Yamaha P-2201 User Manual
YAMAHA
AUTHORIZED
PRODUCT MANUAL
P-2200/2201
SYSTEM AMPLIFIER
P-2200/2201
OPERATING MANUAL
ABOUT THIS MANUAL
SCOPE
The P-2200 is a system oriented amplifier, made to be
used in conjunction with mixers, consoles, frequency
dividing networks and speakers — those made by
Yamaha or by other manufacturers. Like any power
amplifier, the P-2200's performance depends on system
design and installation, in addition to its own capabilities.
Thus, the P-2200 Operating Manual is system oriented,
describing system design parameters and installation
techniques, as well as the operation and performance of
the P-2200.
Additionally, this manual reviews a few of the basic
mathematic tools used in system design, from dB to
Ohm's law.
ORGANIZATION
We recommend that you read the entire Operating
Manual. However, if you are using the P-2200 in an
existing system, and you are familiar with high power
amplifiers, the BRIEF OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS,
Pages
One 1 &
basic connections and operation.
The SPECIFICATION sections, (Sections THREE
and FOUR) are highly detailed, including oscilloscope
photos, and discussions of the P-2200's excellent
performance specifications. The last part of the
SPECIFICATIONS section is a discussion of the
advantages of professional equipment, like the P-2200,
compared to hi-fi or semi-pro equipment.
The INSTALLATION AND DETAILED
OPERATION section, which begins on Page SIX 1,
includes more complete instructions, special considerations for using the P-2200 "on the road," as well as in
permanent commercial and studio installations. This
section also covers grounding and shielding concepts,
cabling considerations, and several other topics.
The APPLICATIONS section, which begins on Page
SEVEN 1, discusses the use of the P-2200 in several
typical setups, and includes wiring diagrams. This section
also covers other devices that are normally associated
with a power amplifier, from graphic equalizers to
compressor/limiters.
The APPENDIX, on Page EIGHT 1, discusses
definitions of a number of the terms used in the manual,
and reviews some of the basic mathematic tools used in
system design, such as the dB, Ohm's law, voltage
division, and power formulas.
2,
contain all the
information
necessary
for
NOTE: The P2201 is identical to the P-2200 except
there are no Peak Reading Meters.
THE P-2200/2201 BRIEF OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS SECTION ONE
INTRODUCTION SECTION TWO
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS SECTION THREE
PERFORMANCE GRAPHS & A DISCUSSION OF SPECIFICATIONS SECTION FOUR
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL AND HI-FI EQUIPMENT SECTION FIVE
IMPEDANCE
OPERATING LEVELS
DYNAMIC RANGE
GAIN OVERLAP AND HEADROOM
INPUT SENSITIVITY RATINGS
PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT ADVANTAGES
INSTALLATION AND DETAILED OPERATION
SECTION SIX
PHYSICAL MOUNTING
CABLING AND IMPEDANCE MATCHING
ACTIONS OF THE P-2200 PROTECTION CIRCUITS
GROUNDING AND SHIELDING
AC: POWER, FUSES, ACCESSORY OUTLETS, WIRING, SAFETY
MONO OPERATION
APPLICATIONS
SECTION SEVEN
13
13
16
17
BIAMPLIFICATION AND TRIAMPLIFICATION
ECHO, REVERB AND DELAY
COMPRESSION AND LIMITING
EQUALIZATION, HIGH AND LOW PASS FILTERS
SPEAKER PROTECTION
SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
APPENDIX
SECTION EIGHT
DEFINITION OF TERMS: dB, dBV, dBm and dB SPL
SPECIAL USE OF dB (VOLTS) IN THIS MANUAL
OHM'S LAW
POWER
IMPEDANCE
SERIES AND PARALLEL IMPEDANCE CONNECTIONS
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DIVISION
BALANCED, UNBALANCED, AND FLOATING CIRCUITS
TRANSFORMERS
1
2
2
4
4
4
1
2
1
3
3
4
6
7
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
5
THE P-2200/2201 BRIEF OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
Fig. 1A - P-2200 Front Panel
Fig. 1B - P2201 Front Panel
A. Input Attenuators
Calibrated, stepped input attenuators lower input
signal levels ahead of amplification stages.
B. Peak Reading Meters (P-2200 only)
Meters display instantaneous (peak) power output
into
an
8-ohm load
over a full
50dB range;
"0dB"
=
100 Watts into 8 ohms.
C. Thermal Warning Indicator
Warns of overheating before thermal protection
circuit turns off the AC power.
D. Power Indicator
Glows when the power switch is "on."
E. On-Off Switch
Controls AC power to the P-2200 or P2201.
NOTE: The P2201 is identical to the P-2200 except
there are no Peak Reading Meters. Both are made to be
mounted in a standard 19" wide electronic equipment
rack. Each of them takes up 7" (17.6cm) of vertical
space, and extends 13" (33.0cm ) behind its front panel.
For portable racks, we recommend bracing the rear of
the amplifiers.
Fig. 2A - P-2200 Rear Panel*
Fig. 2B - P2201 Rear Panel*
A. Input Connectors
The two XLR input connectors on each channel are
unbalanced and are wired in parallel with each other
and with the two phone jacks (tip/sleeve type).
B. Input Polarity Switch
Determines the polarity of the two XLR input
connectors (Pin 2 or Pin 3 "
hot
");
does
not
affect
the
two phone jacks. See diagram on the rear panel.
NOTES:
1. Input impedance is 25k-ohms minimum; +4dB
(1.23V) produces 230 watts output into 8 ohms
(44.7V).
2. Input channels may be parallelled by connecting
them together with phone to phone or XLR to XLR
cables as shown on Page SIX 7.
3. Input transformers for matching or isolation,
should be located several inches from the P-2200 or
P2201's power transformer
C. Output Connectors
Standard 5-way binding posts (3/4" spacing) accept
banana plugs or direct-wired connections.
NOTES:
1. Maximum power output into 8 ohms is 230 watts;
power output rises at lower impedances.
2. Protection circuitry towers power output when
load impedance falls below 2.5 ohms.
for
maximum
hum
rejection.
D. AC Power Cord
For the U.S. and Canadian models, the P-2200/2201
require 117 VAC 50 or 60 Hz line (105 V min., 135 V
max.; 8 amps max. at 120 volts).
For the Australian model: 240V AC 50 or 60 Hz.
For other territories' models, an internal voltage
selector (220 V/240 V switchable) is provided near the
rear panel. In this case 220 V is factory-preset. If you
want
to
change
into
240 V line,
consult
your
nearest
Yamaha dealer.
E. Fuses
7 amp, 125 volt (x 2), type AGC (3AG); U.S. and
Canadian models only. 4 amp, 250 volt (x 2); other
territories models. Fuses should always be replaced
with
same
size
and
type.
If
the
fuses
blow
consistently,
the amplifier should be checked by a qualified Yamaha
service technician.
F. AC Accessory Outlets
These convenience outlets are made for low power
cooling fans. Not provided in certain areas.
The rear panels shown here are subject to U.S. specifications.
INTRODUCTION
The P-2200 is not just "another big amplifier;" it is
an exciting new approach to high power sound. Yamaha's
leadership is clearly demonstrated by the P-2200's professional features, sophisticated design, and uncompromising performance.
PEAK READING METERS*
Instead of the more common and slow responding
VU meters, the P-2200 has PEAK READING METERS
that
accurately display a full
output level. The peak meters have large, illuminated
faces marked with dB and with watts into 8 ohms. The
fast responding meters provide a better way to see the
program dynamics, the transient power demands placed
on the system, and the available headroom. By indicating
headroom, the meters help the operator avoid overdriving the system, thereby preventing the "clipped"
waveforms so dangerous to drivers and loudspeakers.
CALIBRATED INPUT ATTENUATORS
The P-2200 has log-linear INPUT ATTENUATORS to
complement its peak reading meters. The input attenuators are marked in 22dB-calibrated steps, detented for
extra accuracy. The attenuators provide a smooth, noise
free transition from the highest to the lowest audio level.
dB-calibrated
advantages: on the road, they allow predictable and
repeatable setups; in commercial sound applications,
they allow easy, accurate input sensitivity adjustments;
in studios or discos, they let operators simultaneously
adjust the level of two channels (or two programs on
separate amplifiers) with precise tracking.
INPUT AND OUTPUT CONNECTIONS
INPUT CONNECTORS for each channel include one
"male" and one "female" XLR connector (unbalanced)
plus two parallel phone jacks. This provides the flexi-
bility
necessary
amplifier, as well as for adapter-free connection to
almost any mixer. A POLARITY switch allows either
pin 2 or pin 3 of the XLR to be chosen as the "hot"
lead, satisfying DIN/JIS or USA standards. Outputs are
standard five way binding posts, usable with high current
"banana" plugs or direct wired connections.
MONAURAL OPERATION
The P-2200 may be converted to a monaural "super
amplifier" by inserting two matched transformers
ahead of the inputs, feeding the same signal to both,
and reversing the POLARITY switch on one input. This
creates a transformerless balanced output, the speaker
load "bridged" across the "hot" terminals of both
channels. In this mode, the P-2200 is suitable for
driving almost any load, including highly reactive 70-volt
commercial speaker lines. With a full 400 watts into
16 ohms, the P-2200 in mono mode eliminates the need
for several smaller 70-volt amplifiers.
input
attenuators
for
convenient bridging
five
have
decades
numerous
to
(50dB)
another
of
PERFORMANCE
The P-2200's performance is as impressive as its
features. At a sustained output of 230 watts into 8 ohms
(for each channel), there is plenty of punch to reproduce
the powerful peaks essential to clean studio monitoring.
High power handling also makes the P-2200 an unbeatable choice for live rock or disco sound systems, where
an amplifier can really "cook" all night long. Power alone
is
no
virtue;
the P-2200
0.05% THD at full rated power - the kind of low
distortion that is undetectable by even the most critical
listeners.
A high damping factor of better than 300 at
frequencies below 1kHz reduces the tendency for
speaker cone overshoot, giving tighter and better defined
bass response. On the other end, the P-2200's frequency
response extends well beyond 100kHz, enabling it to
accurately reproduce the most complex musical waveforms — even the tortuous output of today's synthesizers. However, high frequency response has not been
achieved at the expense of stability; in fact, the P-2200
is rock steady. Even when connected to highly reactive
multi-speaker loads, there is no tendency to shut down
or "take off" into spurious oscillation.
MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The P-2200 is constructed to withstand the high "G"
forces encountered on the road. Its solid front panel
mounts in any standard 19-inch rack, and, for a large
amplifier, the P-2200 weighs a modest 44 pounds
(20kg)** Front panel controls and meters are recessed to
avoid damage or accidental setting changes, and are
further protected by a pair of sturdy carrying handles.
Inside
and
out,
the P-2200
should
service
ever
easy access. Massive side-mounted heat sinks are
designed for efficient cooling, making fans unnecessary
in all but the most severe thermal operating conditions.
Four non-conductive feet ensure proper air flow when
the amplifier is shelf mounted, and avoid inadvertent
ground loops. Multiple protection circuits make the
amplifier nearly abuse proof and eliminate the need for
troublesome DC power supply fuses.
* The P2201 does not have the Peak Reading Meters.
* * The P2201 weighs 42 pounds (19kg)
has
be
required, the
ultra-low
is
extremely reliable.
distortion,
unit
is
designed
less
Still,
for
than
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Power Output Per Channel: (Refer to Figure 3. Ambient
room temperature for tests: 25-degrees Centigrade.)
200 Watts continuous average sine wave power into
8
ohms
with
less
than
0.05%
THD,
(Total
Harmonic
Distortion), over a bandwidth of 20Hz to 20kHz,
both channels driven.
230 Watts continuous average sine wave power into
8
ohms
with
less
than
0.05%
THD,
channels driven.
at 1 kHz,
Frequency Response: (Refer to Figure 5.)
+0dB, -0.5dB, 20Hz to 50kHz.
Total Harmonic Distortion: (Refer to Figure 6.)
Less than 0.005% @ 50 Watts, 8 ohms, 1kHz.
Less than 0.01% @ 150 Watts, 8 ohms, 20Hz to
20kHz.
Intermodulation Distortion: (Refer to Figure 7.)
Less than 0.01% using frequencies of 70Hz and
7kHz, mixed in a ratio of 4:1, single channel power
output of 150 Watts into 8 ohms.
Input Sensitivity:
An input of +4dB* (1.23V), ±0.5dB, produces an
output of 230 Watts into 8 ohms (maximum output
power), INPUT attenuator set for maximum level.
Input Impedance:
25k-ohms, minimum (unbalanced).
Damping Factor: (@ 8 ohms / (Refer to Figure 8.)
Greater than 300 at any frequency from 20Hz to
1kHz; greater than 70 at any frequency from 20Hz
to 20kHz.
Actual Output Impedance: (Refer to Figure 9.)
Less than 0.04 ohms, from 20Hz to 10kHz.
Hum and Noise:
At least 110dB signal-to-noise ratio (l.H.F./A.S.A.
No. Z24.3-1944).
Rise Time:
3.8 microseconds, or better (10%-90% of 1 volt @
1kHz square wave output).
Slew Rate:
45 volts per microsecond, or better (at 175 Watts into
8 ohms, 200kHz square-wave input).
Channel Separation: (Refer to Figure 10.)
At least 82dB at 1kHz, at least 75dB at 20kHz.
*In these specifications, when dB represents a specific voltage,
0dB is referenced to 0.775V. "dB" is a voltage level, whereas
"dBm" is a power level. 0dBm is referenced to 1mW (0.775V
driving a 600-ohm termination). For example, when 12.3V is
fed to a high impedance, the level is designated "+24dB." When
+24dB (12.3 volts) drives a 600-ohm termination, the level is
designated "+24dBm." The level in "dB" is specified, wherever
applicable, to avoid confusion when the input is fed by various
low and high impedance sources. See the APPENDIX beginning
on Page EIGHT 1 for a further discussion of dB.
both
Phase Shift: (Refer to Figure 11.)
20Hz to 20kHz, ±10 degrees.
Offset Voltage:
Less than ±10mV DC.
Unit Step Function Response: (Refer to Figure 27.)
See scope photo (Page FOUR 4) and discussion,
Page FOUR 6.
Thermal Specifications:
Massive black anodized heat sinks are thermally
joined with the chassis, thereby utilizing the entire
amplifier as a heat sink.
Protection Circuits:
Thermal warning light turns on when heat sink
temperature reaches 100-degrees Centigrade.
A self-resetting thermal switch shuts down the AC
power if the power transformer winding temperature
reaches 130-degrees Centigrade. See Page SIX 13 for
power overload circuit specs.
Turn On/Turn Off Specs:
There is no turn off transient; the turn on transient
is
minimal
(see
Page
SIX
13).
Warm
up
time
is
less
than 0.2 seconds.
Power Requirements:
For the U.S. and Canadian models: AC, 120 Volts
nominal, 50-60Hz (105V min., 135V max.); 8
amperes maximum at 120V AC; 960 volt-amperes
maximum at 120 Volts; approximately 57 voltamperes at idle.
For other territories models: 1,300 Watts, 220 or 240
Volts AC nominal, 50-60Hz.
Efficiency: (Refer to Figure 12.)
As high as 63%; see Page FOUR 2.
NOTE: All performance specifications are made on U.S.
and Canadian models at an AC line voltage of 120 Volts
±1%, using a ±1% nonreactive load resistor at an
ambient room temperature of 25-degrees Centigrade.
Also effective for other territories' models.
Input Connectors:
One "male" and one "female" XLR connector in
parallel,
(shield); switchable
pin 2 "hot,"
pin 3 connected
for
pin 3 "hot."
to
pin
1
XLR's are unbalanced and in parallel with two tip-sleeve
(standard) phone jacks.
Output Connectors:
Standard 3/4-inch spacing, "5-way" binding posts.
Meters and Indicators:
Two peak reading meters (one per channel) indicate
the instantaneous power output, over a 5-decade
(50dB) range. "0dB" represents 100 Watts into
8 ohms. (P-2200 only)
One "power ON" indicator LED; one "Thermal
Overload" indicator LED.
Meter Rise Time (P-2200 only):
Less
than
10
milliseconds;
(-40dB
to
0dB
on the scale).
Meter Release Time (P-2200 only):
Less
than
0.8
seconds; (0dB
to
-20dB
on
the
meter scale).
Meter Accuracy (P-2200 only):
See graph, Figure 13, Page FOUR 2.
Controls:
22-position, log-linear, detented, and dB-calibrated
INPUT ATTENUATORS (one per channel)
attenuate input signal in 2dB steps from 0dB
attenuation to -34dB, then steps of -37dB, -42dB,
-50dB, infinity; Power (ON-OFF) switch; INPUT
POLARITY switches.
Fuses:
AGC (3AG) type, 7-amps x 2 parallel fuses for the
AC line input (U.S. and Canadian models).
4-amps x 2 parallel fuses for the AC line input
(other territories' models).
Dimensions:
Mounts in a standard 19-inch (48cm) rack. 7" high
(17.6cm); maximum depth behind front panel is
13" (33.0cm); maximum depth including front
handles 14-1/2" (37.9cm).
Weight:
P-2200; 44 pounds (20kg), P2201; 42 pounds (19kg).
Color:
Semi-gloss black.
MONAURAL MODE SPECIFICATIONS
Power Output: (Refer to Figures 14 and 15.)
400
Watts
16
ohms
continuous
with
less
than
average
0.05%
sine
THD,
wave
20Hz
power
to
into
20kHz.
Frequency Response: (Refer to Figure 16)
+0dB, -1dB, 20Hz to 50kHz.
Total Harmonic Distortion: (Refer to Figures 17 and 18.)
Less
than
0.01% @ 300
Watts
into
16
ohms at 1kHz.
Intermodulation Distortion:
Less than 0.05% using frequencies of 70Hz and 7kHz,
mixed in a ratio of 4:1, at a power output of 200
Watts into 16 ohms.
Input Sensitivity:
An input of 0dB (0.775 Volts), ±0.5dB, produces an
output of 200 Watts into 16 ohms (INPUT attenuator
set for minimum attenuation, maximum level).
Input Impedance:
25K-ohms minimum (unbalanced).
Damping Factor: (@ 16 ohms) (Refer to Figures 19
and20).
Greater than 220 at any frequency from 20Hz to
1kHz; greater than 100 at any frequency from 20Hz
to 20kHz.
Hum and Noise:
At least 110dB signal-to-noise ratio (I.H.F./A.S.A.
No. Z24.3-1944).
Slew Rate:
35 volts per microsecond, or better, at 100 Watts into
16 ohms, 200kHz square wave input.
Specifications subject to change without notice.
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