ZyXEL VMG4381B10A Users Manual

Figure 58 Network Settings > Home Networking > 5th Ethernet Port

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 37 Network Settings > Home Networking > 5th Ethernet Port

LABEL DESCRIPTION

State Select Enable to use the Ethernet WAN port as a LAN port on the Device. Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

8.10 The MoCA Screen

The VMG4381-B10A supports MoCA (Multimedia over Coax Alliance), which allows multimedia and home networking over coaxial cable. Data communication and audio/video streaming are allowed at the same time.

Chapter 8 Home Networking

Click Network Settings > Home Networking > MoCA to open this screen.

Figure 59 Network Settings > Home Networking > MoCA

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 38 Network Settings > Home Networking > MoCA

LABEL DESCRIPTION

MoCA Privacy Select the check box to enable MoCA privacy . If this is enabled, all devices

connected via coaxial cable must use the same password. Privacy Password Enter the password for the MoCA connection. Enable Auto Scan Select the check box to enable auto scan for the operating frequency. Last Operating

Frequency Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

Manually select an operating frequency from the droplist.

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8.11 The LAN VLAN Screen

Click Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN VLAN to open this screen. Use this screen to control the VLAN ID and IEEE 802.1p priority tags of traffic sent out through individual LAN ports.

Figure 60 Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN VLAN

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 39 Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN VLAN

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Lan Port These represent the Device’s LAN ports. Tag Operation Select what you want the Device to do to the IEEE 802.1q VLAN ID and priority tags of

802.1P Mark Use this option to set what to do for the IEEE 802.1p priority tags when you add or remark

VLAN ID If you will add or remark tags for this LAN port’s downstream traffic, specify the VLAN ID

Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel

downstream traffic before sending it out through this LAN port.

• Unchange - Don’t do anything to the traffic’s VLAN ID and priority tags.

• Add - Add VLAN ID and priority tags to untagged traffic.

• Remove - Delete one tag from tagged traffic. If the frame has double tags, this removes the outer tag. This does not affect untagged traffic.

• Remark - Change the value of the outer VLAN ID and priority tags.

the tags for a LAN port’s downstream traffic. Either select Unchange to not modify the traffic’s priority tags or select an priority from 0 to 7 to use. The larger the number, the higher the priority.

(from 0 to 4094) to use here.

Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

8.12 TFTP Server Name Screen

Click Network Setting > Home Networking > TFTP Server Name to open this screen. Use this screen to access the TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) Server using DHCP option 66.

Figure 61 Network Setting > Home Networking > TFTP Server Name

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WAN

LAN

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 40 Network Setting

LABEL DESCRIPTION

TFTP Server Name Type a name for the TFTP Server. This allows you to access the TFTP

Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

> Home Networking > TFTP Server Name

server using DHCP option 66. However, option 66 (open standard) supports only the IP address of the hostname or a single TFTP server.

8.13 Technical Reference

This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.

8.13.1

LANs, WANs and the Device

The actual physical connection determines whether the Device ports are LAN or WAN ports. There are two separate IP networks, one inside the LAN network and the other outside the WAN network as shown next.

Figure 62 LAN and WAN IP Addresses

8.13.2 DHCP Setup

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the Device as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the Device provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If you turn DHCP service off, you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else the computer must be manually configured.

IP Pool Setup

The Device is pre-configured with a pool of IP addresses for the DHCP clients (DHCP Pool). See the product specifications in the appendices. Do not assign static IP addresses from the DHCP pool to your LAN computers.

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8.13.3 DNS Server Addresses

DNS (Domain Name System) maps a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a computer before you can access it. The DNS server addresses you enter when you set up DHCP are passed to the client machines along with the assigned IP address and subnet mask.

There are two ways that an ISP disseminates the DNS server addresses.

• The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an information sheet, when you sign up. If your ISP gives you DNS server addresses, enter them in the DNS Server fields in the DHCP Setup screen.

• Some ISPs choose to disseminate the DNS server addresses using the DNS server extensions of IPCP (IP Control Protocol) after the connection is up. If your ISP did not give you explicit DNS servers, chances are the DNS servers are conveyed through IPCP negotiation. The Device supports the IPCP DNS server extensions through the DNS proxy feature.

Please note that DNS proxy works only when the ISP uses the IPCP DNS server extensions. It does not mean you can leave the DNS servers out of the DHCP setup under all circumstances. If your ISP gives you explicit DNS servers, make sure that you enter their IP addresses in the DHCP Setup screen.

Chapter 8 Home Networking

8.13.4 LAN TCP/IP

The Device has built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses and DNS servers to systems that support DHCP client capability.

IP Address and Subnet Mask

Similar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do computers on a LAN share one common network number.

Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.

If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to

192.168.255.0 and you must enable the Network Address Translation (NAT) feature of the Device.

The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. Let's say you select

192.168.1.0 as the network number; which covers 254 individual addresses, from 192.168.1.1 to

192.168.1.254 (zero and 255 are reserved). In other words, the first three numbers specify the

network number while the last number identifies an individual computer on that network.

Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address that is easy to remember, for instance, 192.168.1.1, for your Device, but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address.

The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. Y ou don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise.

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Private IP Addresses

Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet, for example, only between your two branch offices, you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:

• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255

• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255

• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255

You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses.

Note: Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address;

always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, “Ad dress All ocati on for Private Internets” and RFC 1466, “Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space”.

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9.1 Overview

WAN

LAN

The Device usually uses the default gateway to route outbound traffic from computers on the LAN to the Internet. T o have the Device send data to devices not reachable through the default gateway, use static routes.

For example, the next figure shows a computer (A) connected to the Device’s LAN interface. The Device routes most traffic from A to the Internet through the Device’s default gateway (R1). You create one static route to connect to services offered by your ISP behind router R2. You create another static route to communicate with a separate network behind a router R3 connected to the LAN.

Figure 63 Example of Routing Topology

HAPTER

Routing

9.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter

•Use the Static Route screen to view and set up static routes on the Device (Section 9.2 on page

158).

•Use the Policy Forwarding screen to configure policy routing on the Device. (Section 9.3 on

page 159).

•Use the RIP screen to set up RIP settings on the Device. (Section 9.4 on page 161).

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9.2 The Routing Screen

Use this screen to view and configure the static route rules on the Device. Click Network Setting > Routing > Static Route to open the following screen.

Figure 64 Network Setting > Routing > Static Route

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 41 Network Setting > Routing > Static Route

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Add new static route

# This is the index number of the entry. Status This field displays whether the static route is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this

Name This is the name that describes or identifies this route. Destination IP This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always

Subnet Mask This parameter specifies the IP network subnet mask of the final destination. Gateway This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same

Interface This is the WAN interface used for this static route. Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the static route on the Device.

Click this to configure a new static route.

route is active. A gray bulb signifies that this route is not active.

based on network number.

network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.

Chapter 9 Routing

Click the Delete icon to remove a static route from the Device. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the rout e.

9.2.1 Add/Edit Static Route

Use this screen to add or edit a static route. Click Add new static route in the Routing screen or the Edit icon next to the static route you want to edit. The screen shown next appears.

Figure 65 Routing: Add/Edit

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 42 Routing: Add/Edit

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Active This field allows you to activate/deactivate this static route.

Select this to enable the static route. Clear this to disable this static route without having to

delete the entry. Route Name Enter a descriptive name for the static route. IP Type Select whether your IP type is IPv4 or IPv6. Destination IP

Address IP Subnet Mask If you are using IPv4 and need to specify a route to a single host, use a subnet mask of

Use Gateway IP Address

Gateway IP Address

Use Interface Select the WAN interface you want to use for this static route. Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

Enter the IPv4 or IPv6 network address of the final destination.

255.255.255.255 in the subnet mask field to force the network number to be identical to

the host ID. Enter the IP subnet mask here.

The gateway is a router or swi tch on the same network segment as t he device's LAN o r WAN

port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.

If you want to use the gateway IP address, select Enable.

Enter the IP address of the gateway.

9.3 The Policy Forwarding Screen

Traditionally, routing is based on the destination address only and the Device takes the shortest path to forward a packet. Policy forwarding allows the Device to override the default routing behavior and alter the packet forwarding based on the policy defined by the network administrator. Policy-based routing is applied to outgoing packets, prior to the normal routing.

You can use source-based policy forwarding to direct traffic from different users through different connections or distribute traffic among multiple paths for load sharing.

The Policy Forwarding screen let you view and configure routing policies on the Device. Click Network Setting > Routing > Policy Forwarding to open the following screen.

Figure 66 Network Setting > Routing > Policy Forwarding

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 43 Network Setting > Routing >Policy Forwarding

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Add new Policy Forwar d Rule

# This is the index number of the entry.

Click this to create a new policy forwarding rule.

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Table 43 Network Setting > Routing >Policy Forwarding (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Policy Name This is the name of the rule. Source IP This is the source IP address. Source Subnet

Mask Protocol This is the transport layer protocol. Source Port This is the source port number. WAN This is the WAN interface through which the traffic is routed. Modify Click the Edit icon to edit this policy.

his is the source subnet mask address.

Click the Delete icon to remove a policy from the Device. A window displays asking you to

confirm that you want to delete the policy.

9.3.1 Add/Edit Policy Forwarding

Click Add new Policy Forward Rule in the Policy Forwarding screen or click the Edit icon next to a policy. Use this screen to configure the required information for a policy route.

Figure 67 Policy Forwarding: Add/Edit

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 44 Policy Forwarding: Add/Edit

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Policy Name Enter a descriptive name of up to 8 printable English keyboard characters, not including

spaces. Source IP Enter the source IP address. Source Subnet

Mask Protocol Select the transport layer protocol (TCP or UDP). Source Port Enter the source port number. Source MAC Enter the source MAC address. WAN Select a WAN interface through which the traffic is sent. You must have the WAN

Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

Enter the source subnet mask address.

interface(s) already configured in the Broadband screens.

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9.4 The RIP Screen

Routing Information Protocol (RIP, RFC 1058 and RFC 1389) allows a device to exchange routing information with other routers.

Click Network Setting > Routing > RIP to open the RIP screen.

Figure 68 RIP

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 45 RIP

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Interface This is the name of the interface in which the RIP setting is used. Version The RIP version controls the format and the broadcas ti ng me th od of t he RIP packets that

the Device sends (it recognizes both formats when receiving). RIP version 1 is universally supported but RIP version 2 carries more information. RIP version 1 is probably adequate for most networks, unless you have an unusual network topology.

Operation Select Passive to have the Device update the routing table based on the RIP packets

received from neighbors but not advertise its route information to other routers in this interface.

Select Active to have the Device advertise its route information and also listen for routing

updates from neighboring routers. Enabled Select the check box to activate the settings. Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

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10.1 Overview

Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a network’s ability to deliver data with minimum delay, and the networking methods used to control the use of bandwidth. Without QoS, all traffic data is equally likely to be dropped when the network is congested. This can cause a reduction in network performance and make the network inadequate for time-critical application such as video-ondemand.

Configure QoS on the Device to group and prioritize application traffic and fine-tune network performance. Setting up QoS involves these steps:

1 Configure classifiers to sort traffic into different flows.

2 Assign priority and define actions to be performed for a classified traffic flow.

HAPTER

Quality of Service (QoS)

The Device assigns each packet a priority and then queues the packet accordingly . P ackets assigned a high priority are processed more quickly than those with low priority if there is congestion, allowing time-sensitive applications to flow more smoothly. Time-sensitive applications include both those that require a low level of latency (delay) and a low level of jitter (variations in delay) such as Voice over IP (VoIP) or Internet gaming, and those for which jitter alone is a problem such as Internet radio or streaming video.

This chapter contains information about configuring QoS and editing classifiers.

10.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter

•The General screen lets you enable or disable QoS and set the upstream bandwidth (Section

10.3 on page 165).

•The Queue Setup screen lets you configure QoS queue assignment (Section 10.4 on page 166).

•The Class Setup screen lets you add, edit or delete QoS classifiers (Section 10.5 on page 168).

•The Policer Setup screen lets you add, edit or delete QoS policers (Section 10.5 on page 168).

•The Monitor screen lets you view the Device's QoS-related packet statistics (Section 10.7 on

page 175).

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Traffic

Time

Traffic Rate

Traffic

Time

Traffic Rate

(Before Traffic Shaping)

(After Traffic Shaping)

10.2 What You Need to Know

The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter.

QoS versus Cos

QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the same flow are given the same priority. CoS (class of service) is a way of managing traffic in a network by grouping similar types of traffic together and treating each type as a class. You can use CoS to give different priorities to different packet types.

CoS technologies include IEEE 802.1p layer 2 tagging and DiffServ (Differentiated Services or DS). IEEE 802.1p tagging makes use of three bits in the packet header, while DiffServ is a new protocol and defines a new DS field, which replaces the eight-bit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP header.

Tagging and Marking

In a QoS class, you can configure whether to add or change the DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) value, IEEE 802.1p priority level and VLAN ID number in a matched packet. When the packet passes through a compatible network, the networking device, such as a backbone switch, can provide specific treatment or service based on the tag or marker.

T raffic Shaping

Bursty traffic may cause network congestion. Traffic shaping regulates packets to be transmitted with a pre-configured data transmission rate using buffers (or queues). Your Device uses the Token Bucket algorithm to allow a certain amount of large bursts while keeping a limit at the aver age rate.

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Traffic

Time

Traffic Rate

Traffic

Time

Traffic Rate

(Before Traffic Policing) (After Traffic Policing)

T raffic Policing

Traffic policing is the limiting of the input or output transmission rate of a class of traffic on the basis of user-defined criteria. Traffic policing methods measure traffic flows against user-defined criteria and identify it as either conforming, exceeding or violating the criteria.

The Device supports three incoming traffic metering algorithms: Token Bucket Filter (TBF), Single Rate Two Color Maker (srTCM), and Two Rate Two Color Marker (trTCM). You can specify actions which are performed on the colored packets. See Section 10.8 on page 176 for more information on each metering algorithm.

10.3 The Quality of Service General Screen

Click Network Setting > QoS > General to open the screen as shown next.

Use this screen to enable or disable QoS and set the upstream bandwidth. See Section 10.1 on

page 163 for more information.

Figure 69 Network Settings > QoS > General

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 46 Network Setting > QoS > General

LABEL DESCRIPTION

QoS Se lect the Enable check box to turn on QoS to improve your network performance. WAN Managed

Upstream Bandwidth

LAN Managed Downstream Bandwidth

Enter the amount of upstream bandwidth for the WAN interfaces that you want to allocate using QoS.

The recommendation is to set this speed to match the interfaces’ actual transmission speed. For example, set the WAN int erfac es’ s pee d t o 100 000 k bps i f your Internet connection has an upstream transmission speed of 100 Mbps.

You can set this number higher than the interfaces’ actual transmission speed. The Device uses up to 95% of the DSL port’s actual upstream transmission speed even if you set this number higher than the DSL port’s actual transmission speed.

You can also set this number lower than the interfaces’ actual transmission speed. This will cause the Device to not use some of the interfaces’ available bandwidth.

If you leave this field blank, the Device automatically sets this number to be 95% of the WAN interfaces’ actual upstream transmission speed.

Enter the amount of downstream bandwidth for the LAN interfaces (including WLAN) that you want to allocate using QoS.

The recommendation is to set this speed to match the WAN interfaces’ actual transmission speed. For example, set the LAN managed downstream bandwidth to 100000 kbps if you use a 100 Mbps wired Ethernet WAN connection.

You can also set this number lower than the WAN inte rfaces’ actual tr ansmission speed. Thi s will cause the Device to not use some of the interfaces’ available bandwidth.

If you leave this field blank, the Device automatically sets this to the LAN interfaces’ maximum supported connection speed.

Upstream traffic priority Assigned by

Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.

Select how the Device assigns priorities to various upstream traffic flows.

• None: Disables auto priority mapping and has the Device put packets into the queues according to your classification rules. Traffic which does not match any of the classification rules is mapped into the default queue with the lowest priority.

• Ethernet Priority: Automatically assign priority based on the IEEE 802.1p priority level.

• IP Precedence: Automatically assign priority based on the first three bits of the TOS field in the IP header.

• Packet Length: Automatically assign priority based on the packet size. Smaller packets get higher priority since control, signaling, VoIP, internet gaming, or other real-time packets are usually small while larger packets are usually best effort data packets like file transfers.

10.4 The Queue Setup Screen

Click Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup to open the screen as shown next.

Use this screen to configure QoS queue assignment.

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Figure 70 Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 47 Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Add new Queue Click this button to create a new queue entry. # This is the index number of the entry. Status This field displays whether the queue is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this queue

Name This shows the descriptive name of this queue. Interface This shows the name of the Device’s interface through which traffic in this queue passes. Priority This shows the priority of this queue. Weight This shows the weight of this queue. Buffer

Management

Rate L imit This shows the maximum transmission rate allowed for traffic on this queue. Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the queue.

is active. A gray bulb signifies that this queue is not active.

This shows the queue management algorithm used for this queue. Queue management algorithms determine how the Device should handle packets when it

receives too many (network congestion).

Click the Delete icon to delete an existing queue. Note that subsequent rules move up by one when you take this action.

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10.4.1 Adding a QoS Queue

Click Add new Queue or the edit icon in the Queue Setup screen to configure a queue.

Figure 71 Queue Setup: Add

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 48 Queue Setup: Add

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Active Select to enable or disable this queue. Name Enter the descriptive name of this queue. Interface Select the interface to which this queue is applied.

This field is read-only if you are editing the queue.

Priority Select the priority level (from 1 to 7) of this queue.

The smaller the number, the higher t he priority level. Traffic assigned to higher priority queues gets through faster while traffi c in l ower priority queues is dropped if the network is congested.

Weight Select the weight (from 1 to 8) of this queue.

If two queues have the same priority level, the Device divides the bandwidth across the queues according to their weights. Queues with larger weights get more bandwidth than queues with smaller weights.

Buffer Management

Rate L imit Specify the maximum transmission rate (in Kbps) allowed for traffic on this queue. OK Click OK to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

This field displays Drop Tail (DT). Drop Tail (DT) is a simple queue management algorithm that allows the Device buffer to accept as many packets as it can until it is full. Once the buffer is full, new packets that arrive are dropped until there is space in the buffer again (packets are transmitted out of it).

10.5 The Class Setup Screen

Use this screen to add, edit or delete QoS classifiers. A classifier groups traffic into data flows according to specific criteria such as the source address, destination address, source port number, destination port number or incoming interface. For example, you can configure a classifier to select traffic from the same protocol port (such as Telnet) to form a flow.

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You can give different priorities to traffic that the Device forwards out through the WAN interface. Give high priority to voice and video to make them run more smoothly. Similarly, give low priority to many large file downloads so that they do not reduce the quality of other applications.

Click Network Setting > QoS > Class Setup to open the following screen.

Figure 72 Network Setting > QoS > Class Setup

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 49 Network Setting > QoS > Class Setup

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Add new Classifier Click this to create a new classifier. # This is the index number of the entry. Status This field displays whether the classifier is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this

Class Name This is the name of the classifier. Classification

Criteria

DSCP Mark This is the DSCP number added to traffic of this classifier.

802.1P Mark This is the IEEE 802.1p priority level assigned to traffic of this classifier. VLAN ID Tag This is the VLAN ID number assigned to traffic of this classifier. To Queue This is the name of the queue in which traffic of this classifier is put. Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the classifier.

classifier is active. A gray bulb signifies that this classifier is not act ive.

This shows criteria specified in this classifier, for example the interface from which traffic of this class should come and the source MAC address of traffic that matches this classifier.

Click the Delete icon to delete an existing classifier. Note that subsequent rules move up by one when you take this action.

10.5.1 Add/Edit QoS Class

Click Add new Classifier in the Class Setup screen or the Edit icon next to a classifier to open the following screen.

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Figure 73 Class Setup: Add/Edit

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 50 Class Setup: Add/Edit

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Active Select this to enable this classifier. Class Name Enter a descriptive name of up to 15 printable English keyboard characters, not including

Classification Order

From Interface If you want to classify the traffic by an ingress interface, select an interface from the From

Ether Type Select a predefined application to configure a class for the matched traffic.

Source

Address Select the check box and enter the source IP address in dotted decimal notation. A blank

Subnet Netmask

Port Range If you select TCP or UDP in the IP Protocol field, select the chec k box and enter the port

MAC Select the check box and enter the source MAC address of the packet. MAC Mask Type the mask for the specified MAC address to determine which bits a packet’s MAC

Exclude Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.

Destination

Address Select the check box and enter the source IP address in dotted decimal notation. A blank

Subnet Netmask

Port Range If you select TCP or UDP in the IP Protocol field, select the chec k box and enter the port

MAC Select the check box and enter the source MAC address of the packet. MAC Mask Type the mask for the specified MAC address to determine which bits a packet’s MAC

spaces. Select an existing number for where you want to put this classifier to move the classifier to

the number you selected after clicking Apply. Select Last to put this rule in the back of the classifier list.

Interface drop-down list box.

If you select IP, you also need to configure source or destination MAC address, IP address, DHCP options, DSCP value or the protocol type.

If you select 802.1Q, you can configure an 802.1p priority level.

source IP address means any source IP address. Enter the source subnet mask.

number(s) of the source.

address should match. Enter “f” for each bit of the specified source MAC address that the traffic’s MAC address

should match. Enter “0” for the bit(s) of the matched tr affi c’s MAC address, which can be of any hexadecimal character(s). For example, if you set the MAC address to 00:13:49:00:00:00 and the mask to ff:ff:ff:00:00:00, a packet with a MAC address of 00:13:49:12:34:56 m atches this criteria.

source IP address means any source IP address. Enter the source subnet mask.

number(s) of the source.

address should match. Enter “f” for each bit of the specified source MAC address that the traffic’s MAC address

Exclude Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.

Others

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Table 50 Class Setup: Add/Edit (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Service This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.

This field simplifies classifier configuration by allowing you to select a predefined application. When you select a predefined application, you do not configure the rest of the filter fields.

IP Protocol This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.

Select this option and select the protocol (service type) from TCP, UDP, ICMP or IGMP. If you select User defined, enter the protocol (service ty pe) number.

DHCP This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.

Select this option and select a DHCP option. If you select Vendor Class ID (DHCP Option 60), enter the Vendor Class Identifier

(Option 60) of the matched traffic, such as the type of the hardware or firmware. If you select User Class ID (DHCP Option 77), enter a string that identifies the user’s

category or application type in the matched DHCP packets.

Packet Length

DSCP This field is available on ly when you select IP in the Ether Type field.

802.1P This field is available only when you select 802.1Q in the Ether Type field.

VLAN ID This field is available only when you select 802.1Q in the Ether Type field.

This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field. Select this option and enter the minimum and maximu m packet lengt h (from 46 to 1500) in

the fields provided.

Select this option and specify a DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) number between 0 and 63 in the field provided.

Select this option and select a priority level (between 0 and 7) from the drop-down list box. "0" is the lowest priority level and "7" is the highest.

Select this option and specify a VLAN ID number.

TCP ACK This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.

If you select this option, the matched TCP packets must contain the ACK (Acknowledge) flag.

Exclude Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.

DSCP Mark This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.

If you select Mark, enter a DSCP value with which the Device replaces the DSCP field in the packets.

If you select Unchange, the Device keep the DSCP field in the packets.

802.1P Mark Select a priority level with which the Device replaces the IEEE 802.1p priority field in the packets.

If you select Unchange, the Device keep the 802.1p priority field in the packets.

VLAN ID If you select Remark, enter a VLAN ID number with which the Device replaces the VLAN ID

of the frames. If you select Remove, the Device deletes the VLAN ID of the frames before forwarding

them out. If you select Add, the Device treat all matched traffic untagged and add a second VLAN ID. If you select Unchange, the Device keep the VLAN ID in the packets.

Forwar d to Interface

Select a WAN interface through which traffic of this class wil l be forwarded o ut. If you select Unchange, the Device forward traffic of this class according to the default routing table.

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Table 50 Class Setup: Add/Edit (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

To Queue Index Select a queue that applies to this class.

You should have configured a queue in the Queue Setup screen already.

Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

10.6 The QoS Policer Setup Screen

Use this screen to configure QoS policers that allow you to limit the transmission rate of incoming traffic. Click Network Setting > Qo S > Policer Setup. The screen appears as shown.

Figure 74 Network Setting > QoS > Policer Setup

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 51 Network Setting > QoS > Policer Setup

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Add new Policer Click this to create a new entry. # This is the index number of the entry. Status This field displays whether the policer is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this

policer is active. A gray bulb signifies that this policer is not active.

Name This field displays the descriptive name of this policer. Regulated

Classes Meter Type This field displays the type of QoS metering algorithm used in this policer. Rule These are the rates and burst sizes against which the policer checks the traffic of the

Action This shows the how the policer has the Device treat different types of traffic belonging to

Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the policer.

This field displays the name of a QoS classifier

member QoS classes.

the policer’s member QoS classes.

Click the Delete icon to delete an existing policer. Note that subsequent rules move up by one when you take this action.

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10.6.1 Add/Edit a QoS Policer

Click Add new Policer in the Policer Setup screen or the Edit icon next to a policer to show the following screen.

Figure 75 Policer Setup: Add/Edit

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 52 Policer Setup: Add/Edit

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Active Select the check box to activate this policer. Name Enter the descriptive name of this policer. Meter Type This shows the traffic metering algorithm used in this policer.

The Simple Token Bucket algorithm uses tokens in a bucket to control when traffic can be transmitted. Each token represents one byte. The algorithm allows bursts of up to b bytes which is also the bucket size.

The Single Rate Three Color Marker (srTCM) is based on the token bucket filter and identifies packets by comparing them to the Committed Information Rate (CIR), the Committed Burst Size (CBS) and the Excess Burst Size (EBS).

The Two Rate Three Color Marker (trTCM) is based on the token bucket filter and identifies packets by comparing them to the Committed Information Rate (CIR) and the Peak Information Rate (PIR).

Committed Rate

Committed Burst Size

Conforming Action

NonConforming Action

Specify the committed rate. When the incoming traffic rate of the member QoS classes is less than the committed rate, the device applies the conforming action to the traffic.

Specify the committed burst size for packet bursts. This must be equal to or less than the peak burst size (two rate three color) or exce ss burst size (single r ate three color) if it is also configured.

This is the maximum size of the (first) token bucket in a traffic metering algorithm. Specify what the Device does for packets within the committed rate and burst size (green-

marked packets).

• Pass: Send the packets without modification.

• DSCP Mark: Change the DSCP mark value of the packets. Enter the DSCP mark value to

use.

Specify what the Device does for packets that exceed the excess burst size or peak rate and burst size (red-marked packets).

• Drop: Discard the packets.

• DSCP Mark: Change the DSCP mark value of the packets. Enter the DSCP mark value to

use. The packets may be dropped if there is congestion on the network.

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Table 52 Policer Setup: Add/Edit

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Available Class

Select a QoS classifier to apply this QoS policer to traffic that matches the QoS classifier.

Selected Class

Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

Highlight a QoS classifier in the Available Class box and use the > button to move it to the Selected Class box.

To remove a QoS classifier from the Selected Class box, select it and use the < button.

10.7 The QoS Monitor Screen

To view the Device’s QoS packet statistics, click Network Setting > QoS > Monitor. The screen appears as shown.

Figure 76 Network Setting > QoS > Monitor

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 53 Network Setting > QoS > Monitor

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Refresh Interval Enter how often you want the Device to update t his screen. Se lect No Refresh

to stop refreshing statistics. Interface Monitor # This is th e index number of the entry. Name This shows the name of the interface on the Device. Pass Rate This shows how many packets forwarded to this interface are transmitted

successfully. Drop Rate This shows how many packets forwarded to this interface are dropped. Queue Monitor # This is th e index number of the entry. Name This shows the name of the queue. Pass Rate This shows how many packets assigned to this queue are transmitted

successfully. Drop Rate This shows how many packets assigned to this qu eue are dropped.

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10.8 Technical Reference

The following section contains additional technical information about the Device features described in this chapter.

IEEE 802.1Q Tag

The IEEE 802.1Q standard defines an explicit VLAN tag in the MAC header to identify the VLAN membership of a frame across bridges. A VLAN tag includes the 12-bit VLAN ID and 3-bit user priority. The VLAN ID associates a frame with a specific VLAN and provides the information that devices need to process the frame across the network.

IEEE 802.1p specifies the user priority field and defines up to eight separate traffic types. The following table describes the traffic types defined in the IEEE 802.1d standard (which incorporates the 802.1p).

Table 54 IEEE 802.1p Priority Level and Traffic Type

PRIORITY LEVEL

Level 7 Typically used for network control traffic such as router configuration messages. Level 6 Typically used for voice traffic that is especially sensitive to jitter (jitter is the

Level 5 Typically used for video that consumes high ban dwidth and is sensitive to jitter. Level 4 Typically used for controlled load, latency-sensitive traffic such as SNA (Systems

Level 3 Typically used for “excellent effort” or better than best effort and would include

Level 2 This is for “spare bandwidth”. Level 1 This is typically used for non-critical “background” traffic such as bulk transfers that

Level 0 Typically used for best-effort traffic.

TRAFFIC TYPE

variations in delay).

Network Architecture) transactions.

important business traffic that can tolerate some delay.

are allowed but that should not affect other applications and users.

DiffServ

QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the flow are given the same priority. You can use CoS (class of service) to give different priorities to different packet types.

DiffServ (Differentiated Services) is a class of service (CoS) model that marks packets so that they receive specific per-hop treatment at DiffServ-compliant network devices along the route based on the application types and traffic flow. Packets are marked with DiffServ Code Points (DSCPs) indicating the level of service desired. This allows the intermediary DiffServ-compliant network devices to handle the packets differently depending on the code points without the need to negotiate paths or remember state information for every flow. In addition, applications do not have to request a particular service or give advanced notice of where the traffic is going.

DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior

DiffServ defines a new Differentiated Services (DS) field to replace the Type of Service (TOS) field in the IP header. The DS field contains a 2-bit unused field and a 6-bit DSCP field which can define up to 64 service levels. The following figure illustrates the DS field.

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DSCP is backward compatible with the three precedence bits in the ToS octet so that non-DiffServ compliant, ToS-enabled network device will not conflict with the DSCP mapping.

DSCP (6 bits) Unused (2 bits)

The DSCP value determines the forwarding behavior, the PHB (Per-Hop Behavior), that each packet gets across the DiffServ network. Based on the marking rule, different kinds of traffic can be marked for different kinds of forwarding. Resources can then be allocated according to the DSCP values and the configured policies.

IP Precedence

Similar to IEEE 802.1p prioritization at layer-2, you can use IP precedence to prioritize packets in a layer-3 network. IP precedence uses three bits of the eight-bit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP header. There are eight classes of services (ranging from zero to seven) in IP precedence. Zero is the lowest priority level and seven is the highest.

Automatic Priority Queue Assignment

If you enable QoS on the Device, the Device can automatically base on the IEEE 802.1p priority level, IP precedence and/or packet length to assign priority to traffic which does not match a class.

The following table shows you the internal layer-2 and layer-3 QoS mapping on the Device. On the Device, traffic assigned to higher priority queues gets through faster while traffic in lower index queues is dropped if the network is congested.

Table 55 Internal Layer2 and Layer3 QoS Mapping

LAYER 2 LAYER 3

PRIORITY QUEUE

IEEE 802.1P USER PRIORITY (ETHERNET

TO S (IP PRECEDENCE)

DSCP

IP PACKET LENGTH (BYTE)

PRIORITY)

0 1 0 000000 12 2 0 0 000000 >1100 3 3 1 001110

001100 001010 001000

4 4 2 010110

010100 010010 010000

5 5 3 011110

250~1100

<250 011100 011010 011000

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Table 55 Internal Layer2 and Layer3 QoS Mapping

LAYER 2 LAYER 3

PRIORITY QUEUE

6 6 4 100110

7 7 6 110000

IEEE 802.1P USER PRIORITY (ETHERNET PRIORITY)

TO S (IP PRECEDENCE)

5 101110

DSCP

100100 100010 100000

101000

111000

IP PACKET

LENGTH (BYTE)

Token Bucket

The token bucket algorithm uses tokens in a bucket to control when tr affic can be transmitted. The bucket stores tokens, each of which represents one byte. The algorithm allows bursts of up to b bytes which is also the bucket size, so the bucket can hold up to b tokens. Tokens are generated and added into the bucket at a constant rate. The following shows how tokens work with packets:

• A packet can be transmitted if the number of tokens in the bucket is equal to or greater than the size of the packet (in bytes).

• After a packet is transmitted, a number of tokens corresponding to the packet size is removed from the bucket.

• If there are no tokens in the bucket, the Device stops transmitting until enough tokens are generated.

• If not enough tokens are available, the Device treats the packet in either one of the following ways:

In traffic shaping:

• Holds it in the queue until enough tokens are available in the bucket.

In traffic policing:

•Drops it.

• T r ansmits it but adds a DSCP mark. The Device may drop these marked pack ets if the network is overloaded.

Configure the bucket size to be equal to or less than the amount of the bandwidth that the interface can support. It does not help if you set it to a bucket size over the interface’s capability . The smaller the bucket size, the lower the data transmission rate and that may cause outgoing packets to be dropped. A larger transmission rate requires a big bucket size. For example, use a bucket size of 10 kbytes to get the transmission rate up to 10 Mbps.

Single Rate Three Color Marker

The Single Rate Three Color Marker (srTCM, defined in RFC 2697) is a type of traffic policing that identifies packets by comparing them to one user-defined rate, the Committed Information Rate (CIR), and two burst sizes: the Committed Burst Size (CBS) and Excess Burst Size (EBS).

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The srTCM evaluates incoming packets and marks them with one of three colors which refer to packet loss priority levels. High packet loss priority level is referred to as red, medium is referred to as yellow and low is referred to as green.

The srTCM is based on the token bucket filter and has two token buckets (CBS and EBS). Tokens are generated and added into the bucket at a constant rate, called Committed Information Rate (CIR). When the first bucket (CBS) is full, new tokens overflow into the second bucket (EBS).

All packets are evaluated against the CBS. If a packet does not exceed the CBS it is marked green. Otherwise it is evaluated against the EBS. If it is below the EBS then it is marked yellow. If it exceeds the EBS then it is marked red.

The following shows how tokens work with incoming packets in srTCM:

• A packet arrives. The packet is marked green and can be transmitted if the number of tokens in the CBS bucket is equal to or greater than the size of the packet (in bytes).

• After a packet is transmitted, a number of tokens corresponding to the packet size is removed from the CBS bucket.

• If there are not enough tokens in the CBS bucket, the Device checks the EBS bucket. The packet is marked yellow if there are sufficient tokens in the EBS bucket. Otherwise, the packet is marked red. No tokens are removed if the packet is dropped.

Two Rate Three Color Marker

The Two Rate Three Color Marker (trTCM, defined in RFC 2698) is a type of traffic policing that identifies packets by comparing them to two user-defined rates: the Committed Information Rate (CIR) and the Peak Information Rate (PIR). The CIR specifies the aver age rate at which packets are admitted to the network. The PIR is greater than or equal to the CIR. CIR and PIR values are based on the guaranteed and maximum bandwidth respectively as negotiated between a service provider and client.

The trTCM evaluates incoming packets and marks them with one of three colors which refer to packet loss priority levels. High packet loss priority level is referred to as red, medium is referred to as yellow and low is referred to as green.

The trTCM is based on the token bucket filter and has two token buckets (Committed Burst Size (CBS) and Peak Burst Size (PBS)). Tokens are generated and added into the two buckets at the CIR and PIR respectively.

All packets are evaluated against the PIR. If a packet exceeds the PIR it is marked red. Otherwise it is evaluated against the CIR. If it exceeds the CIR then it is marked yellow. Finally, if it is below the CIR then it is marked green.

The following shows how tokens work with incoming packets in trTCM:

• A packet arrives. If the number of tokens in the PBS bucket is less than the size of the packet (in bytes), the packet is marked red and may be dropped regardless of the CBS bucket. No tokens are removed if the packet is dropped.

• If the PBS bucket has enough tokens, the Device checks the CBS bucket. The packet is marked green and can be transmitted if the number of tokens in the CBS bucket is equal to or greater than the size of the packet (in bytes). Otherwise, the packet is marked yellow.

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Network Address Translation (NAT)

11.1 Overview

This chapter discusses how to configure NAT on the Device. NAT (Network Address Translation NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in a packet, for example, the source address of an outgoing packet, used within one network to a different IP address known within another network.

11.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter

•Use the Port Forwarding screen to configure forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local network (Section 11.2 on page 182).

•Use the Applications screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local network (Section 11.3 on page 185).

•Use the Port Triggering screen to add and configure the Device’s trigger port settings (Section

11.4 on page 186).

•Use the DMZ screen to configure a default server (Section 11.5 on page 189).

•Use the ALG screen to enable and disable the NAT and SIP (VoIP) ALG in the Device (Section

11.6 on page 190).

•Use the Address Mapping screen to configure the Device's address mapping settings (Section

11.7 on page 190).

HAPTER

11.1.2 What You Need To Know

Inside/Outside

Inside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the Device, for example, the computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the outside hosts.

Global/Local

Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet is in the local network, while the global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is traveling in the WAN side.

NAT

In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber (the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the

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WAN side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host.

Port Forwarding

A port forwarding set is a list of inside (behind NAT on the LAN) servers, for example, web or FTP, that you can make visible to the outside world even though NAT makes your whole inside network appear as a single computer to the outside world.

Finding Out More

See Section 11.8 on page 192 for advanced technical information on NAT.

11.2 The Port Forwarding Screen

Use the Port Forwarding screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local network.

You may enter a single port number or a range of port numbers to be forw arde d , an d the local IP address of the desired server. The port number identifies a service; for example, web service is on port 80 and FTP on port 21. In some cases, such as for unknown services or where one server can support more than one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might be better to specify a range of port numbers. You can allocate a serv er IP address that corresponds to a port or a range of ports.

The most often used port numbers and services are shown in Appendix F on page 353. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers.

Note: Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server

processes (such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may periodically check for servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any active services at your location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP.

Configuring Servers Behind Port Forwarding (Example)

Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in the example), port 80 to another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP address of 192.168.1.35 to a third (C in the example). You assign the LAN IP addresses and the ISP assigns the WAN IP address. The NAT network appears as a single host on the Internet.

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A=192.168.1.33

D=192.168.1.36

C=192.168.1.3

B=192.168.1.34

WAN

LAN

192.168.1.1 IP Address assigned by ISP

Figure 77 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example

Click Network Setting > NAT > Port Forwarding to open the following screen.

See Appendix F on page 353 for port numbers commonly used for particular services.

Figure 78 Network Setting > NAT > Port Forwarding

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 56 Network Setting > NAT > Port Forwarding

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Add new rule Click this to add a new rule. # This is the index number of the entry. Status This field displays whether the NAT rule is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this rule

is active. A gray bulb signifies that this rule is not active. Service Name This shows the service’s name. WAN Interface This shows the WAN interface through which the service is forwarded. WAN IP This field displays the incoming packet’s destination IP address. Server IP

Address Start Port This is the first external port number that identifies a service. End Port This is the last external port number that identifies a service. Translation

Start Port Translation End

Port Protocol This shows the IP protocol supported by this virtual server, whether it is TCP, UDP, or TCP/

Modify Click the Edit icon to edit this rule.

This is the server’s IP address.

This is the first internal port number that identifies a service.

This is the last internal port number that identifies a service.

UDP.

Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.

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11.2.1 Add/Edit Port Forwarding

Click Add new rule in the Port Forwarding screen or click the Edit icon next to an existing rule to open the following screen.

Figure 79 Port Forwarding: Add/Edit

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 57 Port Forwarding: Add/Edit

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Active Clear the checkbox to disable the rule. Sele ct the check box to enable it. Service Name Enter a name to identify this rule using keyboard characters (A-Z, a-z, 1-2 and so on). WAN Interface Select the WAN interface through which the service is forwarded.

You must have already configured a WAN connection with NAT enabled. WAN IP Enter the WAN IP address for which the incoming service is destined. If the packet ’s

Start Port Enter the original destination port for the packets.

End Port Enter the last port of the original destination port range.

Translation Start Port

Translation End Port

Server IP Address

destination IP address doesn’t match the one specified here, the port forwarding rule will

not be applied.

To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the End Port field.

To forward a series of ports, enter the start port number here and the end port number in

the End Port field.

To forward only one port, enter the port number in the Start Port field above and then

enter it again in this field.

To forward a series of ports, enter the last port number in a series that begins with the port

number in the Start Port field above.

This shows the port number to which you want the Device to translate the incoming port.

For a range of ports, enter the first number of the range to which you want the incoming

ports translated.

This shows the last port of the translated port range.

Enter the inside IP address of the virtual server here.

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Table 57 Port Forwarding: Add/Edit (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Protocol Select the protocol supported by this virtual server. Choices are TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP. OK Click OK to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

11.3 The Applications Screen

This screen provides a summary of all NAT applications and their configuration. In addition, this screen allows you to create new applications and/or remove existing ones.

To access this screen, click Network Setting > NAT > Applications. The following screen appears.

Figure 80 Network Setting > NAT > Applications

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 58 Network Setting > NAT > Applications

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Add new application

Application Forwarded

WAN Interface This field shows the WAN interface through which the service is forwarded. Server IP

Address Modify Click the Delete icon to delete the rule.

Click this to add a new NAT application rule.

This field shows the type of application that the service forwards.

This field displays the destination IP address for the service.

11.3.1 Add New Application

This screen lets you create new NAT application rules. Click Add new application in the Applications screen to open the following screen.

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Figure 81 Applications: Add

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 59 Applications: Add

LABEL DESCRIPTION

WAN Interface Select the WAN interface that you want to apply this NAT rule to. Server IP

Address Application

Category Application

Forwarded View Rule Cl ick this to display the configuration of the s ervice that you have chosen in Application

OK Click OK to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

Enter the inside IP address of the application here.

Select the category of the application from the drop-down list box.

Select a service from the drop-down list box and the Device automatically configures the

protocol, start, end, and map port number that define the service.

Fowarded.

11.4 The Port Triggering Screen

Some services use a dedicated range of ports on the client side and a dedicated range of ports on the server side. With regular port forwarding you set a forwarding port in NAT to forward a service (coming in from the server on the WAN) to the IP address of a computer on the client side (LAN). The problem is that port forwarding only forwards a service to a single LAN IP address. In order to use the same service on a different LAN computer, you have to manually replace the LAN computer's IP address in the forwarding port with another LAN computer's IP address.

Trigger port forwarding solves this problem by allowing computers on the LAN to dynamically take turns using the service. The Device records the IP address of a LAN computer that sends traffic to the WAN to request a service with a specific port number and protocol (a "trigger" port). When the Device's WAN port receives a response with a specific port number and protocol ("open" port), the Device forwards the traffic to the LAN IP address of the computer that sent the request. After that computer’s connection for that service closes, another computer on the LAN can use the service in the same manner. This way you do not need to configure a new IP address each time you want a different LAN computer to use the application.

For example:

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Figure 82 Trigger Port Forwarding Process: Example

1 Jane requests a file from the Real Audio server (port 7070).

2 Port 7070 is a “trigger” port and causes the Device to record Jane’s computer IP address. The

Device associates Jane's computer IP address with the "open" port range of 6970-7170.

3 The Real Audio server responds using a port number ranging between 6970-7170.

4 The Device forwards the traffic to Jane’s computer IP address.

5 Only Jane can connect to the Real Audio server until the connection is closed or times out. The

Device times out in three minutes with UDP (User Datagram Protocol) or two hours with TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).

Click Network Setting > NAT > Port Triggering to open the following screen. Use this screen to view your Device’s trigger port settings.

Figure 83 Network Setting > NAT > Port Triggering

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 60 Network Setting > NAT > Port Triggering

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Add new rule Click this to create a new rule. # This is the index number of the entry. Status This field displays whether the port triggering rule is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies

Service Name This field displays the name of the service used by th is rule. WAN Interface This field shows the WAN interface through which the service is forwarded. Trigger Start

Port

Trigger End Port

Tri gger Proto. This is the trigger transport layer protocol.

that this rule is active. A gray bulb signifies that this rule is not active.

The trigger port is a port (or a range of ports) that causes (or triggers) the Device to record

the IP address of the LAN computer that sent the traffic to a server on the WAN.

This is the first port number that identifies a service.

This is the last port number that identifies a service.

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Table 60 Network Setting > NAT > Port Triggering (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Open Start Port The open port is a port (or a range of ports) that a server on the WAN uses when it sends

out a particular service. The Device forwards the traffic with this port (or range of ports) to

the client computer on the LAN that requested the service.

This is the first port number that identifies a service. Open End Port This is the last port number that identifies a service. Open Proto. This is the open transport layer protocol. Modify Click the Edit icon to edit this rule.

Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.

11.4.1 Add/Edit Port Triggering Rule

This screen lets you create new port triggering rules. Click Add new rule in the Port Triggering screen or click a rule’s Edit icon to open the following screen.

Figure 84 Port Triggering: Add/Edit

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 61 Port Triggering: Configuration Add/Edit

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Active Select the check box to enable this rule. Service Name Enter a name to identify this rule using keyboard characters (A-Z, a-z, 1-2 and so on). WAN Interface Select a WAN interface for which you want to configure port triggering rules. Trigger Start

Port

Trigger End Port

Trigger Protocol Select the transport layer protocol from TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP.

The trigger port is a port (or a range of ports) that causes (or triggers) the Device to record

the IP address of the LAN computer that sent the traffic to a server on the WAN.

Type a port number or the starting port number in a range of port numbers.

Type a port number or the ending port number in a range of port numbers.

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Table 61 Port Triggering: Configuration Add/Edit (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Open Start Port The open port is a port (or a range of ports) that a server on the WAN uses when it sends

out a particular service. The Device forwards the traffic with this port (or range of ports) to

the client computer on the LAN that requested the service.

Type a port number or the starting port number in a range of port numbers. Open End Port Type a port number or the ending port number in a range of port numbers. Open Protocol Select the transport layer protocol from TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP. OK Click OK to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

11.5 The DMZ Screen

In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default serv er IP address. A default server receives packets from ports that are not specified in the NAT Port Forwarding Setup screen.

Figure 85 Network Setting > NAT > DMZ

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 62 Network Setting > NAT > DMZ

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Default Server Address

Enter the IP address of the default server which receives packets from ports that are not

specified in the NAT Port Forwarding screen.

Note: If you do not assign a Default Server Address, the Device discards all packets

received for ports that are not specified in the NAT Port Forwarding screen.

Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.

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11.6 The ALG Screen

Some NAT routers may include a SIP Application Layer Gateway (ALG). A SIP ALG allows SIP calls to pass through NAT by examining and translating IP addresses embe dded in the data stream. When the Device registers with the SIP register server, the SIP ALG translates the Device’s private IP address inside the SIP data stream to a public IP address. You do not need to use STUN or an outbound proxy if your Device is behind a SIP ALG.

Use this screen to enable and disable the NAT and SIP (VoIP) ALG in the Device. To access this screen, click Network Setting > NAT > ALG.

Figure 86 Network Setting > NAT > ALG

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 63 Network Setting > NAT > ALG

LABEL DESCRIPTION

NAT ALG Enable this to make sure applications such as FTP and file transfer in IM applications work

SIP ALG Enable this to make sure SIP (VoIP) works correctly with port-forwarding and address-

Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.

correctly with port-forwarding and address-mapping rules.

mapping rules.

11.7 The Address Mapping Screen

Ordering your rules is important because the Device applies the rules in the order that you specify. When a rule matches the current packet, the Device takes the corresponding action and the remaining rules are ignored.

Click Network Setting > NAT > Address Mapping to display the following screen.

Figure 87 Network Setting > NAT > Address Mapping

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The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 64 Network Setting > NAT > Address Mapping

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Add new rule Click this to create a new rule. Set This is the index number of the address mapping set. Local Start IP This is the starting Inside Local IP Address (ILA). Local End IP This is the ending Inside Local IP Address (ILA). If the rule is for all local IP addresses, then

Global Start IP This is the starting Inside Global IP Address (IGA). Enter 0.0.0.0 here if you have a dynamic

Global End IP This is the ending Inside Global IP Address (IGA). This field is blank for One-to-One and

Type This is the address mapping type.

this field displays 0.0.0.0 as the Local Start IP address and 255.255.255.255 as the Local

End IP address. This field is blank for One-to-One mapping types.

IP address from your ISP. You can only do this for the Many-to-One mapping type.

Many-to-One mapping types.

One-to-One: This mode maps one local IP address to one global IP address. Note that port

numbers do not change for the One-to-one NAT mapping type.

Many-to-One: This mode maps multiple local IP addresses to one global IP address. This is

equivalent to SUA (i.e., PAT, port address translation), the Device's Single User Account

feature that previous routers supported only.

Many-to-Many: This mode maps multiple local IP addresses to shared global IP addresses. Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the address mapping rule.

Click the Delete icon to delete an existing address mapping rule. Note that subsequent

address mapping rules move up by one when you take this action.

11.7.1 Add/Edit Address Mapping Rule

To add or edit an address mapping rule, click Add new rule or the rule’s edit icon in the Address Mapping screen to display the screen shown next.

Figure 88 Address Mapping: Add/Edit

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The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 65 Address Mapping: Add/Edit

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Type Choose the IP/port mapping type from one of the following.

One-to-One: This mode maps one local IP address to one global IP address. Note that port

numbers do not change for the One-to-one NAT mapping type.

Many-to-One: This mode maps multiple local IP addresses to one global IP address. This is

equivalent to SUA (i.e., PAT, port address translation), the Device's Single User Account

feature that previous routers supported only.

Many-to-Many: This mode maps multiple local IP addresses to shared global IP addresses. Local Start IP Local End IP Enter the ending Inside Local IP Address (ILA). If the rule is for all local IP addresses, then

Global Start IP Enter the starting Inside Global IP Address (IGA). Enter 0.0.0.0 here if y ou h a ve a dynamic

Global End IP Enter the ending Inside Global IP Address (IGA). This field is blank for One-to-One and

Set Select the number of the mapping set for which you want to configure. OK Click OK to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

Enter the starting Inside Local IP Address (ILA).

this field displays 0.0.0.0 as the Local Start IP address and 255.255.255.255 as the Local

End IP address. This field is blank for One-to-One mapping types.

IP address from your ISP. You can only do this for the Many-to-One mapping type.

Many-to-One mapping types.

11.8 Technical Reference

This part contains more information regarding NAT.

11.8.1 NAT Definitions

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Note that inside/outside refers to the location of a host, while global/local refers to the IP address of a host used in a packet. Thus, an inside local address (ILA) is the IP address of an inside host in a packet when the packet is still in the local network, while an inside global address (IGA) is the IP address of the same inside host when the packet is on the WAN side. The following table summarizes this information.

Table 66 NAT Definitions

ITEM DESCRIPTION

Inside This refers to the host on the LAN. Outside This refers to the host on the WAN. Local This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the

LAN.

Global This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the

WAN.

NAT never changes the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host.

11.8.2 What NAT Does

In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber (the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the WAN side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host. Note that the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host is never changed.

Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT)

The global IP addresses for the inside hosts can be either static or dynamically assigned by the ISP . In addition, you can designate servers, for example, a web server and a telnet server, on your local network and make them accessible to the outside world. If you do not define any servers (for Many to-One and Many-to-Many Overload mapping), NAT offers the additional benefit of firewall protection. With no servers defined, your Device filters out all incoming inquiries, thus preventing intruders from probing your network. For more information on IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address Translator (NAT).

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11.8.3 How NAT Works

192.168.1.13

192.168.1.10

192.168.1.11

192.168.1.12

192.168.1.10

IGA1

Inside Local IP Address

192.168.1.10

192.168.1.11

192.168.1.12

192.168.1.13

Inside Global IP Address IGA 1 IGA 2 IGA 3 IGA 4

NAT Table

WAN

LAN

Inside Local Address (ILA)

Inside Global Address (IGA)

Each packet has two addresses – a source address and a destination address. For outgoing packets, the ILA (Inside Local Address) is the source address on the LAN, and the IGA (Inside Global Address) is the source address on the WAN. For incoming packets, the ILA is the destination address on the LAN, and the IGA is the destination address on the WAN. NAT maps private (local) IP addresses to globally unique ones required for communication with hosts on other networks. It replaces the original IP source address (and TCP or UDP source port numbers for Many-to-One and Many-to-Many Overload NAT mapping) in each packet and then forwards it to the Internet. The Device keeps track of the original addresses and port numbers so incoming reply packets can have their original values restored. The following figure illustrates this.

Figure 89 How NAT Works

Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT)

11.8.4 NAT Application

The following figure illustrates a possible NAT application, where three inside LANs (logical LANs using IP alias) behind the Device can communicate with three distinct WAN networks.

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Figure 90 NAT Application With IP Alias

Port Forwarding: Services and Port Numbers

The most often used port numbers are shown in the following table. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers. Please also refer to the Supporting CD for more examples and details on port forwarding and NAT.

Table 67 Services and Port Numbers

SERVICES PORT NUMBER

ECHO 7 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 21 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 25 DNS (Domain Name System) 53 Finger 79 HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer protocol or WWW, Web) 80 POP3 (Post Office Protocol) 110 NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol) 119 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) 161 SNMP trap 162 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) 1723

Port Forwarding Example

Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in the example), port 80 to another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP address of 192.168.1.35 to a

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D=192.168.1.36

192.168.1.1

IP address assigned by ISP

A=192.168.1.33

B=192.168.1.34

C=192.168.1.35

third (C in the example). You assign the LAN IP addresses and the ISP assigns the WAN IP address. The NAT network appears as a single host on the Internet.

Figure 91 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example

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12.1 Overview

DNS

DNS (Domain Name System) is for mapping a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a machine before you can access it.

In addition to the system DNS server(s), each WAN interface (service) is set to have its own static or dynamic DNS server list. You can configure a DNS static route to forward DNS queries for certain domain names through a specific WAN interface to its DNS server(s). The Device uses a system DNS server (in the order you specify in the Broadband screen) to resolve domain names that do not match any DNS routing entry. After the Device receives a DNS reply from a DNS server, it creates a new entry for the resolved IP address in the routing table.

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Dynamic DNS Setup

Dynamic DNS

Dynamic DNS allows you to update your current dynamic IP address with one or many dynamic DNS services so that anyone can contact you (in NetMeeting, CU-SeeMe, etc.). You can also access your FTP server or Web site on your own computer using a domain name (for instance myhost.dhs.org, where myhost is a name of your choice) that will never change instead of using an IP address that changes each time you reconnect. Your friends or relatives will always be able to call you even if they don't know your IP address.

First of all, you need to have registered a dynamic DNS account with www.dyndns.org. This is for people with a dynamic IP from their ISP or DHCP server that would still like to have a domain name. The Dynamic DNS service provider will give you a password or key.

12.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter

•Use the DNS Entry screen to view, configure, or remove DNS routes (Section 12.2 on page

198).

•Use the Dynamic DNS screen to enable DDNS and configure the DDNS settings on the Device (Section 12.3 on page 199).

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12.1.2 What You Need To Know

DYNDNS Wildcard

Enabling the wildcard feature for your host causes *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be aliased to the same IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org. This feature is useful if you want to be able to use, for example, www.yourhost.dyndns.org and still reach your hostname.

If you have a private WAN IP address, then you cannot use Dynamic DNS.

12.2 The DNS Entry Screen

Use this screen to view and configure DNS routes on the Device. Click Network Setting > DNS to open the DNS Entry screen.

Figure 92 Network Setting > DNS > DNS Entry

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 68 Network Setting > DNS > DNS Entry

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Add new DNS entry

# This is the index number of the en try. Hostname This indicates the host name or domain name. IP Address This indicates the IP address assigned to this computer. Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the rule.

Click this to create a new DNS entry.

Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.

12.2.1 Add/Edit DNS Entry

You can manually add or edit the Device’s DNS name and IP address entry. Click Add new DNS entry in the DNS Entry screen or the Edit icon next to the entry you want to edit. The screen

shown next appears.

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Figure 93 DNS Entry: Add/Edit

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 69 DNS Entry: Add/Edit

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Host Name Enter the host name of the DNS entry. IP Address Enter the IP address of the DNS entry. Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

12.3 The Dynamic DNS Screen

Use this screen to change your Device’s DDNS. Click Network Setting > DNS > Dynamic DNS. The screen appears as shown.

Figure 94 Network Setting > DNS > Dynamic DNS

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 70 Network Setting > DNS > > Dynamic DNS

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Dynamic DNS Select Enable to use dynamic DNS. Service

Provider Hostname Type the domain name assigned to your Device by your Dynamic DNS provider.

Username Type your user name.

Select your Dynamic DNS service provider from the drop-down list box.

You can specify up to two host names in the field separated by a comma (",").

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Table 70 Network Setting > DNS > > Dynamic DNS (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Password Type the password assigned to you. Email If you select TZO in the Service Prov ider field, enter the user name you used to register

for this service.

Key If you select TZO in the Service Provider field, enter the password you used to register for

this service. Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

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13.1 Overview

By default, all LAN and WAN interfaces on the Device are in the same group and can communicate with each other. Create interface groups to have the Device assign the IP addresses in different domains to different groups. Each group acts as an independent network on the Device. This lets devices connected to an interface group’s LAN interfaces communicate through the interface group’s WAN or LAN interfaces but not other WAN or LAN interfaces.

13.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter

The Interface Group screens let you create multiple networks on the Device (Section 13.2 on

page 201).

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Interface Group

13.2 The Interface Group Screen

You can manually add a LAN interface to a new group. Alternatively, you can have the Device automatically add the incoming traffic and the LAN interface on which traffic is received to an interface group when its DHCP Vendor ID option information matches one listed for the interface group.

Use the LAN screen to configure the private IP addresses the DHCP server on the Device assigns to the clients in the default and/or user-defined groups. If you set the Device to assign IP addresses based on the client’s DHCP Vendor ID option information, you must enable DHCP server and configure LAN TCP/IP settings for both the default and user-defined groups. See Chapter 8 on page

133 for more information.

In the following example, the client that sends packets with the DHCP V endor ID option set to MSFT

5.0 (meaning it is a Windows 2000 DHCP client) is assigned the IP address 192.168.2.2 and uses the WAN VDSL_PoE/ppp0.1 interface.

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Default: ETH 2~4

Internet

192.168.1.x/24

192.168.2.x/24

VDSL_PoE/ppp0.1

eth10.0

DHCP Vendor ID option: MSFT 5.0

Figure 95 Interface Grouping Application

Click Network Setting > Interface Grou p to open the following screen.

Figure 96 Network Setting > Interface Group

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 71 Network Setting > Interface Group

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Add New Interface Group

Group Name This shows the descriptive name of the group. WAN Interface This shows the WAN interfaces in the group. LAN Interfaces This shows the LAN interfaces in the group. Criteria This shows the filtering criteria for the group. Modify Click the Delete icon to remove the group. Add Click this button to create a new group.

Click this button to create a new interface group.

13.2.1 Interface Group Configuration

Click the Add New Interface Group button in the Interface Group screen to open the following screen. Use this screen to create a new interface group.

Note: An interface can belon g to only one group at a time.

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Figure 97 Interface Group Configuration

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 72 Interface Group Configuration

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Group Name Enter a name to identify this group. You can enter up to 30 characters. You can use letters,

numbers, hyphens (-) and underscores (_). Spaces are not allowed. WAN Interface

used in the grouping

Grouped LAN Interfaces

Available LAN Interfaces

Automatically Add Clients With the following DHCP Vendor IDs

# This shows the index number of the rule. Filter Criteria This shows the filtering criteria. The LAN interface on which the matched traffic is received

WildCard Support

Remove Click the Remove ico n to delete this rule from the Device.

Select the WAN interface this group uses. The group can have up to one PTM interface and

up to one ATM interface.

Select None to not add a WAN interface to this group.

Select one or more LAN interfaces (Ethernet LAN, HPNA or wireless LAN) in the Available

LAN Interfaces list and use the left arrow to move them to the Grouped LAN Interfaces

list to add the interfaces to this group.

To remove a LAN or wireless LAN interface from the Grouped LAN Interfaces, use the

right-facing arrow.

Click Add to identify LAN hosts to add to the interface group by criteria such as the type of

the hardware or firmware. See Section 13.2.2 on page 204 for more information.

will belong to this group automatically.

This shows if wildcard on DHCP option 60 is enabled.

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Table 72 Interface Group Configuration (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

13.2.2 Interface Grouping Criteria

Click the Add button in the Interface Grouping Configuration screen to open the following screen.

Figure 98 Interface Grouping Criteria

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 73 Interface Grouping Criteria

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Source MAC Address

DHCP Option 60Select this option and enter the Vendor Class Identifier (Option 60) of the matched traffic,

Enable wildcard on DHCP option 60 option

DHCP Option 61Select this and enter the device identity of the matched traffic.

IAID Enter the Identity Association Identifier (IAID) of the device, for example, the WAN

Enter the source MAC address of the packet.

such as the type of the hardware or firmware.

Select this option to be able to use wildcards in the Vendor Class Identifier configured for

DHCP option 60.

connection index number.

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Table 73 Interface Grouping Criteria (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

DUID type Select DUID-LLT (DUID Based on Link-layer Address Plus Time) to enter the hardware

type, a time value and the MAC address of the device.

Select DUID-EN (DUID Assigned by Vendor Based upon Enterprise Number) to enter the

vendor’s registered enterprise number.

Select DUID-LL (DUID Based on Link-layer Address) to enter the device’s hardware type

and hardware address (MAC address) in the following fields.

Select Other to enter any string that identifies the device in the DUID field. DHCP Option

125

Enterprise Number

Manufactur er OUI

Product Class

Model Name

Serial

Number Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

Select this and enter vendor specific information of the matched traffic.

Enter the vendor’s 32-bit enterprise number registered with the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).

Specify the vendor’s OUI (Organization Unique Identifier). It is usually the first three bytes of the MAC address.

Enter the product class of the device.

Enter the model name of the device.

Enter the serial number of the device.

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14.1 Overview

The Device has a USB port used to share files via a USB memory stick or a USB hard drive. In the USB Service screens, you can enable file-sharing server, media server, and printer server.

14.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter

•Use the File Sharing screen to enable file-sharing server (Section 14.2 on page 208).

•Use the Media Server screen to enable or disable the sharing of media files (Section 14.3 on

page 210).

•Use the Printer Server screen to enable the print server (Section 14.4 on page 211).

14.1.2 What You Need To Know

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USB Service

The following terms and concepts may help as you read this chapter.

14.1.2.1 About File Sharing Workgroup name

This is the name given to a set of computers that are connected on a network and share resources such as a printer or files. Windows automatically assigns the workgroup name when you set up a network.

When settings are set to default, each USB device connected to the Device is given a folder, called a “share”. If a USB hard drive connected to the Device has more than one partition, then each partition will be allocated a share. You can also configure a “share” to be a sub-folder or file on the USB device.

File Systems

A file system is a way of storing and organizing files on your hard drive and storage device. Often different operating systems such as Windows or Linux have different file systems. The file sharing feature on your Device supports File Allocation Table (FAT) and FAT32.

Common Internet File System

The Device uses Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol for its file sharing functions. CIFS compatible computers can access the USB file storage devices connected to the Device. CIFS

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protocol is supported on Microsoft Windows, Linux Samba and other operating systems (refer to your systems specifications for CIFS compatibility).

14.1.2.2 About Printer Server Print Server

This is a computer or other device which manages one or more printers, and which sends print jobs to each printer from the computer itself or other devices.

Operating System

An operating system (OS) is the interface which helps you manage a computer. Common examples are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS or Linux.

TCP/IP

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) is a set of communications protocols that most of the Internet runs on.

Chapter 14 USB Service

Port

A port maps a network service such as http to a process running on your computer, such as a process run by your web browser. When traffic from the Internet is received on your computer, the port number is used to identify which process running on your computer it is intended for.

Supported OSs

Your oper ating system must support TCP/IP ports for printing and be compatible with the RAW (port

9100) protocol.

The following OSs support Device’s printer sharing feature.

• Microsoft Windows 95, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Me, Windows NT 4.0, Windows

2000, Windows XP or Macintosh OS X.

14.2 The File Sharing Screen

You can share files on a USB memory stick or hard drive connected to your Device with users on your netw ork.

The following figure is an overview of the Device’s file server feature. Computers A and B can access files on a USB device (C) which is connected to the Device.

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Figure 99 File Sharing Overview

The Device will not be able to join the workgroup if your local area network has restrictions set up that do not allow devices to join a workgr oup. In this case, contact your network administrator.

14.2.1 Before You Begin

Make sure the Device is connected to your network and turned on.

1 Connect the USB device to one of the Device’s USB port. Make sure the Device is connected to your

network.

2 The Device detects the USB device and makes its contents available for browsing. If you are

connecting a USB hard drive that comes with an external power supply, make sure it is connected to an appropriate power source that is on.

Note: If your USB device cannot be detected by the Device, see the troubleshooting for

suggestions.

Use this screen to set up file sharing using the Device. To access this screen, click Network Setting > USB Service > File Sharing.

Figure 100 Network Setting > USB Service > File Sharing

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Each field is described in the following table.

Table 74 Network Setting > Home Networking > File Sharing

LABEL DESCRIPTION

File Sharing Services

Host Name Enter the host name on the share. Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.

Select Enable to activate file sharing through the Device.

14.3 The Media Server Screen

The media server feature lets anyone on your network play video, music, and photos from the USB storage device connected to your Device (without having to copy them to another computer). The Device can function as a DLNA-compliant media server. The Device streams files to DLNA-compliant media clients (like Windows Media Player). The Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) is a group of personal computer and electronics companies that works to make products compatible in a home network.

The Device media server enables you to:

• Publish all shares for everyone to play media files in the USB storage device connected to the

Device.

• Use hardware-based media clients like the DMA-2500 to play the files.

Note: Anyone on your network can play the media files in the published shares. No user

name and password or other form of security is used. The media server is enabled by default with the video, photo, and music shares published.

To change your Device’s media server settings, click Network Setting > USB Service > Media Server. The screen appears as shown.

Figure 101 Network Setting > USB Service > Media Server

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The following table describes the labels in this menu.

Table 75 Network Setting > USB Service > Media Server

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Media Server Select Enable to have the Device function as a DLNA-compliant media server.

Enable the media server to let (DLNA-co mpli ant) media clients on your network play media

files located in the shares. Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.

14.4 The Printer Server Screen

The Device allows you to share a USB printer on your LAN. You can do this by connecting a USB printer to one of the USB ports on the Device and then adding the printer on the computers connected to your network. See Section 4.11 on page 62 for instructions on adding a printer on your computer.

Figure 102 Sharing a USB Printer

14.4.1 Before You Begin

To configure the print server you need the following:

• Your Device must be connected to your computer and any other devices on your network. The USB printer must be connected to your Device.

• A USB printer with the driver already installed on your computer.

•See Section 4.11 on page 62 for instructions on adding a printer on your computer.

Note: Y our printer’ s installation i nstructions ma y ask that you connect the printer to your

computer. Connect your printer to the Device instead.

Use this screen to enable or disable sharing of a USB printer via your Device.

To access this screen, click Network Setting > USB Service > Printer Server.

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Figure 103 Network Setting > USB Service > Printer Server

The following table describes the labels in this menu.

Table 76 Network Setting > USB Service > Print Server

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Printer Server Select Enable to have the Device share a USB printer. Printer Name Enter the name of the printer. Make and

model Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.

Enter the manufacturer and model number of the printer.

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15.1 Overview

WAN

LAN

3 4

1 2

This chapter shows you how to enable and configure the Device’s security settings. Use the firewall to protect your Device and network from attacks by hackers on the Internet and control access to it. By default the firewall:

• allows traffic that originates from your LAN computers to go to all other networks.

• blocks traffic that originates on other networks from going to the LAN.

The following figure illustrates the default firewall action. User A can initiate an IM (Instant Messaging) session from the LAN to the WAN (1). Return traffic for this session is also allowed (2). However other traffic initiated from the WAN is blocked (3 and 4).

Figure 104 Default Firewall Action

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Firewall

15.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter

•Use the General screen to configure the security level of the firewall on the Device (Section 15.2

on page 215).

•Use the Service screen to add or remove predefined Internet services and configure firewall rules (Section 15.3 on page 215).

•Use the Access Control screen to view and configure incoming/outgoing filtering rules (Section

15.4 on page 217).

•Use the DoS screen to activate protection against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks (Section 15.5

on page 220).

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15.1.2 What You Need to Know

SYN Attack

A SYN attack floods a targeted system with a series of SYN packets. Each packet causes the targeted system to issue a SYN-ACK response. While the targeted system waits for the ACK that follows the SYN-ACK, it queues up all outstanding SYN-ACK responses on a backlog queue. SYNACKs are moved off the queue only when an ACK comes back or when an internal timer terminates the three-way handshake. Once the queue is full, the system will ignore all incoming SYN requests, making the system unavailable for legitimate users.

DoS

Denials of Service (DoS) attacks are aimed at devices and networks with a connection to the Internet. Their goal is not to steal information, but to disable a device or network so users no longer have access to network resources. The ZyXEL Device is pre-configured to automatically detect and thwart all known DoS attacks.

DDoS

Chapter 15 Firewall

A DDoS attack is one in which multiple compromised systems attack a single target, thereby causing denial of service for users of the targeted system.

LAND Attack

In a LAND attack, hackers flood SYN packets into the network with a spoofed source IP address of the target system. This makes it appear as if the host computer sent the packets to itself, making the system unavailable while the target system tries to respond to itself.

Ping of Death

Ping of Death uses a "ping" utility to create and send an IP packet that exceeds the maximum 65,536 bytes of data allowed by the IP specification. This may cause systems to crash, hang or reboot.

SPI

Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI) tracks each connection crossing the firewall and makes sure it is valid. Filtering decisions are based not only on rules but also context. F or example, traffic from the WAN may only be allowed to cross the firewall in response to a request from the LAN.

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15.2 The Firewall Screen

Use this screen to set the security level of the firewall on the Device. Firewall rules are grouped based on the direction of travel of packets to which they apply.

Click Security > Firewall to display the General screen.

Figure 105 Security > Firewall > General

Chapter 15 Firewall

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 77 Security > Firewall > General

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Firewall Select Enable to activate the firewall feature on the Device. Easy Select Easy to allow LAN to WAN and WAN to LAN packet directions. Medium Select Medium to allow LAN to WAN but deny WAN to LAN packet directions. High Select High to deny LAN to WAN and WAN to LAN packet directions. Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.

15.3 The Service Screen

You can configure customized services and port numbers in the Service screen. For a comprehensive list of port numbers and services, visit the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) website. See Appendix F on page 353 for some examples. This screen is not applicable to

VMG4381.

Click Security > Firewall > Service to display the following screen.

Figure 106 Security > Firewall > Service

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 78 Security > Firewall > Service

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Add new service entry

Name This is the name of your customized servic e. Description This is the description of your customized service. Ports/Protocol

Number

Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the entry.

Click this to add a new service.

This shows the IP protocol (TCP, UDP, ICMP, or TCP/UDP) and the port number or range of ports that defines your customized service. Other and the protocol number displays if the service uses another IP protocol.

Click the Delete icon to remove this entry.

15.3.1 Add/Edit a Service

Use this screen to add a customized service rule that you can use in the firewall’s ACL rule configuration. Click Add new service entry or the edit icon next to an existing service rule in the Service screen to display the following screen.

Chapter 15 Firewall

Figure 107 Service: Add/Edit

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 79 Service: Add/Edit

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Protocol Choose the IP protocol (TCP, UDP, ICMP, or Other) that defines your customized port from

Source/ Destination Port

Protocol Number

Add Click this to add the protocol to the Rule List below. Rule List Protocol This is the IP port (TCP, UDP, ICMP, or Other) that defines your customized port. Ports/Protocol

Number Modify Click the Delete icon to remove the rule. Service Name Enter a unique name (up to 32 printable English keyboard characters, including spaces) for

Service Description

Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

the drop-down list box. Select Other to be able to enter a protocol number. These fields are displayed if you select TCP or UDP as the IP port.

Select Single to specify one port only or Range to specify a span of ports that define your customized service. If you select Any, the service is applied to all ports.

Type a single port number or the range of port numbers that define your customized service.

This field is displayed if you select Other as the protocol. Enter the protocol number of your customized port.

For TCP, UDP, ICMP, or TCP/UDP protocol rules this shows the port number or range that defines the custom service. For other IP protocol rules this shows the protocol number.

your customized port. Enter a description for your customized port.

15.4 The Access Control Screen

Click Security > Firewall > Access Control to display the following screen. This screen displays a list of the configured incoming or outgoing filtering rules.

Figure 108 Security > Firewall > Access Control

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 80 Security > Firewall > Access Control

LABEL DESCRIPTION

DoS Protection DoS (Denial of Service) attacks can flood your Internet connection with invalid packets and

Add new ACL rule

# This is the index number of the entry. Name This displays the name of the rule. Src IP This displays the source IP addresses to which this rule applies. Please note that a blank

Dst IP This displays the destination IP addresses to which this rule applies. Please note that a

Service This displays the transport layer protocol that defines the serv ice and the direction of tr affic

Action This field displays whether the rule silently discards packets (DROP), discards packets and

Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the rule.

connection requests, using so much bandwidth and so many resources that Internet access becomes unavailable.

Select the Enable check box to enable protection against DoS attacks. Click this to go to add a filter rule for incoming or outgoing IP traffic.

source address is equivalent to Any.

blank destination address is equivalent to Any.

to which this rule applies.

sends a TCP reset packet or an ICMP destination-unreachable message to the sender (REJECT) or allows the passage of packets (ACCEPT).

Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule. Note that subsequent rules move up by one when you take this action.

Click the Move To icon to change the order of the rule. Enter the number in the # field.

15.4.1 Add/Edit an ACL Rule

Click Add new ACL rule or the Edit icon next to an existing ACL rule in the Access Control screen. The following screen displays.

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Figure 109 Access Control: Add/Edit

Chapter 15 Firewall

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 81 Access Control: Add/Edit

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Filter Name Enter a descriptive name of up to 16 alphanumeric characters, not including spaces,

underscores, and dashes. You must enter the filter name to add an ACL rule. This field is read-only if you are editing

the ACL rule. Order Select the order of the ACL rule. Select Source

Device Source IP

Address Select

Destination Device

Destination IP Address

IP Type Select whether your IP type is IPv4 or IPv6. Select Protocol Select the transport layer protocol that defines your customized port from the drop-down

Select the source device to which the ACL rule applies. If you select Specific IP Address,

enter the source IP address in the field below.

Enter the source IP address.

Select the destination device to which th e ACL rule applies. If you select Specific IP

Address, enter the destiniation IP address in the field below.

Enter the destination IP address.

list box. The specific protocol rule sets yo u add in the Security > Firewall > Service >

Add screen display in this list.

If you want to configure a customized protocol, select Specific Service.

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Table 81 Access Control: Add/Edit (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Protocol This field is displayed only when you select Specific Protocol in Select Protocol.

Choose the IP port (TCP/UDP, TCP, UDP, ICMP, or ICMPv6) that defines your customized

port from the drop-down list box. Custom Source

Port

Custom Destination Port

Policy Use the drop-down list box to select whether to discard (DROP), deny and send an ICMP

Direction Use the drop-down list box to select the direction of traffic to which this rule applies. Enable Rate

Limit

Scheduler Rules Select a schedule rule for this ACL rule form the drop-down list box. You can configure a

Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

This field is displayed only when you select Specific Protocol in Select Protocol.

Enter a single port number or the range of port numbers of the source.

This field is displayed only when you select Specific Protocol in Select Protocol.

Enter a single port number or the range of port numbers of the destination.

destination-unreachable message to the sender of (REJECT) or allow the passage of

(ACCEPT) packets that match this rule.

Select this check box to set a limit on the upstream/downstream transmission rate for the

specified protocol.

Specify how many packets per minute or second the transmission rate is.

new schedule rule by click Add New Rule. This will bring you to the Security > Scheduler

Rules screen.

15.5 The DoS Screen

DoS (Denial of Service) attacks can flood your Internet connection with invalid packets and connection requests, using so much bandwidth and so many resources that Internet access becomes unavailable.

Use the DoS screen to activate protection against DoS attacks. Click Security > Firewall > DoS to display the following screen.

Figure 110 Security > Firewall > DoS

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 82 Security > Firewall > DoS

LABEL DESCRIPTION

DoS Protection Blocking

Deny Ping Response

Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

Select Enable to enable protection against DoS attacks.

Select Enable to block ping request packets.

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16.1 Overview

You can configure the Device to permit access to clients based on their MAC addresses in the MAC Filter screen. This applies to wired and wireless connections. Every Ethernet device has a unique

MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. You need to know the MAC addresses of the devices to configure this screen.

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MAC Filter

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16.2 The MAC Filter Screen

Use this screen to allow wireless and LAN clients access to the Device. Click Security > MAC Filter. The screen appears as shown.

Figure 111 Security > MAC Filter

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 83 Security > MAC Filter

LABEL DESCRIPTION

MAC Address Filter Select Enable to activate the MAC filter function. Set This is the index number of the MAC address. Allow Select Allow to permit access to the Device. MAC addresses not listed will be denied

access to the Device. If you clear this, the MAC Address field for this set clears.

Host name Enter the host name of the wireless or LAN clients that are allowed access to the

Device.

MAC Address Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless or LAN clients that are allowed access to the

Device in these address fields . E nte r the MAC addresses in a valid MAC address format, that is, six hexadecimal character pairs, for example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc.

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Table 83 Security > MAC Filter (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.

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17.1 Overview

Parental control allows you to block web sites with the specific URL. You can also define time periods and days during which the Device performs parental control on a specific user.

17.2 The Parental Control Screen

Use this screen to enable parental control, view the parental control rules and schedules.

Click Security > Parental Control to open the following screen.

Figure 112 Security > Parental Control

Parental Control

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 84 Security > Parental Control

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Parental Control

Add new PCP Click this if you want to configure a new parental control rule. # This shows the index number of the rule. Status This indicates whether the rule is active or not.

PCP Name This shows the name of the rule. Home Network

User (MAC)

Select Enable to activate parental control.

A yellow bulb signifies that this rule is activ e. A gra y bulb signifies that this rule is not acti ve.

This shows the MAC address of the LAN user’s computer to which this rule applies.

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Table 84 Security > Parental Control (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Internet Access Schedule

Network Service

Website Block This shows whether the website block is configured. If not, None will be shown. Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.

Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.

This shows the day(s) and time on which parental control is enabled.

This shows whether the network service is configured. If not, None will be shown.

Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.

17.2.1 Add/Edit a Parental Control Rule

Click Add new PCP in the Parental Control screen to add a new rule or click the Edit icon next to an existing rule to edit it. Use this screen to configure a restricted access schedule and/or URL filtering settings to block the users on your network from accessing certain web sites.

Figure 113 Parental Control Rule: Add/Edit

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The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 85 Parental Control Rule: Add/Edit

LABEL DESCRIPTION

General Active Select the checkbox to activate this parental control rule. Parental

Control Profile Name

Home Network User

Internet Access Schedule Day Select check boxes for the days that you want the Device to perform parental control. Time Drag the time bar to define the time that the LAN user is allowed access. Network Service Network

Service Setting

Add new service

# This shows the index number of the rule. Select th e checkbox next to the rule to activate it. Service Name This shows the name of the rule. Protocol:Port This shows the protocol and the port of the rule. Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.

Enter a descriptive name for the rule.

Select the LAN user that you want to apply this rule to from the drop-down list box. If you

select Custom, enter the LAN user’s MAC address. If you select All, the rule applies to all

LAN users.

If you select Block, the Device prohibits the users from viewing the Web sites with the URLs

listed below.

If you select Allow, the Device blocks access to all URLs except ones listed below.

Click this to show a screen in which you can add a new service rule. You can configure the

Service Name, Protocol, and Name of the new rule.

Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule. Blocked Site/

URL Keyword Apply Click this button to save your settings back to the Device. Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.

Click Add to show a screen to enter the URL of web site or URL keyword to which the Device

blocks access. Click Delete to remove it.

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18.1 Overview

You can define time periods and days during which the Device performs scheduled rules of certain features (such as Firewall Access Control, Parental Control) on a specific user in the Scheduler Rules

screen.

18.2 The Scheduler Rules Screen

Use this screen to view, add, or edit time schedule rules.

Click Security > Scheduler Rules to open the following screen.

Scheduler Rules

Figure 114 Security > Scheduler Rules

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 86 Security > Scheduler Rules

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Add new rule Click this to create a new rule. # This is the index number of the entry. Rule Name This shows the name of the rule. Day This shows the day(s) on which this rule is enabled. Time This shows the period of time on which this rule is enabled. Description This shows the description of this rule. Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the schedule.

Click the Delete icon to delete a scheduler rule.

Note: You cannot delete a scheduler rule once it is applie d to a certain feature.

18.2.1 Add/Edit a Schedule

Click the Add button in the Scheduler Rules screen or click the Edit icon next to a schedule rule to open the following screen. Use this screen to configure a restricted access schedule for a specific user on your network.

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Figure 115 Scheduler Rules: Add/Edit

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 87 Scheduler Rules: Add/Edit

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Rule Name Enter a name (up to 31 printable English keyboard characters, not including spaces) for this

schedule. Day Select check boxes for the days that you want the Device to perform this scheduler rule. Time if Day

Range Description Enter a description for this scheduler rule. Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

Enter the time period of each day, in 24-hour format, during which parental control will be

enforced.

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19.1 Overview

The Device can use certificates (also called digital IDs) to authenticate users. Certificates are based on public-private key pairs. A certificate contains the certificate owner’s identity and public key. Certificates provide a way to exchange public keys for use in authentication.

19.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter

•The Local Certificates screen lets you generate certification requests and import the Device's CA-signed certificates (Section 19.4 on page 237).

•The Trusted CA screen lets you save the certificates of trusted CAs to the Device (Section 19.4

on page 237).

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Certificates

19.2 What You Need to Know

The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter.

Certification Authority

A Certification Authority (CA) issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner. There are commercial certification authorities like CyberTrust or VeriSign and government certification authorities. The certification authority uses its private key to sign certificates. Anyone can then use the certification authority's public key to v erify the certificates. Y ou can use the Device to generate certification requests that contain identifying information and public keys and then send the certification requests to a certification authority.

19.3 The Local Certificates Screen

Click Security > Certificates to open the Local Certificates screen. This is the Device’ s summary list of certificates and certification requests.

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Figure 116 Security > Certificates > Local Certificates

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 88 Security > Certificates > Local Certificates

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Private Key is protected by a password?

Browse... Click this to find the certificate file you want to upload. Import Certificate Click this button to save the certificate that you have enrolled from a certification

Create Certificate Request

Current File This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. It is recommended that you

Subject This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s owner, such as CN

Issuer This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s issuing certification

Valid From This field displays the date that the certificate becomes applicable. The text displays in

Valid To This field displays the date that the certificate expires. The text displays in red and

Modify Click the View icon to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the

Select the checkbox and enter the private key into the text box to store it on the Device. The private key should not exceed 63 ASCII characters (not including spaces).

authority from your computer to the Device. Click this button to go to the screen where you can have the Device generate a

certification request.

give each certificate a unique name.

(Common Name), OU (Organizational Unit or department), O (Organization or company) and C (Country). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information.

authority, such as a common name, organizational unit or department, organization or company and country.

red and includes a Not Yet Valid! message if the certificate has not yet become applicable.

includes an Expiring! or Expired! message if the certificate is about to expire or has already expired.

certificate (or certification request). For a certification request, click Load Signed to import the signed certificate. Click the Remove icon to delete the certificate (or certification request). You cannot

delete a certificate that one or more features is configured to us e.

19.3.1 Create Certificate Request

Click Security > Certificates > Local Certificates and then Create Certificate Request to open the following screen. Use this screen to have the Device generate a certification request.

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Figure 117 Create Certificate Request

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 89 Create Certificate Request

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Certificate Name

Common Name Select Auto to have the Device configure this field automatically. Or select Customize to

Type up to 63 ASCII characters (not including spaces) to identify this certificate.

enter it manually. T ype the IP address (in dotted decimal notation), domain name or e-mail address in the field

provided. The domain name or e-mail address can be up to 63 ASCII characters. The domain name or e-mail address is for identification purposes only and can be any string.

Organization Name

State/Province Name

Country/Region Name

Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

Type up to 63 characters to identify the company or group to which the certificate owner belongs. You may use any character, including spaces, but the Device drops trailing spaces.

Type up to 32 characters to identify the state or province where the certificate owner is located. You may use any character, including spaces, but the Device drops trailing spaces.

Select a country to identify the nation where the certificate owner is located.

After you click Apply, the following screen displays to notify you that you need to get the certificate request signed by a Certificate Authority. If you already have, click Load_Signed to import the signed certificate into the Device. Otherwise click Back to return to the Local Certificates screen.

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Figure 118 Certificate Request Created

19.3.2 Load Signed Certificate

After you create a certificate request and have it signed by a Certificate Authority, in the Local Certificates screen click the certificate request’s Load Signed icon to import the signed certificate

into the Device.

Note: You must remove any spaces from the certificate’s filename before you can import

it.

Figure 119 Load Signed Certificate

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 90 Load Signed Certificate

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Certificate Name

Certificate Copy and paste the signed certificate into the text box to store it on the Device. Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

This is the name of the signed certificate.

19.4 The Trusted CA Screen

Click Security > Certificates > Trusted CA to open the following screen. This screen displays a summary list of certificates of the certification authorities that you have set the Device to accept as trusted. The Device accepts any valid certificate signed by a certification authority on this list as being trustworthy; thus you do not need to import any certificate that is signed by one of these certification authorities.

Figure 120 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 91 Security > Certificates > Tr usted CA

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Import Certificate

# This is the index number of the entry. Name This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. Subject This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common

Type This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification

Modify Click the View icon to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the

Click this button to open a screen where you can save the certificate of a certification authority that you trust to the De vice.

Name (CN), OU (Organizational Unit or department), Organization (O), State (ST) and Country (C). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information.

Authority signed the certificate.

certificate (or certification request). Click the Remove button to delete the certificate (or certification request). You cannot

delete a certificate that one or more features is configured to use.

19.4.1 View Trusted CA Certificate

Click the View icon in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. Use this screen to view in-depth information about the certification authority’s certificate.

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Figure 121 Trusted CA: View

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 92 Trusted CA: View

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Name This field displays the identifying name of this certificate. Type This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification

Authority signed the certificate.

Subject This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common

Certificate This read-only text box displays the certificate in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format. PEM

Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.

Name (CN), Organizational Unit (OU), Organization (O) and Country (C).

uses base 64 to convert the binary certificate into a printable form. You can cop y and past e the ce rtific ate in to an e-ma il to se nd to frie nds or col lea gues or yo u

can copy and paste the certificate into a text editor and save the file on a management computer for later distribution (via floppy disk for example).

19.4.2 Import Trusted CA Certificate

Click the Import Certificate button in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. The Device trusts any valid certificate signed by any of the imported trusted CA certificates.

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Figure 122 Trusted CA: Import Certificate

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 93 Trusted CA: Import Certificate

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Certificate File Path

Enable Trusted CA for 802.1x Authentication

Certificate Copy and paste the certificate into the text box to store it on the Device. OK Click OK to save your changes. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

Type in the location of the certificate you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it.

If you select this checkbox, the trusted CA will be used for 802.1x authentication. The selected trusted CA will be displayed in the Network Setting > Broadband > 802.1x: Edit screen.

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20.1 Overview

The web configurator allows you to choose which categories of events and/or alerts to have the Device log and then display the logs or have the Device send them to an administrator (as e-mail) or to a syslog server.

20.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter

•Use the System Log screen to see the system logs (Section 20.2 on page 242).

•Use the Security Log screen to see the security-related logs for the categories that you select (Section 20.3 on page 243).

20.1.2 What You Need To Know

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Log

The following terms and concepts may help as you read this chapter.

Alerts and Logs

An alert is a type of log that warrants more serious attention. They include system errors, attacks (access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites. Some categories such as System Errors consist of both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the View Log screen. Alerts display in red and logs display in black.

Syslog Overview

The syslog protocol allows devices to send event notification messages across an IP network to syslog servers that collect the event messages. A syslog-enabled device can generate a syslog message and send it to a syslog server.

Syslog is defined in RFC 3164. The RFC defines the packet format, content and system log related information of syslog messages. Each syslog message has a facility and severity level. The syslog facility identifies a file in the syslog server. Refer to the documentation of your syslog program for details. The following table describes the syslog severity levels.

Table 94 Syslog Severity Levels

CODE SEVERITY

0 Emergency: The system is unusable. 1 Alert: Action must be taken immediately. 2 Critical: The system condition is critical. 3 Error: There is an error condition on the system. 4 Warning: There is a warning condition on the sy stem.

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Table 94 Syslog Severity Levels

CODE SEVERITY

5 Notice: There is a normal but significant condition on the system. 6 Informational: The syslog contains an informational message. 7 Debug: The message is intended for debug-level purposes.

20.2 The System Log Screen

Use the System Log screen to see the system logs. Click System Monitor > Log to open the System Log screen.

Figure 123 System Monitor > Log > System Log

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 95 System Monitor > Log > System Log

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Level Sele ct a severity level from the drop-down l ist box. This filters search results according to

the severity level you have selected. When you select a severity, the Device searches

through all logs of that severity or higher. Category Select the type of logs to display. Clear Log Clic k this to delete all the logs. Refresh Click this to renew the log screen. Export Log Click this to export the selected log(s). Email Log Now Click this to send the log file(s) to the E-mail address you speci fy in the Maintenance >

Logs Setting screen. System Log # Th is field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry. Time This field displays the time the log was recorded. Facility The log facility allows you to send logs to different files in the syslog server. Refer to the

documentation of your syslog program for more details. Level This field displays the severity level of the logs that the device is to send to this syslog

Messages This field states the reason for the log.

server.

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20.3 The Security Log Screen

Use the Security Log screen to see the security-related logs for the categories that you select. Click System Monitor > Log > Security Log to open the following screen.

Figure 124 System Monitor > Log > Security Log

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 96 System Monitor > Log > Security Log

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Level Sele ct a severity level from the drop-down l ist box. This filters search results according to

the severity level you have selected. When you select a severity, the Device searches

Logs Setting screen. # Th is field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry. Time This field displays the time the log was recorded. Facility The log facility allows you to send logs to different files in the syslog server. Refer to the

documentation of your syslog program for more details. Level This field displays the severity level of the logs that the device is to send to this syslog

Messages This field states the reason for the log.

server.

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21.1 Overview

Use the Traffic Status screens to look at network traffic status and statistics of the WAN and LAN interfaces.

21.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter

•Use the WAN screen to view the WAN traffic statistics (Section 21.2 on page 245).

•Use the LAN screen to view the LAN traffic statistics (Section 21.3 on page 246).

21.2 The WAN Status Screen

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Traffic Status

Click System Monitor > Traffic Status to open the WAN screen. The figure in this screen shows the number of bytes received and sent on the Device.

Figure 125 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WAN

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The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 97 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WAN

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Connected Interface

Packets Sent

Data This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface. Error This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface. Drop This indicates the number of outgoin g packets dropped on this interface.

Packets Received

Data This indicates the number of received packets on this interface. Error This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface. Drop This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface.

more...hide more

Disabled Interface

Packets Sent

Packets Received

This shows the name of the WAN interface that is currently connected.

Click more... to show more information. Click hide more to hide them.

This shows the name of the WAN interface that is currently disconnected.

21.3 The LAN Status Screen

Click System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN to open the following screen. The figure in this screen shows the interface that is currently connected on the Device.

Figure 126 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 98 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Refresh Interval Select how often you want the Device to update this screen. Interface This shows the LAN or WLAN interface. Bytes Sent This indicates the number of bytes transmitted on this interface.

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Table 98 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

more...hide more

Interface This shows the LAN or WLAN interface. Sent (Packets)

Received (Packets)

Click more... to show more information. Click hide more to hide them.

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Chapter 21 Traffic Status

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22.1 Overview

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine address, also known as a Media Access Control or MAC address, on the local area network.

An IP (version 4) address is 32 bits long. In an Ethernet LAN, MAC addresses are 48 bits long. The ARP Table maintains an association between each MAC address and its corresponding IP address.

22.1.1 How ARP Works

When an incoming packet destined for a host device on a local area network arrives at the device, the device's ARP program looks in the ARP Table and, if it finds the address, sends it to the device.

HAPTER

ARP Table

If no entry is found for the IP address, ARP broadcasts the request to all the devices on the LAN. The device fills in its own MAC and IP address in the sender address fields, and puts the known IP address of the target in the target IP address field. In addition, the device puts all ones in the target MA C field (FF.FF.FF.FF.F F.FF is th e Ethernet broadc ast address). The replying device (which is either the IP address of the device being sought or the router that knows the way) replaces the broadcast address with the target's MAC address, swaps the sender and target pairs, and unicasts the answer directly back to the requesting machine. ARP updates the ARP Table for future reference and then sends the packet to the MAC address that replied.

22.2 ARP Table Screen

Use the ARP table to view IP-to-MAC address mapping(s). To open this screen, click System Monitor > ARP Table.

Figure 127 System Monitor > ARP Table

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 99 System Monitor > ARP Table

LABEL DESCRIPTION

# This is the ARP table entry number. IP Address This is the learned IP address of a device connected to a port.

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Chapter 22 ARP Table

Table 99 System Monitor > ARP Table (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

MAC Address This is the MAC address of the device with the listed IP address. Device This is the type of interface used by the device. You can click on the device type to go to its

configuration screen.

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ZyXEL VMG4381B10A Users Manual

Specifications and Main Features

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