lower than the interfaces’ actual transmission speed. This will
cause the Device to not use some of the interfaces’ available bandwidth.
If you leave this field blank, the Device automatically sets this number to be 95% of the
WAN interfaces’ actual upstream transmission speed.
Enter the amount of downstream bandwidth for the LAN interfaces (including WLAN) that
you want to allocate using QoS.
The recommendation is to set this speed to match the WAN interfaces’ actual transmission
speed. For example, set the LAN managed downstream bandwidth to 100000 kbps if you
use a 100 Mbps wired Ethernet WAN connection.
You can also set this number lower than the WAN inte rfaces’ actual tr ansmission speed. Thi s
will cause the Device to not use some of the interfaces’ available bandwidth.
If you leave this field blank, the Device automatically sets this to the LAN interfaces’
maximum supported connection speed.
Upstream
traffic priority
Assigned by
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
Select how the Device assigns priorities to various upstream traffic flows.
• None: Disables auto priority mapping and has the Device put packets into the queues
according to your classification rules. Traffic which does not match any of the
classification rules is mapped into the default queue with the lowest priority.
• Ethernet Priority: Automatically assign priority based on the IEEE 802.1p priority level.
• IP Precedence: Automatically assign priority based on the first three bits of the TOS
field in the IP header.
• Packet Length: Automatically assign priority based on the packet size. Smaller packets
get higher priority since control, signaling, VoIP, internet gaming, or other real-time
packets are usually small while larger packets are usually best effort data packets like
file transfers.
10.4 The Queue Setup Screen
Click Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup to open the screen as shown next.
Use this screen to configure QoS queue assignment.
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Figure 70 Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 47 Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Add new Queue Click this button to create a new queue entry.
# This is the index number of the entry.
Status This field displays whether the queue is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this queue
Name This shows the descriptive name of this queue.
Interface This shows the name of the Device’s interface through which traffic in this queue passes.
Priority This shows the priority of this queue.
Weight This shows the weight of this queue.
Buffer
Management
Rate L imit This shows the maximum transmission rate allowed for traffic on this queue.
Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the queue.
is active. A gray bulb signifies that this queue is not active.
This shows the queue management algorithm used for this queue.
Queue management algorithms determine how the Device should handle packets when it
receives too many (network congestion).
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing queue. Note that subsequent rules move up by
one when you take this action.
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10.4.1 Adding a QoS Queue
Click Add new Queue or the edit icon in the Queue Setup screen to configure a queue.
Figure 71 Queue Setup: Add
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 48 Queue Setup: Add
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Select to enable or disable this queue.
Name Enter the descriptive name of this queue.
Interface Select the interface to which this queue is applied.
This field is read-only if you are editing the queue.
Priority Select the priority level (from 1 to 7) of this queue.
The smaller the number, the higher t he priority level. Traffic assigned to higher priority
queues gets through faster while traffi c in l ower priority queues is dropped if the network is
congested.
Weight Select the weight (from 1 to 8) of this queue.
If two queues have the same priority level, the Device divides the bandwidth across the
queues according to their weights. Queues with larger weights get more bandwidth than
queues with smaller weights.
Buffer
Management
Rate L imit Specify the maximum transmission rate (in Kbps) allowed for traffic on this queue.
OK Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
This field displays Drop Tail (DT). Drop Tail (DT) is a simple queue management
algorithm that allows the Device buffer to accept as many packets as it can until it is full.
Once the buffer is full, new packets that arrive are dropped until there is space in the buffer
again (packets are transmitted out of it).
10.5 The Class Setup Screen
Use this screen to add, edit or delete QoS classifiers. A classifier groups traffic into data flows
according to specific criteria such as the source address, destination address, source port number,
destination port number or incoming interface. For example, you can configure a classifier to select
traffic from the same protocol port (such as Telnet) to form a flow.
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You can give different priorities to traffic that the Device forwards out through the WAN interface.
Give high priority to voice and video to make them run more smoothly. Similarly, give low priority
to many large file downloads so that they do not reduce the quality of other applications.
Click Network Setting > QoS > Class Setup to open the following screen.
Figure 72 Network Setting > QoS > Class Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 49 Network Setting > QoS > Class Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Add new Classifier Click this to create a new classifier.
# This is the index number of the entry.
Status This field displays whether the classifier is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this
Class Name This is the name of the classifier.
Classification
Criteria
DSCP Mark This is the DSCP number added to traffic of this classifier.
802.1P Mark This is the IEEE 802.1p priority level assigned to traffic of this classifier.
VLAN ID Tag This is the VLAN ID number assigned to traffic of this classifier.
To Queue This is the name of the queue in which traffic of this classifier is put.
Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the classifier.
classifier is active. A gray bulb signifies that this classifier is not act ive.
This shows criteria specified in this classifier, for example the interface from which
traffic of this class should come and the source MAC address of traffic that matches this
classifier.
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing classifier. Note that subsequent rules move
up by one when you take this action.
10.5.1 Add/Edit QoS Class
Click Add new Classifier in the Class Setup screen or the Edit icon next to a classifier to open
the following screen.
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Figure 73 Class Setup: Add/Edit
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 50 Class Setup: Add/Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Select this to enable this classifier.
Class Name Enter a descriptive name of up to 15 printable English keyboard characters, not including
Classification
Order
From Interface If you want to classify the traffic by an ingress interface, select an interface from the From
Ether Type Select a predefined application to configure a class for the matched traffic.
Source
Address Select the check box and enter the source IP address in dotted decimal notation. A blank
Subnet
Netmask
Port Range If you select TCP or UDP in the IP Protocol field, select the chec k box and enter the port
MAC Select the check box and enter the source MAC address of the packet.
MAC Mask Type the mask for the specified MAC address to determine which bits a packet’s MAC
Exclude Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.
Destination
Address Select the check box and enter the source IP address in dotted decimal notation. A blank
Subnet
Netmask
Port Range If you select TCP or UDP in the IP Protocol field, select the chec k box and enter the port
MAC Select the check box and enter the source MAC address of the packet.
MAC Mask Type the mask for the specified MAC address to determine which bits a packet’s MAC
spaces.
Select an existing number for where you want to put this classifier to move the classifier to
the number you selected after clicking Apply.
Select Last to put this rule in the back of the classifier list.
Interface drop-down list box.
If you select IP, you also need to configure source or destination MAC address, IP address,
DHCP options, DSCP value or the protocol type.
If you select 802.1Q, you can configure an 802.1p priority level.
source IP address means any source IP address.
Enter the source subnet mask.
number(s) of the source.
address should match.
Enter “f” for each bit of the specified source MAC address that the traffic’s MAC address
should match. Enter “0” for the bit(s) of the matched tr affi c’s MAC address, which can be of
any hexadecimal character(s). For example, if you set the MAC address to
00:13:49:00:00:00 and the mask to ff:ff:ff:00:00:00, a packet with a MAC address of
00:13:49:12:34:56 m atches this criteria.
source IP address means any source IP address.
Enter the source subnet mask.
number(s) of the source.
address should match.
Enter “f” for each bit of the specified source MAC address that the traffic’s MAC address
should match. Enter “0” for the bit(s) of the matched tr affi c’s MAC address, which can be of
any hexadecimal character(s). For example, if you set the MAC address to
00:13:49:00:00:00 and the mask to ff:ff:ff:00:00:00, a packet with a MAC address of
00:13:49:12:34:56 m atches this criteria.
Exclude Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.
Others
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Table 50 Class Setup: Add/Edit (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Service This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.
This field simplifies classifier configuration by allowing you to select a predefined
application. When you select a predefined application, you do not configure the rest of the
filter fields.
IP Protocol This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.
Select this option and select the protocol (service type) from TCP, UDP, ICMP or IGMP. If
you select User defined, enter the protocol (service ty pe) number.
DHCP This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.
Select this option and select a DHCP option.
If you select Vendor Class ID (DHCP Option 60), enter the Vendor Class Identifier
(Option 60) of the matched traffic, such as the type of the hardware or firmware.
If you select User Class ID (DHCP Option 77), enter a string that identifies the user’s
category or application type in the matched DHCP packets.
Packet
Length
DSCP This field is available on ly when you select IP in the Ether Type field.
802.1P This field is available only when you select 802.1Q in the Ether Type field.
VLAN ID This field is available only when you select 802.1Q in the Ether Type field.
This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.
Select this option and enter the minimum and maximu m packet lengt h (from 46 to 1500) in
the fields provided.
Select this option and specify a DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) number between 0 and 63 in the
field provided.
Select this option and select a priority level (between 0 and 7) from the drop-down list box.
"0" is the lowest priority level and "7" is the highest.
Select this option and specify a VLAN ID number.
TCP ACK This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.
If you select this option, the matched TCP packets must contain the ACK (Acknowledge)
flag.
Exclude Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.
DSCP Mark This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.
If you select Mark, enter a DSCP value with which the Device replaces the DSCP field in the
packets.
If you select Unchange, the Device keep the DSCP field in the packets.
802.1P Mark Select a priority level with which the Device replaces the IEEE 802.1p priority field in the
packets.
If you select Unchange, the Device keep the 802.1p priority field in the packets.
VLAN ID If you select Remark, enter a VLAN ID number with which the Device replaces the VLAN ID
of the frames.
If you select Remove, the Device deletes the VLAN ID of the frames before forwarding
them out.
If you select Add, the Device treat all matched traffic untagged and add a second VLAN ID.
If you select Unchange, the Device keep the VLAN ID in the packets.
Forwar d to
Interface
Select a WAN interface through which traffic of this class wil l be forwarded o ut. If you select
Unchange, the Device forward traffic of this class according to the default routing table.
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Table 50 Class Setup: Add/Edit (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
To Queue Index Select a queue that applies to this class.
You should have configured a queue in the Queue Setup screen already.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
10.6 The QoS Policer Setup Screen
Use this screen to configure QoS policers that allow you to limit the transmission rate of incoming
traffic. Click Network Setting > Qo S > Policer Setup. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 74 Network Setting > QoS > Policer Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 51 Network Setting > QoS > Policer Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Add new Policer Click this to create a new entry.
# This is the index number of the entry.
Status This field displays whether the policer is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this
policer is active. A gray bulb signifies that this policer is not active.
Name This field displays the descriptive name of this policer.
Regulated
Classes
Meter Type This field displays the type of QoS metering algorithm used in this policer.
Rule These are the rates and burst sizes against which the policer checks the traffic of the
Action This shows the how the policer has the Device treat different types of traffic belonging to
Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the policer.
This field displays the name of a QoS classifier
member QoS classes.
the policer’s member QoS classes.
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing policer. Note that subsequent rules move up by
one when you take this action.
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10.6.1 Add/Edit a QoS Policer
Click Add new Policer in the Policer Setup screen or the Edit icon next to a policer to show the
following screen.
Figure 75 Policer Setup: Add/Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 52 Policer Setup: Add/Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Select the check box to activate this policer.
Name Enter the descriptive name of this policer.
Meter Type This shows the traffic metering algorithm used in this policer.
The Simple Token Bucket algorithm uses tokens in a bucket to control when traffic can be
transmitted. Each token represents one byte. The algorithm allows bursts of up to b bytes
which is also the bucket size.
The Single Rate Three Color Marker (srTCM) is based on the token bucket filter and
identifies packets by comparing them to the Committed Information Rate (CIR), the
Committed Burst Size (CBS) and the Excess Burst Size (EBS).
The Two Rate Three Color Marker (trTCM) is based on the token bucket filter and
identifies packets by comparing them to the Committed Information Rate (CIR) and the
Peak Information Rate (PIR).
Committed
Rate
Committed
Burst Size
Conforming
Action
NonConforming
Action
Specify the committed rate. When the incoming traffic rate of the member QoS classes is
less than the committed rate, the device applies the conforming action to the traffic.
Specify the committed burst size for packet bursts. This must be equal to or less than the
peak burst size (two rate three color) or exce ss burst size (single r ate three color) if it is also
configured.
This is the maximum size of the (first) token bucket in a traffic metering algorithm.
Specify what the Device does for packets within the committed rate and burst size (green-
marked packets).
• Pass: Send the packets without modification.
• DSCP Mark: Change the DSCP mark value of the packets. Enter the DSCP mark value to
use.
Specify what the Device does for packets that exceed the excess burst size or peak rate and
burst size (red-marked packets).
• Drop: Discard the packets.
• DSCP Mark: Change the DSCP mark value of the packets. Enter the DSCP mark value to
use. The packets may be dropped if there is congestion on the network.
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Table 52 Policer Setup: Add/Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Available Class
Select a QoS classifier to apply this QoS policer to traffic that matches the QoS classifier.
Selected Class
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
Highlight a QoS classifier in the Available Class box and use the > button to move it to the
Selected Class box.
To remove a QoS classifier from the Selected Class box, select it and use the < button.
10.7 The QoS Monitor Screen
To view the Device’s QoS packet statistics, click Network Setting > QoS > Monitor. The screen
appears as shown.
Figure 76 Network Setting > QoS > Monitor
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 53 Network Setting > QoS > Monitor
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Refresh Interval Enter how often you want the Device to update t his screen. Se lect No Refresh
to stop refreshing statistics.
Interface Monitor
# This is th e index number of the entry.
Name This shows the name of the interface on the Device.
Pass Rate This shows how many packets forwarded to this interface are transmitted
successfully.
Drop Rate This shows how many packets forwarded to this interface are dropped.
Queue Monitor
# This is th e index number of the entry.
Name This shows the name of the queue.
Pass Rate This shows how many packets assigned to this queue are transmitted
successfully.
Drop Rate This shows how many packets assigned to this qu eue are dropped.
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10.8 Technical Reference
The following section contains additional technical information about the Device features described
in this chapter.
IEEE 802.1Q Tag
The IEEE 802.1Q standard defines an explicit VLAN tag in the MAC header to identify the VLAN
membership of a frame across bridges. A VLAN tag includes the 12-bit VLAN ID and 3-bit user
priority. The VLAN ID associates a frame with a specific VLAN and provides the information that
devices need to process the frame across the network.
IEEE 802.1p specifies the user priority field and defines up to eight separate traffic types. The
following table describes the traffic types defined in the IEEE 802.1d standard (which incorporates
the 802.1p).
Table 54 IEEE 802.1p Priority Level and Traffic Type
PRIORITY
LEVEL
Level 7 Typically used for network control traffic such as router configuration messages.
Level 6 Typically used for voice traffic that is especially sensitive to jitter (jitter is the
Level 5 Typically used for video that consumes high ban dwidth and is sensitive to jitter.
Level 4 Typically used for controlled load, latency-sensitive traffic such as SNA (Systems
Level 3 Typically used for “excellent effort” or better than best effort and would include
Level 2 This is for “spare bandwidth”.
Level 1 This is typically used for non-critical “background” traffic such as bulk transfers that
Level 0 Typically used for best-effort traffic.
TRAFFIC TYPE
variations in delay).
Network Architecture) transactions.
important business traffic that can tolerate some delay.
are allowed but that should not affect other applications and users.
DiffServ
QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the flow are given the
same priority. You can use CoS (class of service) to give different priorities to different packet
types.
DiffServ (Differentiated Services) is a class of service (CoS) model that marks packets so that they
receive specific per-hop treatment at DiffServ-compliant network devices along the route based on
the application types and traffic flow. Packets are marked with DiffServ Code Points (DSCPs)
indicating the level of service desired. This allows the intermediary DiffServ-compliant network
devices to handle the packets differently depending on the code points without the need to
negotiate paths or remember state information for every flow. In addition, applications do not have
to request a particular service or give advanced notice of where the traffic is going.
DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior
DiffServ defines a new Differentiated Services (DS) field to replace the Type of Service (TOS) field
in the IP header. The DS field contains a 2-bit unused field and a 6-bit DSCP field which can define
up to 64 service levels. The following figure illustrates the DS field.
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DSCP is backward compatible with the three precedence bits in the ToS octet so that non-DiffServ
compliant, ToS-enabled network device will not conflict with the DSCP mapping.
DSCP (6 bits) Unused (2 bits)
The DSCP value determines the forwarding behavior, the PHB (Per-Hop Behavior), that each packet
gets across the DiffServ network. Based on the marking rule, different kinds of traffic can be
marked for different kinds of forwarding. Resources can then be allocated according to the DSCP
values and the configured policies.
IP Precedence
Similar to IEEE 802.1p prioritization at layer-2, you can use IP precedence to prioritize packets in a
layer-3 network. IP precedence uses three bits of the eight-bit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP
header. There are eight classes of services (ranging from zero to seven) in IP precedence. Zero is
the lowest priority level and seven is the highest.
Automatic Priority Queue Assignment
If you enable QoS on the Device, the Device can automatically base on the IEEE 802.1p priority
level, IP precedence and/or packet length to assign priority to traffic which does not match a class.
The following table shows you the internal layer-2 and layer-3 QoS mapping on the Device. On the
Device, traffic assigned to higher priority queues gets through faster while traffic in lower index
queues is dropped if the network is congested.
Table 55 Internal Layer2 and Layer3 QoS Mapping
LAYER 2 LAYER 3
PRIORITY
QUEUE
IEEE 802.1P USER
PRIORITY
(ETHERNET
TO S (IP
PRECEDENCE)
DSCP
IP PACKET
LENGTH (BYTE)
PRIORITY)
0 1 0 000000
12
2 0 0 000000 >1100
3 3 1 001110
001100
001010
001000
4 4 2 010110
010100
010010
010000
5 5 3 011110
250~1100
<250
011100
011010
011000
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Table 55 Internal Layer2 and Layer3 QoS Mapping
LAYER 2 LAYER 3
PRIORITY
QUEUE
6 6 4 100110
7 7 6 110000
IEEE 802.1P USER
PRIORITY
(ETHERNET
PRIORITY)
TO S (IP
PRECEDENCE)
5 101110
7
DSCP
100100
100010
100000
101000
111000
IP PACKET
LENGTH (BYTE)
Token Bucket
The token bucket algorithm uses tokens in a bucket to control when tr affic can be transmitted. The
bucket stores tokens, each of which represents one byte. The algorithm allows bursts of up to b
bytes which is also the bucket size, so the bucket can hold up to b tokens. Tokens are generated
and added into the bucket at a constant rate. The following shows how tokens work with packets:
• A packet can be transmitted if the number of tokens in the bucket is equal to or greater than the
size of the packet (in bytes).
• After a packet is transmitted, a number of tokens corresponding to the packet size is removed
from the bucket.
• If there are no tokens in the bucket, the Device stops transmitting until enough tokens are
generated.
• If not enough tokens are available, the Device treats the packet in either one of the following
ways:
In traffic shaping:
• Holds it in the queue until enough tokens are available in the bucket.
In traffic policing:
•Drops it.
• T r ansmits it but adds a DSCP mark. The Device may drop these marked pack ets if the network
is overloaded.
Configure the bucket size to be equal to or less than the amount of the bandwidth that the interface
can support. It does not help if you set it to a bucket size over the interface’s capability . The smaller
the bucket size, the lower the data transmission rate and that may cause outgoing packets to be
dropped. A larger transmission rate requires a big bucket size. For example, use a bucket size of 10
kbytes to get the transmission rate up to 10 Mbps.
Single Rate Three Color Marker
The Single Rate Three Color Marker (srTCM, defined in RFC 2697) is a type of traffic policing that
identifies packets by comparing them to one user-defined rate, the Committed Information Rate
(CIR), and two burst sizes: the Committed Burst Size (CBS) and Excess Burst Size (EBS).
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The srTCM evaluates incoming packets and marks them with one of three colors which refer to
packet loss priority levels. High packet loss priority level is referred to as red, medium is referred to
as yellow and low is referred to as green.
The srTCM is based on the token bucket filter and has two token buckets (CBS and EBS). Tokens
are generated and added into the bucket at a constant rate, called Committed Information Rate
(CIR). When the first bucket (CBS) is full, new tokens overflow into the second bucket (EBS).
All packets are evaluated against the CBS. If a packet does not exceed the CBS it is marked green.
Otherwise it is evaluated against the EBS. If it is below the EBS then it is marked yellow. If it
exceeds the EBS then it is marked red.
The following shows how tokens work with incoming packets in srTCM:
• A packet arrives. The packet is marked green and can be transmitted if the number of tokens in
the CBS bucket is equal to or greater than the size of the packet (in bytes).
• After a packet is transmitted, a number of tokens corresponding to the packet size is removed
from the CBS bucket.
• If there are not enough tokens in the CBS bucket, the Device checks the EBS bucket. The packet
is marked yellow if there are sufficient tokens in the EBS bucket. Otherwise, the packet is marked
red. No tokens are removed if the packet is dropped.
Two Rate Three Color Marker
The Two Rate Three Color Marker (trTCM, defined in RFC 2698) is a type of traffic policing that
identifies packets by comparing them to two user-defined rates: the Committed Information Rate
(CIR) and the Peak Information Rate (PIR). The CIR specifies the aver age rate at which packets are
admitted to the network. The PIR is greater than or equal to the CIR. CIR and PIR values are based
on the guaranteed and maximum bandwidth respectively as negotiated between a service provider
and client.
The trTCM evaluates incoming packets and marks them with one of three colors which refer to
packet loss priority levels. High packet loss priority level is referred to as red, medium is referred to
as yellow and low is referred to as green.
The trTCM is based on the token bucket filter and has two token buckets (Committed Burst Size
(CBS) and Peak Burst Size (PBS)). Tokens are generated and added into the two buckets at the CIR
and PIR respectively.
All packets are evaluated against the PIR. If a packet exceeds the PIR it is marked red. Otherwise it
is evaluated against the CIR. If it exceeds the CIR then it is marked yellow. Finally, if it is below the
CIR then it is marked green.
The following shows how tokens work with incoming packets in trTCM:
• A packet arrives. If the number of tokens in the PBS bucket is less than the size of the packet (in
bytes), the packet is marked red and may be dropped regardless of the CBS bucket. No tokens
are removed if the packet is dropped.
• If the PBS bucket has enough tokens, the Device checks the CBS bucket. The packet is marked
green and can be transmitted if the number of tokens in the CBS bucket is equal to or greater
than the size of the packet (in bytes). Otherwise, the packet is marked yellow.
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