Nikon D5100 Reference guide (full instructions) [ar]

ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻛ

ﻲﻌﺟﺮﻣ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ

Ar

ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻰﺼﻗﺃ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ .Nikon ﻦﻣ (SLR) ﺔﺴﻜﻌﻨﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻴﺣﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻛ ﻚﺋﺍﺮﺸﻟ ﹰﺍﺮﻜﺷ

ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺢﺒﺼﺗ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺑ ﻆﻔﺘﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻰﺟﺮﻳ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ

.ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ

ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﳌﺍﻭ ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟﺍ

:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﳌﺍﻭ ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﰎ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﲢ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻮﺜﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻞﻴﻬﺴﺘﻟ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﳊﺇ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﻬﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺐﺠﻳ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ؛ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﲢ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺰﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺮﻴﺸﻳ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﻬﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺐﺠﻳ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ؛ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺰﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺮﻴﺸﻳ

.ﺐﻴﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺼﻟ ﻊﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺰﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺮﻴﺸﻳ

.ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﰎ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺽﺍﺮﺘﻓﺎﺑ ﺐﻴﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ

.ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺻﺎﺧ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

.ﻞﻴﺻﺎﻔﺘﻠﻟ 11 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

ﻚﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ A

.(xv–x 0) "ﻚﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ" ﺏﺎﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻣﻼﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺃﺮﻗﺍ ،ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺮﻤﻠﻟ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ

D

A

0

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ

ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ

.................................................. ﺄﻄﳋﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺭ

0

224

.................ﺎﻬﺣﻼﺻﺇﻭ ﺀﺎﻄﺧﻷﺍ ﻑﺎﺸﻜﺘﺳﺍ

0

220

ﺔﺑﺎﺟﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺜﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺃ

:ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺎﺴﻔﺘﺳﻻ ﺔﺑﺎﺟﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺜﻋﺍ

.............................................. ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﶈﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ

iv 0

i

.................................... ﺏﺍﻮﺟﻭ ﻝﺍﺆﺳ ﺱﺮﻬﻓ

ii 0

i

.......................................................... ﺱﺮﻬﻔﻟﺍ

0

237

i
i
i

25

35

61

99

107

115

123

137

149

151

156

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

(ﺕﺍﺯﺍﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺟ) ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﳌﺍ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ

M ﻭ A ﻭ S ﻭ P ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ

ﻡﻼﻓﻷﺍ ﺽﺮﻋﻭ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ

ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﳌﺍ

ﺔﺼﺼﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ

ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ

ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ

ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

X
s
z
t
x
y

%

I
Q
o
i
L

167

176

192

197

i

0

0

0

0

ﻲﺘﻤﺋﺎﻗ

ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

ﺢﻴﻘﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

/ ﺓﺮﻴﺧﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

v

ﺔﻴﻨﻓ ﺕﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ

g
u
w
n

0

29–26

63
64
66

49–47

53–50

ﺏﺍﻮﺟﻭ ﻝﺍﺆﺳ ﺱﺮﻬﻓ

."ﺏﺍﻮﳉﺍﻭ ﻝﺍﺆﺴﻟﺍ" ﺱﺮﻬﻓ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﺗ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺜﻋﺍ

ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ

ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧﻭ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ

؟i ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻓ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻ ﺔﻠﻬﺳﻭ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺳ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻞﻫ

؟ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻋﺮﺴﺑ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ34–30

؟ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ121–115

؟(S ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ) ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ

؟(A ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ) ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ

؟(M ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ) ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ("ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ") ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ

؟ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻛ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﻋ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻟ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ78

؟(ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ) ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ106–99

؟ﻡﻼﻓﺃ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ109–107

ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ

؟ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﻲﻠﺴﻠﺴﺗ ﻝﺪﻌﲟ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻝﺪﻌﲟ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ35

؟ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ37

؟ﺔﺋﺩﺎﻬﻟﺍ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺪﺟﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻦﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ35

ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ

؟ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ42 ،39

؟ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ43

ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣﻭ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ

؟ﺓﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﻡﺎﺠﺣﺄﺑ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻐﺑ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ

؟ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ

ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ

؟ﻪﻣﺎﺘﻗ ﻭﺃ ﹰﺎﻋﻮﻄﺳ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﺟ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ70

؟ﻉﻮﻄﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﻈﻟﺍ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻴﺻﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﳊﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ76 ،74

ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

؟ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺀﻲﻀﻳ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ

؟ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﻊﻨﻣ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ

؟"ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ" ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺐﻨﲡ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ

i

i

i

i

i

i

0

ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

ﺽﺮﻋ

ﻑﺬﳊﺍ

i

i

ii

؟ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻮﺻ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ123

؟ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻦﻋ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ128–124

؟ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺢﺋﺍﺮﺷ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ136

؟ﻥﻮﻳﺰﻔﻠﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ148–146

؟ﺄﻄﳋﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺢﺴﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ132

؟ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺏﻮﻏﺮﳌﺍ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻑﺬﺣ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ135–133

0

ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺢﻴﻘﻨﺗ

؟ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺤﻘﻨﻣ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ191–176

؟"ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ" ﻦﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ178

؟RAW (NEF) ﺔﻐﻴﺼﺑ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ JPEG ﺔﻐﻴﺼﺑ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ183

؟ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺘﻟ ﹰﺎﻌﻣ NEF (RAW) ﺔﻐﻴﺼﺑ ﲔﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ182–181

؟ﺔﺣﻮﻟ ﺎﻬﻧﺄﻛﻭ ﻭﺪﺒﺗ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺨﺴﻧ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ186

؟ﻢﻠﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺘﺑﺎﺛ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻠﻴﻓ ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﺐﻳﺬﻬﺗ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ113–111

0

0

0

206

209

ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍﻭ ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ

؟ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ6–5

؟ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺃ ﻒﻴﻛ13–11

؟ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﺑ ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ171 ،19

؟ﻕﻼﻏﻹﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻊﻨﻣﺃ ﻒﻴﻛ160

؟ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ ﻒﻴﻛ23

؟ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺇ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ103

؟ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﺳ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ ﻒﻴﻛ170 ،19

؟ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺗ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ22

؟ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻉﺎﺟﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ157 ،152 ،58

؟ﺓﺭﺎﻔﺻ ﺕﻮﺻ ﺭﺍﺪﺻﺇ ﻦﻣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﻨﳌ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﻫ161

؟ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ224 ،11

؟ﺐﺳﺎﳊﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺦﺴﻧ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻒﻴﻛ138–137

؟ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻊﺒﻃﺃ ﻒﻴﻛ145–139

؟ﻱﺭﻮﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻃ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻞﻫ163 ،145 ،141

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻧﺎﻴﺼﻟﺍ

؟ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻣ207

؟ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻣ197

؟ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ (ﻊﻳﺮﺴﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﻀﻟﺍ) ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﺣﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻣ202

؟ﻲﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻠﻟ ﺓﺮﻓﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﻹﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻣ

؟ﻲﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻠﻟ ﺓﺮﻓﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺞﻣﺍﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻣ

؟ﻖﻓﺮﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﺀﺎﻄﻐﺑ ﻞﻌﻓﺃ ﺍﺫﺎﻣ38

؟ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻒﻈﻧﺃ ﻒﻴﻛ

؟ﺡﻼﺻﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻧﺎﻴﺼﻟﺍ

ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﳝ ﻦﻳﺃ

ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ

iii

ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﶈﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ

ii ............................................................................................................................ ﺏﺍﻮﺟﻭ ﻝﺍﺆﺳ ﺱﺮﻬﻓ

x .................................................................................................................................ﻚﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ

xii ......................................................................................................................................... ﺕﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ

1 ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ

1 ...........................................................................................................................ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ

1 ...................................................................................................................................ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﺟ

3 ......................................................................................................................................ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

4 ............................................................................................................................................ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ

5 ..................................................................................................................................ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

7 .................................................................................................................................... ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

10 .................................................................................................................................... ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ

11 ................................................................................................................................. ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻗ

12 ..................................................................................................................ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

14 .................................................................................................................................ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻮﻄﳋﺍ

14 ...............................................................................................................................ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﺤﺷﺍ

15 ..................................................................................................................................ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺐﻛﺭ

17 .................................................................................................................................... ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﺐﻛﺭ

19 ............................................................................................................................. ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

21 .......................................................................................................................... ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺫ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻝﺎﺧﺩﺇ

22 .......................................................................................................................ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺗ

23 ..................................................................................................... ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﳌ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ

25 ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ

25 ......................................................................................................ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﺳﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ

26 ..............................................................................(j ﻭ i ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ) "ﺭﻮﺻﻭ ﺏﻮﺻ" ﺏﻮﻠﺳﺄﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

30 ......................................................................................................(ﺪﻬﺸﳌﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ) ﻲﻋﺍﺪﺑﻹﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

30 ...................................................................................................................................ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

30 ......................................................................................................................ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ k

30 ........................................................................................................................ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ l

31 .....................................................................................................................................ﻞﻔﻃ p

31 .........................................................................................................................ﺔﻴﺿﺎﻳﺭ ﺏﺎﻌﻟﺃ m

31 ....................................................................................................................................ﺏﺮﻘﻣ n

32 .................................................................................................................................. ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ

32 .............................................................................................................ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻟ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ o

32 ................................................................................................................ ﻲﻠﻴﻟ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ r

32 .................................................................................................................. ﻰﻨﺒﳌﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ/ﺔﻠﻔﺣ s

33 ............................................................................................................................ﺞﻠﺛ/ﺊﻃﺎﺷ t

33 .....................................................................................................................................ﺏﻭﺮﻏ u

33 ........................................................................................................................ﺮﺠﻔﻟﺍ/ﻖﺴﻐﻟﺍ v

iv

33 ...................................................................................................ﻒﻴﻟﺃ ﻥﺍﻮﻴﳊ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ w

34 ..........................................................................................................................ﺔﻌﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ x

34 ...................................................................................................................................... ﺭﺎﻫﺯﺃ y

34 ........................................................................................................................... ﻒﻳﺮﳋﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻟﺃ z

34 ...................................................................................................................................ﺔﻤﻌﻃﺃ A

35 (ﺕﺍﺯﺍﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺟ) ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﳌﺍ

35 .................................................................................................................................... ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

37 ..............................................................................................ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ

39 ....................................................................................................................................... ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ

39 ......................................................................................................................... ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

42 ............................................................................................... ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ

43 ..............................................................................................................ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ

44 ....................................................................................................................................ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ

45 .......................................................................................................................ﻱﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

47 ......................................................................................................................... ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣﻭ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ

47 ................................................................................................................................... ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ

49 .................................................................................................................................. ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ

50 .................................................................................................................. ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

51 ................................................................................................................................... ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

54 .................................................................................................................................ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ

56 .......................................................................................................................ﻲﻨﻣﺯ ﻞﺻﺎﻔﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

58 .......................................................................................................... ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻉﺎﺟﺮﺘﺳﺍ

61 M ﻭ A ﻭ S ﻭ P ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ

61 ..................................................................................................................... ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

62 .........................................................................................................(ﺞﻣﺮﺒﻣ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻊﺿﻭ) P ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

63 .........................................................................................................(ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ-ﻖﻟﺎﻏ) S ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

64 .......................................................................................................(ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ-ﺔﺤﺘﻓ) A ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

65 ............................................................................................................................. (ﻱﻭﺪﻳ) M ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

68 .............................................................................................................................ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ

68 ............................................................................................................................................ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌﺍ

69 ....................................................................................................... ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ

70 ................................................................................................................ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ

72 ............................................................................................................................... ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ

74 ....................................................................................... ﻞﻈﻟﺍﻭ ﻉﻮﻄﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻴﺻﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﳊﺍ

74 ..........................................................................................................................ﺔﻄﺸﻧ D-Lighting

76 ........................................................................................................... (HDR) ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻣ ﻲﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺩ ﻯﺪﻣ

v

78 ....................................................................................................................... ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ

81 .................................................................................................................................... ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ

83 .......................................................................................................... ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺘﻟ ﻖﻴﻗﺪﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﻟﺍ

84 ...........................................................................................................................ﻱﻭﺪﻳ ﻖﺒﺴﻣ ﻂﺒﺿ

88 .......................................................................................................................................... ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺗ

91 ................................................................................................ (ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ) Picture Controls

91 .................................................................................................................... Picture Control ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ

92 ....................................................................................................................Picture Control ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ

95 ......................................................................................... ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﺍ Picture Controls ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ

97 .................................................................................. ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ Picture Controls ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﺔﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ

99 ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ

99 .......................................................................................ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ

100 ........................................................................................... ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ

107 ﻡﻼﻓﻷﺍ ﺽﺮﻋﻭ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ

107 .................................................................................................................................ﻡﻼﻓﺃ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ

110 ...................................................................................................................................ﻡﻼﻓﻷﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

111 .................................................................................................................................... ﻡﻼﻓﻷﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ

111 ................................................................................................................................ﻡﻼﻓﻷﺍ ﺐﻳﺬﻬﺗ

113 .....................................................................................................................ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻆﻔﺣ

115 ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

115 ................................................................................................... ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

116 ............................................................................................................................ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻟ ﺔﻳﺅﺭ E

116 ..................................................................................................................... ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﻂﻄﺨﻣ g

116 ......................................................................................................................... ﺮﻐﺼﻣ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ F

117 ......................................................................................................................... ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ v

117 ..........................................................................................................................ﺔﻴﻠﻇ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ B

117 .....................................................................................................................ﺔﻌﻃﺎﺳ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﺇ C

117 ........................................................................................................................ﺔﺘﻓﺎﺧ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﺇ D

118 ................................................................................................... ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺣﺎﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ

123 ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﳌﺍ

123 ........................................................................................................................ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

124 ...........................................................................................................................ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ

129 ......................................................................................................................... ﺓﺮﻐﺼﻣ ﺭﻮﺻ ﺽﺮﻋ

130 .................................................................................................................................. ﱘﻮﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

131 .................................................................................................. ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻡﻭﺯ :ﺔﺑﺮﻘﻣ ﺓﺮﻈﻧ ﺀﺎﻘﻟﺇ

132 ................................................................................................................. ﻑﺬﳊﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻤﺣ

vi

133 ......................................................................................................................................ﺭﻮﺻ ﻑﺬﺣ

133 ......................................................................... ﱘﻮﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋﻭ ،ﺓﺮﻐﺼﳌﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ،ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

134 .............................................................................................................................ﺓﺪﻫﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

136 .................................................................................................................................. ﺢﺋﺍﺮﺷ ﺽﺮﻋ

137 ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ

137 .......................................................................................................................... ﺐﺳﺎﳊﺎﺑ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ

137 ......................................................................................................................ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻞﺒﻗ

138 .............................................................................................................................ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺗ

139 ....................................................................................................................................ﺭﻮﺻ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻃ

139 ............................................................................................................................ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺗ

140 ...................................................................................................... ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻮﻠﺗ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻃ

142 ............................................................................................................................ﺭﻮﺻ ﺓﺪﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻃ

144 .........................................................................................ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ :DPOF ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻃ ﺮﻣﺃ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ

146 .......................................................................................................ﻥﻮﻳﺰﻔﻠﺗ ﺯﺎﻬﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

146 ................................................................................................................. ﻲﺳﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ

147 ...........................................................................................................ﺡﻮﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ

149 ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ

149 ......................................................................................................... ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ :ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ D

149 ............................................................................................................................ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻠﺠﻣ

150 ...............................................................................................................ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ

150 ..........................................................................................................................ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻳﺎﻌﻣ

150 ............................................................................................................................ﺎﻴﻟﻮﻃ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺘﻟﺍ

151 ................................................................................................ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ :ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ C

152 ........................................................................................................ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ

152 .......................................................................................................................... ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻠﺠﻣ

153 ............................................................................................................... ﻩﻮﺸﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻢﻜﲢ

153 ........................................................................................................................... ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ

154 ........................................................................................................... NR ﻞﻳﻮﻃ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ

154 .............................................................................................................................ﻝﺎﻋ ISO NR

155 ............................................................................................................. ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ

156 ................................................................ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹ ﻖﻴﻗﺪﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﻟﺍ :ﺔﺼﺼﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ A

157 ................................................................................................. ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ

158 ...................................................................................................... ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ :a

158 ..............................................................................................................AF-C ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ :a1

158 ..........................................................................................................ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ :a2

159 ..........................................................................................................................ﻯﺪﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ :a3

159 .......................................................................................................ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ :b

159 .......................................................................................... EV ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺪﺑ ﻢﻜﲢ :b1

159 ...................................................................................... ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻕﻼﻏﺇ/ﺕﺎﺘﻗﺆﻣ :c

159 ............................................................................................ﻞﻔﻗ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺰﻟ L- ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ :c1

160 ..................................................................................................... ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺘﻗﺆﻣ :c2

vii

160 ..........................................................................................................................ﻲﺗﺍﺫ ﺖﻗﺆﻣ :c3

161 ................................................................................. ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻮﺑ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻣ :c4

161 ......................................................................................................... ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ/ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ :d

161 ........................................................................................................................ ﺮﻴﻔﺻ ﺕﻮﺻ :d1

161 ...........................................................................................................................ISO ﺽﺮﻋ :d2

162 ..............................................................................................................ﻒﻠﳌﺍ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻞﺴﻠﺴﺗ :d3

162 ...............................................................................................ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﺧﺄﺗ ﻊﺿﻭ :d4

163 .....................................................................................................................ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻃ :d5

164 ............................................................................................ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ/ﺏﺭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ :e

164 ....................................................................................... ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻠﻟ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ :e1

165 .........................................................................................................ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺗ ﻂﺒﺿ :e2

165 .......................................................................................................... ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ :f

165 ...................................................................................................................Fn/E ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﲔﻴﻌﺗ :f1

166 ........................................................................................ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ/ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻞﻔﻗ ﺭﺯ ﲔﻴﻌﺗ :f2

166 .......................................................................................... ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻘﻟ ﻲﺴﻜﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺘﻟﺍ :f3

166 ....................................................................................................... ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻎﻳﺮﻔﺗ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻞﻔﻗ :f4

166 .................................................................................................................ﺔﻴﺴﻜﻋ ﺕﺍﺮﺷﺆﻣ :f5

167 ....................................................................................................... ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ :ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ B

168 ....................................................................................................................... ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻄﺳ

168 ..............................................................................................................ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﺔﻐﻴﺻ

170 ....................................................................................................... ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ

170 ............................................................................................................................ ﻮﻳﺪﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

170 .......................................................................................................................ﺏﺍﺮﻄﺿﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ

170 .......................................................................................................... ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ

171 .................................................................................................................... (Language) ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ

171 ...................................................................................................................... ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﻴﻠﻌﺗ

172 ..................................................................................................................ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ

172 ...................................................................................................ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺘﻌﳌﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺇ

174 .........................................................................................................................................GPS

175 ........................................................................................................................... Eye-Fi ﻞﻴﻤﲢ

175 ..............................................................................................................ﺖﺑﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﺨﺴﻧ

176 .......................................................................................... ﺔﺤﻘﻨﻣ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ :ﺢﻴﻘﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ N

177 ...................................................................................................................... ﺔﺤﻘﻨﻣ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ

178 ...............................................................................................................................D-Lighting

178 ............................................................................................................... ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺗ

179 ..................................................................................................................................... ﺐﻳﺬﻬﺗ

179 ...............................................................................................................................ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺣﺃ

180 ..........................................................................................................................ﺢﺷﺮﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺆﻣ

181 ................................................................................................................................ ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ

181 ...........................................................................................................................ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺐﻛﺍﺮﺗ

183 .................................................................................................................. NEF (RAW) ﺔﳉﺎﻌﻣ

184 ............................................................................................................................. ﻢﺠﳊﺍ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ

185 .............................................................................................................................ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﺢﻴﻘﻨﺗ

185 ...................................................................................................................................... ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ

185 .......................................................................................................................... ﻩﻮﺸﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﻜﲢ

186 ............................................................................................................................ﺔﻜﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﲔﻋ

viii

186 ........................................................................................................................... ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ

186 ........................................................................................................................... ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﻂﻄﺨﻣ

187 .............................................................................................................................. ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻢﻜﲢ

188 .............................................................................................................................. ﺮﻐﺼﻣ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ

189 .............................................................................................................................. ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ

191 ............................................................................................................... ﺐﻨﺟ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﺒﻨﺟ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ

192 ...................................................................................................... ﻲﺘﻤﺋﺎﻗ O/ﺓﺮﻴﺧﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ m

192 ..........................................................................................................................................ﻲﺘﻤﺋﺎﻗ

197 ﺔﻴﻨﻓ ﺕﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ

197 .........................................................................................................................ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ

197 ........................................................................................... ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻮﺘﳌﺍ CPU ﺓﺪﺣﻮﺑ ﺓﺰﻬﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ

199 ..................................................................................... ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻮﺘﳌﺍ CPU ﺓﺪﺣﻮﺑ ﺓﺰﻬﺍ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ

202 ..........................................................................................(Speedlights) ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﺣﻭ

203 .......................................................................................... Nikon ﻦﻣ (CLS) ﻲﻋﺍﺪﺑﻹﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ

206 ..........................................................................................................................ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﺇ

207 ............................................................................................................... ﺓﺪﻤﺘﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ

208 ......................................................................................ﺩﺩﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺤﻣﻭ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻞﺻﻮﻣ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺗ

209 ............................................................................................................................ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ

209 ........................................................................................................................................ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺘﻟﺍ

209 ...................................................................................................................................... ﻒﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ

210 .............................................................................................................ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺩﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺢﺷﺮﻣ

214 .............................................................................................. ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺗ :ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ

216 ............................................................................................................................ ﺔﺣﺎﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

218 .......................................................................................................................ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﻌﺳ

219 ............................................................................................... (P ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ) ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ

220 ........................................................................................................ﺎﻬﺣﻼﺻﺇﻭ ﺀﺎﻄﺧﻷﺍ ﻑﺎﺸﻜﺘﺳﺍ

220 ...............................................................................................................................ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ

220 .................................................................................................................... (ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﻛ) ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

222 .....................................................................................................................(M ,A ,S ,P) ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

223 ............................................................................................................................................ ﺽﺮﻋ

223 ............................................................................................................................ﺔﻗﺮﻔﺘﻣ ﻞﻛﺎﺸﻣ

224 .................................................................................................................................. ﺄﻄﳋﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺭ

227 ......................................................................................................................................ﺕﺎﻔﺻﺍﻮﳌﺍ

236 ................................................................................................................................ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺮﻤﻋ

237 .........................................................................................................................................ﺱﺮﻬﻔﻟﺍ

ix

ﻚﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ

ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺗ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻰﺟﺮﻳ ،ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﺮﻄﳋ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻚﺴﻔﻧ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻭﺃ ﻚﺑ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ Nikon ﺞﺘﻨﲟ ﺭﺮﻀﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﳊﺇ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ

.ﺎﻬﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻜﻟ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻣﻼﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﺑ ﻆﻔﺘﺣﺍ

:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻌﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺙﺪﲢ ﺪﻗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻗﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﻹﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ

.ﺓﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ

ﺞﺘﻨﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻰﺟﺮﻳ ،ﺔﻨﻜﳑ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﺇ ﻱﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ .ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻝﺪﻳ

.ﺍﺬﻫ Nikon

ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﲢ ❚❚

ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﻚﻔﺗ ﻻ

ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﻷﺍ ﺲﳌ

ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺢﻴﻠﺼﺗ ﺐﺠﻳ ،ﻞﻄﻋ ﺙﻭﺪﺣ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ .ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻺﻟ

ﺮﺴﻜﻠﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ

ﻉﺰﻧﺍ ،ﺮﺧﺃ ﺙﺩﺎﳊ ﻭﺃ ﻁﻮﻘﺴﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻪﺋﺍﺰﺟﺃ ﺭﻮﻬﻇﻭ

ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗﻭ ﺩﺩﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺤﻣ ﻭﺃ/ﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

ﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﻞﻔﻃ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻴﺿﺭ ﺔﺒﻗﺭ ﻝﻮﺣ ﻖﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﻳﺮﺷ ﻊﻀﺗ ﻻ

ﺪﻗ ﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﻞﻔﻃ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻴﺿﺭ ﺔﺒﻗﺭ ﻝﻮﺣ ﻖﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﻳﺮﺷ ﻒﻟ

ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ •

ﻪﺒﻴﺼﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺺﺨﺷ ﲔﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ •
ﻲﺧﻮﺗ ﺐﺠﻳ .ﺖﻗﺆﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺭﺎﺼﺑﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻌﺑ

ﻥﺃ ﺐﺠﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻊﺿﺮﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺭﺬﳊﺍ

.ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺘﻣ ﻦﻋ ﻞﻘﺗ ﻻ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ

ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺘﺴﻳﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﻣﻼﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺗ ﺐﺠﻳ

ﻡﺪﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﺮﳊﺍ ﺐﺠﻳ ،ﺮﺴﻜﻠﻟ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ

ﺲﳌ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺗﻭ ﺭﻮﺴﻜﳌﺍ ﺝﺎﺟﺰﻟﺍ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻺﻟ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ

.ﻢﻔﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻝﻮﺧﺪﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﺸﺒﻠﻟ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺘﺴﻳﺮﻜﻟﺍ

.ﻂﻘﻓ ﻞﻫﺆﻣ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺪﻳ ﻰﻠﻋ

.ﺺﺤﻔﻠﻟ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ Nikon ﺔﻧﺎﻴﺻ

.ﻕﺎﻨﺘﺧﻼﻟ ﻪﺿﺮﻌﻳ

ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﺒﺘﻧﺍ

.ﻕﻭﺮﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺀﺎﻴﺷﺃ

A

ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﺟﺍ

ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ .ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ

ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺒﻳﺮﻗ ﻭﺃ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ

ﻦﻣ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ
ﺓﺭﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ

A

ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﲟ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﻱﺮﺘﺑﻮﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

A

A

ﻱﺮﺘﺑﻮﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻘﻟ ﻚﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺭﺬﺣ ﻦﻛ

ﺮﻈﻨﻣ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻚﻨﻴﻌﺑ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﲟ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ

ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻄﻋ ﺙﻭﺪﺣ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻏﺍ

ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻋ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺔﺤﺋﺍﺭ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﺧﺩ ﺙﺎﻌﺒﻧﺍ ﺔﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ

،(ﺩﺮﻔﻨﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﻣ) ﺩﺩﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺤﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

ﺐﺠﻳ ،ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﺰﻧﺍﻭ ﺩﺩﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺤﻣ ﻞﺼﻓﺍ

ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ .ﻕﻭﺮﺤﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﺐﻨﺠﺘﻟ ﺭﺬﳊﺍ ﻲﺧﻮﺗ

ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺇ ﺪﻌﺑ .ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻺﻟ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ Nikon ﺔﻧﺎﻴﺻ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

ﻝﺎﻌﺘﺷﻼﻟ ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻏ ﻂﺳﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﻻ

،ﻝﺎﻌﺘﺷﻼﻟ ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻏ ﻂﺳﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﺇ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﻻ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﻊﻀﺗ ﻻ A

.ﻖﻳﺮﺣ ﺏﻮﺸﻧ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻈﻨﺗ ﻻ

.ﺭﺎﺼﺑﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

.ﺄﻄﳋﺎﺑ ﻚﻨﻴﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻚﻌﺒﺻﺇ ﻞﺧﺪﺗ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺣ

.ﻖﻳﺮﺣ ﺏﻮﺸﻧ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺎﺠﻔﻧﻻﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺚﻴﺣ

A

A

A

A

.ﺺﺤﻔﻠﻟ

A

ﻝﺎﻔﻃﻷﺍ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﻆﻔﲢ

ﻰﻟﺇ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ

.ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ

A

x

ﻊﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ ﺐﺠﻳ

ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ

ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ .ﹰﺎﻓﺎﺟ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻆﻓﺎﺣ •

.ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻬﻛ ﺔﻣﺪﺻ ﻭﺃ ﻖﻳﺮﺣ ﺏﻮﺸﻧ ﻲﻓ

ﺮﺼﻗ) ﺾﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻀﻌﺒﺑ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺃ ﻞﺻﻮﺗ ﻻ •

ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ .(ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺃ

.ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻧﻮﺨﺳ

ﺔﻴﻧﺪﻌﳌﺍ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﺑﺮﺗﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﺠﻳ •

ﺵﺎﻤﻗ ﺔﻌﻄﻗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺏﺮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻭﺃ ﺲﺑﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ
ﺏﻮﺸﻧ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ

ﻡﺪﻋ .ﺔﻳﺪﻋﺭ ﺔﻔﺻﺎﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺮﺘﻘﺗ ﻻ •

ﺔﻣﺪﺻ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ

ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ .ﺔﻠﺘﺒﻣ ﻱﺪﻳﺄﺑ ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺲﺑﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺲﻤﻠﺗ ﻻ •

ﺔﻣﺪﺻ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ

ﻦﻣ ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺘﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺮﻔﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﻮﺤﻣ ﻊﻣ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﻻ •

ﻰﻟﺇ ﺖﺑﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﻮﲢ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻊﻣ ﻭﺃ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻴﻄﻟﻮﻓ

ﻒﻠﺗ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ .ﺩﺩﺮﺘﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺗ

.ﻖﻳﺮﺣ ﺏﻮﺸﻧ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻧﻮﺨﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﻭﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ

ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻙﻼﺳﻷﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ،ﺝﺮﳋﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻞﺧﺪﻟﺍ ﺲﺒﻘﲟ ﻙﻼﺳﺃ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ

ﻦﻣ Nikon ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﻉﺎﺒﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻙﻼﺳﻷﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ

.ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺎﺑ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻴﻘﻓﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﳊﺍ ﻞﺟﺃ

ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﻛ ﻭﺃ ﺞﻣﺍﺮﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺠﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺹﺍﺮﻗﻷﺍ ﻱﻮﺘﲢ

.ﺹﺍﺮﻗﺃ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﺑ ﺓﺰﻬﺍ ﺕﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻐﺸﺗ

ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺕﻮﺻ ﺯﺎﻬﺟ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺹﺍﺮﻗﻷﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ

.ﺯﺎﻬﳉﺍ ﻒﻠﺗ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﺣ ﺪﻘﻓ

.ﺔﻓﺎﺟ
.ﻖﻳﺮﺣ

.ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻬﻛ

.ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻬﻛ

ﺔﺠﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺹﺍﺮﻗﻷﺍ

A

A

A

ﻊﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ ﺐﺠﻳ A

ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﺠﻔﻧﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺐﻳﺮﺴﺘﻠﻟ ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﺗ ﺪﻗ

ﺐﺠﻳ .ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﺄﺑ ﺎﻬﻌﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ

ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ

:ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻ

ﻊﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﺔﺼﺼﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ •

ﻭﺃ (ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺮﺼﻗ) ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺃ ﲔﺑ ﻞﺻﻮﺗ ﻻ •

ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﺍﺪﺒﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ •

.ﻪﻠﺼﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ ،ﺩﺩﺮﺘﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺗ ﻝﻮﺤﻣ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﺖﻨﻛ

.ﺲﻜﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻭﺃ ﺏﻮﻠﻘﳌﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻝﻭﺎﲢ ﻻ •

.ﺔﻃﺮﻔﻣ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻭﺃ ﺐﻬﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ ﻻ •

.ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﺎﻬﺿﺮﻌﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﳌﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺮﻤﻐﺗ ﻻ •

ﻞﻘﻨﺗ ﻻ

.ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺃ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺐﻛﺭ •

ﻭﺃ ﺪﺋﻼﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﺪﻌﻣ ﻡﺎﺴﺟﺃ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺰﺨﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

.ﺮﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺲﻴﺑﺎﺑﺩ

ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻐﻳﺮﻔﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺐﻳﺮﺴﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﺿﺮﻋ ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ •

ﺪﻛﺄﺗ ،ﻒﻠﺘﻠﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ .ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ

.ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻔﻧ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﺰﻧ ﻦﻣ

ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺃ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺐﻛﺭ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ •

.ﻑﺎﺟﻭ ﺩﺭﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻧﺰﺧﻭ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ

ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻨﺧﺎﺳ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗ •

ﺔﻗﺎﻃ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺓﺪﺘﳑ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﺰﻧ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ

.ﺩﺮﺒﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺎﻬﻛﺮﺗﺍﻭ

ﺔﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻒﻗﻮﺗ •

.ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﻱﺃ

ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ

.ﺎﻬﻜﻜﻔﺗ

.ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

xi

ﺕﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ

ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﺗ ﺭﺍﺮﺿﺃ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ Nikon ﻞﻤﺤﺘﺗ ﻦﻟ •

.ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻛﻭ ﺔﻗﺩ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻟ ﺩﻮﻬﳉﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻝﺬﺑ ﰎ ﲔﺣ ﻲﻓ •

ﺀﺎﻄﺧﺃ ﻱﺄﺑ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﺈﺑ ﺐﺣﺮﻧ ﺎﻨﻧﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻮﻟﺍ

ﻦﻳﻭﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ) ﻚﺘﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻓ Nikon ﻞﺜﳑ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻬﻓﺎﺸﺘﻛﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ

.(ﻞﺼﻔﻨﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺔﻘﻓﺮﻣ

ﺍﺬﻫ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻘﻓﺮﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺰﺟ ﻱﺃ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ •

ﻭﺃ ،ﺩﺍﺩﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻳﺰﺨﺗ ،ﺎﻬﺨﺴﻧ ،ﺎﻬﻠﻳﻮﲢ ﻭﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ

ﻲﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻥﺫﺇ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ،ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻱﺄﺑ ،ﻞﻜﺷ ﻱﺄﺑ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻱﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺟﺮﺗ

.Nikon ﻦﻣ ﻖﺒﺴﻣ

ﺓﺰﻬﺟﻷﺎﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺻﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻖﳊﺎﺑ Nikon ﻆﻔﺘﲢ •

ﻥﻭﺪﺑﻭ ﺖﻗﻭ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺞﻣﺍﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ

.ﻖﺒﺴﻣ ﺭﺎﻄﺧﺇ

xii

ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻊﻨﻣ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺔﻇﻮﺤﻠﻣ

،ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺢﺳﺎﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﺟﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﹰﺎﻴﻤﻗﺭ ﺎﻬﺨﺴﻧ ﰎ ﺩﺍﻮﲟ ﻅﺎﻔﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﺩﺮ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ

.ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻱﺃ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻛ

ﹰ

ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﲢ •

ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﲢ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺕﺭﺪﺻﺃ

،ﻢﻬﺳﻷﺍ) ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻨﺴﻠﻟ

ﺕﺎﻛﺍﺮﺘﺷﺍ ،(ﺦﻟﺇ ،ﺎﻳﺍﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻢﺋﺎﺴﻗ

ﻱﺭﻭﺮﻀﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﺩﻷﺍ ﺪﳊﺍ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻻﺇ ،ﺮﻛﺍﺬﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺮﻔﺴﻟﺍ

ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺯﻮﺠﻳ ﻻ ،ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃ .ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺯﻼﻟﺍ

ﺺﺧﺮﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻔﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺯﺍﻮﺟ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ

ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ،ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﻤﺍﻭ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻛﻮﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ

ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑﻭ ﺮﻔﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺮﻛﺍﺬﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻳﻮﻬﻟﺍ

ﺦﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺤﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﺎﻈﺣﻼﳌﺎﺑ ﻡﺍﺰﺘﻟﻻﺍ •

ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﶈﺍ ﺦﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺩﺪﲢ

،ﺐﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺔﻇﻮﻔﺤﻣ ﺦﺴﻧ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻨﻓ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ

،ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺒﻄﳌﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺸﳋﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﻮﻠﻟﺍ ،ﻰﻘﻴﺳﻮﳌﺍ

ﻻ .ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻓﻷﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻣﻮﺳﺮﻟﺍ ،ﻂﺋﺍﺮﳋﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﺽﺮﻐﺑ ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ

،ﺕﺎﻜﻴﺸﻟﺍ ،ﺮﻴﺗﺍﻮﻔﻟﺍ

.ﺕﺎﺒﺟﻮﻟﺍ

.ﺦﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻕﺮﺧ

ﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﺟﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺨﺴﻧ ﺯﻮﺠﻳ ﻻ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ •

،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻨﺴﻟﺍ ،ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺩﻮﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺪﻴﻌﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻨﺗ ﻻ

ﻮﻟﻭ

ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﺔﻴﻠﶈﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻨﺴﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻨﺴﻟﺍ

.ﺎﻬﺋﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﰎ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺦﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ "ﺔﻨﻴﻋ" ﺔﻣﻼﻋ ﻊﺿﻭ ﰎ

ﺕﺍﺪﻨﺴﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺩﻮﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺯﻮﺠﻳ ﻻ

.ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﺃ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻜﺻ ﰎ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ

ﻭﺃ ﺔﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﳌﺍ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺪﻳﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻊﺑﺍﻮﻃ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺯﻮﺠﻳ ﻻ

ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺪﻳﺮﺒﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻘﺒﺴﻣ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻮﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺑﺍﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺯﻮﺠﻳ ﻻ

.ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺺﻨﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺛﻮﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻭﺃ

ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

xiii

ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ

ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻑﺬﺤﻳ ﻻ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻑﺬﺣ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﺀﺎﺟﺮﺑ

ﺎﻣ ،ﹰﺎﻳﺭﺎﲡ ﺓﺮﻓﻮﺘﻣ ﺞﻣﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﳝﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻓﻭﺬﶈﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻠﳌﺍ ﻉﺎﺟﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺣﻷﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻜﳝ

.ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﺔﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﺗ

ﺊﻴﻫ ﻭﺃ ،ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻑﺬﳊ ﻱﺭﺎﲡ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ،ﺮﺧﺃ ﺺﺨﺸﻟ ﻪﺘﻴﻜﻠﻣ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﺯﺎﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ
ﻦﻣ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ
ﺮﻴﻣﺪﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻺﻟ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ ﺹﺮﳊﺍ ﺐﺠﻳ

ﺽﺮﻐﺑ ﻚﻠﻬﺘﺴﳌ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻏﻭ ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻼﻟ AVC Patent Portfolio License ﺺﻴﺧﺮﺗ ﺐﺟﻮﲟ ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺺﻴﺧﺮﺗ ﰎ

ﺎﹰﻃﺎﺸﻧ ﺱﺭﺎﳝ ﻚﻠﻬﺘﺴﻣ ﻩﺰﻴﻣﺮﺘﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ AVC ﻮﻳﺪﻴﻓ ﺰﻴﻣﺮﺗ ﻚﻓ (ii) ﻭﺃ/ﻭ ("AVC ﻮﻳﺪﻴﻓ") AVC ﺭﺎﻴﻌﳌ ﺎﹰﻘﻓﻭ ﻮﻳﺪﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻣﺮﺗ (i)

ﻪﻨﻴﻤﻀﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ

.(ﺔﻏﺭﺎﻓ ﺀﺎﻤﺳ ﺭﻮﺻ ،ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ) ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻮﺘﲢ ﻻ ﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻫﻸﻣﺍ ﻢﺛ ﺯﺎﻬﳉﺍ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺫ

.(84 0) ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺘﻟ ﻖﺒﺴﳌﺍ ﻱﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﻠﻟ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻱﺃ ﻝﺍﺪﺒﺘﺳﺍ

ﻦﻟﻭ ﺺﻴﺧﺮﺗ ﻱﺃ ﺢﻨﻣ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻻ .AVC ﻮﻳﺪﻴﻓ ﺮﻴﻓﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﻟ ﺺﹼﺧﺮﻣ ﻮﻳﺪﻴﻓ ﺮﻓﻮﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺣ ﻭﺃ/ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﲡ ﺮﻴﻏﻭ ﺎﹰﻴﺼﺨﺷ

ﻊﻗﻮﳌﺍ ﻊﺟﺍﺭ .L.L.C ,MPEG LA ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺰﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ .ﺮﺧﺁ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﻷ

.ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺳﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ

.ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻐﺑ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ

AVC Patent Portfolio License ﺺﻴﺧﺮﺗ

http://www.mpegla.com

.ﻲﺋﺎﻬﻧ

xiv

Nikon ﺔﻛﺭﺎﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﻹﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﻹﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ

ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﺪﺼﳌﺍﻭ (ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺩﺩﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﻮﺤﻣ ،ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ،ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﲟ) Nikon ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺼﳌﺍ

ﺔﻣﻼﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻟ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺳﺪﻨﻫ ﺖﲤ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺮﻟﺍ Nikon ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻛ ﻊﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻼﻟ Nikon ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ

ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺮﻟﺍ Nikon ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻛ ﻊﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻼﻟ Nikon ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﺪﺼﳌﺍﻭ Nikon ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺼﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﻹﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ

.ﺎﻬﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻣﻼﺴﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻳﺎﻌﻣ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻟ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺳﺪﻨﻫ ﺖﲤ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻚﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ

ﻞﺜﳑ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻠﺻﺃ ﻉﺯﻮﻣ ﺪﻳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺺﺤﻔﺑ Nikon ﺢﺼﻨﺗ .ﻱﺭﻭﺩ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺔﻧﺎﻴﺻ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﲢﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺗ ﻭﺫ ﺯﺎﻬﺟ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

ﻩﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﺳﺭ ﻞﻴﺼﲢ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ) ﻡﺍﻮﻋﺃ ﺲﻤﺧ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺙﻼﺛ ﻞﻛ ﺓﺮﻣ ﺎﻬﺘﻧﺎﻴﺻﻭ ،ﲔﻣﺎﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻞﻛ ﺓﺮﻣ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ Nikon ﺔﻣﺪﺧ

ﻕﺎﻓﺭﺇ ﺐﺠﻳ

ﻞﻤﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺘﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﺒﻳﺮﲡ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻂﻘﺘﻟﺍ ،(ﺔﻠﺣﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺬﺧﺃ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻭﺃ ﻑﺎﻓﺰﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻔﺣ ﻞﺜﻣ) ﺔﻣﺎﻬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ

ﻢﺘﻳ ،ﺎﻬﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﳌ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗﻭ ﻢﺋﺍﺩ ﻢﻋﺩ ﺮﻴﻓﻮﺘﻟ "Life-Long Learning" ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﻯﺪﻣ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﺑ Nikon ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺰﺠﻛ

ﻂﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻳﺰﺑ ﻞﻀﻔﺗ .ﻚﺘﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻓ Nikon ﻞﺜﳑ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺿﺇ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ .ﻲﻤﻗﺮﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﺨﺑ

.ﻑﺮﺘﺤﻣ ﻲﻨﻬﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺔﻳﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﺎﻴﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺺﺤﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ .(ﺔﻣﺪﳋﺍ

ﻭﺃ ﺺﺤﻓ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﺣﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻢﻈﺘﻨﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﺇ ﻱﺃ

.ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺼﻘﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺙﺪﲢ ﺪﻗ ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺧ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺍﺮﺿﺃ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ Nikon ﻞﻤﺤﺘﺗ ﻦﻟ

ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺢﺋﺎﺼﻧﻭ ،(FAQs) ﺔﻌﺋﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺳﻸﻟ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺟﺇ ،ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ،ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺙﺪﺣﺄﺑ ﻡﺎﳌﻺﻟ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﻳﺰﺑ ﻞﻀﻔﺗ

.ﺪﻴﻘﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻛ ﺮﺋﺍﻭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻮﺘﲢﻭ ﺲﻴﻳﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻷ ﹰﺎﻘﻓﻭ Nikon ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻛ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﰎ

.ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﺋﺍﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻞﺜﲟ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ

.Nikon ﻥﺎﻤﺿ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻣﺮﺤﻳﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ Nikon ﺮﻴﻏ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﺇ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﺇ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﺩﺎﻌﺑﻷﺍ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ Nikon ﺭﺎﻌﺷ ﻞﻤﲢ ﻻ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﻊﻴﻨﺼﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻡﻮﻴﺜﻴﻟ-ﻥﻮﻳﺃ ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺑ

،ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻠﻟ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﻭﺮﻌﳌﺍ

.ﺐﻳﺮﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺭﺎﺠﻔﻧﻻﺍ ،ﺭﺮﺷ ﺭﻭﺪﺻ

.ﺪﻤﺘﻌﳌﺍ ﻲﻠﶈﺍ Nikon ﻉﺯﻮﲟ ﻞﺼﺗﺍ

.NIKON ﻥﺎﻤﺿ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻣﺮﺤﻳﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ NIKON ﺮﻴﻏ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﺇ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻳﻮﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﺣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﻓﻮﺗ

http://www.nikonusa.com/ :ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺓﺪﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻮﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﲔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ •

http://www.europe-nikon.com/support/ :ﺎﻴﻘﻳﺮﻓﺇﻭ ﺎﺑﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﲔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ •

http://www.nikon-asia.com/ :ﻂﺳﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺮﺸﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻴﺳﻮﻧﺎﻴﻗﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻴﺳﺁ ﻲﻓ ﲔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ •

http://imaging.nikon.com/ :ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ

،Nikon ﺔﻛﺭﺎﻣ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﻹﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

Nikon ﺔﻛﺭﺎﻣ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﺇ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ D

ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﻹﺍﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﺎﻴﺻ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﺎﻴﺻ

ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ

.ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﻯﺪﻣ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ

A

A

A

xv

xvi

X

ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ

X

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ

ﺮﻴﺷﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻔﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺪﲡ ﺪﻗ .ﺎﻬﺗﺎﺷﺎﺷﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﺯﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﺘﻌﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻚﺴﻔﻧ ﺢﻨﻣﺍ

.ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﻟ ﻚﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﻉﻮﺟﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﺟ

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212 ..................................................ﺓﺁﺮﻣ

46 ،17 .............ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ

202 ....ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺖﻴﺒﺜﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ

ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻤﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ

202 .....(ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺵﻼﻓ ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﺖﻴﺒﺜﺘﻟ)

207 ............... ﻲﻓﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺬﻔﻨﻣ

A/V ﻭ USB ﻞﱢﺻﻮﻣ

138 ...................... ﺐﺳﺎﳊﺎﺑ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ

139 ......................

146 ............ﻥﻮﻳﺰﻔﻠﺗ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﺑ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ

147 ...........

109 ............. ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻥﻮﻓﻭﺮﻜﻴﳌ ﻞﹼﺻﻮﻣ

ﺔﻌﺑﺎﻄﻟﺎﺑ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ

ﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﻑﺮﻄﺑ HDMI ﻞﱢﺻﻮﻣ

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206 ................... ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﺟ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ

23
24

50 ...................................... ﺞﻣﺪﻣ ﺵﻼﻓ

25

50 .......................... (ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ) ﺭﺯ M

73 .................. (ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ) ﺭﺯ Y

26

110 ........................................... ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺳ

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46 .............(E) ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﻋ

107 ....................................... ﻥﻮﻓﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ

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38 ........................ (ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ) ﺭﺯ E

29

165 ،9 ......................... (ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻮﻟﺍ) ﺭﺯ Fn

17 ................................. ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﻋ

18 ................................ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ

CPU ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺃ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻂﻳﺮﺷ ﺐﻘﺛ

12

22

23

ﻞﺻﻮﳌﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

10

3 .......................................ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

11

107 ،99 .............. ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ

12

103 ،6 ........................

13

107 .............................ﻢﻠﻴﻓ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﺭﺯ

71 ...

(ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ) ﺭﺯ

14

65 ..................................(ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ) ﺭﺯ N

15

73 .............................ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺭﺯ

28 ....................................ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ

16

2 .................................ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ

17
18
19

20
21

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ

41 ............................................. ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ

37 ...................... ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ

52 ............ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ

(ﻲﻣﺎﻣﺃ) ﺀﺍﺮﻤﺣ ﺖﲢ ﺔﻌﺷﺃ ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ

37 ............................................................

24

25

26

27

28

29

(ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ) ﺭﺯ

R

1
2
3
4
5

E

6
7
8

9

1

(ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ) ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﺟ

2

3
4

5

6

(ﻑﺬﺣ) ﺭﺯ O

133 .............. ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻑﺬﺣ

ﺔﻗﺎﻃ ﻞﺻﻮﳌ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻞﺻﻮﻣ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ

208 ............................................ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ

15 .......... ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﻮﲡ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ

15 ......................ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﻮﲡ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ

ﺮﻴﻐﺼﺗ/ﺓﺮﻐﺼﻣ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ) ﺭﺯ W

129 ............................................(ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ

11 ..................................(ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ) ﺭﺯ Q

15 ..................................ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ

1

17

5 .......................(ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ) ﺭﺯ P

7

58 .......................ﻦﻳﺭﺰﺑ ﻂﺒﻀﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺭﺯ

18

166 ،69 ،44 ........... (AE-L/AF-L) ﺭﺯ A

132 ..............................(ﺔﻳﺎﻤﺣ) ﺭﺯ L

19

7 ..................................... ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

20

123 ............................... (ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ) ﺭﺯ K

21

21 ............ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ

12 ..............................ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺭﺯ

12 ....................................(ﻖﻓﺍﻮﻣ) ﺭﺯ J

22

131 ......................(ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﺒﻜﺗ) ﺭﺯ X

ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ

27 ،21 .....................................................

8

9

21

10
11
12
13
14
15
16

10

11

12

13

14
15
16

17

18

19

20

8

38 ..........................ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﺔﺳﺪﻋ

38 ......................... ﻲﻃﺎﻄﻣ ﲔﻋ ﻥﺎﺠﻨﻓ

9

149 ،11 ....................(ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ) ﺭﺯ G

58 .......................ﻦﻳﺭﺰﺑ ﻂﺒﻀﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺭﺯ

ﺀﺍﺮﻤﺣ ﺖﲢ ﺔﻌﺷﺃ ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ

37 ...............................................(ﻲﻔﻠﺧ)

4 ...............................................ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ

5 ................................ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ

99 ..................................ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ

123 ................... ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

ﻞﻣﺎﳊﺍ ﻒﻳﻮﲡ

23 .................. ﻱﺮﺘﺑﻮﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

X

22

1
2
3

4

5

6
7

ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ A

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟ ﺢﺿﻮﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ ﺭﺩﺃ.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻕﻼﻏﻹ ﺢﺿﻮﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ ﺭﺩﺃ

2

X

ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻓﻮﺗ

M ﻭ A ﻭ S ﻭ P ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ

ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻠﻟ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ

.ﺭﻮﺻﻭ ﺏﻮﺻ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﺄﺑ ﻂﻴﺴﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

(26 0) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ i •

(26 0) (ﺄﻔﻄﻣ ﺵﻼﻓ) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ j •

ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ v •

(120 ،117 0)

(117 0) ﺔﻴﻠﻇ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ B •

(117 0) ﺔﻌﻃﺎﺳ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﺇ C •

(117 0) ﺔﺘﻓﺎﺧ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﺇ D •

ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻳ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ﻙﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ .ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﺪﻬﺸﳌﺍ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻝﱢﺪﻌﺗ

(31 0) ﺔﻴﺿﺎﻳﺭ ﺏﺎﻌﻟﺃ m •

(31 0) ﺏﺮﻘﻣ n •

(32 0) ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ :h •

(62 0) ﺞﻣﺮﺒﻣ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻊﺿﻭ—P •
(63 0) ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ-ﻖﻟﺎﻏ—S •

(64 0) ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ-ﺔﺤﺘﻓ—A •

(65 0) ﻱﻭﺪﻳ—M •

ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ

.ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

(116 0) ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻟ ﺔﻳﺅﺭE •

ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﻂﻄﺨﻣ g •

(118 ،116 0)

ﺮﻐﺼﻣ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ F •

(119 ،116 0)

ﺪﻬﺸﳌﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ

.ﻩﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺪﻳﺮﺗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺪﻬﺸﳌﺍ

(30 0) ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ k •

(30 0) ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ l •

(31 0) ﻞﻔﻃ p •

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

(ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ A

ﺪﻨﻋ (104 0 ؛"ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ") ﺪﻬﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺎﺑ ﺢﻤﺴﻳ j ﻭﺃ i ﲔﻌﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ

.ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

3

ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ

.ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺃ ﺢﺿﻮﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﻣﺇﻭ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ

180°

90°

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻠﻟ ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻬﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ

ﻦﻣ ﺔﺒﻳﺮﻗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻙﺎﺴﻣﻹﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ

ﺽﺮﻌﺗ .ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻼﻟ

180°

ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻱﻮﻃﺍ

.ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ

ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻣ ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺰﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

.ﺽﺭﻷﺍ

ﺔﻌﻔﺗﺮﻣ ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺰﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

.ﻚﺳﺃﺭ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻬﻈﻴﺳ ﺎﳑ ﺓﺁﺮﻣ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ

X

ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ D

ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ ﻑﻼﺗﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ ﻡﺪﻋ .ﻒﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﻻ .ﺔﺤﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺩﻭﺪﳊﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻖﻓﺮﺑ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺃ

ﻢﺴﳉ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﻬﻬﺟﻭ ﻞﻌﺟﺍﻭ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻱﻮﻃﺍ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻤﳊ

.(99 0) ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ "ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ" ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﺟﻭ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

ﹰ

ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

A

4

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

ﺽﺮﻌﻟ ﺓﺮﻣ P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻳﺪﻌﺗﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻦﻜﳝ

ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺭﺯ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻠﻇ .ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻼﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﺀﺍﺮﺟﻹ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

.ﻞﻠﻈﳌﺍ ﺮﺼﻨﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﻟ J ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ﻢﺛ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ

P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

X

51 .....................................ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

72 ................................ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ

70 ............. ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ

91 .............................. Picture Control

47 .................................... ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ

49 ...................................ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ

81 .....................................ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ

54 .................................ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ

35 .....................................ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

100 ،39 ................ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ

101 ،42 ................................... ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ

68 ...............................................ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌﺍ

74 ..........................

89

... ﺏﺭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻳﺰﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ

23 242221

ﺔﻄﺸﻧ D-Lighting

25
26

27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

21

155 ...... ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

22

79 ... ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

23

76 ...................................... HDR ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

24

161 ................."ﺮﻴﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﻮﺻ" ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

25

25 ................................ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

26

174 .........................

27

175 .................... Eye-Fi ﻝﺎﺼﺗﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

28

224 ،11 ........................... ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺰﻣﺭ

29

90 ............ ADL ﺏﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ

30

65 ................ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

71 ...

ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

31

GPS ﻝﺎﺼﺗﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

90 ........ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻘﺗ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

25 ................... ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ

32

85 ........ ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

33

138 .................... ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

34

ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﻊﺴﺘﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ) "K"

25 ....................(ﺔﻄﻘﻟ 1000 ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﻷ

1

2
3

4
5

6

16 18 20

17

9

10

26 .............(ﺄﻔﻄﻣ ﺵﻼﻓ) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ j

11

30 ...............................ﺪﻬﺸﳌﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ

12

61 ..................M ﻭ A ﻭ S ﻭ P ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ

13

115 .................... ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺆﳌﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

14

65 ،64 ..........................(f ﻢﻗﺭ) ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ

15

65 ،63 ............................ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

16

6 ...........................ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺽﺮﻋ

17

6 .....................................ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

18

ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

42 ................................ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ

42 ........... ﺩﺎﻌﺑﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺛﻼﺛ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺘﻣ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

19

43 ...................... ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ

164 .......................... ﻱﻭﺪﻳ ﺵﻼﻓ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

20

ﺕﺍﺪﺣﻮﻟ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

205 ..........................ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ

163 ....................ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻃ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

1487 9 10 11 12 13

15

19

1

/ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ i

2
3
4
5
6

7

8

5

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺀﺎﻔﺧﺇ A

ﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻖﻠﻐﺗ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ .R ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻕﻼﻏﻹ

ﺕﺎﺘﻗﺆﻣ) c2 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﺍ ﺓﺪﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ) ﻥﺍﻮﺛ 8 ﻲﻟﺍﻮﺣ ﺓﺪﳌ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻱﺃ

.ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ R ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻉﺎﺟﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ

.((160 0 ،ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﻹﺍ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋﺔﻘﻠﻐﻣ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ،°90 ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ

ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺕﺎﺷﺎﺷ A

.ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺴﻟ ﺔﻳﺮﺼﺑ ﺕﺍﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺕﺎﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻡﺪﻘﺗ

.(ﺮﻴﺒﻛ f ﻢﻗﺭ) ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ،ﺔﺌﻴﻄﺑ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

.ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻘﻟ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻝﺍﺪﺒﺘﺳﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ،ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ

ﻢﺘﻳ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﻱﺃ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ .(168 0) ،ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﺔﻐﻴﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺿﻭﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

.(170 0) ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺎﻬﺿﺮﻋ

.(ﺮﻴﻐﺻ f ﻢﻗﺭ) ﺓﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ،ﺓﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

R ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ

ﹰ

ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

.103 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ

A

A

X

6

X

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

ﺽﺮﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺘﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﺯﺃ ﻊﻣ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ

.ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ

M ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

E ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

Fn ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

.(32 0 ؛h ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ) ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

h ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

؛q ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ) ﺹﺎﺧ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

.(115 0

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

q ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ

.(62 0 ؛P ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ) ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳﻭ

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

P ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

؛M ﻭﺃ S ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ) ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ

.(65 ،63 0

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

M ﻭﺃ S ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

7

.(64 0 ؛A ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ) ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

+

+

A ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

E ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

E ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ) ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

.(65 0 ؛M

X

M ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ

ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ

؛A ﻭﺃ S ﻭﺃ P ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ)

.(70 0

A ﻭﺃ S ﻭﺃ P ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

.(51 0) ﺵﻼﻓ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ

+

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

M ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

.(72 0 ؛M ﻭﺃ A ﻭﺃ S ﻭﺃ P ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ) ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﻝﺪﻋ

++

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

M ﺭﺰﻟﺍE ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

M ﻭﺃ A ﻭﺃ S ﻭﺃ P

8

+

؛Fn/E ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﲔﻴﻌﺗ) f1 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ Fn ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ

ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺘﺑ ﺢﻤﺴﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ،(165 0

:ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ (E) Fn

X

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

(E) Fn ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

(47 0) ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ/ﺓﺩﻮﺟ

(35 0) ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

(54 0) ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ(81 0) ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ

(74 0) ﺔﻄﺸﻧ D-Lighting(88 0) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺗ

9

ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ

1

72 ............................................................. ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

70 ...........................................ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

155 ...............................................ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

25 ................................................................... ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ

36 ،27 ......... ﺔﻄﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺀﻼﺘﻣﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ

85 ..........................................................ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

70 ...................................................ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ

72 ..................................................................... ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ

138 ....................................................................ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

54 .................................................................................ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ

224 ........................................................................ﺮﻳﺬﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

.ﺓﺭﺍﺮﳊﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻉﻮﻄﺳﻭ ﺔﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻓ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ ﺪﻗ

2 3

12

43 ................................................................. ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ

13

46 ،27 .........................................................ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

14

69 ........................(AE) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

15

65 ،63 ......................................................................ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

65 ،64 ................................................................... (f ﻢﻗﺭ) ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ

25 ..........................................................................ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

88 .......................................................................ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

25 ...(ﺔﻄﻘﻟ 1000 ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﻷ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﻊﺴﺘﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ) "K"

28 ........................................................... ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

62 ................................................................. ﻥﺮﳌﺍ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

16

65 ..........................................................ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

71 ......................................... ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ

159 .............................................................. ﻲﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﺇ ﻯﺪﻣ ﲔﻌﻣ

59

6 7 84

11 15

1210

13

ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ D

X

1614

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10
11

10

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻗ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍﻭ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﻢﻈﻌﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ

.G ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﻟ

X

G ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

d

(176 0) ﺢﻴﻘﻨﺘﻟﺍ :

ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ) ﻲﺘﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﻴﺧﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ :

(192 0 ؛ﺓﺮﻴﺧﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻲﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ

ﺐﻳﻮﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻋ

:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

N •

O/m •

(156 0) ﺔﺼﺼﺨﻣ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ :

.ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻗﻮﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﻳﺮﺷ ﲔﺒﻳ

.ﺯﻮﻣﺭ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ

ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ

.ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ

ﺬﺋﺪﻨﻋ ﻦﻜﳝ ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﺳﺃ ﺮﺴﻳﻷﺍ ﻦﻛﺮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ d ﺰﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﰎ ﺍﺫﺇ

3 ﻭﺃ 1 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .(W) Q ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

.ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺓﺩﻮﻌﻠﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ (W) Q ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺮﻳﺮﻤﺘﻠﻟ

(149 0) ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ :

(151 0) ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ :

(167 0) ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ :

D •
C •

A •

B •

11

(W) Q ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻗ ﺢﻔﺼﺘﻟ J ﺭﺰﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺭﺯ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ

G ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺓﺩﻮﻋﻭ ﺀﺎﻐﻟﺇ

ﻰﻠﻋﻷ ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ ﻙﺮﺤﻳ

ﻞﻔﺳﻷ ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ ﻙﺮﺤﻳ

.ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﺰﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻈﺘﻟ 4 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

ﻞﻠﻈﳌﺍ ﺮﺼﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ :J ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﺽﺮﻌﻳ ﻭﺃ ﻞﻠﻈﳌﺍ ﺮﺼﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻳ

ﺔﻴﻋﺮﻓ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

X

.ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻌﺘﺳﻻ ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺃ ﺕﺍﻮﻄﳋﺍ ﻊﺒﺗﺍ

.ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋﺍ 1

.ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﻟ G ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

.ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﺰﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﻞﻠﻇ 2

.ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

.ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ 3 ﻭﺃ 1 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

12

.ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻊﺿ 4

.ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ ﻊﺿﻮﻟ 2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

X

.ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﻈﺘﻟ 3 ﻭﺃ 1 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

.ﻩﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﺼﻨﻌﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻌﻟ 2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺝﻭﺮﺨﻠﻟ .ﻞﻠﻈﳌﺍ ﺮﺼﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ J ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

.ﻲﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺮﻓﻮﺘﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺩﺎﻣﺭ ﻥﻮﻠﺑ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ •

ﻻﺇ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﳊﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ،J ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻪﻟ ﹰﺎﺒﻟﺎﻏ 2 ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ •

.(28 0) ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺓﺩﻮﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺝﻭﺮﺨﻠﻟ •

.ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﻞﻠﻇ 5

.ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻋﺍ 6

.ﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﻞﻠﻇ 7

.ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻞﻴﻠﻈﺘﻟ 3 ﻭﺃ 1 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

.ﻞﻠﻈﳌﺍ ﺮﺼﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 8

.G ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

:ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻆﺣﻻ

.J ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ

13

ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻮﻄﳋﺍ

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﺤﺷﺍ

ﻰﺼﻗﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ .(ﺔﻘﻓﺮﻣ) EN-EL14 ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻡﻮﻴﺜﻴﻟ ﻥﻮﻳﺃ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﺗ

1 ﺓﺪﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﲢ .ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ MH-24 ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﻖﻓﺮﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﺣﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﺤﺷﺍ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ

.ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻔﻧ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺤﺷ ﻢﺘﻴﻟ ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ 30 ﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺳ

ﺲﺑﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺊﻳﺎﻬﻣ A

ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻳ .ﺀﺍﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺲﺑﺎﻗ ﺊﻳﺎﻬﻣ ﻕﺎﻓﺭﺇ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ
ﻂﺋﺎﳊﺍ ﺲﺑﺎﻗ ﻊﻓﺭﺍ ،ﺲﺑﺎﻗ ﺊﻳﺎﻬﻣ ﻕﺎﻓﺭﺇ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ .ﺀﺍﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻝﻮﶈﺍ ﻞﻜﺷ

ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ .ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺲﺑﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺧﺩﺇ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ ،ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺢﺿﻮﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺲﺑﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺊﻳﺎﻬﻣ ﻞﺻﻭﻭ

.ﻪﻓﻼﺗﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺲﺑﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺊﻳﺎﻬﻣ ﻉﺰﻨﻟ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍ

.ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺃ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻉﺰﻧﺍ 1

.ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺃ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻉﺰﻧﺍ

.ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺤﻴﺿﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﺢﺿﻮﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺩﺃ

ﻦﺤﺷ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻦﻟ .ﻡ°35–5 ﲔﺑ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﻮﺟﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﺤﺷﺍ

.ﻡ°60 ﻦﻣ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻡ°0 ﻦﻣ ﻞﻗﺃ ﺎﻬﺗﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺩﺃ 2

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﺤﺷ D

X

ﻝﺎﻤﺘﻛﺍ
ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﺤﺷ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ (ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ) CHARGE ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺾﻣﻮﻴﺳ

،ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ .ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺲﻤﻠﺗ ﻭﺃ ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻙﺮﲢ ﻻ

ﲔﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﻛﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ،ﹰﺍﺪﺟ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﳊﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ

.ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﺪﺑ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ ﺎﻬﺒﻛﺭﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﺰﻧﺍ .ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﺤﺷ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻢﻟ

ﻦﺤﺷ ﻱﺭﺎﺟ

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

.ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻞﺻﻭ 3

ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ D

.ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻧﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﺰﻧﺍ 4

ﺝﺮﺧﺃﻭ ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻓﺍ .ﺾﻴﻣﻮﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ (ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ) CHARGE ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻳ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻞﻤﺘﻜﺗ

.ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

14

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺐﻛﺭ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻏﺍ 1

ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺇﻭ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ A

.ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻞﺒﻗ ﹰﺎﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻏﺍ

X

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ

w

q

r

.ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﻮﲡ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺢﺘﻓﺍ 2

.ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﻮﲡ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ (w) ﺢﺘﻓﺍ ﻢﺛ (q) ﺀﺎﻄﻐﻟﺍ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺭﺮﺣ

.ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺩﺃ 3

ﻊﻣ ،(e) ﺢﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﻩﺎﲡﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺩﺃ

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻂﻐﻀﻟ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

e

ﻩﺎﲡﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﻮﲡ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺢﺘﻓﺍﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻏﺍ

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﺒﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻳ .ﺎﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻲﻟﺎﻘﺗﺮﺒﻟﺍ

.(r) ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻟﺎﺧﺩﺇ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ

.ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﻮﲡ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻖﻠﻏﺍ 4

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺝﺍﺮﺧﺇ A

.ﺪﻴﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﺒﺤﺳﺍ ﻢﺛ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟ ﻢﻬﺴﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﺮﻴﺸﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ

15

ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ D

ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﻻ .ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ 215–214 ﻭ xi-x ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻮﻛﺬﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺒﺗﺍﻭ ﺃﺮﻗﺍ

ﻞﻘﺗ ﺪﻗ .ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻠﻘﻳ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﻼﺗﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ؛ﻡ°40 ﻦﻣ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻡ°0 ﻦﻣ ﻞﻗﺃ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ

ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ .ﻡ°60 ﻰﺘﺣ ﻡ°45 ﻦﻣﻭ ﻡ°15 ﻰﺘﺣ ﻡ°0 ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻓ ﺪﻳﺰﺗﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﺳ

ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻓﺍ ﻢﺛ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﳌﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﳊﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ ،ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ (ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ) CHARGE ﺮﺷﺆﳌ ﻊﻳﺮﺴﻟﺍ ﺾﻴﻣﻮﻟﺍ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋﺍﻭ ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻒﻗﻮﺗ ،ﺔﻠﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ

.ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻧﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ

.ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻓﺍ

.ﻂﻘﻓ ﻪﻌﻣ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

.ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ ﺎﻬﺒﻛﺭﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﺰﻧﺍﻭ

.ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ Nikon ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﻞﺜﳑ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺋﺰﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺋﺎﺑ

.ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻧﻮﺤﺸﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺑ ﻦﺤﺷ ﻝﻭﺎﲢ ﻻ

X

16

ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﺐﻛﺭ

ﺽﺮﻐﻟ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ .ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺇ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﺑﺮﺗﺃ ﻱﺃ ﻝﻮﺧﺩ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﺮﳊﺍ ﺐﺠﻳ

.AF-S DX NIKKOR 55–18 ﱈ f/3.5–5.6G VR ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺘﻟﺍ

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﻋ

X

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﺝﺭﺪﻣ

ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ

(106 ،45 0) ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﺣ

(29 0) ﻡﻭﺰﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﺣ

ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﻋ

(198 0) CPU ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺃ

ﻲﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ

(ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺃ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ) A-M ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ

(18 0) (ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ) VR ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻏﺍ 1

ﻢﺴﺟ ﺀﺎﻄﻏﻭ ﻲﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻉﺰﻧﺍ 2

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

ﺔﻳﺫﺎﺤﻣ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﻋ ﻞﻌﺟﺍ

ﻊﺿ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻦﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﺮﺣﺍ .(q) ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

ﻩﺎﲡﺍ ﺲﻜﻋ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻒﻟ ،ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ

ﺓﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻘﺘﺴﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺔﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﻋ

.ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺐﻛﺭ 3

.(w) ﺓﺮﻘﻧ ﺕﻮﺻ

ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ) A ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ A-M ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ ﻞﻘﻧﺍ

ﺮﺘﺧﺍ ،M/A-M ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ ﺎﻬﺑ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ؛ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ

.(ﻱﻭﺪﻳ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻊﻣ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟ M/A

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ D

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﻳ ﻻ .ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﺤﲟ ﺓﺰﻬﺍﻭ ،ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ AF-I ﻭ AF-S ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻋﺪﺗ

.(197 0) ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ AF ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ

17

(VR) ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ❚❚

ﻞﻠﻘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،(VR) ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﺔﻴﺻﺎﺧ AF-S DX NIKKOR 55–18 ﱈ f/3.5–5.6G VR ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻋﺪﺗ

EV 3 ﻲﻟﺍﻮﺣ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﲟ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺘﺑ ﺢﻤﺴﻳ ﺎﻣ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﰎ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﺍ ﻦﻋ ﰋﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ

.(ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻇﻭ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ ؛Nikon ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﻗ) ﱈ 55 ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺪﻌﺒﺑ

ﻞﻴﻌﻔﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ .(ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ) ON ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ VR ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ ﻝﻮﺣ ،ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻ

ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ

ﻢﺘﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ

ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻂﻴﺴﺒﺗ ﻊﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺔﲡﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺘﻟﺍ

.ﻱﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻌﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ

ﻦﻣ ﺀﺰﺟ ﺪﻌﺗ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ

ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ،ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻲﻘﻓﺃ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ) ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻞﻬﺳﺃ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﻞﻌﺠﻳ ﺎﻣ ،(ﻂﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﺳﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ

.ﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﻲﺳﻮﻗ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺔﺳﻼﺴﺑ

ﻖﻠﻏﺍ .(ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ) OFF ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ VR ﺡﺎﺘﻔﳌﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﺀﺎﻐﻟﺇ ﻦﻜﳝ

ﻡﺪﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻠﻐﺷﻭ ،ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺖﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ

.ﻱﺩﺎﺣﺃ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﳊﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﻴﺒﺜﺘﻟﺍ

ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻚﻓ A

ﻲﻓ ﺮﻤﺘﺳﺍﻭ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻚﻔﻟ .ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻭﺃ ﻚﻓ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺔﻘﻠﻐﻣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ

.(w) ﺔﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﻋ ﻩﺎﲡﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﻊﻣ (q) ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ

.ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﺟ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺐﻛﺭ ،ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻚﻓ ﺪﻌﺑ

ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﻟ ﺕﺎﻘﻠﺣﻭ CPU ﺓﺪﺣﻮﺑ ﺓﺰﻬﺠﻣ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻋ D

ﺎﻬﻟ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻞﻗﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﻞﻔﻗﺍ ،(198 0) ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﺔﻘﻠﺤﺑ ﺓﺰﻬﺠﻣ CPU ﺓﺪﺣﻮﺑ ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ

.(f ﻢﻗﺭ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ)

X

ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ

ﺪﻗ ،ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻓ ﰎ ﺍﺫﺇ .ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻉﺰﻨﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻐﺗ ﻻ

ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺗ ﻦﻜﳝﻭ ،ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺼﻗ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺪﻌﻳ ﻻ .ﺎﻫﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺔﺨﺸﺨﺷ ﺕﻮﺻ ﺭﺪﺼﻳ

.ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗﻭ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ

ﺍﺫﺇ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ .ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻦﺤﺷ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﺔﻴﺻﺎﺧ ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ

.ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﻘﺘﺴﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺮﻈﺘﻧﺍ ؛ﺞﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻄﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻝﺪﻳ ﻻ

.ﻂﺸﻨﻣ ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻥﺎﻛ

D

18

ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ .ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ .ﺓﺮﻣ ﻝﻭﻷ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺍﻮﺣ ﺮﻬﻈﻴﺳ

.ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻻﺇ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﱢﻐﺷ 1

.ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺍﻮﺣ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ

X

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ﻢﺛ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺏﻮﻏﺮﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻈﺘﻟ 3 ﻭﺃ 1 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

.ﺔﻐﻟ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 2

2 ﻭﺃ 4 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺍﻮﺣ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ

ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻕﺭﺎﻓ UTC ﻞﻘﳊﺍ ﺢﺿﻮﻳ) ﻲﻠﶈﺍ ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﻈﺘﻟ

(ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺴﻟﺎﺑ ،UTC ﻭﺃ ،ﻲﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﲔﺑ

ﲔﻨﺴﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ 3 ﻭﺃ 1 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

.ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻄﳋﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﻼﻟ J ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .ﻡﺎﻳﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﻬﺸﻟﺍﻭ

ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ .ﻲﻔﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ

ﻞﻤﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ؛ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻖﻠﻐﻣ ﻲﻔﻴﺼﻟﺍ

1 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻔﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍ

ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ 2 ﻭﺃ 4 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺢﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺭﺍﻮﳊﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ

ﺔﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﻟ J ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺘﻠﻟ 3 ﻭﺃ 1 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﻢﻗﺭ

.ﻲﻔﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ ﻭﺃ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ 5

.ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ

.ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺻ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 4

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﻞﻴﻠﻈﺘﻟ

.ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ 6

.ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺝﻭﺮﳋﺍﻭ

19

ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ A

ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻭ (171 0) (Language) ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺖﻗﻭ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ/ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ

.ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ (170 0) ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍﻭ

ﺔﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺑ

ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺤﺷ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻗ ،ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﺳ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ

ﺙﻼﺛ

.(208 0) EH-5b ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﻝﻮﺤﻣﻭ EP-5A ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻞﺻﻮﻣ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺪﻴﻔﺗ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺬﲢ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ﺽﺮﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ

ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ

ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺴﺑ ﻢﻈﺘﻨﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺔﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺭﺎﻗ .ﺔﻴﻟﺰﻨﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻏﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻗﺩ ﻞﻗﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﺳ

.ﺔﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﲔﻴﻌﺗ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﰎﻭ ﺓﺪﻔﻨﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺑ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﺍﺬﻫ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ

.ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺓﺪﳌ ﺔﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟ ﻲﻔﻜﺗ ﻦﺤﺷ ﻡﺎﻳﺃ

.ﲔﺤﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﺳ

.ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﻡﺰﻟ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻬﻄﺒﺿﺍﻭ ﺔﻗﺩ

A

X

A

20

ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺫ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻝﺎﺧﺩﺇ

4

GB

.(207 0 ؛ﺩﺮﻔﻨﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺓﺮﻓﻮﺘﻣ) (SD) Secure Digital ﻉﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺰﺨﺗ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻏﺍ 1

ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺇﻭ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ A

.ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺝﺍﺮﺧﺇ ﻭﺃ ﻝﺎﺧﺩﺇ ﻞﺒﻗ ﹰﺎﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻏﺍ

X

.ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺢﺘﻓﺍ 2

.(w) ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﺢﺘﻓﺍﻭ (q) ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻠﻟ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻙﺮﺣ

.ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻞﺧﺩﺃ 3

ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺎﻬﻌﻓﺩﺍ ،ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺢﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﻩﺎﲡﻻﺎﺑ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻚﺴﻣﺍ

ﺀﻲﻀﻴﺳ .ﺓﺮﻘﻧ ﺕﻮﺻ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﻳﻭ ﺎﻬﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻘﺘﺴﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻒﻳﻮﺠﺘﻟﺍ

ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻖﻠﻏﺍ .ﻲﻧﺍﻮﺛ ﺓﺪﻌﻟ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ

ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻝﺎﺧﺩﺇ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻑﻼﺗﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺲﻜﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻭﺃ ﺏﻮﻠﻘﳌﺎﺑ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻝﺎﺧﺩﺇ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ

.ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ .ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ

ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ

ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ

GB

4

ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺗ ﺖﲤ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺮﳌﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

.22 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻮﺻﻮﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺗ ﺐﺠﻳ ،ﺮﺧﺃ ﺯﺎﻬﺟ ﻲﻓ

ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺝﺍﺮﺧﺇ A

،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻏﺍ ،ﺀﻲﻀﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ

ﻦﻜﳝ

.(q) ﺎﻬﺟﺍﺮﺧﻹ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺢﺘﻓﺍ

.(w) ﺪﻴﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺝﺍﺮﺧﺇ ﺬﺋﺪﻨﻋ

.ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

D

ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺔﻳﺎﻤﳊﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ A

GB

4

ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺔﻳﺎﻤﳊﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ

21

ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺪﻘﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺔﻳﺎﻤﺤﻠﻟ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﲟ ﺓﺩﻭﺰﻣ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ

ﺡﺎﺘﻔﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ .ﺄﻄﳋﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ

ﺮﻴﻔﺻ ﺕﻮﺻ ﺭﺪﺼﻴﺳ) ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻑﺬﺣ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻﻭ "ﻞﻔﻗ" ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﳌﺍ ﻙﺮﺣ ،ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻞﻔﻗ ﺀﺎﻐﻟﻹ

.(ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺖﻟﻭﺎﺣ ﺍﺫﺇ

."ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ"

ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺗ

ﻑﻮﺻﻮﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺊﻴﻫ .ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺌﻴﻬﺗ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻝﻭﺃ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺗ ﺐﺠﻳ

.ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺃ

ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺗ D

ﺪﻳﺮﺗ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑﻭ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻱﺃ ﺦﺴﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ .ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻲﺋﺎﻬﻧ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺎﻬﻳﻮﺘﲢ ﺪﻗ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻱﺃ ﻑﺬﺣ ﻢﺘﻳ

.(137 0) ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺐﺳﺎﳊﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺟ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻬﺑ ﻅﺎﻔﺘﺣﻻﺍ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﱢﻐﺷ 1

ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺗ ﻞﻠﻇ .ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﻟ G ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺰﳌ .2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ

.11 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻋ

G ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﻻ ﻞﻠﻇ ،ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺗ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺝﻭﺮﺨﻠﻟ

ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺿﻭﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ

ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﻉﺰﻨﺗ ﻭﺃ ﻞﺼﻔﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺝﺮﺨﺗ ﻻ .ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

.ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻧﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺇ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺭﺬﳊﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ ﺐﺠﻳ .ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻨﺧﺎﺳ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺢﺒﺼﺗ ﺪﻗ •

ﻭﺃ ﻑﺬﺣ ﻭﺃ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﻞﺼﻔﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻐﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺝﺮﺨﺗ ﻻ •

.ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻴﺿ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ ﻡﺪﻋ

.ﺔﻴﻧﺪﻌﻣ ﻡﺎﺴﺟﺄﺑ ﻭﺃ ﻚﻌﺑﺎﺻﺄﺑ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺃ ﺲﻤﻠﺗ ﻻ •

.ﺔﻔﻴﻨﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺼﻟ ﺎﻬﺿﺮﻌﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻄﻘﺴﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻱﻮﻠﺗ ﻻ •

.ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻒﻠﺗ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ

.ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﻮﻃﺮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ،ﺔﻧﻮﺨﺴﻟﺍ ،ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ ﻻ •

.ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻋﺍ 2

.ﻢﻌﻧ ﺔﺌﻴﻀﳌﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻠﻇ 3

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍ 4

ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ D

.ﺐﺳﺎﳊﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺦﺴﻧ

.ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﺗ ﻻ •

X

22

ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﳌ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ

ﲔﻌﻣ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ .ﺭﺎﺼﺑﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻕﻭﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺀﻼﺘﻟ (ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺴﻜﻧﺍ ﺓﻮﻗ) ﻱﺮﺘﺑﻮﻳﺩ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺘﺑ ﺓﺩﻭﺰﻣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

.ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ

.ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻚﻓ 1

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﱢﻐﺷ 2

X

ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻱﺮﺘﺑﻮﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺭﺩﺃ
ﻚﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺭﺬﳊﺍ ﻰﺧﻮﺗ .ﺓﺩﺎﺣ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻲﻓ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻧﻭ

ﻞﺧﺪﺗ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻚﻨﻴﻌﺑ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻂﺒﻀﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻘﻟ

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ

؛AF-S) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺯﺰﻌﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ ،ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﻑﻮﺻﻮﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﳌ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺖﻨﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﻦﻳﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ ﻢﺛ (43 0) ﺔﻳﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺔﻄﻘﻧﻭ ،(42 0 ؛c) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟ ﺔﻳﺩﺮﻓ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ،(39 0

ﻲﻓ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻛ ﲔﺣ ﻲﻓ

ﻂﺒﺿ ﻦﻜﳝ ،ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﻡﺰﻟ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﻟ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺰﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻲﻓ

.ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﳌ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﻟ ﻱﺮﺘﺑﻮﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ،ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

.(206 0) ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺤﺼﺗ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻋ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﳌ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

.ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﳌ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ 3

.ﻚﻨﻴﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺮﻓﺎﻇﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻚﻌﺑﺎﺻﺃ

ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﳌ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ A

23

X

24

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ

s

ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﺳﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ

ﲔﻌﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺘﳌﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻖﻘﲢﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻐﺷ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ

ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻢﻟ ﺍﺫﺇ ؛ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺽﺮﻌﻟ P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺔﻘﻠﻐﻣ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ) ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ

.(ﺎﻬﻨﺤﺷ ﺐﺠﻳﻭ ﺓﺪﻔﻨﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

s

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ❚❚

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻒﺻﻮﻟﺍ

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺑ ﺰﻬﺟ

ﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﺤﺷﺍ

.ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

ﻭﺃ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻧﻮﺤﺸﻣ ﺔﻴﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﺍ

.ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﺤﺸﻟ ﺪﻌﺘﺳﺍ

ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﰎ ؛ﺓﺪﻔﻨﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ

.ﺎﻬﻟﺪﺒﺘﺳﺍ

— .ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻧﻮﺤﺸﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ
— .ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺰﺟ ﺔﻏﺭﺎﻓ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

d

(ﺾﻴﻣﻭ)

L
K

Hd

H

(ﺾﻴﻣﻭ)

ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ❚❚

ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ

،ﹰﻼﺜﻣ ؛ﺔﺌﻣ ﺏﺮﻗﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻬﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ 1000 ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﻷﺍ ﻢﻴﻘﻟﺍ) ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ

ﺮﻳﺬﲢ ﺽﺮﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ .(K 1.2 ﻞﻜﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺿﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ 1299 ﻭ 1200 ﻢﻴﻘﻟﺍ

ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺫ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻞﺧﺩﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺿﺇ ﺭﻮﺼﻟ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻛ ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺪﻴﻔﻳ

.(133 0) ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻑﺬﺣﺍ ﻭﺃ (21 0)

25

(j ﻭ i ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ) "ﺭﻮﺻﻭ ﺏﻮﺻ" ﺏﻮﻠﺳﺄﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ "ﺭﻮﺻﻭ ﺏﻮﺻ" ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ،j ﻭ i ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻒﺼﻳ

.ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟ ﺔﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﺎﻛ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺐﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﱢﻐﺷ 1

.ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ .ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻐﺷﻭ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻉﺰﻧﺍ

ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻉﻮﻨﻤﳌﺍ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻠﻟ

،ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﳌﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻ ﻭﺃ ﻊﺿﺮﻟﺍ

ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ (ﻖﻠﻐﻣ ﺵﻼﻓ) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

.(ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ) i ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺃ ﻭﺃ .j ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻚﺴﻣﺍ ،ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺪﻨﻋ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﺟ ﻞﻤﺣﺍﻭ ﻰﻨﻤﻴﻟﺍ ﻙﺪﻳ ﻲﻓ ﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﺔﻀﺒﻗ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻚﻴﻘﻓﺮﻣ ﺪﻨﺳﺍ .ﻯﺮﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﻙﺪﻴﺑ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ

ﻒﺼﻧ ﻚﻴﻣﺪﻗ ﻯﺪﺣﺇ ﻡﺪﻗﻭ ﻚﻴﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻢﻋﺪﻟ ﻚﻋﺬﺟ

ﻚﻔﺼﻧ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻠﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﻮﻄﺧ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﺢﺿﻮﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻚﺴﻣﺍ .ﻱﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ

ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ

.ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ ؛ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻇ ﻲﻓ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻞﻘﺗ ،j ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﻲﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻊﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ

.ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ 11 ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ

.j ﻭﺃ i ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 2

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺰﻬﺟ 3

.(ﻱﺩﻮﻤﻋ) ﻲﻟﻮﻃ

.ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ 4

s

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ

26

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ 5

ﺭﺎﺘﺨﺘﺳ .ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﻟ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ .ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ ﺀﻲﻀﻳﻭ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺢﺘﻓ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ،ﻩﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺩﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﻑﺪﻬﻠﻟ

.ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

.ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻖﻘﲢ 6

ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﻞﻴﻠﻈﺗ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ،ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﻛﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ

ﻢﺘﻳ ﻻ ﺪﻗ) ﺮﻴﻔﺻ ﺔﻤﻐﻧ ﺭﺪﺼﺘﺳﻭ ،ﺓﺮﻴﺼﻗ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ

ﺰﻣﺭ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳﻭ ،(ﻙﺮﺤﺘﻣ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺮﻴﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻐﻧ ﺭﺍﺪﺻﺇ

s

ﻂﺒﺿ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ
ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﺳ

ﺔﻄﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ

ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

.40 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

.ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ (I) ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ

ﻒﺻﻮﻟﺍ

.ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ

.ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ،ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ

.ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ (36 0 ؛"t") ﺔﻄﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ

ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻖﻓﺮﺑ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﺐﻧﺎﺠﺑ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ ﺀﻲﻀﻴﺳ .ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ

ﻲﻧﺍﻮﺛ ﺓﺪﻌﻟ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳﻭ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ

ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻔﺘﺨﺘﺳ)

ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ

ﻞﺼﻔﺗ ﻭﺃ ﻉﺰﻨﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺝﺮﺨﺗ ﻻ .(ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻞﻤﺘﻜﺗﻭ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ ﺊﻔﻄﻨﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺭﺪﺼﻣ

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ

I

(ﺾﻴﻣﻭ) I

.ﺭﻮﺻ 7

.ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ

27

ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ A

ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﺗ .ﲔﻳﻮﺘﺴﲟ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻱﻮﺘﲢ

.ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻ

ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ :ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ :ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ

ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ

ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟ ،(ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ) ﻲﻧﺍﻮﺛ 8 ﺓﺪﳌ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻢﻟ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷﻭ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻕﻼﻏﺇ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﻹﺍ ﺮﻴﺧﺄﺗ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ

ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ

.ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻂﻴﺸﻨﺗ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻙﻼﻬﺘﺳﺍ

.(160 0 ؛ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺘﻗﺆﻣ) c2 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻠﻟ

ﻥﺍﻮﺛ 8

ﻻ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ

ﻞﻤﻌﺗ

ﺢﺘﻓ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ،i ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺿﺇ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ

ﺢﺘﻓ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ .ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ

ﺭﻮﻬﻇ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ .(M) ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺽﺮﻋ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻻﺇ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ ،ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ

ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻖﻓﺮﺑ ﻚﻌﺒﺻﺇ ﻊﻓﺭﺍ ؛ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻦﺤﺷ ﻱﺭﺎﺟ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺬﺋﺪﻨﻋ ،ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻕﻼﻏﻹﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻩﺪﻋﺃ ،ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻃ ﺮﻴﻓﻮﺘﻟ

.ﺓﺮﻘﻧ ﺕﻮﺻ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﻳﻭ ﻪﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺖﺒﺜﳌﺍ ﺮﻘﺘﺴﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻞﻔﺳﻷ ﻖﻓﺮﺑ

ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ

ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ

.ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ ﻝﻭﺎﺣﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ

A

A

s

28

ﺮﻴﺒﻜﺗ

ﻡﻭﺰﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﺣ

ﻡﻭﺯ ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ A

ﻭﺃ ،ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﺊﻠﳝ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﺒﻜﺘﻟ ﻡﻭﺰﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﺣ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﻝﻮﻃﺃ ﺔﻳﺭﺆﺑ ﻝﺍﻮﻃﺃ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ) ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺋﺮﳌﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻳﺰﻟ ﺮﻴﻐﺼﺘﻠﻟ

.(ﺮﻴﻐﺼﺘﻠﻟ ﺮﺼﻗﺃ ﺔﻳﺭﺆﺑ ﻝﺍﻮﻃﺃﻭ ،ﺮﻴﺒﻜﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﺝﺭﺪﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ

s

،AF-S DX NIKKOR 55–18

ﻝﺪﻌﲟ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻠﻟ ﻰﺼﻗﻷﺍ ﺪﳊﺍ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻡﻭﺰﻟﺍ ﻝﺪﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻥﺈﻓ

ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﲔﻌﺑ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺬﺧﺄﺗ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻊﻣﻭ

ﺮﻴﻐﺼﺗ

ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ ﻭﺃ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﺑﺮﺗﺃ ﻱﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻠﻟ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﻌﺸﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﻄﻐﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺩﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺢﺷﺮﻣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺰﻬﺗ

.ﻡﻭﺰﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻱﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﲢ ﻻﻭ ،ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ

ﱈ f/3.5–5.6G VR ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ

.EV 11/3

ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﻌﺸﺘﺴﻣ ﻒﻴﻈﻨﺗ

.(210 0) ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

A

29

(ﺪﻬﺸﳌﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ) ﻲﻋﺍﺪﺑﻹﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻢﺘﻳ ."ﺪﻬﺸﳌﺍ" ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻓﻮﺗ

ﺔﻟﻮﻬﺳ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺍﺪﺑﻹﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﺠﻳ ﺎﻣ ،ﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﺪﻬﺸﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ﺪﻬﺸﻣ

ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻮﺻﻮﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺛ ،ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻂﺒﺿ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺩﺮﺠﻣ

.29–26

ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

ﺓﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻟ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺪﺑ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ

ﺪﻨﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ .ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﺎﻔﺗ ﻢﻴﻌﻨﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ،ﻮﺗﻮﻔﻴﻠﻴﺗ ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

.ﻖﻤﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺇ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻔﻀﺘﻟ

ﺔﻗﺮﺸﻣ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺮﻇﺎﻨﳌ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

ﺀﻮﺿﻭ ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ .ﺭﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﻲﻓ

ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ ،ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ

:ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ

s

ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ k

ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ l

30

ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ .ﻝﺎﻔﻃﻸﻟ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺳ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻟ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﳊﺍ ﻊﻣ ،ﺔﻗﺮﺸﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻟﺄﺑ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﺎﻔﺗﻭ ﺲﺑﻼﳌﺍ

.ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺮﻬﻈﻣﻭ ﺓﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻟ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﺔﻣﻮﻌﻧ

ﻞﻔﻃ p

s

ﺏﺎﻌﻟﻷﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺮﺳ ﺪﻤﲡ

ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﺯﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺿﺎﻳﺮﻟﺍ

ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ .ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻲﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ

.ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺀﻮﺿﻭ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ

ﺀﺎﻴﺷﻷﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺮﺸﳊﺍ ،ﺭﻮﻫﺰﻠﻟ ﺔﺑﺮﻘﻣ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﻭﺮﻛﺎﻣ ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ) ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺼﻟﺍ

ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ .(ﹰﺍﺪﺟ ﺓﺮﻴﺼﻗ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ

.ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻨﳌ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ

ﺔﻴﺿﺎﻳﺭ ﺏﺎﻌﻟﺃ m

ﺏﺮﻘﻣ n

31

ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ

ﺪﻬﺸﳌﺍ ﺮﻬﻈﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗﻭ h ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ

.ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﳌﺍ

ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺘﻠﻟ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

.ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ

.ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻨﳌ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻥﺍﻮﻟﻷﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺿﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﻞﻠﻘﻳ

ﻉﺭﺍﻮﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﲟ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺮﻇﺎﻨﳌﺍ

ﺀﻮﺿﻭ ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ .ﻥﻮﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺘﻓﻻﻭ

ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ ،ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

.ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ

ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ .ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻂﻘﺘﻠﻳ

.ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﻼﻔﺤﻠﻟ

ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻟ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ o

ﻲﻠﻴﻟ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ r

ﻰﻨﺒﳌﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ/ﺔﻠﻔﺣ s

s

32

ﺞﻠﺜﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﺘﻤﳌﺍ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﻉﻮﻄﺳ ﻂﻘﺘﻠﻳ

ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺀﻮﺿﻭ ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ .ﻝﺎﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ

.ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

ﺞﻠﺛ/ﺊﻃﺎﺷ t

s

ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻟﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺪﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻆﻓﺎﺤﻳ

ﺀﻮﺿﻭ ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ .ﻕﻭﺮﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺏﻭﺮﻐﻟﺍ

ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ ،ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻟﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻆﻓﺎﺤﻳ

ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ .ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺏﻭﺮﻏ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻭﺃ ﺮﺠﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻟﺍ

ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ ،ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿﻭ ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ

ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ

ﺔﻔﻴﻟﺃ ﺕﺎﻧﺍﻮﻴﳊ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

.ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ .ﺔﻛﺮﺤﺘﻣ

ﺏﻭﺮﻏ u

ﺮﺠﻔﻟﺍ/ﻖﺴﻐﻟﺍ v

.ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻟﺍ

ﻒﻴﻟﺃ ﻥﺍﻮﻴﳊ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ w

33

ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ .ﻉﻮﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﻀﺑ ﺓﺀﺎﻀﳌﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻠﻟ

ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ ؛ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ

.ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻌﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ x

ﺮﻇﺎﻨﳌﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺮﻫﺰﳌﺍ ﲔﺗﺎﺴﺒﻟﺍ ،ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﻝﻮﻘﺣ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

.ﺓﺪﺘﻤﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﻝﻮﻘﺣ ﺎﻬﺑ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ

ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ ؛ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ

.ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ

ﻕﺍﺭﻭﺃ ﺊﻠﲤ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻟﺄﺘﳌﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﻔﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻟﻷﺍ ﻂﻘﺘﻠﻳ

ﺢﺼﻨﻳ ؛ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ .ﻒﻳﺮﳋﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﺠﺷﻷﺍ

ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ

.ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ

.ﺔﻤﻌﻃﻷﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻫﺍﺯ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ؛ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻨﳌ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ

.(50 0) ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﺭﺎﻫﺯﺃ y

ﻒﻳﺮﳋﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻟﺃ z

ﺔﻤﻌﻃﺃ A

s

34

(ﺕﺍﺯﺍﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺟ) ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﳌﺍ

:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺓﺮﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ :ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ

.ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻃﺇ 4 ﻰﺘﺣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﺠﺴﺗ ،ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ :ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ

z

.(37 0) ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﺍ ﻦﻋ ﰋﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻠﻟ ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ :ﻲﺗﺍﺫ ﺖﻗﺆﻣ

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ 2 ﺪﻌﺑ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻢﺘﻳ :ﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ ﻢﻜﲢ

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻢﺘﻳ :ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﲢ

ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺎﻜﳌ ﺓﺩﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻖﻄﻘﻄﺗ ﻻ ﺓﺁﺮﳌﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﻱﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻪﻠﺜﻣ :ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻠﻟ ﺖﻣﺎﺻ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ

ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺁﺮﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﺛﺪﹸﲢ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻘﻄﻟﺍ ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﺢﻴﺘﻳ ﺎﳑ ،ﻡﺎﺗ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺎﻣ ،ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺮﻴﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﻮﺻ ﺭﺍﺪﺻﺇ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻻ .ﻱﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺃﺪﻫﺃ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ

.ﺔﺋﺩﺎﻬﻟﺍ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺗﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﻞﻗﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺞﻴﺠﻀﻟﺍ ﻞﻠﻘﻳ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻊﺿ 1

ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .P ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ

z

ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍﻒﺻﻮﻟﺍ

T

s

E

.(37 0) ML-L3

.(37 0) ML-L3

U

V

J

35

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋP ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻋﺍ 2

.ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﻮﺟﺮﻠﻟ .J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺔﻄﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ A

ﻰﺘﺣ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ .ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺢﻴﺘﻳ ﺎﳑ ،ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻄﻴﺳﻭ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﺑ ﺓﺰﻬﺠﻣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻄﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺀﻼﺘﻣﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻝﺪﻌﻣ ﺾﻔﺨﻨﻴﺳ ،ﻚﻟﺫ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ ؛ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﺘﻣ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ 100

ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺐﺴﺣ

ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﻞﺼﻔﺗ ﻭﺃ ﻉﺰﻨﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻉﺰﻨﺗ ﻻ

ﻕﻼﻏﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻦﻟ ،ﺔﻄﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺍﺰﺗ ﺎﻣ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺖﻘﻠﻏﹸﺃ ﺍﺫﺇ

ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺍﺰﺗ ﺎﻣ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺪﻔﻧ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟ ﺭﻭﺎﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ ﺀﻲﻀﻴﺳ ،ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ

.ﻖﺋﺎﻗﺩ ﺓﺪﻋ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻥﺍﻮﺛ ﺓﺪﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻕﺮﻐﺘﺴﻳ ﺪﻗ ،ﺔﺘﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ

.ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ ﺊﻔﻄﻨﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻄﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺟ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ

.ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﻘﻨﺘﺳﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ،ﺔﻄﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ

z

ﺐﺴﺣ ﺔﻄﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻠﻟ ﻲﺒﻳﺮﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ

ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺽﺮﻋ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﻰﻘﺒﺘﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﺤﻴﺿﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﺢﺿﻮﻳ .ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ

ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﰎ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺔﻄﻘﻟ ﻝﻭﺃ ﻊﻣ ﻪﻠﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

.(172 0) "ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ" ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

.(151 0) ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ

.(165 0) ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗﻭ Fn ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ

.218 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻃﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

ﺔﻄﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ

.ﺓﺭﻮﺻ 27 ﻲﻟﻮﳊ ﻊﺴﺘﺗ ﺔﻄﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ

ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ A

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

ﹰ

ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

A

.ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

A

Fn ﺭﺰﻟﺍ A

A

36

ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ

ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟ (207 0) ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ML-L3 ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻭﻭ ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ

.ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻠﻟ

.ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺐﻛﺭ 1

.ﻱﻮﺘﺴﻣﻭ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﺿ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺐﻛﺭ

؛35 0) (ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﲢ) V ﻭﺃ ،(ﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ ﻢﻜﲢ) U ،(ﻲﺗﺍﺫ ﺖﻗﺆﻣ) E ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﺓﺪﳌ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻱﺃ ﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻢﻟ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ

ﻭﺃ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﻌﺘﺳ ،ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ

.(ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻠﻟ ﺖﻣﺎﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

.ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 2

z

.ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ 3

ﻢﺘﻳ ﻦﻟ .ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ :ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

.ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﰎ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ

ﻂﺒﻀﻟ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ :ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ ﺃﺪﺒﻴﺳ .ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ﻢﺛ ،ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ .ﺮﻴﻔﺻ ﺕﻮﺻ ﺃﺪﺒﻴﺳﻭ ﺾﻴﻣﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ

ﺮﻴﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﻮﺻ ﺢﺒﺼﻴﺳﻭ ﺾﻴﻣﻮﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﳌﺍ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻴﺳ ،ﲔﺘﻴﻧﺎﺜﺑ

.ﻲﻧﺍﻮﺛ ﺮﺸﻌﺑ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﺀﺪﺑ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ .ﻉﺮﺳﺃ

ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﻹﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﺟﻭ ،ﻞﻗﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺮﺘﻣ 5 ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻣ ﻦﻣ :ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ﻢﺛ (2 ،1 0) ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ ﺖﲢ ﺔﻌﺷﻷﺍ ﺕﻼﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ML-L3

ﺀﻲﻀﻴﺳ ،ﺮﺧﺄﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ .ML-L3 ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﲢ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ .ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﲔﺘﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺓﺪﳌ ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺭﺯ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ ﺾﻣﻮﻴﺳ ،ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﺪﻌﺑ

ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻒﻗﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻭﺃ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﺃﺪﺒﻳ ﻦﻟ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ

ﺪﻴﻌﺘﺴﺗﻭ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃﻭ ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﺀﺎﻐﻟﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻕﻼﻏﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ .ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻦﻜﳝ

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻠﻟ ﺖﻣﺎﺻ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻭﺃ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

.ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﻘﺘﻟﺍ 4

37

ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ D

.ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻠﻟ ﻝﺯﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺎﻔﺸﻟﺍ ﻲﻜﻴﺘﺳﻼﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻐﻟﺍ ﻉﺰﻧﺍ ،ﺓﺮﻣ ﻝﻭﻷ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ

ﲔﻌﻣ ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ

DK-5 ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ

w

ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﻓﺮﻟ M ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،A ﻭﺃ M ﻭﺃ ،A ﻭﺃ ،S ﻭﺃ ،P ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻓ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﻓﺭ ﰎ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻴﺳ .(50 0) ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ M ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﺘﻧﺍﻭ

ﻲﻓ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺰﻟ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﺠﺘﺴﺘﺳ ،ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ .ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﺀﺪﺑ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻭﺃ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ

ﺃﺪﺒﻴﺳ ،ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺢﺘﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻬﺸﳌﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ .ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻦﺤﺷ ﺩﺮﺠﲟ ML-L3 ﺓﺪﺣﻭ
ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ
c3 ﺺﺼﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻺﻟ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻐﺑ ،ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺀﻲﻀﻳ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ

.ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺀﻲﻀﻳﻭ ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻪﺤﺘﻓ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ،ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻦﺤﺷ ﺩﺮﺠﲟ ؛ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﲢ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ

ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺓﺪﳌ ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ ﺀﻲﻀﻴﺳ

ﻪﻌﺒﺘﻳ ،ﲔﺘﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺓﺪﳌ ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ ﺀﻲﻀﻴﺳ ،ﺮﺧﺄﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ .ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ

DK-20 ﻲﻃﺎﻄﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﺠﻨﻓ

q

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺓﺪﳌ ﺀﻲﻀﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ

ﻉﺰﻧﺍ ،ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻚﻴﻨﻴﻌﺑ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ

ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻊﺿﻭ DK-20 ﺯﺍﺮﻃ (q) ﻲﻃﺎﻄﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﺠﻨﻓ

ﺍﺬﻫ ﻊﻨﳝ .(w) ﺢﺿﻮﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻖﺤﻠﳌﺍ DK-5 ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ

ﻊﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﺮﺒﻋ ﻞﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺪﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺎﻄﻐﻟﺍ

ﻥﺎﺠﻨﻓ ﻉﺰﻧ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻚﺴﻣﺍ

،ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻢﻋﺪﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ

.(165 0) E ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ

ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﺔﻴﻄﻐﺗ

.ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ

.ﻲﻃﺎﻄﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ

ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ D

.(160 0 ؛ﻲﺗﺍﺫ ﺖﻗﺆﻣ)

E ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

A

A

z

E ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﹰ

ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

؛ﻲﺗﺍﺫ ﺖﻗﺆﻣ) c3 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺎﻫﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋﻭ ،ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻨﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﺇ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻀﻘﺘﺳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ .(160 0
ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﻮﺻ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ .(161 0 ؛ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻮﺑ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻣ) c4 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

.(161 0 ؛ﺮﻴﻔﺻ ﺕﻮﺻ) d1 ﺔﺼﺼﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﻳ

A

38

ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ

ﻦﻜﳝ .ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﺣﺎﺘﳌﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻒﺼﻳ

ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻳ ﻥﺃ ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﻦﻜﳝ .(ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺃ "ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ" ﺮﻈﻧﺍ) ﺎﻳﻭﺪﻳ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ

ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺃ (45 0) ﻱﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

.(44 0) ﹰﺎﻳﻭﺪﻳ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇﻭ

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

.M ﻭ A ﻭ S ﻭ P ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺓﺮﻓﻮﺘﻣ AF-C ﻭ AF-S ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ .ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺯﺰﻌﻣﻭ ،ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺯﺰﻌﻣ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﺗ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻦﻜﳝ .ﻙﺮﺤﺘﻣ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟ

ﻦﻜﳝ

z

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻐﹸﻳ .ﺔﺘﺑﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻸﻟ

.ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ

ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﺗ

ﺆﺒﻨﺘﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﻱﺆﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺒﺘﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻐﺸﺘﺳ ،ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻙﺮﲢ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ .ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ

،ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ .(40 0) ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﻭ ﻑﺪﻬﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺎﺑ

.(158 0) ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻦﻜﳝ

.(45 0) ﻱﻭﺪﻳ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻊﺿ 1

ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .P ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻛﺮﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻸﻟ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ

ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺯﺰﻌﻣ

ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺯﺰﻌﻣ

ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺯﺰﻌﻣ

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟ

ﻱﻭﺪﻳ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ

ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﻒﺻﻮﻟﺍ

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ

AF-A

AF-S

AF-C

MF

39

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋP ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

.ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻋﺍ 2

ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻞﻠﻇ

.J

.ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﻮﺟﺮﻠﻟ .J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

ﻱﺆﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻘﻌﺗ A

ﻱﺆﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻘﻌﺗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺃﺪﺒﺘﺳ ،AF-A ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺯﺰﻌﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻭﺃ AF-C ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻠﻟ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺢﻤﺴﻳ .ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﹰﺍﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻮﺤﻧ ﻙﺮﺤﺘﻳ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺭﺮﲢ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﺳ ﻦﻳﺃ ﺆﺒﻨﺗ ﻝﻭﺎﲢ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻘﻌﺘﺗ ﻥﺄﺑ

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺯﺰﻌﻣ

ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ ﻭﺃ AF-C ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍﻭ (158 0 ؛AF-C ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ) a1 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻺﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ

ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻕﺎﻄﻨﺑ) ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﻻ ﺮﺒﻛﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﻮﺘﺳ ،AF-A ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺯﺰﻌﻣ

.ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺪﻗﻭ ،AF-S ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ (ﺽﺮﻋﺃ

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺓﺪﻴﺟ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ A

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ .ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺃ ﺓﺭﻮﻛﺬﳌﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﺖﲢ ﺓﺪﻴﺟ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻳ ﻻ

ﺕﻮﺻ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺪﺼﺗﻭ (I) ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻭﺃ ،ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺖﲢ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﻏ

ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ ،ﺕﻻﺎﳊﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻲﻓ .ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻄﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻻ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﺑ ﺢﻤﺴﻳ ﺎﻣ ،ﺮﻴﻔﺻ

ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻋﺃ ﻢﺛ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺧﺃ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻠﻟ (44 0) ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻭﺃ (45 0) ﹰﺎﻳﻭﺪﻳ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ

D

.ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ

z

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻮﺘﲢ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ

.ﻦﻳﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﺣ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﺳ ﺕﺎﺣﺎﺴﻣ

.ﻞﻈﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺪﺟﻮﻳ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻒﺼﻧ :ﻝﺎﺜﻣ

ﻦﻣ ﺮﺒﻛﺃ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ

.ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ

ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺪﺟﻮﻳ ﻰﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﻬﻈﻳ :ﻝﺎﺜﻣ

.ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺧ

ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻮﺘﺤﻳ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ

ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻮﻫﺯ ﻞﻘﺣ :ﻝﺎﺜﻣ

ﻲﻓ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻘﺘﻔﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺻ

.ﻉﻮﻄﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ

ﲔﺑ ﻦﻳﺎﺒﺗ ﺪﺟﻮﻳ ﻻ ﻭﺃ ﻞﻴﻠﻗ ﻦﻳﺎﺒﺗ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ

.ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍﻭ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﻥﻮﻟ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻪﻟ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ :ﻝﺎﺜﻣ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻱﻮﺘﲢ

ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﺗ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ

.ﺺﻔﻗ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ :ﻝﺎﺜﻣ

ﻝﺎﻜﺷﻷﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻦﻤﻴﻬﺗ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻤﻈﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺪﻨﻬﻟﺍ

ﻦﻣ ﻒﺻ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻧﺪﻌﳌﺍ ﺮﺋﺎﺘﺴﻟﺍ :ﻝﺎﺜﻣ

.ﺏﺎﺤﺳ ﺔﺤﻃﺎﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺬﻓﺍﻮﻨﻟﺍ

40

ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ

200–18 ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ،ﺡﺎﺒﺼﳌﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ؛ﻡ 3.0-0.5 ﻲﻟﺍﻮﺣ ﻕﺎﻄﻧ ﻪﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ

z

ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻪﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻤﳊ ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ ﻖﻠﻐﻴﺳ .ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﺴﻨﻠﻗ ﻉﺰﻧﺍﻭ ﱈ

ﺓﺪﻋ ﻪﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻊﻔﺗﺮﺗ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ .ﺓﺮﻴﺼﻗ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ .ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ

ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺯﺰﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ .100 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

ﺕﻮﺻ) d1 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ

ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ ﺀﻲﻀﻴﺳ ،ﺔﻔﻴﻌﺿ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﺈﺑ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ ﺀﻲﻀﻳ ﻦﻟ

ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺯﺰﻌﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎﻭ ﻖﻠﻐﻣ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻭﺃ ﻱﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ •

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺯﺰﻌﻣ ﻭﺃ ،ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ AF-C ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ

ﻭﺃ (ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﻄﻘﻨﻟ ﻲﻟﺁ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ) c ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺰﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻢﻟ ﺍﺫﺇ •

ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ((ﺔﻄﻘﻧ 11) ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﺐﻘﻌﺗ) f ﻭﺃ (ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺩ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﳌ ﻲﻟﺁ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ) d

(216 0) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ •

(158 0 ؛ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ) a2 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻺﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ ﺍﺫﺇ •

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ

.(158 0 ،AF-C ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ) a1 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟ

.ﺮﻴﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺳ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ ﻭﺃ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟ (161 0 ؛ﺮﻴﻔﺻ

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ D

:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﳊﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ

ﻢﻠﻴﻓ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﻓ •

(AF-A ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ

(43 ،42 0) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

.ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﻝﺪﻌﲟ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﺘﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﻣ

) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ

ﹰ

ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

A

41

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ

ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﺗ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ .ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻒﻴﻛ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ AF-S ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ((ﺔﻄﻘﻧ 11) ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﺐﻘﻌﺗ) f ﻭ (ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺩ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﳌ ﻲﻟﺁ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ) d

.ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍﻒﺻﻮﻟﺍ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﺗ ؛(43 0) ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺭﺯ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻳ

.ﺔﺘﺑﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺭﺯ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻳ ،AF-C ﻭ AF-A ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ

ﻙﺮﺗ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻄﻴﶈﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﺘﺳ ﻦﻜﻟ ،(43 0)

.ﺔﻴﺋﺍﻮﺸﻌﺑ ﻙﺮﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ .ﺓﺰﻴﺟﻭ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ

ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺭﺯ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻳ ،AF-C ﻭ AF-A ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ

ﺐﻘﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ،ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻙﺮﲢ ﺍﺫﺇ

ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻲﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻘﺗﻭ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ

ﺪﻋﺃﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻦﻋ ﻚﻌﺒﺻﺃ ﻊﻓﺭﺍ ،ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻏ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﺑ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﺗﻭ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻒﺸﺘﻜﺗ

.ﻂﻘﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ

.(43 0) ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ

.ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻮﺑ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻊﺿ 1

ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .P ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ

ﺔﻄﻘﻨﻟ ﻲﻟﺁ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ

ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ

ﺔﻘﻄﻨﳌ ﻲﻟﺁ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ

ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺩ

ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﺐﻘﻌﺗ

(ﺔﻄﻘﻧ 11)

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ

ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻠﻟ

c

d

f

z

e

P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

.ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻋﺍ 2

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻞﻠﻇ

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﻮﺟﺮﻠﻟ

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ

42

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ A

ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ M ﻭﺃ A ﻭﺃ S ﻭﺃ P ﺮﻴﻏ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ

(ﺔﻄﻘﻧ 11) ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﺐﻘﻌﺗ

ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻨﺑ ﺔﻄﻴﶈﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻟﻷﺍ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ،ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ

.ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﻥﻮﻟ ﺲﻔﻧ ﺎﻬﻟ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺔﺑﻮﻏﺮﳌﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﺐﻘﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻘﺤﻳ ﻻ ﺪﻗ ﻚﻟﺬﻟﻭ

.101 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ

ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ) e ﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﻊﻣ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻱﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ

ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻊﻣ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻦﻜﻤﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻌﺠﻳ ﺎﻣ ،ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ 11 ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﻚﻨﻜﳝ ،(ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ

z

ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ) e ﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 1

.ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ

.(42 0 ؛ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ

.ﺮﺧﺃ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

ﹰ

ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

A

A

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ

43

ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺭﺯ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻭﺃ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ

.ﺔﻳﺰﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ J ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ

.ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 2

ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ

ﻭ AF-S ﻭ AF-A ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺘﻟ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ
ﺍﺫﺇ .ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻦﻟ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻌﺠﻳ ﺎﳑ ،(39 0) AF-C
ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻚﻨﻜﳝ ،(40 0) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ .ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻢﺛ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺧﺃ ﻑﺪﻫ

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ (ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ) e ﺮﻴﻏ ﺮﺧﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ

.(42 0) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ

ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ

AE-L/AF-L ﺭﺯ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ﻢﺛ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ

ﻥﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻖﻘﲢ .ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺪﺒﻟ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ

.ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ (I) ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ :AF-C ﻭ AF-A ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ

ﻖﻠﻐﻟ (w) AE-L/AF-L ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،(q) ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ

ﻲﻓ AE-L ﺰﻣﺭ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ) ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ

ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺎﻘﻠﻐﻣ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻘﺒﻴﺳ

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻦﻋ ﻚﻌﺒﺻﺃ ﺖﻌﻓﺭ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻰﺘﺣ ،AE-L/AF-L ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺪﻨﻋ ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ ﻢﺘﻳ :AF-S ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

ﻚﻌﺒﺻﺇ ﻊﻓﺮﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻖﻠﻐﻣ ﻰﻘﺒﻳﻭ ،ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺭﻮﻬﻇ
ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻏ ﻦﻜﳝ .ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻦﻋ

ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺎﻘﻠﻐﻣ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻘﺒﻴﺳ

ﺖﻴﻘﺑﺃ ﻭﺃ (AF-S) ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺢﻴﺘﻳ ﺎﳑ ،ﺎﻃﻮﻐﻀﻣ AE-L/AF-L ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ

.ﻂﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻋﺃ 3

.ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﺲﻔﻨﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﺘﳌﺍ

.ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ 1

.ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗﺍ 2

.(69 0 ؛ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ

.(ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ) AE-L/AF-L

z

ﺓﺮﻣ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ ،ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻙﺮﲢ ﺍﺫﺇ .ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﻻ

.ﺓﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ

AE-L/AF-L ﺭﺰﻟﺍ A

.AE-L/AF-L ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﻲﻓ (166 0 ؛ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ/ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻞﻔﻗ ﺭﺯ ﲔﻴﻌﺗ) f2 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻳ

44

ﻱﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻘﺤﻳ ﻢﻟ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻭﺃ AF-I ﻭﺃ AF-S ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻋ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ

.(40 0) ﺔﺑﻮﻏﺮﳌﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ

z

A-M ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣM/A-M ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ

ﺡﺎﺘﻔﳌﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ ،A-M ﻭﺃ M/A-M ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﲟ ﺓﺰﻬﺠﻣ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﺣ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ ،ﻱﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻠﻟ

ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ .ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ

.ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻃﻮﺒﻀﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﺖﻗﻭ ﻱﺃ

ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ،(ﻱﻭﺪﻳ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻊﻣ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ) M/A ﻢﻋﺪﺗ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

MF ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﻱﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻐﺑ ،ﺎﻳﻭﺪﻳ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﺬﺋﺪﻨﻋ ﻦﻜﳝ

.ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ 1

.M ﻱﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

.ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ 2

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻱﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ A

.(39 0 ؛ﻱﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ)

.ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺎﺘﺍ

45

ﻲﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹﺍ ﻕﺎﻄﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ❚❚

ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ،ﻉﺮﺳﺃ ﻭﺃ f/5.6 ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟ ﻰﺼﻗﻷﺍ ﺪﳊﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻣ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺘﻟ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﳌ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ) ﻻ ﻡﺃ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻄﻧ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺪﻌﺑ .(ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ 11 ﻦﻣ ﻱﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ

ﺔﻘﻠﺣ ﺭﺩﺃﻭ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ

.(I) ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ
ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺽﺮﻋ ﹰﺎﻧﺎﻴﺣﺃ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ،40 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻮﻛﺬﳌﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ
ﺪﻛﺄﺗ ؛ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺠﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻊﻣ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ

.ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ

ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ A

ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺧ ﻡﺃ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺘﻟ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ،ﺔﺒﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ

.(159 0)

A

ﱈ 46.5

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﻋ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺲﻗ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍﻭ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺘﻟ

.ﱈ 46.5 ﻲﻫ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﺣ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﳌﺍ

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻊﺿﻮﻣ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﺟ

z

46

ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣﻭ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ

ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻃ ﻦﻜﳝ .ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻞﻛ ﺎﻬﻠﻐﺸﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺎﹰﻌﻣ ﻥﺍﺩﺪﺤﻳ ﺎﻬﻤﺠﺣﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ

ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻗﺃ ﺩﺪﻋ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﺎﳑ ،ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟ ﺝﺎﺘﲢ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟ ﺮﺒﻛﺃ ﻡﺎﺠﺣﺄﺑ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ ﻰﻠﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺮﺒﻛﻷﺍ

.(218 0) ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ

.(ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ) ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﻝﺪﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻒﻠﳌﺍ ﻖﻴﺴﻨﺗ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍﻒﻠﳌﺍ ﻉﻮﻧﻒﺻﻮﻟﺍ

ﻦﻜﳝ

.ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﻌﺸﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺖﺑRaw 14- ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻆﻔﹸﲢ

.ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺮﺗﻮﻴﺒﻤﻛ ﺯﺎﻬﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ

NEF

NEF (RAW)

z

.(ﺓﺪﻴﺟ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ) ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ 1 : 4 ﻂﻐﺿ ﻝﺪﻌﻣ ﺪﻨﻋ JPEG ﺭﻮﺻ ﻞﺠﺴﻳ

.(ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻋ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ) ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ 1 : 8 ﻂﻐﺿ ﻝﺪﻌﻣ ﺪﻨﻋ JPEG ﺭﻮﺻ ﻞﺠﺴﻳ

.(ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ) ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ 1 : 16 ﻂﻐﺿ ﻝﺪﻌﻣ ﺪﻨﻋ JPEG ﺭﻮﺻ ﻞﺠﺴﻳ

.ﺓﺪﻴﺟ ﺓﺩﻮﺠﺑ JPEG ﺓﺭﻮﺻﻭ NEF (RAW) ﺓﺭﻮﺻ :ﲔﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ

.ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻋ ﺓﺩﻮﺠﺑ JPEG ﺓﺭﻮﺻﻭ NEF (RAW) ﺓﺭﻮﺻ :ﲔﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ

.ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﺓﺩﻮﺠﺑ JPEG ﺓﺭﻮﺻﻭ NEF (RAW) ﺓﺭﻮﺻ :ﲔﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ

JPEG

JPEG/NEF

ﺪﻴﺟ JPEG

ﻱﺩﺎﻋ JPEG

ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺃ JPEG

JPEG +

NEF (RAW)

ﺪﻴﺟ

JPEG + NEF (RAW)

ﻱﺩﺎﻋ

JPEG + NEF (RAW)

ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺃ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻊﺿ 1

ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .P ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ

P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ ﻞﻠﻇ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

.ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻋﺍ 2

47

.ﻒﻠﳌﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﻮﺟﺮﻠﻟ .J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ

NEF (RAW) ﺭﻮﺻ A

ﻭﺃ (88 0) ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺗ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﺗ ﻻ .NEF (RAW) ﺭﻮﺻ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺛﺆﻳ ﻻ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﳊ ﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ

.JPEG + NEF (RAW) ﻭﺃ NEF (RAW) ﺓﺩﻮﺟ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺈﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ (163 0) ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻃ ﻭﺃ (76 0 ،HDR) ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻣ ﻲﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺩ ﻯﺪﻣ

ﻭﺃ (206 0 ؛ﺩﺮﻔﻨﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﻣ) Capture NX 2 ﻞﺜﻣ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ NEF (RAW) ﺭﻮﺻ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻦﻜﳝ

ﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ NEF (RAW) ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ JPEG ﺦﺴﻧ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻦﻜﳝ

ﺪﻨﻋ .ﻂﻘﻓ JPEG ﺭﻮﺻ ﺽﺮﹸﻌﺘﺳ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ JPEG + NEF (RAW) ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺈﺑ ﺔﻄﻘﺘﻠﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﺪﻨﻋ

.ﺎﻌﻣ JPEG ﻭ NEF ﺔﻐﻴﺼﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻑﺬﺣ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ،ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻩﺬﻬﺑ ﺖﻄﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻑﺬﺣ

.(ﺔﻘﻓﺮﳌﺍ ViewNX 2 ﺔﻧﺍﻮﻄﺳﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﻣ) ViewNX 2

.(183 0) ﺢﻴﻘﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ NEF (RAW) ﺔﳉﺎﻌﻣ

JPEG + NEF (RAW)

A

z

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

.(151 0) ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ ﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ

.(165 0) ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ Fn ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﺠﳊﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ

A

Fn ﺭﺰﻟﺍ A

48

z

ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ

:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ .ﻞﺴﻜﻴﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻢﺘﻳ

*

(ﻢﺳ) ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ

3264 × 492827.6 × 41.7
2448 × 369620.7 × 31.3
1632 × 246413.8 × 20.9

ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﻳ ﺔﺻﻮﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ .ﺔﻌﺑﺮﳌﺍ ﺔﺻﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ 300 ﺔﻗﺪﺑ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻲﺒﻳﺮﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﳊﺍ *

(ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻢﺳ 2.54=ﻪﺻﻮﺑ 1 ؛dpi) ﺔﺻﻮﺑ ﻞﻜﻟ ﺔﻄﻘﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﺴﻘﻣ ﻞﺴﻜﻴﺒﻟﺎﺑ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻊﺿ 1

ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .P ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ

ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ(ﻞﺴﻜﻴﺑ) ﻢﺠﳊﺍ

ﺮﻴﺒﻛ

ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ

ﺮﻴﻐﺻ

c
d
e

P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

.ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻋﺍ 2

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﻮﺟﺮﻠﻟ .J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ A

.(151 0) ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ

A

Fn ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

.(165 0) ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ Fn ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﺠﳊﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ

49

ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

.ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﺿ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﻋﺪﺗ

g ﻭ w ﻭ s ﻭ o ﻭ n ﻭ p ﻭ k ﻭ i ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ :ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ❚❚

.(51 0) ﺵﻼﻓ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 1

M ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺢﺘﻓ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ

ﻢﺘﻳ ﻢﻟ ﺍﺫﺇ .ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺀﻲﻀﻳﻭ ،ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ

ﻩﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ .ﹰﺎﻳﻭﺪﻳ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺢﺘﻓ ﻝﻭﺎﲢ ﻻ ،ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺢﺘﻓ

.ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻑﻼﺗﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ

.ﺭﻮﺻ ﻂﻘﺘﻟﺍ 2

A ﻭ M ،A ،S ،P ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ :ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ❚❚

.ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺢﺘﻔﻟ M ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

.(51 0 ؛ﻂﻘﻓ M ﻭ A ﻭ S ﻭ P) ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ) ﺵﻼﻓ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 2

.ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺓﺮﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺀﻲﻀﻴﺳ

ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺮﻘﺘﺴﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻖﻓﺮﺑ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻓﻮﺘﻟ

.ﺓﺮﻘﻧ ﺕﻮﺻ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﻳﻭ ﻪﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ

.ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﻓﺭﺍ 1

.ﺭﻮﺻ ﻂﻘﺘﻟﺍ 3

ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻕﻼﻏﺇ A

z

50

z

ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

:ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑ ﺔﺣﺎﺘﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ

g ،w ،s ،n ،p ،k ،ioA

ﺀﻞﻣ ﺵﻼﻓ

ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺧ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺳ ﺔﻨﻣﺍﺰﻣ

N

ﺀﻞﻣ ﺵﻼﻓ

ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ

ﺔﻨﻣﺍﺰﻣ+ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ

ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ+ﺔﺌﻴﻄﺑ

ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ

ﺔﻨﻣﺍﺰﻣ+ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ

ﺔﺌﻴﻄﺑ

ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ

N

Nj

Nq

.ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ p ﺰﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﺮﻬﻈﻳ *

Njr

Nr

j

ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ+ﺔﺌﻴﻄﺑ ﺔﻨﻣﺍﺰﻣ

ﺔﺌﻴﻄﺑ ﺔﻨﻣﺍﺰﻣ+ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺧ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺳ

ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ+ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ

ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ

ﺔﺌﻴﻄﺑ ﺔﻨﻣﺍﺰﻣ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻊﺿ 1

ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .P ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ

A ،PM ،S

ﺀﻞﻣ ﺵﻼﻓ

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ

ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ

ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ

No

Njo

N

Nj

Njp

Np

*

Nq

j

51

P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

.ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻋﺍ 2

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺵﻼﻓ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﻮﺟﺮﻠﻟ .J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ

ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ A

ﺰﻣﺭ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺢﺿﻮﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻭﺃ ﺪﺣﺃ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﺮﺳ ﰎ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﻊﻤﲡ ﺪﻗ

:ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺢﺘﻓ ﻢﺘﻳ ،ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺧ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﺈﺑ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﺿ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ :(ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺵﻼﻓ) AUTO •

.ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺀﻲﻀﻳﻭ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ

،ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺀﻲﻀﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ ﺀﻲﻀﻳ .ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺭﻮﺻ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ :(ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ) j •

."ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ" ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺤﻳ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ

.ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺧ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﺈﺑ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﺿ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺀﻲﻀﻳ ﻻ :(ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ) j •

ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻇ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻟﺍ ﺮﻇﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﺇ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻ ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻞﻘﺗ :(ﺔﺌﻴﻄﺑ ﺔﻨﻣﺍﺰﻣ) SLOW •

.ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﺇ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻ ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ .ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻟﺍ

ﺀﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﻒﻠﺧ ﺔﻴﺋﻮﺿ ﺔﻌﺷﺃ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ،ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻕﻼﻏﺇ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺀﻲﻀﻳ :(ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺧ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺳ ﺔﻨﻣﺍﺰﻣ) REAR •

؛ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻣﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺳ ﺔﻨﻣﺍﺰﻣ) ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺢﺘﻓ ﺩﺮﺠﲟ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺀﻲﻀﻴﺳ ،ﺰﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ .(ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺃ ﻰﻨﻤﻴﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ) ﺔﻛﺮﺤﺘﳌﺍ

.(ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺃ ﺢﺿﻮﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﺀﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﻊﻣ ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺘﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻣﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺳ ﺔﻨﻣﺍﺰﻣﺔﻴﻔﻠﺧ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺳ ﺔﻨﻣﺍﺰﻣ

z

ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ

ﻲﻓ ) ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ M ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

+

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

.ﻝﻼﻈﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﺴﻨﻠﻗ ﻉﺰﻧﺍ .200 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

.ﻭﺮﻛﺎﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺻﺎﺨﺑ ﺓﺩﻭﺰﳌﺍ ﻡﻭﺯ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﺑ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﻭﺮﻛﺎﳌﺍ ﻕﺎﻄﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻﻭ ﻡ 0.6 ﻮﻫ ﺵﻼﻔﻠﻟ ﻰﻧﺩﻷﺍ ﻕﺎﻄﻨﻟﺍ

ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ

.ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﺘﻣ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻟ ﺓﺪﻋ ﻊﻣ ﻪﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻤﳊ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺒﻟ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ

ﱈ 21

M ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﻓﺭﺍ ،A ﻭ M ﻭ A ﻭ S ﻭ P ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ

.(ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ M ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ

ﺵﻼﻓ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ

ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ

.ﺓﺰﻴﺟﻭ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ

A

A

52

z

ﺙ 30–

ﺢﺘﻓ ،ﺙ 30–

.ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺔﺣﺎﺘﳌﺍ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺮﺳ A

:ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺪﻴﻘﺘﺗ

ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

1

/200

1

/200

S

M

ﺙ

ﺙ

1

1

ﺙ 1-

/60–1/200

/125–1/200

1

/200

A ،P ،g ،w ،s ،p ،k ،i

A ،n

o

ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻄﻧﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﳊﺍ ،ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ A

.ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ (ISO ﺆﻓﺎﻜﺗ) ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﳊﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ

ﻱﻭﺎﺴﺗ ISO ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻲﺒﻳﺮﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﳌﺍ

100 200400800160032006400 m

1.422.845.68118.5–1.0

22.845.6811166.0–0.7

2.845.681116224.2–0.6

45.68111622323.0–0.6

5.6811162232—2.1–0.6
811162232——1.5–0.6

11162232———1.1–0.6
162232————0.7–0.6

53

ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ

ﺝﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﻞﻗ ﺎﻤﻠﻛ ،ﺓﺮﻴﺒﻛ ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺎﻤﻠﻛ .ﻢﻠﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺴﻟ ﻲﻤﻗﺮﻟﺍ ﺊﻓﺎﻜﳌﺍ ﻲﻫ "ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ"

ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺄﺗ ﺔﺻﺮﻓ ﺕﺩﺍﺯ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ ،ﺮﻐﺻﺃ ﺕﺎﺤﺘﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺕﺎﻋﺮﺴﺑ ﺢﻤﺴﻳ ﺎﳑ ،ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﻟ ﺀﻮﻀﻠﻟ

ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺀﺎﺿﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ؛ﻁﻮﻄﺧ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺎﺒﺿ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺋﺍﻮﺸﻋ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺒﺘﻣ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﺳ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ) ﺀﺎﺿﻮﻀﻟﺎﺑ

.ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟ ﺔﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﺎﻛ ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻠﻟ ﺢﻴﺘﻳ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ .(Hi 0.3–Hi 2

ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ

Hi 2 ،Hi 1 ،Hi 0.7 ،Hi 0.3 ؛EV 1/3 ﺓﺩﺎﻳﺰﺑ 6400–100

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻊﺿ 1

ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .P ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋP ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

E ،j ،i

M ،A ،S ،P

ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃHi 2 ،Hi 1 ،Hi 0.7 ،Hi 0.3 ؛EV 1/3 ﺓﺩﺎﻳﺰﺑ 6400–100 ؛ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ

z

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﻞﻠﻇ

ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﻮﺟﺮﻠﻟ .J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻋﺍ 2

.ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺪﺣﺃ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ

54

z

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ A

ﺮﺧﺁ ﻉﺎﺟﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ،ﺮﺧﺃ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﳊ AUTO ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ M ﻭﺃ ،A ،S ،P ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ

.M ﻭﺃ ،A ،S ،P ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ

.(155 0) ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

ﹰ

ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ .155 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،M ﻭﺃ A ﻭﺃ S ﻭﺃ P ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

.154 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ISO ﺕﺎﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺀﺎﺿﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺎﻋ ISO NR ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻋ

.165 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗﻭ Fn ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

A

A

55

ﻲﻨﻣﺯ ﻞﺻﺎﻔﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

.ﹰﺎﻘﺒﺴﻣ ﺓﺩﺪﺤﻣ ﺔﻴﻨﻣﺯ ﻞﺻﺍﻮﻓ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻠﻟ ﻦﻜﳝ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ D

ﺀﺪﺑ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻟ .ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺎﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﺒﻳﺮﲡ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻂﻘﺘﻟﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻣﺯ ﻞﺻﺎﻔﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ

.(170 0) ﺔﻃﻮﺒﻀﻣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﺳ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ ،ﺩﺪﶈﺍ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﻘﻣ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻟ

.EP-5A ﺔﻗﺎﻃ ﻞﺻﻮﻣﻭ EH-5b ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﺩﺩﺮﺘﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺗ ﻝﻮﺤﻣ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻧﻮﺤﺸﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ

.ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺪﺑ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺐﻛﺭ .ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ

G ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﻞﺻﺎﻔﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻞﻠﻇ .ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﻟ G ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺃﺪﺒﻳ .2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﻥﻵﺍ ﻞﻠﻇ ،ﹰﺍﺭﻮﻓ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺪﺒﻟ •

ﻞﻘﺘﻧﺍ ؛ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻦﻣ ﹰﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺙ 3 ﺪﻌﺑ

ﺽﺮﻌﻟ 2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺀﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﻭ ﻞﻠﻇ ،ﺀﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ •

4 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺤﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺀﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ

3 ﻭﺃ 1 ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﻖﺋﺎﻗﺪﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻈﺘﻟ 2 ﻭﺃ

ﻲﻧﺍﻮﺜﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻖﺋﺎﻗﺪﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻈﺘﻟ 2 ﻭﺃ 4 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

ﺄﻄﺑﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻝﻮﻃﺃ ﻲﻨﻣﺯ ﻞﺻﺎﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ 3 ﻭﺃ 1 ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ

.ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﻼﻟ 2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﻣ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

.ﻲﻨﻣﺯ ﻞﺻﺎﻔﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 1

.2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻣﺯ

.ﺀﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﻭ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 2

.ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

.3 ﺓﻮﻄﺧ ﻰﻟﺇ

.ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﻼﻟ 2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺘﻠﻟ

.ﻲﻨﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

z

56

.ﺔﻴﻨﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﻞﺻﺍﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 4

،ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ) ﻞﺻﺍﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﻈﺘﻟ 2 ﻭﺃ 4 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

.ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺘﻠﻟ 3 ﻭﺃ 1 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ؛(ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ

.ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﻼﻟ 2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

.ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺃﺪﺑﺍ 5

ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟ ﺓﺩﻮﻌﻠﻟ) J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﻞﻠﻇ

.(J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ ﻞﻠﻇ ،ﻲﻨﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﻣ ﺀﺪﺑ

ﻭﺃ ،ﺩﺪﶈﺍ ﺀﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺻ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﻝﻭﺃ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ
ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ ﺍﺫﺇ ﹰﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺙ 3 ﺪﻌﺑ

ﻞﺻﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ .2 ﺓﻮﻄﳋﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﻭ

ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ .ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﻲﻨﻣﺰﻟﺍ

z

ﻕﺮﻐﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ

،ﻯﺮﺧﻷ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﻲﻓ

ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻲﻨﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻳ ﺪﻗ

.ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﻭﻭ

ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﺔﻴﻄﻐﺗ A

ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻄﻏﻭ ﻲﻃﺎﻄﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﺠﻨﻓ ﻉﺰﻧﺍ ،ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺪﺗ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ

.(38 0) DK-5 ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﻖﻓﺮﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ

ﻲﻓ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻂﻘﺘﻠﺗ ،ﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻐﺑ .ﻲﻨﻣﺯ ﻞﺻﺎﻔﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ

ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ (88 0) ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ .ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﰋﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺞﻴﺠﻀﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ،J ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ؛ﻲﻨﻣﺯ ﻞﺻﺎﻓ ﻞﻛ

.(76 0 ؛HDR) ﻊﻔﺗﺮﳌﺍ ﻲﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﳌﺍﻭ (78 0) ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ

ﻲﻨﻣﺯ ﻞﺻﺎﻔﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﻘﻣ

ﻻ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ .ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺭﺩﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻏﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻣﺯ ﻞﺻﺎﻔﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﻘﳌ

.ﻲﻨﻣﺯ ﻞﺻﺎﻔﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻳ

ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ

A

A

57

0

ﺔﻓﻮﻔﺼﳌﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ68

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ74

ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ88

2

ﺔﻟﺪﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ91

ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ70

ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ72

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ

ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺔﻨﻣﺍﺰﻣ

51

ﺔﺌﻴﻄﺑ

ﲔﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ+ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ

ﺀﺍﺮﻤﳊﺍ

ﺀﻞﻣ ﺵﻼﻓ

ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻉﺎﺟﺮﺘﺳﺍ

59 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍﻭ ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺃ ﺓﺭﻮﻛﺬﳌﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﻉﺎﺟﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ

P ﻭ G ﺭﺍﺭﺯﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻗ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻕﻼﻏﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ .(ﺀﺍﺮﻀﺧ ﺔﻄﻘﻨﺑ ﺓﺰﻴﳑ ﺭﺍﺭﺯﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ) ﲔﺘﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﻷ ﺎﻌﻣ

.ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺓﺰﻴﺟﻭ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ

G ﺭﺰﻟﺍP ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ❚❚

ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍﻲﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌﺍ

M ،A ،S ،P

ﺔﻄﺸﻧ D-Lighting

M ،A ،S ،P

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺗ

M ،A ،S ،P

Picture Control ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ

M ،A ،S ،P

ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ

M ،A ،S ،P ،E

ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ

M ،A ،S ،P

ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

g ،w ،n ،p ،k ،i

o

s

M ،A ،S ،P

0

54

35

ﺔﻄﻘﻨﻟ ﻲﻟﺁ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ

ﺔﻘﻄﻨﳌ ﻲﻟﺁ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ

42

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ

ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﻷ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ

ﺔﻘﻄﻨﳌ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ

101

ﺔﻘﻄﻨﳌ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ81

100

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ

ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ

AF-A39

ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ

ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺩ

ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻠﻟ

ﻪﺟﻮﻟﺍ

ﺔﻀﻳﺮﻋ

ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻋ

،s ،r ،o ،n ،m ،p ،l ،k

A، ،z ،y ،x ،w ،v ،u ،t

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ

،r ،o ،p ،l ،k ،j

،v ،g ،z ،y ،v ،u ،t ،s

،v ،u ،t ،s ،o ،p ،l ،k

،C ،B ،v ،g ،

.0 ﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﻄﺒﺿ ﺩﺎﻌﻳ ﻖﻴﻗﺪﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﻟﺍ 1

.ﻂﻘﻓ ﻲﻟﺎﳊﺍ Picture Control ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ 2

ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍﻲﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻱﺩﺎﻋ JPEG47

ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣﺮﻴﺒﻛ49

1

ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ

M ،A ،S ،P

ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ

M ،A ،S ،P

D ،C ،B ،v ،F ،g

ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

w ،

ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ

E ﻑﻼﺧ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ

ﺮﻈﻨﻤﻠﻟ/ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻢﻠﻴﻓAF-S100

ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ

D ،C ،B ،A ،x ،n

w ،m

،i

M ،A ،S ،P

ﺮﻈﻨﻤﻠﻟ/ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻢﻠﻴﻓ

z ،y ،x

E ،w ،r ،m

M ،A ،S ،P ،D

A ،n

z

m

58

z

ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ❚❚

0

118

119

120

.ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ (ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ) e ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻻ 1

ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍﻲﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺆﳌﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

ﺔﻴﻗﺍﺮﺷﻹﺍ0

ﺩﻭﺪﳊﺍ0

ﻩﺎﲡﻻﺍﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ

ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍﻱﺩﺎﻋ

ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻄﻧ3

0

g

ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ166

F

v

ﻥﻮﻟﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ

ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ62

ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ76

ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ78

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ/ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻞﻔﻗ ﻖﻴﻠﻌﺗ

ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍﻲﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

1

ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧﺰﻛﺮﻣ43

j ﻭ i ﺮﻴﻏ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ

ﻥﺮﳌﺍ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟﺍ

(ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻣ ﻲﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺩ ﻯﺪﻣ) HDR

HDR ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

M ،A ،S ،P

ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ

ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻊﺿﻭ

M ،A ،S ،P

P

59

z

60

M ﻭ A ﻭ S ﻭ P ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ

ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

:ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ M ﻭ ،A ،S ،P ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺮﻓﻮﺗ

ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻒﺻﻮﻟﺍ

ﻪﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ

t

.ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺠﻣ ﻲﻓ ﹰﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ

ﻰﻠﻋﺃ) ﺎﻬﻟ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﻞﻗﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﻞﻔﻗﺍ ،(198 0) ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﻟ ﺔﻘﻠﺤﺑ CPU ﺓﺪﺣﻮﺑ ﺓﺰﻬﺠﻣ ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ

ﺔﺌﻴﻄﺑ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺕﺎﻋﺮﺳ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﲔﺣ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻠﻟ ﺓﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﺕﺎﺤﺘﻓ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺕﺎﻋﺮﺳ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﻢﻴﻌﻨﺗﻭ

.ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻞﻀﻓﺃ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﺗ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﻂﺒﻀﻟ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻊﺴﺘﻳ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻒﻗﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻋﺮﺴﺑ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻ

.ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﻀﻓﺃ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﺗﻭ ،ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻳ

.ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺪﻴﻤﺠﺘﻟ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

.ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﻀﻓﺃ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﺗﻭ ،ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻳ

.ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻦﻣ ﹰﻼﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻳ

.ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ "ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ" ﻭﺃ "ﺢﺘﻓ"

.ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺔﻘﻠﺤﺑ ﺓﺰﻬﺠﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ G ﻉﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ .(f ﻢﻗﺭ

ﺔﻛﺮﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﺪﻴﻤﲡ ﻢﺘﻳ .ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺴﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﻦﻜﳝ

.ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﺎﻔﺗ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺇ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﺵﻮﺸﻳ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻠﻟ ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﺕﺎﺤﺘﻓ ﻊﻣ

ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ

(62 0) ﺞﻣﺮﺒﻣ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻊﺿﻭ

(63 0) ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ-ﻖﻟﺎﻏ

(64 0) ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ-ﺔﺤﺘﻓ

ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﺕﺎﻘﻠﺣ D

ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

(65 0) ﻱﻭﺪﻳ

t

P

S

A

M

A

61

(.ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺮﻐﺻ ﺎﻤﻠﻛ ،f ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺯ ﺎﻤﻠﻛ ،ﺮﻛﺬﺗ)

(ﺙ 1) ﺔﺌﻴﻄﺑ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ(f/5.6) ﺓﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ(f/22) ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ

ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

(ﺙ 1/1600)

(ﺞﻣﺮﺒﻣ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻊﺿﻭ) P ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

.ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻟﺎﺜﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻝﺪﻌﺗ ،ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﻮﺘﺗ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻳﺮﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻒﻗﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻋﺮﺴﺑ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻ ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ

:ﺞﻣﺮﺒﳌﺍ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻ .ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ

ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

.P ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺭﺩﺃ 1

.ﺭﻮﺻﻭ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ ،ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ 2

ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺴﻟ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ،P ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﹰﺎﻨﻴﳝ ﺹﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺃ .("ﻥﺮﳌﺍ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟﺍ") ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ

ﻞﻴﺻﺎﻔﺗ ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ (ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺻ f ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺃ) ﺓﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﺕﺎﺤﺘﻔﻟ

ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻠﻟ ﺹﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺃ

ﺕﺎﻋﺮﺳ ﻭﺃ ﻝﺎﺍ ﻖﻤﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﻳ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ (ﺓﺮﻴﺒﻛ f ﻡﺎﻗﺭﺃ) ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﺕﺎﺤﺘﻔﻟ

ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﻟﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺟ ﺞﺘﻨﺗ

ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ (R) U ﺰﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ ،ﻥﺮﳌﺍ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻌﻔﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ .ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ

ﺔﻋﺮﺴﻟ ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻉﺎﺟﺮﺘﺳﻻ .ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷﻭ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ

،ﺮﺧﺃ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ ،ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ ﻲﻔﺘﺨﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺭﺩﺃ ،ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ

.ﺞﻣﺪﳌﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ 219 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

.ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ "ﺪﻤﲡ" ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺕﺎﻋﺮﺳ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ

ﻥﺮﳌﺍ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟﺍ A

.ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﺵﻮﺸﺗ ﺔﺌﻴﻄﺑ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻏﺍ ﻭﺃ

ﹰ

ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

A

t

62

(ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ-ﻖﻟﺎﻏ) S ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

ﻦﻣ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻠﻟ ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺖﻧﺃ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﺗ ،ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ

ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﻹ ﺔﺌﻴﻄﺑ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺕﺎﻋﺮﺳ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ .ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻞﺜﻣﺃ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﺎﻬﻟﻼﺧ

.ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ "ﺪﻴﻤﺠﺘﻟ" ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺕﺎﻋﺮﺳ ،ﺔﻛﺮﺤﺘﳌﺍ

(ﺙ 1/1600) ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ(ﺙ 1) ﺔﺌﻴﻄﺑ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

:ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻ

t

ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

ﺔﺷﺎﺷﻭ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ

ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺭﺩﺃ .ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ

.ﺙ 1/4000 ﻭ ﺙ 30 ﲔﺑ ﻢﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﳌﺍ

.S ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺭﺩﺃ 1

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 2

.ﺭﻮﺻﻭ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ ،ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ 3

63

(ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ-ﺔﺤﺘﻓ) A ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

ﺎﻬﻟﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺴﻟ ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺃ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﺗ ،ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ-ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ

ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﺵﻮﺸﺗﻭ ،ﻝﺎﺍ ﻖﻤﻋ (ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺻ f ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺃ) ﺓﺮﻴﺒﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻠﻘﺗ .ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻞﺜﻣﺃ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ

ﻢﺘﻳ .ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ،ﻝﺎﺍ ﻖﻤﻋ (ﺓﺮﻴﺒﻛ f ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺃ) ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺰﺗ .ﻲﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺧﻭ

ﺪﻨﻋ ﺪﻴﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺍ ﻖﻤﻋﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﺎﻔﺗ ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺮﻴﺼﻗ ﻝﺎﺠﻣ ﻖﻤﻋ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

.ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺠﻣ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﺎﻔﺗ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﻹ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺮﻇﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ

(f/5.6) ﺓﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ(f/22) ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ

:ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻ

ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

.A ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺭﺩﺃ 1

ﺭﺩﺃ .ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷﻭ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ
ﺪﳊﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻢﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﳌﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

.ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟ ﻰﺼﻗﻷﺍﻭ ﻰﻧﺩﻷﺍ

.ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 2

.ﺭﻮﺻﻭ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ ،ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ 3

t

64

(ﻱﻭﺪﻳ) M ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻ .ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﺗ ،ﻱﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ

ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ .ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ ،(ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺃ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ) ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻖﻘﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺣ ﻊﻣ

"ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ" ﻭﺃ "ﺢﺘﻓ" ﺮﺘﺧﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺙ 1/4000 ﻭ ﺙ 30 ﲔﺑ ﻢﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ :ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ .(66 0) ﻞﻳﻮﻃ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﺓﺩﺪﺤﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻨﻣﺯ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺡﻮﺘﻔﻣ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻙﺮﺘﻟ

.ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟ ﻰﺼﻗﻷﺍﻭ ﻰﻧﺩﻷﺍ ﺪﳊﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻢﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ :ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ (E) N ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ

t

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷﻭ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ

.M ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺭﺩﺃ 1

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳﻭ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 2

ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ

:ﻱﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

(E) N ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

.ﺭﻮﺻﻭ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ ،ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ 3

ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ A

ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺽﺮﻌﻳ ،"ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ" ﻭﺃ "ﺢﺘﻓ" ﻑﻼﺧ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎﻭ CPU ﺓﺪﺣﻮﺑ ﺓﺰﻬﺠﻣ ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﰎ ﺍﺫﺇ

ﻞﻇ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺎﻛ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﻁﺮﻔﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﺑ ﺢﺒﺼﺘﺳ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷﻭ (ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺃ) ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ

،f5 ﻭ EV ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺪﺑ ﻢﻜﲢ ،b1 ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻺﻟ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ

.ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ ﺾﻣﻮﻴﺳ ،ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺩﻭﺪﳊﺍ ﻱﺪﻌﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ

1

/3 ﺔﻤﻴﻘﺑ ﺺﻗﺎﻧ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗEV 2 ﺔﻤﻴﻘﺑ ﺪﺋﺍﺯ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ

ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ) ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

.(166 ،159 0 ؛ﺔﻴﺴﻜﻋ ﺕﺍﺮﺷﺆﻣ

ﻞﺜﻣﻷﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍEV

65

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

(ﻂﻘﻓ M ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ) ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ❚❚

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟ ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺮﺳ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

.ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﻌﻟﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﻟﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﳌﺍ ،ﻡﻮﺠﻨﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻛﺮﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﺀﺍﻮﺿﻷﺍ

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﻝﺍﻮﻃ ﺡﻮﺘﻔﻣ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻞﻈﻳ :(A) ﺢﺘﻓ •

ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﻱﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﲢ ﻞﺒﻛ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ،ﺶﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ

.(207 0) MC-DC2

ﻥﺍﻮﺛ 35 :ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻣ

f/25 :ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ

ﻝﺎﻤﺘﻛﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺪﻘﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ .ﻱﻮﺘﺴﻣﻭ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻌﺿ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺐﻛﺭ

EH- ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺩﺩﺮﺘﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺗ ﻝﻮﺤﻣ ﻭﺃ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻧﻮﺤﺸﻣ EN-EL14 ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺑ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ،ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ

ﺕﺎﻌﺑﺮﻣ ،ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺒﺘﻣ ﺔﻴﺋﺍﻮﺸﻋ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﺳ ﻊﻘﺑ) ﺀﺎﺿﻮﺿ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ .EP-5A ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﺔﻗﺎﻃ ﻞﺻﻮﻣﻭ 5b

ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ؛ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ (ﺔﻴﺋﺍﻮﺸﻋ ﻁﻮﻄﺧ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﺒﺿ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﺳ

ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

ﺃﺪﺑﺍ

.(207 0) ML-L3 ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﲢ ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﺐﻠﻄﺘﻳ :(W) ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ •

ﻞﻈﻳ .ML-L3 ﺓﺪﺣﻮﺑ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ

.ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ 30 ﺓﺪﳌ ﺡﻮﺘﻔﻣ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺰﻬﺟ 1

.(154 0) ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ NR ﻞﻳﻮﻃ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ

.M ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺭﺩﺃ 2

t

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

.(A) ﺢﺘﻓ ﻖﻟﺎﻏ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺭﺩﺃ
ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ ،(W) "ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ" ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ
ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ (35 0) ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

66

t

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺢﺘﻓﺍ 4

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻮﺑ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺪﻌﺑ :ﺢﺘﻓ

.ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﻛﺍ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻤﺘﺳﺍ .ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ

.ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ML-L3 ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻮﺑ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ :ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻏﺍ 5

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻌﺒﺻﺇ ﻊﻓﺭﺍ :ﺢﺘﻓ

ﺀﺎﻬﻧﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ .ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ML-L3 ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻮﺑ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ :ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ 30 ﺪﻌﺑ ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

67

ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ

ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌﺍ

ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﺗ ،ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ) M ﻭ ،A ،S ،P ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﺗ ﻒﻴﻛ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

.(ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌﺍ

ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟﺍﻒﺻﻮﻟﺍ

ﺰﻴﺣ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟ ﻞﺴﻜﻴﺑ RGB 420 ﺮﻌﺸﺘﺴﻣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ

ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻣﻭ ،ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﺗﻭ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻴﺒﻛ

ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ؛II ﺩﺎﻌﺑﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺛﻼﺛ ﻥﺍﻮﻟﻷﺍ ﺔﻓﻮﻔﺼﻣ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ) ﺔﻓﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ،(198 0) D ﻭﺃ G ﻉﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ

ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻱﻮﺘﲢ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ،II ﻥﺍﻮﻟﻷﺍ ﺔﻓﻮﻔﺼﻣ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ،CPU ﺓﺪﺣﻮﺑ ﺓﺰﻬﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ

ﺭﻮﺼﻠﻟ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﳌﺍ

.×1 ﻦﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﻳ (ﺢﺷﺮﳌﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣ) ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﺤﺷﺮﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻰﺻﻮﻳ ؛ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ

ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ ﺍﺫﺇ) ﺰﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟ ﺎﻬﻣﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ؛ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺲﻴﻘﺗ

ﻝﻼﺧ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ
ﻦﻤﻀﺗ .(ﺔﻳﺰﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺲﻴﻘﺘﺳ ،42 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻮﺻﻮﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ
.ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﻔﻳ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺔﻤﻠﻈﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﺳ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﻑﺪﻬﻠﻟ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ

.ﻒﺼﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﳌ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺮﺒﻛﺃ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟﻭ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺲﻴﻘﺗ

ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .P ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﻢﻈﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﻲﻄﻌﺗ

ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ

ﺔﻓﻮﻔﺼﳌﺍ

.(ﺩﺎﻌﺑﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺛﻼﺛ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﳌﺍ

ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ

ﺱﺎﻴﻗ

ﻒﺼﺘﻨﳌﺍ

ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ e

ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ

ﺔﻴﻌﻘﺑ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻊﺿ 1

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ

L

M

N

t

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋP ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

.ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻋﺍ 2

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﻮﺟﺮﻠﻟ .J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ

68

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ

ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ) M ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ ؛ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌ (ﺔﻴﻌﻘﺑ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ) N ﻭ (ﻒﺼﺘﻨﳌﺍ

.j ﻭﺃ i ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

t

ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ

AE-L/AF-L ﺭﺯ

.ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺎﻋ 1

ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻭﺃ (ﻒﺼﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ) ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ

ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ (ﺔﻴﻌﻘﺑ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ) ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

.ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣﻭ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﻟ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ

ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ (I) ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻖﻘﲢ

.ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗﺍ 2

ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭﻭ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ

.ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻘﻟ AE-L/AF-L ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ A

؛ﻞﻔﻗ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺰﻟ L- ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ) c1ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻺﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ ﺍﺫﺇ

ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ،(159 0

ﺭﺯ ﲔﻴﻌﺗ) f2 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،AE-L/AF-L ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

.(166 0 ؛ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ/ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻞﻔﻗ

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ

.ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ AE-L ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺮﻬﻈﻴﺳ ،ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ

.ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻋﺃ 3

.ﺭﻮﺻﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻋﺃ ،ﻁﻮﻐﻀﻣ AE-L/AF-L ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻘﺑﻹﺍ ﻊﻣ

.ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ

69

ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ A

:ﺎﻬﺳﺎﻴﻗ ﰎ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ ،ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ

ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

(62 0 ؛ﻥﺮﳌﺍ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟﺍ) ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

.ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ

ﺞﻣﺮﺒﻣ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻊﺿﻭ

ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ-ﻖﻟﺎﻏﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ-ﺔﺤﺘﻓﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ

ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ

ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﳉ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺓﺩﺪﶈﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺘﻟ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

ﻭﺃ (ﻒﺼﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ) M ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻪﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ .ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺔﻨﻛﺍﺩ ﻭﺃ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﺳ

ﻢﺠﺤﺑ (ﺪﺋﺍﺯ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ) EV +5 ﻭ (ﺺﻗﺎﻧ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ) EV –5 ﲔﺑ ﺡﻭﺍﺮﺘﺗ ﻢﻴﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ .(68 0) (ﺔﻴﻌﻘﺑ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ) N

.ﻪﻣﺎﺘﻗ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﲡ ﺔﺒﻟﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ﹰﺎﻋﻮﻄﺳ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﲡ ﺔﺒﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻘﻟﺍ ،ﻡﺎﻋ ﻪﺟﻮﺑ .EV 1/3 ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻳﺯ

EV -1ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺪﺟﻮﻳ ﻻEV +1

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻊﺿ 1

ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .P ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋP ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﻞﻠﻇ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﻮﺟﺮﻠﻟ .J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻞﻠﻇ

ﻂﺒﺿ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻻ .0± ﺪﻨﻋ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺟﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ

.E ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺮﺧﺃ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺕﺮﺘﺧﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻪﻄﺒﺿ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻦﻜﻟ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻕﻼﻏﺇ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ

.ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻋﺍ 2

.J

.ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ

t

70

ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻦﻜﳝ

.ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ E ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ

ﻢﺘﻳ

ﺔﺷﺎﺷﻭ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

E ﺭﺰﻟﺍ A

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ

t

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

EV –0.3EV +2

.ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﺗ ﻻ ؛ﻂﻘﻓ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺮﺛﺆﻳ ،M ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ

.ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺮﺛﺆﻳ ،ﺵﻼﻓ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ

ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺪﺑ ﻢﻜﲢ) b1 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺘﻟ ﺔﺣﺎﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻳﺰﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﺘﻣ ﺭﻮﺻ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﻮﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ .(159 0 ،EV ﻲﺋﻮﺿ

E ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

M ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ

ﺵﻼﻓ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﹰ

ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

A

A

A

.88

71

ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ

ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻄﺳ ﺮﻴﻐﻳ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺩﺪﶈﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﰋﺎﻧ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺘﻟ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﹸﻳ

ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻢﺠﺤﺑ (ﺎﻋﻮﻄﺳ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ) EV +1 ﻭ (ﻪﻣﺎﺘﻗ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ) EV -3 ﲔﺑ ﻢﻴﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ .ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻲﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ

.ﻪﻣﺎﺘﻗ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻪﻠﻌﲡ ﺔﺒﻟﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ﺎﻋﻮﻄﺳ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﲡ ﺔﺒﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻘﻟﺍ ،ﻡﺎﻋ ﻪﺟﻮﺑ ؛EV 1/3 ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻊﺿ 1

ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .P ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋP ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻋﺍ 2

t

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﻮﺟﺮﻠﻟ .J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ

ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﲔﻴﻌﺗ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻻ .±0 ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﰋﺎﻧ ﻉﺎﺟﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ

.ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻕﻼﻏﺇ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ

72

ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻦﻜﳝ

(M) Y ﺭﺍﺭﺯﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ .E ﻭ

E ﻭ (M) Y ﺭﺍﺭﺯﻷﺍ A

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷﻭ

ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ

t

Creative Lighting System ﻲﻋﺍﺪﺑﻹﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻢﻋﺪﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﺣﻭ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﻳ

ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇ SB-600 ﻭ SB-700 ﻭ SB-800 ﻭ SB-900 ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﺣﻭ ﺢﻴﺘﺗ .(203 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺃ ؛CLS) ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﻦﻣ

ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ .ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﺯﺃ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﻝﻼﺧ

،EV ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺪﺑ ﻢﻜﲢ) b1 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺘﻟ ﺔﺣﺎﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻳﺰﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

(M) Y ﺭﺰﻟﺍE ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

EV –0.3EV +1

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﺣﻭ

ﹰ

ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

.(159 0

A

A

73

ﻞﻈﻟﺍﻭ ﻉﻮﻄﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻴﺻﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﳊﺍ

ﺔﻄﺸﻧ D-Lighting

ﻦﻳﺎﺒﺗ ﻦﻳﺎﺒﺘﺑ ﺭﻮﺻ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ،ﻞﻈﻟﺍﻭ ﻉﻮﻄﺴﻟﺍ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻴﺻﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻄﺸﻨﻟﺍ D-Lighting ﻆﻓﺎﲢ

ﻦﻣ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﺳ ﺔﻴﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻦﻳﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ .ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ

ﻊﻣ ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ

.ﺲﻤﺸﻣ ﻡﻮﻳ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻠﻈﻣ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺬﻓﺎﻧ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺎﺑ ﻝﻼﺧ

.(68 0 ؛ﺔﻓﻮﻔﺼﳌﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ) L

ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ a :ﺔﻄﺸﻧ D-Lightingﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ Y :ﺔﻄﺸﻧ D-Lighting

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻊﺿ 1

ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .P ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋP ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻄﺸﻧ D-Lighting ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺔﻄﺸﻧ D-Lighting ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻋﺍ 2

t

74

.ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

Q ﻭﺃ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ P ﻭﺃ ﺓﺪﺸﺑ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ Z ﻭﺃ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ Y ﻞﻠﻇ

ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ ﺍﺫﺇ .J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ a ﻭﺃ ﺾﻔﺨﻨﻣ R ﻭﺃ ﻱﺩﺎﻋ

ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﺑ ﺔﻄﺸﻨﻟﺍ D-Lighting ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﺘﺳ ،ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ Y

ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﻮﺟﺮﻠﻟ

.ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻇ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺔﻄﺸﻧ D-Lighting D

ﻊﻣ ﺔﻄﻘﺘﻠﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ (ﻁﻮﻄﺧ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺎﺒﺿ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺋﺍﻮﺸﻋ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺒﺘﻣ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﺳ ﺕﺎﻌﺑﺮﻣ) ﺀﺎﺿﻮﺿ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺪﻗ

ﻊﻣ ﺔﻄﺸﻨﻟﺍ D-Lighting ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ

ﻭﺃ M ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﻋ Q ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻠﻟ ﺔﺌﻓﺎﻜﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ Y ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﺪﺣﺃ .ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﻭﺃ Hi 0.3 ﻢﻴﻘﺑ ISO ﺕﺎﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ

ﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ،ﻲﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﳌﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﻟ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻄﺸﻧ D-Lighting ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﻝﺪﻌﻳ

.ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﳌﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﻳ (178 0) ﺢﻴﻘﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ D-Lighting

t

ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻄﺸﻧ D-Lighting ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺔﻄﺸﻨﻟﺍ D-Lighting ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ .88 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﺘﻣ ﺭﻮﺻ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺔﻄﺸﻨﻟﺍ D-Lighting ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﻮﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

.165 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺔﻄﺸﻨﻟﺍ D-Lighting ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇﻭ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗﻭ Fn ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻋ

.ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻳﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻝﻼﻈﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺪﻗ .ﺔﻄﺸﻨﻟﺍ D-Lighting

.ﺔﻴﻌﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻒﺼﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ

"D-Lighting" ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ "ﺔﻄﺸﻨﻟﺍ D-Lighting"

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

A

A

.(151 0) ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

ﹰ

ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

A

75

(HDR) ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻣ ﻲﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺩ ﻯﺪﻣ

ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﻦﻣ ﻊﺳﺍﻭ ﻯﺪﻣ ﻂﻘﺘﻠﺗ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻞﻤﻌﻟ ﲔﻴﺋﻮﺿ ﲔﻀﻳﺮﻌﺗ (HDR) ﻊﻔﺗﺮﳌﺍ ﻲﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﳌﺍ ﺞﻣﺪﻳ

ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ (HDR) ﻊﻔﺗﺮﳌﺍ ﻲﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ .ﻦﻳﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﺔﺌﻴﻀﳌﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻝﻼﻈﻟﺍ

ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﻻﺍ ،ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻕﺮﻃ ﻊﻣ ؛68 0) (ﺔﻓﻮﻔﺼﳌﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ) L ﻊﻣ ﻪﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ

ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ .NEF (RAW) ﺔﻐﻴﺼﺑ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟ ﻪﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ .(EV 2 ﻲﻟﺍﻮﺣ ﺊﻓﺎﻜﻳ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻊﺿﻮﻠﻟ

.HDR ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﺣﻭﻭ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ

+

(ﻪﻣﺎﺘﻗ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ) ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ(ﻉﻮﻄﺳ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍﺔﺠﻣﺪﻣ HDR ﺓﺭﻮﺻ

G ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﻯﺪﻣ) HDR ﻞﻠﻇ .ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﻟ G ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﻞﻠﻇ .ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺤﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ

.(ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻣ ﻲﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺩ ﻯﺪﻣ) HDR ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 1

.2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ (ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻣ ﻲﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺩ

.HDR ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ 2

.2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ HDR ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻞﻠﻇ

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ

.ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ u ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ

t

76

.ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

ﻞﻠﻇ ،ﲔﺘﻄﻘﻟ ﲔﺑ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ

.2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﻻﺍ

ﺪﺣﺃ ﻞﻠﻇ .ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺤﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ

ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻸﻟ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﻢﻴﻗ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ .J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ

ﺪﻗ ﻡﺯﻼﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ ،ﻦﻳﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍ

ﻂﺒﻀﺘﺳ ،ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ ﺍﺫﺇ ؛ﺔﺑﻮﻏﺮﳌﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻖﻘﺤﻳ ﻻ

.ﺪﻬﺸﳌﺍ ﻢﺋﻼﻳ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

.ﻒﻴﻔﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 4

ﻒﻴﻔﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﹼﻠﻇ ،ﲔﺗﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺩﻭﺪﳊﺍ ﻒﻴﻔﺨﺗ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ

t

ﺪﺣﺃ ﻞﻠﻇ .ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺤﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ

ﺔﺒﻛﺮﻣ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺞﺘﻨﹸﺗ .J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ

.ﺭﻮﺻﻭ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ ،ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ 5

ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ .ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﲔﻴﺋﻮﺿ ﲔﻀﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻂﻘﺘﻠﺗ
ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ .ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﻛﺍ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ ؛ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺞﻣﺩ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ "l u"
ﻭﺃ A ﻭﺃ S ﻭﺃ P ﺮﻴﻏ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺭﺩﺃ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ HDR ﻕﻼﻏﻹ ؛ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ HDR

ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ HDR ﺭﻮﺻ ﻂﺒﺿ D

ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ .ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺖﻛﺮﲢ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺓﻮﺟﺮﳌﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻖﻘﺤﺘﺗ ﻻ ﺪﻗ .ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﻮﺣ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ

ﻦﻜﳝ ؛ﺪﻬﺸﳌﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻤﻠﻈﳌﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺕﻻﺎﻫ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺪﻗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﻝﻼﻇ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺪﻗ .ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ

.ﻒﻴﻔﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺾﻔﺧ

.165 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،HDR ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ Fn ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

.2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ

.ﺔﻣﻮﻌﻧ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ

ﹰ

ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ

.M

A

77

ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ

ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﻜﳝ .ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻭﺃ ﲔﻀﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻧﻮﻜﻣ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟ ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺃ ﺕﺍﻮﻄﳋﺍ ﻊﺒﺗﺍ

ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻕﻮﻔﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﻟﺃ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﻌﺸﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ RAW ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻴﻔﺘﺴﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ

.ﺐﺳﺎﳊﺍ ﺞﻣﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﺠﺘﻨﺗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻅﻮﺤﻠﻣ

ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ❚❚

ﻆﺣﻻ .ﺀﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺝﺮﺧﺍ .ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ

ﻡﺪﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﻢﺘﻳﻭ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﻴﺳ ،ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻧﺃ

.ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ 30 ﻝﻼﺧ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻱﺃ ﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ

ﺓﺪﺘﳑ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻓ A

ﺪﻣﻭ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ (150 0) ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻳﺎﻌﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ 30 ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻲﻨﻣﺯ ﻞﺻﺎﻔﻟ

ﻰﺼﻗﻷﺍ ﺪﳊﺍ .(160 0 ،ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺘﻗﺆﻣ) c2 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻳﺎﻌﳌ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻔﻄﻧﺍ ﺮﺧﺄﺗ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ

.c2 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻺﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻩﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ 30 ﻲﻟﺍﻮﺤﺑ ﻝﻮﻃﺃ ﻮﻫ ﺔﻴﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻲﻨﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﻔﻠﻟ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﻴﺳ ،ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻔﻄﻧﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺙ 30 ﺓﺪﳌ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻱﺃ ﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ

.ﺔﻄﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﰎ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻢﺘﻴﺳﻭ

G ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻞﻠﻇ .ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﻟ G ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ

.ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻞﻐﺷ 2

.2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 1

.2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ

t

ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﻞﻠﻇ .ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺤﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ

78

.ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

.2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﻞﻠﻇ

ﻭﺃ 1 ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺢﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺭﺍﻮﳊﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ

ﺎﻬﺠﻣﺩ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ 3

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﻹ

t

.ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 4

.2 ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﻞﻠﻇ

ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻞﻠﻇ .ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ

.J

ﺕﺎﻀﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ :ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ •

ﻞﻜﻟ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ﰎ) ﹰﺎﻴﻠﻌﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ

ﺙﻼﺜﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ 1/3 ،ﲔﺘﻀﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ 1/2 ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻄﻘﻟ

.(ﺕﺎﻀﻳﺮﻌﺗ

ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻻ :ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ •

.ﺔﻨﻛﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻪﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ .ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ

.ﺭﻮﺻﻭ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ ،ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﺍ 5

ﺔﻴﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻛ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﺠﺴﹸﺗ ،(35 0) ﺮﻤﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻲﻓ

.ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻞﻛ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﺘﻗﺆﻣ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻴﺳ ؛ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﻲﻓ

ﺓﻮﻄﳋﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰎ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﺠﺴﺘﺳ

ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ .(160 0) ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ < (ﻲﺗﺍﺫ ﺖﻗﺆﻣ) c3 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻺﻟ ﺭﺎﺘﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻐﺑ ،3

ﻲﻓ ﺮﻤﺘﺳﺍ ؛ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺓﺮﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ،ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻴﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ A

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻘﺗ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ

ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟ ﺓﺰﻫﺎﺟ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ :(ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ) f •

.ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺪﺒﻟ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ

.ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺟ :(ﺾﻴﻣﻭ) f •

79

ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﻘﻣ ❚❚

ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ ،ﺩﺪﶈﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﻘﳌ

ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻊﺿﻭ < ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ

ﰎ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ .ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ،ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ .ﺔﻄﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺠﺴﺗ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ

،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ،ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ،ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﲟ) ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﺮﺳ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ

.ﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻝﻭﺄﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ (ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭﻭ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ،ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﻄﻟﺍ

.ﹰﺎﻴﻠﻌﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﰎ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺲﻜﻌﻴﻟ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻﺍ

:ﺍﺫﺇ ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﻴﺳ

M ﻭﺃ A ﻭﺃ S ﻭﺃ P ﺮﻴﻏ ﺮﺧﺃ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺮﻗ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﰎ •

(58 0)ﻦﻳﺭﺰﺑ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ ﰎ •

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻕﻼﻏﺇ ﰎ •

.ﺓﺪﻔﻨﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ •

ﺔﻴﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻑﺬﺣ ﰎ •

ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ D

.ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻝﺪﺒﺘﺴﺗ ﻭﺃ ﻉﺰﻨﺗ ﻻ

t

80

ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ

؛ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﻢﻈﻌﳌ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻰﺻﻮﻳ .ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﻥﻮﻠﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻟﻷﺍ ﺮﺛﺄﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﻦﻤﻀﻳ

:ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﻡﺰﻟ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﻢﻴﻗ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ M ﻭ ،A ﻭ ،S ﻭ ،P ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ

.ﻝﺍﻮﺣﻷﺍ ﻢﻈﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻰﺻﻮﻳ .ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺘﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺘﻟﺍ

.ﻊﻃﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺖﲢ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

.82 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻮﻛﺬﳌﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﻊﻣ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

.ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺓﺀﺎﻀﳌﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

.ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

.ﻡﻮﻴﻐﻟﺎﺑ ﺪﺒﻠﳌﺍ ﺥﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺖﲢ ﺭﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

.ﻞﻈﻟﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

ﻱﻭﺪﻳ ﻖﺒﺴﻣ ﻂﺒﺿ

t

.(84 0) ﻞﻌﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻦﻣ ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﺦﺴﻧﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﺲﻗ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻊﺿ 1

ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ P ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ .P ﺭﺯ ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻋP ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

.J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺷﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺽﺮﻋﺍ 2

ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍﻒﺻﻮﻟﺍ

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ
ﻊﻃﺎﺳ

ﻱﺭﻮﻠﻓ

ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ

ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ

ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ

ﻢﺋﺎﻏ

ﻞﻈﻟﺍ

v

J
I

H

N
G
M

L

81

.ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﺪﺣﺃ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ 3

ﻂﻐﺿﺍ ،ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻉﻮﺟﺮﻠﻟ .J ﻂﻐﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻞﻠﻇ

.ﺔﻄﻐﺿ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ A

،(151 0) ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻦﻜﳝ

ﻂﺒﻀﻠﻟ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻭﺃ (83 0) ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺘﻟ ﻖﻴﻗﺪﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﻠﻟ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ

.(84 0) ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺘﻟ ﻖﺒﺴﳌﺍ

ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻮﻠﻓ I ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ

.ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺤﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺢﻴﺑﺎﺼﳌﺍ

ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ A

ﻥﻮﻠﻟ ﻲﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻫ ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ .ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﹸﳌﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑ ﺀﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺱﻮﺴﶈﺍ ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻳ

ﻝﺍﻮﻃﻷﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺀﻮﺿ ﻉﺎﻌﺷﻹ ﲔﺨﺴﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻣ ﻢﺴﺟ ﺎﻬﺒﺴﺘﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺐﺠﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﳊﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺎﻫﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﻢﺘﻳ ،ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺭﺪﺼﻣ

ﺎﻬﻟ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ،ﺀﺎﻀﻴﺑ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ K 5500–5000 ﻦﻣ ﺔﺒﻳﺮﻗ ﻥﻮﻟ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻟ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﻥﺃ ﲔﺣ ﻲﻓ .ﺔﻴﺟﻮﳌﺍ

ﻥﻮﻟ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ .ﺀﻲﺸﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺀﺍﺮﻤﺣ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺍﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ،ﻊﻃﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺢﻴﺑﺎﺼﻣ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﻞﻗﺃ ﻥﻮﻟ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ

:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻟﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﻢﺋﻼﺗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ .ﻕﺭﺯﺃ ﻥﻮﻠﺑ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ

K 5200 :(ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ) H •

K 5400 :(ﺵﻼﻓ) N •

K 6000 :(ﻢﺋﺎﻏ) G •

K 6500 :(ﺭﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﺖﻨﺳﺭﻮﻠﻓ) I •

K 7200 :(ﺓﺭﺍﺮﳊﺍ ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻣ ﻖﺒﺋﺯ ﺭﺎﺨﺑ) I •

K 8000 :(ﻞﻈﻟﺍ) M •

.165 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ،ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺮﻗﻭ Fn ﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌ

K 2700 :(ﻡﻮﻳﺩﻮﺻ ﺭﺎﺨﺑ ﺢﻴﺑﺎﺼﻣ) I •

/(ﻊﻃﺎﺳ) J •

K 3000 :(ﺊﻓﺍﺩ ﺾﻴﺑﺃ ﺖﻨﺳﺭﻮﻠﻓ) I

K 3700 :(ﺾﻴﺑﺃ ﺖﻨﺳﺭﻮﻠﻓ) I •

K 4200 :(ﺩﺭﺎﺑ ﺾﻴﺑﺃ ﺖﻨﺳﺭﻮﻠﻓ) I •

K 5000 :(ﻱﺭﺎﻬﻧ ﺾﻴﺑﺃ ﺖﻨﺳﺭﻮﻠﻓ) I •

Fn ﺭﺰﻟﺍ

A

t

82