TEXAS INSTRUMENTS TPS60400, TPS60401, TPS60402, TPS60403 Technical data

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TPS60400, TPS60401, TPS60402, TPS60403

UNREGULATED 60-mA CHARGE PUMP VOLTAGE INVERTER

SLVS324 – JULY 2001

features

D Inverts Input Supply Voltage
D Up to 60-mA Output Current
D Only Three Small 1-µF Ceramic Capacitors

Needed

D Input Voltage Range From 1.6 V to 5.5 V
D PowerSave-Mode for Improved Efficiency

applications

D LCD Bias
D GaAs Bias for RF Power Amps
D Sensor Supply in Portable Instruments
D Bipolar Amplifier Supply
D Medical Instruments
D Battery-Operated Equipment

at Low Output Currents (TPS60400)

D Device Quiescent Current Typical 100 µA

DBV PACKAGE

(TOP VIEW)

D Integrated Active Schottky-Diode for

Start-Up Into Load

D Small 5-Pin SOT23 Package

OUT

1

2

IN

C

5

FLY+

D Evaluation Module Available

TPS60400EVM–178

C

FLY–

description

The TPS6040x is a family of devices that generate an unregulated negative output voltage from an input voltage
ranging from 1.6 V to 5.5 V . The devices are typically supplied by a preregulated supply rail of 5 V or 3.3 V . Due
to its wide input voltage range, two or three NiCd, NiMH, or alkaline battery cells, as well as one Li-Ion cell can
also power them.

Only three external 1-µF capacitors are required to build a complete dc/dc charge pump inverter. Assembled
in a 5-pin SOT23 package, the complete converter can be built on a 50 mm
and component count reduction is achieved by replacing the Schottky diode that is typically needed for start-up
into load by integrated circuitry.

3

4

GND

2

board area. Additional board area

The TPS6040x can deliver a maximum output current of 60 mA with a typical conversion efficiency of greater
than 90% over a wide output current range. Three device options with 20-kHz, 50-kHz, and 250-kHz fixed
frequency operation are available. One device comes with a variable switching frequency to reduce operating
current in applications with a wide load range and enables the design with low-value capacitors.

typical application circuit

TPS60400

1.6 V to 5.5 V

Input

Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.

C

1 µF

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

C

35

C

FLY–

2

I

(fly)

TPS60400

GND

4

1 µF

C

FLY+

0

–1

C

O

1 µF

Output
–1.6 V to –5 V,
Max 60 mA

–2

–3

– Output Voltage – V

O

V

–4

TA = 25°C

–5

012345

1

OUTIN

vs

INPUT VOLTAGE

IO = 60 mA

IO = 30 mA

IO = 1 mA

VI – Input Voltage – V

PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date.
Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments
standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include
testing of all parameters.

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

Copyright  2001, Texas Instruments Incorporated

1

TPS60400, TPS60401, TPS60402, TPS60403
UNREGULATED 60-mA CHARGE PUMP VOLTAGE INVERTER

SLVS324 – JULY 2001

AVAILABLE OPTIONS

MARKING DBV

PART NUMBER

TPS60400DBV PFKI 1
TPS60401DBV PFLI 10 Fixed frequency 20 kHz

TPS60402DBV PFMI 3.3 Fixed frequency 50 kHz
TPS60403DBV PFNI 1 Fixed frequency 250 kHz

†

The DBV package is available taped and reeled. Add R suffix to device type (e.g. TPS60400DBVR) to order quantities of
3000 devices per reel. Add T suffix to device type (e.g. TPS60400DBVT) to order quantities of 250 devices per reel.

†

PACKAGE

TPS60400 functional block diagram

V

I

TYPICAL FL YING CAPACITOR

[µF]

FEATURE

Variable switching frequency

50 kHz–250 kHz

MEAS

MEAS

V

I

VI / V

MEAS

VI – VCFLY+ < 0.5 V

V

I

VI < 1 V

VO > V

be

V

O

OSC

V

O

V

O

VCO_CONT

O

VO < –VI – V

CHG

OSC

50 kHz

VO > –1 V

be

R

Start

FF

S

Phase

Generator

DC_ Startup

Q

Q

Q

DC_ Startup

V

Q1

Q2

I

+
C

(fly)

Q4

B

Q3

Q5

V

O

GND

Terminal Functions

TERMINAL

NAME NO.

C

FLY+

C

FLY–

GND 4 Ground
IN 2 I Supply input. Connect to an input supply in the 1.6-V to 5.5-V range. Bypass IN to GND with a capacitor that has the

OUT 1 O Power output with VO = –V

I/O

5 Positive terminal of the flying capacitor C
3 Negative terminal of the flying capacitor C

same value as the flying capacitor.

Bypass OUT to GND with the output filter capacitor CO.

I

DESCRIPTION

(fly)

(fly)

2

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

TPS60400, TPS60401, TPS60402, TPS60403

UNREGULATED 60-mA CHARGE PUMP VOLTAGE INVERTER

SLVS324 – JULY 2001

detailed description

operating principle

The TPS60400, TPS60401 charge pumps invert the voltage applied to their input. For the highest performance,
use low equivalent series resistance (ESR) capacitors (e.g., ceramic). During the first half-cycle, switches S2
and S4 open, switches S1 and S3 close, and capacitor (C
half-cycle, S1 and S3 open, S2 and S4 close. This connects the positive terminal of C
negative to V
positive than –V

By connecting C

O.

, since switches S1–S4 have resistance and the load drains charge from CO.

I

in parallel, CO is charged negative. The actual voltage at the output is more

(fly)

V

I

S1

C

(fly)

1 µF

S2

S3

) charges to the voltage at VI. During the second

(fly)

S4

C

O

1 µF

VO (–VI)

to GND and the

(fly)

GND

GND

Figure 1. Operating Principle

charge-pump output resistance

The TPS6040x devices are not voltage regulators. The charge pumps output source resistance is
approximately 15 Ω at room temperature (with V

= 5 V), and VO approaches –5 V when lightly loaded. VO will

I

droop toward GND as load current increases.

= –(VI – RO × IO)

V

O

R

[

O

= output resistance of the converter

R

O

1

ƒosc C

(fly)

) 4ǒ2R

SWITCH

) ESR

CFLY

Ǔ

) ESR

CO

efficiency considerations

The power efficiency of a switched-capacitor voltage converter is affected by three factors: the internal losses
in the converter IC, the resistive losses of the capacitors, and the conversion losses during charge transfer
between the capacitors. The internal losses are associated with the IC’s internal functions, such as driving the
switches, oscillator, etc. These losses are af fected by operating conditions such as input voltage, temperature,
and frequency . The next two losses are associated with the voltage converter circuit’s output resistance. Switch
losses occur because of the on-resistance of the MOSFET switches in the IC. Charge-pump capacitor losses
occur because of their ESR. The relationship between these losses and the output resistance is as follows:

P

CAPACITOR LOSSES

+ P

CONVERSION LOSSES

= I

2

× R

O

O

(1)

R

SWITCH

f

= resistance of a single MOSFET-switch inside the converter

= oscillator frequency

OSC

The first term is the effective resistance from an ideal switched-capacitor circuit. Conversion losses occur during
the charge transfer between C

1

ƪ

+

P

CONV.LOSS

2

C

and C

(fly)

ǒ

V

(fly)

I

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

when there is a voltage difference between them. The power loss is:

O

2

* V

O

1

2

Ǔ

)

ǒ

C

V

O

2

RIPPLE

2

* 2VOV

RIPPLE

Ǔ

ƫ

ƒ

osc

(2)

3

TPS60400, TPS60401, TPS60402, TPS60403
UNREGULATED 60-mA CHARGE PUMP VOLTAGE INVERTER

SLVS324 – JULY 2001

efficiency considerations (continued)

The efficiency of the TPS6040x devices is dominated by their quiescent supply current at low output current and
by their output impedance at higher current.

h ^

I

O

IO) I

Q

ǒ

1*

I

R

O

O

Ǔ

V

I

Where, IQ = quiescent current.

capacitor selection

T o maintain the lowest output resistance, use capacitors with low ESR (see Table 1). The charge-pump output
resistance is a function of C

’s and CO’s ESR. Therefore, minimizing the charge-pump capacitor’s ESR

(fly)

minimizes the total output resistance. The capacitor values are closely linked to the required output current and
the output noise and ripple requirements. It is possible to only use 1-µF capacitors of the same type.

input capacitor (CI)

Bypass the incoming supply to reduce its ac impedance and the impact of the TPS6040x switching noise. The
recommended bypassing depends on the circuit configuration and where the load is connected. When the
inverter is loaded from OUT to GND, current from the supply switches between 2 x I
a large bypass capacitor (e.g., equal to the value of C
is loaded from IN to OUT , the circuit draws 2 × I

constantly, except for short switching spikes. A 0.1-µF bypass

O

) if the supply has high ac impedance. When the inverter

(fly)

and zero. Therefore, use

O

capacitor is sufficient.

flying capacitor (C

(fly)

)

Increasing the flying capacitor’s size reduces the output resistance. Small values increases the output
resistance. Above a certain point, increasing C

’s capacitance has a negligible effect, because the output

(fly)

resistance becomes dominated by the internal switch resistance and capacitor ESR.

output capacitor (C

)

O

Increasing the output capacitor’s size reduces the output ripple voltage. Decreasing its ESR reduces both output
resistance and ripple. Smaller capacitance values can be used with light loads if higher output ripple can be
tolerated. Use the following equation to calculate the peak-to-peak ripple.

V

O(ripple)

I

f

osc

O

) 2 IO ESR

C

o

CO

+

Table 1. Recommended Capacitor Values

V

DEVICE

TPS60400 1.8…5.5 60 1 1 1
TPS60401 1.8…5.5 60 10 10 10
TPS60402 1.8…5.5 60 3.3 3.3 3.3
TPS60403 1.8…5.5 60 1 1 1

I

[V]

I

O

[mA]

C

[µF]

I

C

[µF]

(fly)

C

[µF]

O

4

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

TPS60400, TPS60401, TPS60402, TPS60403

UNREGULATED 60-mA CHARGE PUMP VOLTAGE INVERTER

SLVS324 – JULY 2001

detailed description (continued)

Table 2. Recommended Capacitors

MANUFACTURER PART NUMBER SIZE CAPACITANCE TYPE

Taiyo Yuden EMK212BJ474MG

LMK212BJ105KG
LMK212BJ225MG

EMK316BJ225KL
LMK316BJ475KL
JMK316BJ106KL

TDK C2012X5R1C105M

C2012X5R1A225M
C2012X5R1A335M

Table 3 contains a list of manufacturers of the recommended capacitors. Ceramic capacitors will provide the
lowest output voltage ripple because they typically have the lowest ESR-rating.

Table 3. Recommended Capacitor Manufacturers

MANUFACTURER CAPACITOR TYPE INTERNET

Taiyo Yuden X7R/X5R ceramic www.t-yuden.com

TDK X7R/X5R ceramic www.component.tdk.com

Vishay X7R/X5R ceramic www.vishay.com

Kemet X7R/X5R ceramic www.kemet.com

0805
0805
0805
1206
1206
1206

0805
0805
0805

0.47 µF
1 µF

2.2 µF

2.2 µF

4.7 µF
10 µF

1 µF

2.2 µF

3.3 µF

Ceramic
Ceramic
Ceramic
Ceramic
Ceramic
Ceramic

Ceramic
Ceramic
Ceramic

absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature (unless otherwise noted)

†

Voltage range: IN to GND –0.3 V to 5.5 V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

OUT to GND –5.0 V to 0.3 V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C

to GND 0.3 V to (VO – 0.3 V). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

FLY–

C

to GND –0.3 V to (VI + 0.3 V). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

FLY+

Continuous power dissipation See Dissipation Rating Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Continuous output current 80 mA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Storage temperature range, T
Maximum junction temperature, T

†

Stresses beyond those listed under “absolute maximum ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and
functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under “recommended operating conditions” is not
implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.

PACKAGE

DBV 437 mW 3.5 mW/°C 280 mW 227 mW

POWER RATING

stg

TA < 25°C

J

DISSIPATION RATING TABLE

DERATING FACTOR

ABOVE TA = 25°C

TA = 70°C

POWER RATING

POWER RATING

–55°C to 150°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

150°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TA = 85°C

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

5

TPS60400, TPS60401, TPS60402, TPS60403

Quiescent current (no-load in ut

UNREGULATED 60-mA CHARGE PUMP VOLTAGE INVERTER

SLVS324 – JULY 2001

recommended operating conditions

Input voltage range, V
Output current range at OUT, I
Input capacitor, C
Flying capacitor, C
Output capacitor, C
Operating junction temperature, T

I

O

I

(fly)

O

J

MIN NOM MAX UNIT

1.8 5.25 V
60 mA

0 C

(fly)

1 µF
1 100 µF

–40 125 °C

µF

electrical characteristics at CI = C

= CO (according to T able 1), TC = –40°C to 85°C, VI = 5 V over

(fly)

recommended operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)

PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT

V

Supply voltage range

I

I

Maximum output current at V

O

V

Output voltage –V

O

V

Output voltage ripple

P–P

Quiescent current (no-load input

I

Q

current)

f

Internal switching frequency

OSC

p

Impedance at 25°C, VI = 5 V

O

TPS60400 C
TPS60401
TPS60402
TPS60403 C
TPS60400 125 270
TPS60401
TPS60402
TPS60403
TPS60400
TPS60401
TPS60402
TPS60403 640
TPS60400 VCO version 30 50–250 350
TPS60401 13 20 28

TPS60402
TPS60403 150 250 300
TPS60400 CI = C
TPS60401 CI = C
TPS60402 CI = C
TPS60403 CI = C

At TC = –40°C to 85°C, RL = 5 kΩ 1.8 5.25
At TC ≥ 0°C, R

(fly)

C

IO = 5 mA

At VI = 5 V

At T ≤ 60°C, VI = 5 V

(fly)
(fly)
(fly)
(fly)

(fly)

C

(fly)
(fly)

= CO = 1 µF 12 15
= CO = 10 µF 12 15
= CO = 3.3 µF 12 15
= CO = 1 µF 12 15

= 5 kΩ 1.6

L

60 mA

= 1 µF, CO = 2.2 µF 35
= CO = 10 µF 20
= CO = 3.3 µF 20
= CO = 1 µF 15

30 50 70

I

65 190
120 270
425 700

210
135
210

mV

V

V

P–P

µA

µA

kHz

Ω

6

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

UNREGULATED 60-mA CHARGE PUMP VOLTAGE INVERTER

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Table of Graphs

η Efficiency vs Output current at 3.3 V, 5 V

I

I

V

f

f

Input current vs Output current

I

Supply current vs Input voltage

S

Output resistance vs Input voltage at –40°C, 0°C, 25°C, 85°C

Output voltage vs Output current at 25°C, VIN=1.8 V, 2.5 V, 3.3 V, 5 V

O

Oscillator frequency vs Temperature at VI = 1.8 V, 2.5 V, 3.3 V, 5 V

OSC

Oscillator frequency vs Output current TPS60400 at 2 V, 3.3 V, 5.0 V 20

OSC

Output ripple and noise VI = 5 V, IO = 30 mA, CI = C

TPS60400, TPS60401, TPS60402, TPS60403

TPS60400, TPS60401, TPS60402, TPS60403

TPS60400, TPS60401, TPS60402, TPS60403

TPS60400, CI = C
TPS60401, CI = C
TPS60402 , CI = C
TPS60403, CI = C

TPS60400, CI = C
TPS60401, CI = C
TPS60402 , CI = C
TPS60403, CI = C

TPS60400, TPS60401, TPS60402, TPS60403

VI = 5 V, IO = 30 mA, CI = C
VI = 5 V, IO = 30 mA, CI = C
VI = 5 V, IO = 30 mA, CI = C

= CO = 1 µF

(fly)

= CO = 10 µF

(fly)

= CO = 3.3 µF

(fly)

= CO = 1 µF

(fly)

= CO = 1 µF

(fly)

= CO = 10 µF

(fly)

= CO = 3.3 µF

(fly)

= CO = 1 µF

(fly)

TPS60400, TPS60401, TPS60402, TPS60403

SLVS324 – JULY 2001

FIGURE

2, 3

4, 5

6, 7

8, 9, 10,

11

12, 13,

14, 15

16, 17,

18, 19

= CO = 1 µF (TPS60400)

(fly)

= CO = 10 µF (TPS60401)

(fly)

= CO = 3.3 µF (TPS60402)

(fly)

= CO = 1 µF (TPS60403)

(fly)

21, 22

TPS60400, TPS60401

EFFICIENCY

vs

OUTPUT CURRENT

100

TPS60400

95

90

85

80

Efficiency – %

75

70

65

60

0102030405060708090100

TPS60401
VI = 3.3 V

IO – Output Current – mA

VI = 5 V

TPS60401
VI = 5 V

TPS60400
VI = 3.3 V

TA = 25°C

Figure 2

TPS60402, TPS60403

EFFICIENCY

vs

OUTPUT CURRENT

100

95

90

85

80

Efficiency – %

75

70

65

60

010 2030405060708090100

IO – Output Current – mA

TPS60403
VI = 5 V

TPS60402
VI = 5 V

TPS60403
VI = 3.3 V

TPS60402
VI = 3.3 V

TA = 25°C

Figure 3

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7