ZiLOG Z80-RIO Operating System User's Manual
t_
.'
~
Zilog
Operating System User's Mannal
03-0072-01
Revision A
September 1978
Copyright © 1978 by Zilog, Inc.
part
of
this publication may be reproduced, stored
retrieval system, or transmitted,
All
in
any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission
Zilog assumes no responsibility for the use
other than circuitry embodied in a Zilog product.
circuit patent licenses are implied.
rights reserved.
of
of
any circuitry
No
in
a
Zilog.
No
other
zaO-RIO
Operating System User's Manual
September
1978
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
CHAPTER 2 - RIO EXECUTIVE
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
INTRODUCTION
SYSTEM
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
SYSTEM
FILE
MEMORY
2.3.1
COMMAND
OVERVIEW
Hardware
File
System
Commands • •
I/O
INITIALIZATION
NAME
CONVENTIONS
MANAGEMENT
MEMMGR
STRING INTERPRETATION
••
Systems
Initialization
• • • . • • • • • . • • • • • . 7
AND
OVERVIEW
Configuration
• • • • • • • . . • •
.•
•
• • • • • •
•••.•••
.•..•••
. • • .
• .
1
1
3
3
3
6
7
9
9
·
10
12
13
·
13
2.5
2.6
CHAPTER 3 -
3.1
3.2
3.3
ERROR
PROGRAM
1/0
OVERVIEW
I/O
REQUESTS -
THE
'ASSIGN'
HANDLING
EXECUTION
STRUCTURE •
. •
SYSTEM
I/O
OF
COMMANDS
CALLS
REQUEST
- i -
•••
• • .
15
·
15
·
16
·
16
·
17
•
19
3.4
STANDARD
RIO
I/O
DEVICES
• • •
21
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.4.5
3.4.6
3.4.7
CHAPTER 4 -
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
PROGRAM
PARAMETER
PROGRAM
PROGRAM
SYSTEM
INTERRUPT STATUS • •
I/O
ZDOS
DFS
NULL
CON
. • • • .
PCON
FLOPPY • • •
DISK • • • •
PROGRAM
INTERFACE
LOCATION
STRING ADDRESS
STACK
TERMINATION -
CALLS - SYSTEM
UNIT
UTILIZATION
. • • •
. • • •
SPACE
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . . . 21
• • • • • • •
ERROR
ENTRY
HANDLING
POINT
• •
• • • • •
• •
• •
• • • • •
• • •
••.
•.
• •
. • • •
21
21
22
•
27
27
27
28
28
·
29
29
29
30
31
31
4.8
PROGRAM
CHAPTER 5 - RIO
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
ACTIVATE
ALLOCATE
BRIEF
CAT
•
CLOSE •
COMPARE
COpy
COPY.DISK •
EXAMPLES
COMMANDS
.
. ... . .
..
• •
· •
· •
• •
• •
• •
• •
• • •
•
32
33
35
37
39
40
•
44
45
47
49
- i i -
5.9
COPYSD
51
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
DATE
DEACTIVATE
DEALLOCATE
DEBUG
DEFINE
DELETE
DISK.
DISK.
DISK.
FORMAT
REPAIR
STATUS
DISPLAY
DO
DUMP
ECHO
53
54
55
56
60
63
67
70
72
74
75
79
80
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29
5.30
5.31
ERROR
ERRORS
EXTRACT
FORCE
FORMAT
HELP
IMAGE
INITIALIZE
LADT
81
82
83
84
85
88
89
90
91
-
iii
5.32
MASTER
•
92
5.33
5.34
5.35
5.36
5.37
5.38
5.39
5.40
5.41
5.42
5.43
CHAPTER 6 -
r·10VE
PAUSE.
RELEASE .
RENAME
RESTORE TABS
SAVE
SET • • •
STATUS
VERBOSE
XEQ
EXPRESSION EVALUATION .
TABS .
• .
ZDOS
••
• .
• . •
• • •
•
100
102
103
104
109
III
112
113
114
93
98
99
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
ZDOS
INITIALIZE
ASSIGN
OPEN
CLOSE •
REWIND
READ
WRITE BINARY
WRITE
DELETE
OPERATION
.••
BINARY • •
CURRENT
••
•
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
•
• .
114
122
123
125
132
134
135
137
139
140
-
iv
-
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
DELETE
ERASE
READ
READ
READ
READ
REMAINING
. .
· ·
AND
DELETE
CURRENT
PREVIOUS
DIRECT
· ·
·
·
·
· · · · ·
·
·
RECORDS
·
· ·
· ·
· · ·
·
· ·
·
·
· ·
·
· · · · ·
·
·
· ·
· · ·
· ·
· ·
· ·
·
·
142
143
145
147
149
151
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.20
6.21
6.22
CHAPTER
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
SKIP
SKIP
SKIP
RENAME
UPDATE
SET ATTRIBUTES
QUERY
7
-
ZILOG DISK
DFS
SOFTWARE
DFS
7.4.1
7.4.2
FORWARD
BACKWARD
TO
ATTRIBUTES
DFS
OPERATION
ALLOCATION
Sector
DFS
· · · ·
·
·
END
·
· ·
·
.
· · · · · · · ·
·
·
·
·
·
CONTROLLER
ORGANIZATION
0
Allocation
·
·
·
·
·
Format
·
·
· ·
· ·
· · · · · · ·
·
· · · ·
·
·
· ·
· ·
· · ·
· · · ·
·
·
·
· · · ·
Algorithm
· · · · ·
· ·
·
·
·
·
· · · · ·
· ·
· ·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
· · · ·
·
·
·
· · ·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
· · · ·
· · ·
·
·
· ·
153
155
157
158
160
162
164
166
166
168
171
172
172
173
7.5
7.6
7.7
THE
BARE
CONTROLLER
SYSTEM
DISK
BOOTSTRAPPING
CONTROLLER
BOOTSTRAP
- v -
• • • •
OPERATION.
on
the
MCZ-1/35
• .
·
,174
177
179
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A APPENDIX B - RIO Command
APPENDIX C - RIO
APPENDIX D APPENDIX E APPENDIX F -
APPENDIX G APPENDIX H APPENDIX I - RIO Memory
APPENDIX J -
APPENDIX K - ZDOS/DFS Command
RIO/ZDOS/DFS
System
Converting
Altering
I/O
Request
I/O
Request
Program
Internal
Descriptor
Examples
Error
Syntax
Constants
Files
Default
Vector
Codes
Command
Manager
Record
Codes
Summary
to
RIO
RIO
Format
Table
of
Summary
Contents
Procedure
Format
and
Type
File
-
vi
-
PREFACE
This
for
manual
the
(ZDS).
features,
Executive,
program
ZDOS,
Other
want
and
pertinent
to
zaO-MCZ
zaO-ZDS
zaO-RIO
zaO-RIO
This
manual
notation:
Optional
in
provides
RIO
operating
Detailed
including
default
interface,
the
Zilog
become
PROM
PROM
Relocating
Text
makes
brackets,
an
introduction
system
description
the
bootstrap
console
and
the
Hard
Disk
documentation
familiar
includes:
User's
User's
Assembler
Editor
use
of
portions
of a modifier
[].
used
is
drivers,
Zilog
Manual
Manual
User's
the
following
with
provided
process,
Floppy
File
with
Manual
and
Zilog's
I/O
structure,
Disk
System,
which
and
Linker
conventions
are
user's
for
system
the
File
DFS.
the
reader
User's
enclosed
manual
Micro
RIO
System,
may
Manual
of
The
symbol
option
the
STATUS
can
command
7,
Parameters
are
enclosed
asterisk
Parameters
but
must
parentheses
(filename)+.
for
be
can
or
simply
which
in
-
e.g.,
which
appear
and
logical
issued.
be
issued
as
can
parentheses
(filename)*.
can
at
least
followed
-
or,
STATUS
STATUS.
be
repeated
be
repeated
vii
-
'I
"
is
[0 I 1
as
STATUS
and
followed
once
are
by a plus
used
•••
0,
zero
as
or
necessary
enclosed
sign
if
either
7]
means
STATUS
more
by
an
in
-
e.g.,
1,
.••
times
All
memory
memory
so
specified,
decimal.
by
an
e.g.,
addresses
allocation
Hexadecimal
'H'
immediately
4FH.
other
and
are
given
constants
constants
following
constants
in
hexadecimal.
are
referring
given
are
the
also
hex
to
Unless
in
indicated
digits,
-
viii
-
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
The
Management,
designed
user's
available
including
zao
provides
INTRODUCTION
zao
Operating
or
to
facilitate
programs
on
various
the
zao
Development
extensive
RIO,
into
System
engineer/programmer
design.
with
which
utilities
ZDOS,
In
the
(lK=1024)
contains
capability,
disk
paper
The
user
a minimum
provides
including
and
the
modest
bytes
a
program
a
drives,
tape
and a basic
operation.
of
access
Zilog
environment,
of
floppy
System
is
a
the
a
production
Zilog
Micro
Computer
(ZDS). The
hardware
in
ZaO-based
has
a
choic~
system
to
the
Hard
dedicated
debugger
disk
AND
OVERVIEW
with
Relocatable
general-purpose
development
environment.
hardware
System
zao
debugging
hardware/software
between
support
an
assortment
Zilog
Disk
the
or
Floppy
File
user
System,
read-only
with
driver
console
file
which
driver
Modules
computing
and
integration
configurations
(MCZ-l)
Development
aids
an
Disk
to
a
modest
enhanced
of
system
File
assist
DFS.
has
access
memory
which
manipulation
supports
with
provision
and
I/O
system
of
RIO
is
series
and
System
the
system
environment
environment
support
System,
to
3K
up
to
eight
for
the
In
the
enhanced
the
RIO
Executive,
software
linker.
management
development
systems.
system
concurrently
scratch
use;
megabytes
with
and
including
The
RIO
permitting
and
ZDOS
variable
active
files
support
of
on-line
environment,
ZDOS,
a
text
Executive
utilization
provides
record
files;
which
of
are
up
storage.
the
DFS,
editor,
provides
device
independent
of
a
versatile
length
management
automatically
to
eight
- 1 -
user
also
has
and a collection
macro
assembler,
standardized
program
alternate
floppy
files;
or
disk
up
of
user-defined
deallocated
disk
The
drives
hard
disk
access
of
I/O
multiple
based
to
16
for
over
file
to
disk-resident
and
file
file
after
2.5
system,
DFS,
supplies
disks.
the
user
assembly
plex
memory
driver
delete
number
wide
r~nge
The
full
time
is
provided
and
of
line
similar
text
support
with
overlay
line
feeds,
of
console
editor,
relocatable
structures.
which
delete
features
macro
in
program
allows
symbols,
and
automatic
devices.
on 10
megabyte
assembler
development,
modules
In
addition,
user
definition
automatic
echo
and
while
insertion
mode
high
linker
speed
give
minimizing
allowing
a
console
of
character
of
to
accommodate
com-
any
a
- 2 -
1.2
SYSTEM
OVERVIEW
1.2.1
The
PROM
HARDWARE
RIO
Operating
in
either
Development
(lK=1024)
console
The
two
'2'
device
MCZ
1/20
floppy
and
the
Development
designations
The
MCZ
1/35
The
usual
c?rtridge
system
1.2.2
For
and
of
ZDOS
of
file
to
will
FILE
systems
allocation
disk
data
allocation
is
the
which
has
thirty-two
properties,
smallest
written
to
efficient
one
to
thirty-two
into
unit
in
of
length
the
1,
one
is
2,
called
record
may
CONFIGURATION
the
System
of
random
is
Zilog
disk
drives.
right
System
are
'I'
uses
configuration
drive,
designated
support
SYSTEMS
using
of
'file'.
contain
a
set
of
characters,
a
type,
amount
the
of
disk
operation
unit
4,
8,
be
which
a
'record'
is
the
16
128,
System
Zilog
is
Micro
(ZDS).
access
required.
Micro
Computer
The
drive
(ZDS)
is
also
and
hard
disk
consists
up
to
floppy
the
is
sectors
the
A
file
disks,
logically-related
attributes
a
subtype,
information
is
the
can
often
contiguous
is
then
record
or
32
sectors;
256,
512,
designed
A
minimum
memory,
left
designated
has
'0'
for
cartridge
'0'
8
drives.
on a diskette.
sector,
consists
including
a
set
contents
be
sectors
read
and
the
length.
1024,
to
Computer
configuration
one
System
drive
two
left
of
one
and
ZDOS
'I',
controls
the
of
of
(possibly
and
a
record
that
can
of
achieved
or
written
number
A
therefore
2048,
operate
System
disk
drive
drive,
is
equipped
is
designated
'0'.
drives,
and
and
right,
fixed
fixed
respectively.
fundamental
zero
information.
a
name
length.
be
read
one
sector,
by
(a
complete
together.
of
bytes
record
the
or
4096
with
(MCZ)
The
but
the
respectively.
platter
platter
the
organization
While
structure
or
more
of
from
null)
from
grouping
track)
of
may
consist
record
bytes.
the
or
of
and
with
the
sectors
The
or
but
data
32K
a
drive
Zilog
drives.
and
The
basic
Each
one
more
from
This
4K
one
unit
within
On
systems
provides
with
a
similar
hard
file
disks,
structure.
the
- 3 -
Disk
File
The
System
bulk
of
(DFS)
the
DFS
software
,troller;
main
space
files,
ported.
The
properties
include
runs
only
system
saving.
except
The
any
1)
write
2)
erase
3)
locked
changed
properties,
included
below)
in
the
a
small
memory,
DFS
that
sector
of
thus
files
multiple-sector
(and
a
file
combination
protected
protected
attributes
(a
file's
in
;
memory
interface
resulting
have
record)
are
of
- may
- may
type,
the
file's
of
an
routine
the
size
defined
the
following:
not
not
- may
not
attributes
subtype,
'descriptor
intelligent
resides
in
a
large
same
structure
records
is
512
by
the
have
have
contents
contents
have
include
and
other
disk
memory
are
bytes.
user
its
attributes
its
information
record';
in
as
not
and
altered;
deleted;
conthe
ZDOS
sup-
may
see
When
a
which
In
addition
subtype,
to
15.
files
all
I/O
random -file
4)
access;
~)
secret
searches
file
must
1)
2)
is
be
directory
procedure
can
be
directly;
3) ASCII the
American
Interchange
by
the
4)
binary
to
which
The
subtype
of
a
certain
device
-
file
(see
created,
exactly
loaded
file
editor
-
data
the
is
a
files
one
- a
-
file
consists
Standard
format,
file
value
is
type.
to
is
in
is
not
below).
the
user
of
file
directory
contains
into
or
of
memory
console
an
type,
ranging
useful
For
be
of
a
format
normally
specifies
the
following:
information
and
of
symbols
Code
such
for
as
input
unspecified
the
user
from
to
differentiate
instance,
type
procedure,
for
random
found
(see
executed
encoded
Information
those
device;
format.
may
0
(default)
RIO
in
directory
its
type,
below);
which
produced
define
between
requires
subtype
in
a
1.
- 4 -
The
file
named
'DIRECTORY'.
(including
first
is
and
one
is
record
sector
called
including
creation,
address,
record
the
record
records
count
file
and
which
contents
di~k.
of
~ttempts
file.
record
the
This
disk.
Note
are
therefore
system
itself)
of
entry
date
last
are
contains
the
may,
'linked'
to
localize
that
physically
always
maintains
In
on
each
long
the
(regardless
'descriptor
point
of
last
data
record
contained
pointers
subsequent
are
logically
in
fact,
The
disk
the
read
a
special
this
the
file.
file
disk
The
(where
modification,
address,
in
(disk
record
reside
structure
allocation
the
disk
sectors
contiguous
or
written
are
and
first
of
record'.
execution
this
addresses)
in
in
order
in
an
allows
sectors
which
on
as
file
the
the
location
record
the
record
All
may
first
record
record.
the
file.
according
arbitrary
maximum
algorithm
used
comprise
the
disk
a
single
on
each
names
the
begin),
data
length,
Each
to
in
for
a
disk
of
all
of
of
each
length
file
record
and
record
the
Note
to
file
order
utilization
ZDOS
a
single
single
and
are
disk
access.
which
files
the
file
of
the
attributes
date
of
of
previous
that
on
the
file
is
file)
ZDOS
unallocated
sectors
formatting
command
exchanged.
when
If
space
the
section
Under
in
sectors
sectors
'BOO~STRAP'
at
While
debugger
are
maintains
of
or
a
file
the
diskette
is
preallocated
GET/SAVE
5.13).
DFS,
a
free
is
to
eystem
files
on
compatible,
disk
the
utility
automatically
The
is
the
chain.
a
the
file
initialization.
created
the
interchcnged
not
transferable)
correctly
only
a
bit
sectors.
diskette
and
map
is
closed
is
formatted
command
unallocated
The
matter
free
contains
Development
the
between
but
on
the
map
to
which
is
by
written
following
for
package
allocation
of
removing
chain.
by
the
bootstrap
systems
a
system
system
keep
This
read
ZDOS
as
the
(see
hard
System
the
RIO
System
(procedure
for
track
map
are
preallocated
into
when
from
memory
an
allocation
a
'system'
system
the
disk
and
sectors
disks
file
system
Operating
or
is
not.
disk
which
of
allocated
resides
memory
the
diskettes
to
bootstrap
Debug
sectors
deallocation
from
contain
that
System
Micro
Thus
files
will
bootstrap
it
was
on
three
by
by
the
the
change.
disk,
routine
command,
are
or
adding
is
or
Computer
files
are
designed.
vs.
the
diskette
Initialize
are
diskette
additional
and
linked
of
the
loaded
PROM
System
may
be
generally
- 5 -
1.2.3
SYSTEM
INITIALIZATION
Where
of
carriage
pressing
in
minibootstrap
O.
the
Execution
one
disk
GET
cases,
there
This
primary
file
from
drive
communicate
'OS',
When
procedure
files.
a
a
external
file
command
part
the
the
warning
failure,
memory.
ZDOS
the
the
This
files
of
must
or
is
process
system,
disk,
1,
again
execution
file
turnkey
as
of
current
end
operating
return
RESET,
Debug
program
two
SAVE
while
no
file
drive
A
to
can
sequence
the
of
message
is
the
system
is
or
environment,
from
initiates
OS
and
ZDOS,
is
started
instances
be
ready
commands
a
particular
difference
is
similar
system.
which
using
directly
using
is
means
extend
system
initialization
be
initialization
configuration.
memory
thus
the
2,
of
performed
is
this
can
edited
at
is
providing
primary
is
entered
when
track
in
the
...
the
the
provided
to
issued
the
which
at
the
where
drive
of
the
in
on
The
disk
standard
,
drive
with
standard
file
that
initialization
be
implemented
command
directly
initialization
be
at
a
file
from
as
OS
the
17,
sector
a
directory
are
entry
a
disk
O.
PROM
drive
the
systems
file
controller
O.
the
as
mayor
to
process,
If
other
to
indicate
frequent
system,
floppy
the
first
command
PROM
utilization
disk
controller
begins,
monitor
3
of
search
then
The
Debugger.
search
'BOOTSTRAP'
The
drive
read
file.
to
the
than
read
point
formatted
other
which
search
PROM
search
an
may
a
set
process.
simply
execute
time
memory
sizing
a
possible
diagnostic
the
bootstrapping
disks.
character
is
entered
the
of
is
order
of
use
loads
sequence
monitor
to
initialization
not
of
Alternatively,
a
(see
procedur~
4K
When a
reads
disk
on
drive
into
as.
contains
involve
by
is
boundary,
memory.
This
as
a
when
In
all
may
drives.
DFS
directly
load
sequence.
commands
In
editing
user-defined
Appendix
sized
memory
of
after
while
a
128
in
drive
is
system
using
other
be
implied,
as
the
the
of
then
the
file
other
this
to
determines
a
system
byte
0
for
the
may
from
way,
the
the
E).
As
determine
After
(Where
followed
is
printed.
initialization,
'v'
by
ready
to
is
the
accept
the
system
OS
release
prompt
command
responds
version
character
input,
- 6 -
with
and
this
the
ICC'
'%'.
prompt
message
is
the
Any
character
'RIO
release
time
REL
RIO
is
v.cc
cycle)
1.2.4
COMMANDS
Command
'internal'
command
when
type
a command
directories
the
files
a
given
or
replacement
of
file
named as
same
user-defined
standard
(Internal
description,
1.2.5
The
development
To
this
'logical
of
'I/O
occur
implementation
is
as
is
files
available
of
moment.
manipulation.
name
I/O
I/O
structure
end
devices'.
with
commands,
a
part
loaded;
which
is
external,
for
procedure
on
a
results
software
RIO command
commands
Chapter
independent
all
unit'
minimal
of
are
a
file
command
Therefore,
of
the
system
in
of
I/O
which
is
the
code
the
file
'external'
loaded
a
search
of
set
type
are
In
impact
which
Zilog
For
diskette
the
automatic
package.
set
are
noted
5).
RIO
is
of
requests
may
correspond
this
in
one
which
as
commands
into
is
the
given
is
limited
are
user
supplied
example,
with
The
implemented
as
such
designed
physical
are
way
device
on
existing
of
two
forms:
actually
and
resides
are
memory
made
on
extension,
another
bootstrap
made
for
of
name.
only
the
software
replacement
majority
in
the
to
facilitate
device
with
to
any
modifications
software.
for
implements
in
memory
simply
execution.
all
accessible
In
this
by
the
particular
'ready'
modification,
file
as
external
command
characteristics.
reference
of
of
of
is
a
drives
a
of
of
a
the
given
the
procedure-
If
context,
at
matter
the
file
the
files.
program
to
a
set
can
The
software
device
(used
'device
device
in
memory.
it
protected
command
this
This
The
that
or
interchangeably
driver',
can
may
be
level
is
done,
process
fundamental
of
the
required
set
be
Initialization
desirable
from
is
'logical
of
devices
or
simply
accessed,
for
concurrent
control
the
device
referred
concept
to
control
is
with
its
the
of
these
is
to
underlying
unit'
- 7 -
termed
'I/O
'device').
procedures
software
(also
device',
device
memory
tasks
ready
as
"activating"
a
particular
the
handler
may
it
utilizes
routines.
and
to
handle
the
referred
'device
'I/O
Before
must
be
assumes
RIO
I/O
to
hardware
handler'
driver',
a
particular
be
required,
to
RIO
that
I/O
requests.
a
device.
structure
as
'unit'
loaded
and
be
provides
once
is
or
'I/O
unit')
particular
mapping
made
on
result
which
device.
a
unit
undefined
in
unit
enables
Units
to
a
given
units,
definition.
I/O
activity
are
'defined'
device.
although
I/O
some
independent
by
linking
requests
requests
of
a
or
may
not
inherently
be
Three
(unit
output
not
units
1),
(unit
available
system)
and
3
have
respectively
literal
I/O
requests
containing
data
length,
parameter
providing
making
Note
remain
are
a
that
unchanged
provided.
immediately
No
other
are
console
are
available
the
unit
information
vector
a
pointer
system
programs
utilize
software
predefined
output
3).
to
Unit
the
user.
mnemonics
which
can
designations,
are
made
completion
address.
to
call.
which
so
long
For
instance,
a
changes
0
for
be
with
such
codes,
the
line
by
(unit
is
used
Units
user
CONIN,
used
where
a
standard
as
I/O
request
use
the
as
compatible
a BASIC
printer
would
RIO
to
handle
2)
and
high
by
system
4-20
(in
programming.
CONOUT
and
interchangeably
applicable.
vector
unit,
and
data
an
optional
requests
vector
RIO
I/O
I/O
system
by
redefining
be
required.
console
volume
functions
the
SYSLST,
transfer
are
made
(see
structure
devices
could
printed
standard
Units
1,
with
format,
address,
supplemental
by
below)
can
SYSLST.
input
and
2,
the
and
is
- 8 -
CHAPTER
2
RIO EXECUTIVE
2.1
As
SYSTEM
part
of
Executive
CON,
primary
3.1)
the
is
file
then
available.
subsequently
the
comparison
other
than
generated
occupied
If
the
physical
nonexistent
Initialization
the
line
and
the
number
to
be
inserted
NULLCT=l
at
speeds
(rubout
or
automatic
character
operation
INITIALIZATION
the
system
(OS)
system
performs
console
system
initialized
Memory
reading
fails.
a
4K
boundary,
to
indicate
by
PROM,
OS,
end
memory
of
the
delete
(LINDEL)
of
null
after
(a
single
up
to
and
delete),
line
echo
feed
(ECHO)
selected.
bootstrap
a
device,
(or
the
size
a
known
is
If
possible
ZOOS,
of
memory
is
also
console
characters
every
null
character
including
and
CHRDEL=08H
insertion
modes
series
master
to
identify
determined
pattern
the
last
i.e.,
and
is
allocated
device
and
character
carriage
19.2
mode
are
procedure,
of
initialization
is
initialized.
device
the
through
'good'
nFFF,
memory
CON
is
other
assigns
(NULLCT)
return.
is
sufficient
Kbaud),
(control-H
(AUTOLF)
set
"on",
drives
by
writing
a
warning
failure.
allocated.
than
(see
delete
the
RIO
-
see
memory
address
FFFF,
section
default
(CHRDEL)
and
line
These
LFCNT=l,
or
and
and
full
tasks.
The
section
which
are
and
until
is
on
message
Memory
the
2.3).
values
feeds
values
for
most
LINDEL=7FH
backspace).
console
duplex
is
to
symbols
(LFCNT)
are
CRT'S
The
If
the
external
system
the
EXTINI
performed.
the
'DO
OS.INIT,
as
flag
external
bit
external
OS.INIT'.
part
of
SYSFLG
initialization
is
Zilog-supplied
initialization
default
the
initialization
(see
reset
This
(=0)
command
drive
initialization
Appendices
command
this
software
command
causes
search
- 9 -
(EXTINI)
C
and
is
initialization
has
consists
the
sequence,
process.
bit
E)
(bit
is
executed.
is
this
bit
of
commands
to
be
2)
set
(=1),
If
not
set;
on
file
executed
of
the
the
The
the
See
alter
of
user
PROM
Appendix
the
the
file
may
alter
Debugger
E
for
initialization
OS.INIT.
the
external
GET/SAVE
examples.
procedure
initialization
commands
In
addition,
(see
by
section
editing
the
bit
user
the
using
5.13).
can
contents
After
possible
commands
unit
unit
result
definitions
definitions
in
initialization
Concluding
prints
is
command
2.2
In
three
sent
FILE
the
an
to
input.
most
parts:
1)
2)
redefinition
on
the
the
unit
process.
the
bootstrap
identifying
the
console
NAME
CONVENTIONS
general
the
device
search
the
drive
to
a
particular
external
are
restoring
definition
case,
name
for
the
designation
initialization
saved
and
message,
output
specifying
named
element
of
logical
as
the
a
unit
existing
initialization
the
unit,
file
names
file
restricting
defaults.
to
its
command
and
in
which
(e.g.
of
the
units
file,
default
at
this
the
RIO
device
$ZDOS);
device
by
the
the
Subsequent
point
procedure,
prompt
system
consist
the
search
(e.g.
existing
will
in
character
waits
of
to
drive
the
RIO
for
2);
3)
the
file
The
file
characters,
Subsequent
'0'
.•.
('?'),
case
is
not
When a
characters
are
referred
the
file
file
'.CHAPTER'
name
characters
'9'),
underbar
characters
the
same
period
in
name
name
BOOK.CHAPTER.l
and
the
or
to
OS.INIT
name
consists
first
one
of
('
are
as
('.')
the
name
as
a
'.1'.
itself.
of
of
which
may
the
I),
or
interpreted
'status'.
is
used
including
file
has
has
The
notion
-
from
one
must
be
alphanumeric
special
period
within
name
the
'extension'.
extension
the
10
-
to
be
characters,
('.').
as
entered,
a
file
and
following
multiple
of
file
thirty-two
alphabetic.
('A'
Upper
i.e.,
name,
'.INIT',
extensions
name
•..
'Z'
question
and
lower
'Status'
those
the
period
For
instance,
while
extensions
or
mark
the
is
a
useful
certain
assembler
particular
end
in
.S,
extension
distinction
period
is
name.
The
drive
'0'
•••
'7'.
the
right-hand
the
standard
right
hand
character
drives
'1', '2',
convention
files
or
by
editor
their
extension--source
while
the
.OLD--however,
concerning
treated
as
designation
In
the
drive,
Zilog
drive,
'*'
drive
denotes
•.•
for
require
editor
any
consists
Zilog
drive
Micro
a
'7',
the
user
names.
Some
that
files
creates
in
general,
extensions.
other
valid
Development
'1'
Computer
'2'
is
standard
'0'.
who
file
of
is
the
search
wishes
programs
names
for
the
a
backup
RIO
In
other
character
a
single
System,
the
left-hand
System,
left-hand
to
such
end
assembler
file
makes
words,
character
drive
drive
drive.
sequence
categorize
as
the
with
a
must
with
no
a
in
a
file
from
'0'
drive.
'0'
is
The
of
the
is
In
the
Device
character
and
is
the
device
either
Activate
OS
after
ZDOS
DFS
CON
NULL
PCON
FLOPPY
DISK
When
constructing
separate
character
device
names
are
'$'.
not
really
name
by
default
command
initialization
a
device
'Ii
name
from
essentially
This
part
must
initialization
(see
a
name
is
used
the
character
of
the
have
been
section
are:
file
the
file
system
primary
system
primary
console
null
PROM
PROM
PROM
file
operation
console
floppy
hard
name,
from a drive
to
separate
file
name.
file
names
merely
name
itself.
made known
procedures
5.1).
(where
file
(where
file
system
driver
driver
disk
disk
the
character
designator
the
prefixed
serves
to
The
devices
floppy
system
hard
media)
device
controller
controller
drive
with
as
a
delimiter
In
addition,
the
system
or
by
the
known
diskettes
media)
disks
(see
section
interface
interface
':'
is
and
the
designator
the
are
used
to
are
the
3.4.2)
to
or
-
11
-
For
example,
In
the
first
are
given
by
the
user
explicit
device.
for
hard
displayed)
default
followed
drive
unsuccessful.
drive
'*')
the
case,
default
to
device
Default
disk
by
by
the
if
command
STATUS
ISTATUS
O/STATUS
:O/STATUS
$ZDOS/STATUS
$ZDOS:O/STATUS
the
values.
be
the
name)
is
ZDOS
based
the
search
the
systems,
MASTER
standard
initial
STATUS
device
source
files
for
command
order
search
search
The
of
and
floppy
but
for
may
name
and
default
all
is
termed
may
(see
command
sequence
of
be
entered
drive
device
'unqualified'
the
disk
drive
be
redefined
section
files
systems,
(designated
'a'
as:
designation
is
designated
(no
Master
and
(and
5.32).
is
drive
is
DFS
also
The
'0',
by
All
designations
commands.
command
2.3
The
allocation/deallocation
address
segment
which
memory
supplied
'qualified'
DEBUG.
MEMORY
RIO
Executive
to
reflect
space.
in
question
is
initialization,
is
nonexistent
utilization
by
avoid
conflicting
or
Thus,
MANAGEMENT
the
status
is
allocated.
available
the
file
the
A
memory
memory
names
prefix
IDEBUG
includes
set
should
uses
is
for
of
each
bit
for
allocation.
which
is
marked
manager,
of
(those
'I')
not
a
memory
the
128
(=1)
A
reset
is
be
coordinated
the
same
with
are
treated
the
same
manager
system.
byte
indicates
bit
occupied
as
allocated.
entry
memory
device
as
A
segment
that
(=0)
During
by
with
point
segment.
or
as
external
the
internal
which
bit
map
in
the
indicates
system
the
system
Subsequent
information
MEMMGR,
drive
controls
is
the
segment
to
used
65K
the
or
-
12
-
2.3.1
MEMMGR
Subroutine
used
to
designated
these
may
map
for
subroutine
be
allocated,
displayed
details
commands.
2.4
COMMAND
Whenever
character
characters
device
driver
character,
return
This
input
command
command
many
commands
contained
calls
allocate,
memory
of
STRING INTERPRETATION
RIO
is
'%'
entered
up
(CR),
are
constitutes
separation
but
does
in
the
to
deallocate,
areas.
calls.
deallocated,
from
the
ready
is
printed
editing,
to
and
entered
not
may
be
256
the
the
system
Appendix
Alternately,
command
entry
or
determine
or
level.
I
the
point
gives
memory
current
ALLOCATE, DEALLOCATE,
to
(up
to
see
including
the
character
terminate
entered
byte
accept
on
a maximum
section
into
command
command
the
the
I:'
at
command
console
of
3.4.3)
the
first
command
input
is
used
command
one
time
string
the
Refer
and
input,
output
256,
after
ASCII
string
string.
to
input.
as
buffer.
MEMMGR
the
status
details
segments
memory
to
Chapter
DISPLAY
the
device.
subject
the
carriage
buffer.
The
terminate
Thus,
can
be
can
prompt
to
prompt
as
be
of
of
5
All
a
Several
string
characters
interpreter.
semicolon
therefore
tab
arate
are
There
user.
(ASCII
command
referred
are
In
extracted
to
verify
command
(except
After
string,
string.
as
a
command
an
internal
may
be
abbreviated
differentiable
are
used
referred
09H),
names
to
as
two
modes
verbose
from
input
the
or
entered).
has
attempt
commands.
from
have
As
to
to
and
left
from
delimiters.
of
mode,
command
when
In
brief
been
is
In
to
other
special
noted
terminate
as
terminators.
and
optional
providing
each
string
entering
mode,
located
made
to
doing
the
extent
internal
-
13
significance
above,
commands
right
parameter
system
command
buffer.
multiple
commands
in
match
so,
an
to
-
carriage
and
Space,
parentheses
information
is
echoed
commands
are
the
command
it
against
internal
which
it
commands.
to
the
return
are
horizontal
can
lists
as
This
is
not
input
a
command
is
For
command
and
sep-
and
to
it
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useful
per
echoed
list
of
name
example,
the
the
strings
result
does
entry
DEBUG
command
the
search
used
and
manager
The
in
not
will
rather
table
command
order
in
an
is
of
to
values
descriptor
as
a
result
segment
starting
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latter
the
is
highest
consisting
records
will
5000-503F
contain
the
the
file
'0',
entering
identify
be
chosen.
than
contents
name
of
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allocate
LOW
record
of
a
function
segment
of
40
affect
since
file.
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loaded
'DE',
the
a
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DEALLOCATE
is
assumed
drive
to
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the
ADDRESS
define
loading,
address
Note
that
of
ending
bytes
memory
a
minimum
If
into
'DEB',
PROM
For
in
'0',
open
space
and
the
and
and
since
the
linked
the
memory.
'DEBU',
Debugger.
internal
example,
(Appendix
order).
to
be
followed
the
file.
a
request
required
HIGH
ADDRESS
memory
generally
highest
file
record
address.
at
locations
of
one
allocating
or
command,
'0'
If
no
the
name
by
If
is
which
represent
segment
I/O
size
For
location
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record
request
'DEBUG'
If
the
and
H
lists
match
drive
the
made
to
load
in
will
is
and
example,
5000
is
abbreviation
then
'DE'
the
is
of
a
file.
'*',
file
to
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the
file's
be
the
ending
not
buffered,
may
not
having
rather
required
is
successful,
all
the
refers
internal
found,
is
is
memory
file.
altered
lowest
address,
equal
loading
to
first
to
The
then
located
the
80
byte
than
a
fiie
After
loading
execution.
delimiter
command
instead
if
any.
control
desired
control
executed
appropriate
In
the
event
may
be
allocated
descriptor
size
using
are
in
stack
is
the
loaded
the
space
command
attempts
ory
area
searched
the
If
following
string
processes
In
this
passed
that
a
passing
one
at
values
command
record
requested,
system
together,
is
are
made
following
and,
if
file,
it
has
a
the
interpreter
the
way,
to
anyone
user
to
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program
the
time,
prior
execution
consistent
by
LINK
dispatch
stack
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allocated
to
allocate
the
unsuccessful,
two
things
null
command
suppresses
remainder
files
may
of
and
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breakpoints
to
user
with
or
is
space.)
stack
with
a
for
loaded
entry
name
of
be
them.
debugger
where
program
is
not
the
IMAGE.
made
When
is
allocated
nonnull
the
files
the
stack
procedure
a
second
may
inhibit
point
is
command
the
command
loaded
For
instructions
set,
inhibited,
size
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to
the
several
stack
loaded
(=0)
a
comma,
together
example,
be
loaded
or
registers
execution.
specified
a
null
loaded
procedure
for
size;
area.
to
the
attempt
its
or
if
the
the
execution
input
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it
may
with
may
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in
(=0)
file
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together.
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end
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made,
and
string,
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the
stack
files
file
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mem-
memory
search-
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14
-
ing
from
fail,
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initialized.
mediately
0
to
stack
after
the
space
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loaded
of
available
normally
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the
the
loaded
and
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command
stack
If
both
execution
is
located
attempts
cannot
im-
Since
file
RIO
it
which
remembers
provides
transfer
commands
Prior
map
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is
allocated
executed.
be
deallocated.
but
not
until
either
command,
external
2.5
ERROR
Wherever
system
output
next
command
is
more
is
to
the
the
internal
program
can
be
executing
examined
as
a
When
executed,
explicitly
section
command
HANDLING
errors
commands,
device.
in
efficient
be
executed
entry
execution
executed
the
to
identify
result
return
Note
the
5.35)
file.
occur
a
message
Command
the
command
to
point
command
to
repeatedly
external
those
of
loading
to
OS
that
space
in
it
deallocated
or
a
return
in
the
is
processing
string,
not
repeatedly
several
of
the
XEQ
that
(see
addres~.
command
segments
the
is
made,
the
event
occupies
to
processing
directed
then
times
last
·section
in
this
file(s)
these
(see
OS
to
continues
if
any.
in
loaded
file,
which
a
file
will
the
is
or
execution
the
load
succession,
file
5.42)
Most
way.
the
were
to
be
segments
is
be
allocated
RELEASE
made
from
console
with
a
command
and
to
RIO
memory
will
loaded,
any
of
the
2.6
Any
console
accomplished
to
can
easily
Linker
calls
sections
PROGRAM
command
can
the
command
be
chained
implemented.
manual
and
EXECUTION
or
also
by
the
3.2
and
for
RIO
user
be
program
executed
making
string
together
details
system
4.5.
OF
a
to
(See
COMMANDS
executable
from
system
be
executed.
or
complex
the
Relocating
of
overlay
entry
-
15
-
call
point
a
program.
to
overlay
creation.)
are
from
RIO
with
In
this
structures
Assembler
described
the
system
This
way
is
reference
programs
and
System
in
CHAPTER
I/O
STRUCTURE
3
3.1
The
user
OVERVIEW
I/O
construction
service
simplify
To
this
reference
routing
servicing
driver.
The
The
the
internal
Active
Active
known
name
and
system
may
be
section
the
LADT
5.31).
Devices
qualify
named
device
master
architecture
the
and
end,
to
for
of
Device
Device
to
the
entry
via
the
removed
5.11).
command
which
a
file
device.
name
device
and
I/O
requests
standardize
all
I/O
a
logical
the
referenced
the
I/O
structures
Table
Table
system
point.
ACTIVATE
from
The
(List
are
known
name,
Unqualified
prefix)
(see
of
RIO
implementation
of
interface
requests
unit.
request
supporting
(ADT)
has
at
a
given
Devices
command
the
ADT
current
Activate
to
thereby
file
are
given
MASTER,
is
designed
system
are
RIO
unit
to
and
one
time
are
by
the
ADT
contents
the
system
linking
names
a
section
of
or
user
to
all
made
determines
and
passes
the
appropriate
this
Logical
entry
for
and
made
(see
section
DEACTIVATE
Device
may
a
(those
default
5.32).
to
a)
device
programs;
I/O
to
RIO
control
facility
File
every
includes
'known'
can
Table
be
logical
routing
facilitate
drivers
drivers.
with
the
proper
device
Table
device
to
5.1),
command
be
reviewed
-
see
used
unit
without
to
and
for
include
(LFT).
the
device
the
or
section
to
to
a
the
to
b)
they
(see
with
the
The
link
exists
contains
unit
a
logical
definition
is
between
in
the
the
linked
unit,
address
may
a
Logical
to.
the
occur
logical
File
of
Before
unit
via
the
I/O
must
the
-
unit
Table,
device
requests
be
'Assign'
16
-
and
a
each
that
defined.
specific
entry
the
may
This
I/O
request
device
of
which
corresponding
be
processed
unit
(see
via
Section
command
3.3)
(see
or
it
section
may
5.14).
occur
as
a
result
of
the
DEFINE
As a part
are
defined
volume
mnemonics
units
assumes
3.2
I/O
to
register
following
output
are
I/O
requests
the
RIO
IY
-)
of
system
as
the
devices,
CONIN, CONOUT,
available
that
these
REQUESTS - SYSTEM CALLS
are
entry
must
hold
format:
Byte
initialization
console
respectively,
and
for
redefinition
units
accomplished
point
the
represent
SYSTEM
address
input,
SYSLST.
o
1
2-3
4-5
6-7
8-9
A
B-C
by
(see
of
units
console
and
by
the
making
Appendix
a
request
1,
2,
output,
are
given
Although
the
user,
equivalent
a
subroutine
C).
vector,
Contents
logical
request
data
data
completion
error
completion
supplemental
information
unit
code
transfer
length
return
and
these
devices.
The
address
code
3
and
the
RIO
call
IY
of
the
number
address
address
parameter
Logical
The
MAXLUN
are
and
volume
Request
Identifies
Unit
logical
(20
predefined
Code
Number
unit
in
output.
the
number
the
standard
by
RIO
operation
is
to
be
requested.
-
an
integer
system).
console
17
-
in
units
input,
the
1,
console
range
2
and
1
to
3
output,
Data
The
Transfer
memory
Address
address
at
which
data
movement
will
begin.
Data
Number
be
bytes
Length
of
reset
transferred
by
Completion
If
bit
0
(least
(=1),
control
continue
time
to
those
that
the
to
the
completion
responsibilities
must
should
enabled
desired,
preserve
not
by
care
parameter
operation
indicated
address
is
bytes
the
Return
devices
the
operation
the
operation
all
be
executed,
the
must
vector,
is
complete.)
(i.e.,
ignored.
of
information
device
upon
Address
significant)
which
calling
address
of
an
registers).
interrupt
be
or
use
bit
0
to
reflect
completion
are
routine
under
is
completed,
which
interrupt
since
handler.
taken
is
not
or
change
If
return
reset=O)
in
the
transfer.
the
actual
of
the
of
the
request
interrupt-driven
as
soon
interrupt
transfer
should
service
However,
lower-level
(If
to
change
the
on
completion
the
number
operation.
code
as
possible
control.
exercise
routine
an
RETI
interrupts
immediate
any
words
data,
until
completion
This
of
is
set
will
return
and
At
the
will
be
the
(i.e.,
instruction
return
in
the
is
return
will
made
it
are
is
the
Error
If
return
routine
after
condition
the
should
stack
Return
nonzero,
address
thus
processing
error
not
above
Address
the
entered
is
detected
return
make
the
error
in
the
return
event
should
the
error
by
address
assumptions
return
of
execute
condition.
the
is
made
about
address.
-
18
address
an
I/O
driver,
there,
-
error
an
the
will
condition.
RET
Since
and
the
elements
be
used
instruction
the
the
programmer
on
as
error
call
the
the
The
to
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