USER MANUAL HEADLINES
Unpacking 2
Warnings 2
User responsibility 2
1. Speaker damage
2. Speaker output hazard.
3. Radio interference.
Introduction 3
1. Front panel
2. Rear panel
Installation 4
1. Mounting
2. Cooling
3. Operating voltage
4. Grounding
5. Power consumption
6. Input connections
7. Connecting speakers
8. Impedance matching (MLS-switch)
Operation modes 7
1. Stereo
2. Tandem mono
3. Bridged mono
4. Stereo reverse
Operation 8
1. Operation precautions
2. Powering up -Soft start
3. Input attenuators
4. Gain switch
5. Indicators
Protections 9
1. Clip-limiter
2. Thermal protection
3. VHF protection
4. Short circuit protection
5. AC mains voltage protection
6. D.C. protection
USER MANUAL
LAB 1600
Design features 10
• Cooling
• Light weight
• Regulated power supply
• Safety approvals
• EMC approvals
Specifications 11
• EMC-declaration
Appendix A 12
• Mains voltage selection
Maintenance 12
Troubleshooting 12
Warranty and disclaimers 13
• General
• International
Technical assistance and services 13
• International
• Factory services
1
Unpacking
Carefully open the shipping carton and check for
any noticeable damage. Every LAB.GRUPPEN
amplifier is tested and inspected before leaving the
factory and should arrive in perfect condition. If
found to be damaged, notify the shipping company
immediately. Only the consignee may institute a
claim with the carrier, for damage incurred during
shipping. Be sure to save the carton and packing
materials for the carrier's inspection.
It is also advisable, to save the carton and packing
material, even if the amplifier is undamaged.
Should you ever need to ship the amplifier, use the
original packing.
Warnings
Read this before you are operating your amplifier:
• Do not use this amplifier if the power cord is
broken or frayed.
• Always operate the unit with the chassis
ground wire connected to the electrical safety
earth.
• Do not parallel or series connect an amplifier
output, with any other amplifier output. Do not
connect the amplifier output to any other
voltage source, such as battery, mains source,
or power supply, regardless of whether the
amplifier is turned on or off.
• Do not run the output of any amplifier back
into another channel's input.
• Do not block the air intake or exhaust ports.
Do not operate the amplifier near heat
producing devices such as radiators, stoves etc.
• Do not spill water or other liquids into or on
the unit. Do not operate the amplifier if
suspected or standing in liquid.
• Do not remove top or bottom covers. Removal
of the cover will expose hazardous voltages.
There is no serviceable parts inside and
removal may void warranty.
• Keep this manual for future reference.
User responsibility
1. Speaker damage
Your amplifier is very powerful and can be
potentially dangerous to both loudspeakers and
humans alike. Many loudspeakers can be easily
damaged or destroyed by overpowering, especially
with the high power available from a bridged
amplifier. Always check the speakers continuous
and peak power capabilities.
Even if the gain is reduced by using the
amplifier's front panel attenuator, it is still possible
to reach full output power, if the input signal level
is high enough.
2. Speaker output hazard
Power amplifiers are capable of producing
hazardous output voltages. To avoid electrical
shock, do not touch any exposed speaker wiring,
while the amplifier is operating. See page 6 about
outputs for proper connection of speakers.
3. Radio interference
This product has been tested, and complies with the
limits for the European Electro Magnetic
Compatibility (EMC) directive. These limits are
designed to provide reasonable protection against
harmful interference between electrical equipment.
This product uses radio frequency energy, and if
not used or installed in accordance with the
operating instructions, it may cause interference to
other equipment, such as radio receivers. However,
there is no guarantee for no interference even if the
amplifier is EMC approved.
If the amplifier cause interference, which can be
easily determined by turning the amplifier on and
off, the user can correct the interference by one or
more of the following steps:
1. Increase the proximity between the equipment.
2. Connect the AC cord to an outlet on a different
circuit from that to which the affected unit is
connected.
3. If a radio receiver is interfered (normally
amplitude modulation); reorient the antenna.
4. Check if the affected unit complies with the
EMC limits for immunity, (CE-labelled).
If not, address the problem with the
manufacturer or supplier. All electrical products
sold in the EC must be approved for immunity
against electromagnetic fields, high voltage flashes,
and radio interference.
2
Introduction
Thank you for purchasing a LAB.GRUPPEN power amplifier. This manual contains important information on
operating your amplifier correctly and safely. Please take some time and read this manual to familiarize yourself
with the amplifier.
The front panel
Figure 1. Front panel
1. Carry/protection handle
Both handles can be used to carry the amplifier,
they also act as protection for the front panel. If so
desired they can be removed (by removing the
screws behind the front panel) for fixed installations,
or racks where the front covers are to shallow.
2. Input level attenuators
These controls are used to alter the signal level
entering the amplifier. They are calibrated in dB to
help set up active loudspeaker systems or cut down
unwanted noise from the input signal.
(See page 8).
3. Over temperature protect indicator.
This indicator is lit if the amplifier tries to
operate above its maximum operati ng
o
temperature(90
C). The indicator first comes on as a
warning to either turn down the input level or check
the cooling arrangements after which point the
amplifier will mute the input signal. When the
cooling fans have returned the output heat sinks to
the normal operating temperature the input signal i s
unmuted.
The rear panel
4. Protection indicator (VHF and short circuit)
This indicator is lit if the short circuit protection
is activated.
This indicator also lights when constant signals,
above 12 kHz at full power, are present at the output
terminals. When this happens the input signal is
muted and the process cycles until the VHF signal is
no longer present. (See page 9).
5. Clip/limit indicator
This indicator tells when the amplifier output is
clipping or limiting. The two different states can be
told apart:
• When the clip limiter is engaged it flickers
briefly. (See page 8).
• When the clip limiter is not engaged it ligh ts for
a longer period.
6. Fan grill filter.
A foam filter is located behind the front panel to
prevent dust entering the amplifier.
7. Power actuator
This is used to start the amplifier.
(See page 4 and 8)
Figure 2. Rear panel
3
Please refer to diagram on page 3
1. Speaker connector
This type of speaker connector may be
unfamiliar to some users. A full description is found
in the operation section. (See page 6).
2. Clip limiter switch.
Turns the clip limiter on and off.
3. Input jack
Alternative to using input XLR or for linking
inputs with other amplifiers. (See page 5).
4. Input signal XLR (See page 5).
5. Phase reverse switch for channel B
For reversing the input signal phase of channel
B to allow bridged operation. (See page 7).
Installation
1. Mounting
The amplifier is two rack units high (2U) and will
mount in a standard EIA 19 inch rack. Amplifiers
may be stacked directly on top of each other. There
is no need for spacing between units. If it is the
intention to fill a rack with amplifiers, we
recommend racking is started from the bottom of
the rack. It is also recommended that rear supports
are used for amplifiers mounted in the middle of the
rack, especially if used as part of a portable system.
2. Cooling
Your amplifier uses forced air cooling system to
maintain a low and even operating temperature. All
LAB.GRUPPEN amplifier, which are fan
ventilated, have front to rear cooling. There are
several reasons for this, one is that there's usually
cooler air outside the rack than inside and therefore
the amplifiers can run at higher continuos power
levels without thermal problems. Never try to
reverse the air flow, as the Intercooler® need a
pressure chamber between the fans and heat sink,
and this only works in one direction of the air flow
(see Design features on page 8).
Should a heat sink get too hot, its sensing circuit
will mute the hot channel. If the power supply
overheats, another sensing circuit will mute all
output channels, until it cools down to a safe
operating temperature.
Make sure that there is an adequate air supply in
front of the amplifier and that the rear of the
amplifier has sufficient space to allows the exhaust
to escape. If the amplifier is rack mounted, do not
use covers or doors on the front or rear of the rack.
For fixed installations with a central cooling
system, usually found in fixed installations with a
dedicated rack room, it may be necessary to
6. Link switch
Allows a single input to drive both channels
simultaneously. (See page 7).
7. Gain select switch
Allows amplifier gain to be switched between
29dB and its normal gain at 0.775mV input
sensitivity. (See page 7).
8. AC line cord (See page 5)
9. Minimum load selector (MLS™) switch
This switch is used to select the minimum nominal
speaker impedance the amplifier is going to drive.
A LED is indicating if the 2ohms position is
selected. (See page 7).
calculate the maximum heat emission. Refer to
Power consumption on page 5.
3. Operating voltage
A label just below the mains cable on the rear of
the amplifier indicates the AC mains voltage, for
which the amplifier is wired. Connect the power
cable only to the AC source referred to on the lab el.
The warranty will not cover damage caused by
connecting to the wrong type of AC mains.
For converting a 230 volt amplifier to 115 volt or
vice-versa, see Appendix A.
LAB.GRUPPEN switch mode amplifier use
primary switching, i.e. the mains is rectified
directly before the transformer, which means that
the power supply is insensitive to the mains
frequency and will operate from DC to 400 Hz.
The amplifier is supplied with an approved European
AC line connector. If this connector is not
appropriate for your country, it can be cut off and
wired to a suitable connector in the following way :
BROWN LIVE
BLUE NEUTRAL
GREEN/YELLOW EARTH
Once the AC connector is connected to a suitable AC
supply, the amplifier can be started with the AC
actuator.
When you power up the amplifier it takes a couple of
seconds to check its circuits (this is known as the
"soft start" or "slow start" sequence), the fans then
blow at high speed before going onto "idle" and the 2
bottom green LED’s come on to show the output
circuits are receiving the correct rail voltage.
4. Grounding
4
There is no ground lift switch or terminal on this
R
r
amplifier. The signal ground is always floating via a
resistor to chassis and the grounding system is
automatic. If a potential above 0.6V presents itself
between signal ground and chassis ground, a short
circuit is introduced between the two, thereby
enabling electrical protection. If a unit in the system
is faulty, its mains fuse will blow, due to this
automatic ground system.
If however you wish to tie the signal ground to
chassis, connect the XLR-connector’s shell lug to
pin 1. In the interest of safety never disconnect the
earth pin on the AC cord.
For all units that are EMC approved (radio
interference), there is an AC mains filter. This filter
needs the chassis ground for reference, otherwise a
current loop is formed via the signal ground.
Use the balanced input to avoid hum and
interference.
5. Power consumption
There are three ways to determine the
power/current consumption of the amplifier:
First, the peak current draw at full output
power. Under this condition the power will trip the
wall breaker within 30 second and the amplifier
will operate for less than 2 minutes before
thermally limiting. During this time, the
temperature of the power supply will be stabilised
at a temperature that will have no effect on the
insulation rating of the AC line cord.
Secondly, the maximum expected average
current under worst case program material which is
1/3 of full power according to the FTC-standard. At
this level the music will be in the state of constant
clip and is therefore the highest power level one
can obtain without completely obliterating the
program.
At last, the "normal operating power", as
measured according to the safety standard IEC 65
and used by a majority of safety agencies. The
normal operating power is measured using pink
noise, with an average output power equal to 1/8 of
full power. The one eighth of the total power is as
loud as you can play music while making some
attempt to avoid obvious clipping. It also
corresponds to a headroom of 9dB, which is very
low for an audio program.
In 2 ohms operation, the protection of the amplifier
circuit will not permit long term current draw and
the component temperature rise will stabilises well
below the rating.
MAX OUTPUT POWER MAINS INPUT POWE
LAB 1600
note 1
Table 1.
Powe
8 ohms 2X 410 1500 800 500 140
4 ohms 2X 800 2800 1600 1000 140
2 ohms 2X 870 3100 1600 1000 140
Mean power with music as program source Normal" music power with 9dB headroom,
The amplifier dr iven t o clip level
Full Power 1/3 Power 1/8 Power Idle
sine wave note 1 note 2
note 2
IEC standard power rating.
The current draw can be calculated by dividing the mains input power by the mains voltage.
We recommend you to design the power distribution for at least the current at 1/8 power and 1/3 power for
heavy duty demands like discos etc.
The heat power can be calculated as the following example:
We consider a headroom of at least 9dB and a 4 ohms load on an amplifier producing 800 watts per channel.
The 1/8 power per channel is then; 800 / 8 = 100 watts, total output; 2 x 100 = 200 watts.
The power consumption according to the chart above is then 1000 watts.
The heat power produced is the difference between the power consumption and output power;
1000 - 200 = 800 watts per amplifier.
6. Input connections
XLR Input connectors are balanced and wired
according to the IEC 268, that is pin 2 hot, and wired
in the following way:
PIN 1 GROUND/SHIELD
PIN 2 HOT
PIN 3 COLD
Figure 3. XLR input connector pinout
There are also TRS jacks for linking etc. They are
wired as follows:
TIP HOT
RING COLD
5
SLEEVE SHIELD/GROUND
Figure 4. TRS phone plug
The input impedance is high enough (20 kohms
balanced) to allow ”daisy-chaining”, or multiple
parallel input connections. To daisy chain, use the
TRS jacks provided on each channel. The input
circuits also have a high enough headroom, to accept
the maximum output level from virtually any low
level signal source.
Figure 5. Rear panel connectors
Do not use XLR and TRS jacks on the same
channel simultaneously for mixing or other
purposes.
This is similar to the connection for balanced lines,
but pin 3 is tied down to shield, at the source side
instead. The hum and noise rejection for the cable is
equivalent to that for a balanced line. To minimize
hum in the audio, use balanced inputs whenever
possible.
Fi
gure 8. Balanced line with unbalanced equipment
7. Connecting speakers
Speaker connections are made via the two Neutrik
NL4FC Speakon connectors (1).
They are the only connectors currently available to
meet the EC safety requirements. They are wired in
the following manner:
Pin -1 Speaker ground.
Pin +1 Speaker positive.
Pin -2 No connection.
Pin +2 No connection.
Figure 6. Balanced line
To connect an unbalanced source, tie pin 3 (ring on
TRS jack) down to the shield of the connector. If you
leave one pin disconnected, you will lose 6 dB in
gain.
Figure 7. Unbalanced line connection
A more optimal method for handling unbalanced
sources is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 9. Speakon connector
Please note that this is the standard wiring
convention for Speakon connectors adopted worldwide.
Never connect either output terminal to ground
or to some other output or input terminal (see
warning on page 2).
For normal two-channel operation, connect each
speaker load across the outputs positive and ground
terminals. Pay attention to speaker polarity;
loudspeakers connected out of polarity degrade
sound quality and may be damaged as a
consequence.
Keep the speaker cable wires as short as possible,
and use a good quality stranded speaker cable. Do
not use shielded wire, such as microphone or guitar
cable. Remember that the speaker cable robs the
power of the amplifiers in two ways:
Increases the load impedance and introduces
resistive power losses, so called I
2
R losses.
6
8. Impedance matching (MLS-switch)
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
The MLS switch is located on the rear panel
with a LED indicator showing then the switch is
depressed and in the 2 ohms position. The MLS (
Minimum load select ) switch offer a impedance
LAB 1600 MLS switch MLS Position
Speaker Impedance 4 ohms 2 ohms
matching, so you can drive the LAB 1600 in 2
ohms without increased heat losses. The chart
below shows the possible combinations:
8 ohms Stereo 430
4 ohms Stereo 840
2 ohms Stereo 1540 W* 870
8 ohms Bridged mono 1680 W 870
4 ohms Bridged mono 3000 W* 1740
Power rating at 1 kHz and 1% THD
* Not recomended selection, thermal protection m ay occur at high continou s power.
Table 2.
220
430
The way to find the best MLSTM position for your application is by experimentation, the amplifier is very well
protected (even down to 0.3 ohms), but where speed is of essence stick to the fixed positions.
Operation modes
1. Stereo operation
For stereo (dual channel ) operation, leave the Link
and Phase reverse switches in the undepressed
position. In this mode, both channels operate
independently of each other, with their level
attenuators controlling their respective levels.
Never connect either output terminal to ground
or in parallel. The recommended minimum
nominal impedance, for stereo or tandem operation,
is 2 ohms per channel.
2. Tandem mono
For tandem ( dual channel-single input) operation ,
depress the Link switch. Both channels can now be
driven by a signal, at either input connector. The
output connection is the same as in stereo mode.
You can use either TRS connectors for linking out
etc. Do not use the remaining XLR and TRS
connectors for mixing or other purposes. Both
level attenuators are active, allowing you to set
different levels for each channel.
Never connect either output terminal to ground
or in parallel.
3. Bridged mono
To bridge the amplifier, depress the Link switch (6)
and Phase reverse switch (5). Both channels are then
driven by a single signal at either input. You can
use any remaining input connectors for linking etc.
Do not use the remaining XLR and TRS as input
jacks simultaneously for mixing or other purposes.
To obtain an output, connect the speaker leads to pin
+1 on channel A Speakon to speaker positive
terminal and pin +1 on channel B Speakon to
speaker negative terminal . Do not connect either
of the -1 (negative) pins of the Speakons. Do not
connect speakers to channel A or B in the normal
manner in bridge mode, as this can cause serious
damage.
The recommended minimum nominal impedance
for bridged mono is 4 ohms (equivalent to driving
both channels at 2 ohms).
Driving bridged loads of less than 4 ohms may cause
a thermal overload.
Figure 10. Bridge mono connection
Both level attenuators must be at the same position.
We recommend you to put them in the 0 dB (full)
position.
7
4. Stereo reverse
This mode is similar to the Tandem mono mode.
Apart from depressing the Link switch , you also
depress the Phase reverse switch, like in the Bridge
mono. Channel B is now phase reversed. To
compensate for that, connect pin +1 on channel B
Speakon to speaker negative terminal and pin -1
on channel B to speaker positive terminal.
Channel A output is connected as in the normal
stereo mode. By having channel A and B operating
in opposite polarity, the energy storage in the
power supply is more efficient. This means that the
amplifier can deliver up to 10% more power than in
tandem mono mode. This is significant for signals
below 100 Hz (sub bass etc.).
Figure 11. Stereo reverse mode
Operation
1. Operation precautions
• Make sure that the power switch is off before
making any input or output connections or
operating the switches on rear panel. See pages
4-6 about installation.
• Make sure that the AC mains is correct and the
same as that is printed on the rear panel of the
amplifier. See pages 4-5 , about operating
voltage and power consumption.
• Make sure that the switches on the rear panel
for operation modes ,clip limiters, and the
MLS™ switch are in the correct position. See
pages 6-7, about operation modes, page 9
about clip limiters and page 7 for the MLS
switch.
• It is always a good idea to turn down the gain
controls during power up, to prevent speaker
damage, if there is a high signal level at the
input.
2. Powering up -Soft start
When you power up the amplifier it takes a
couple of seconds to check its circuits (this is known
as the "soft start" or "slow start" sequence), the fans
then blow at high speed before going onto "idle" and
the two bottom green LED’s come on to show the
output circuits are receiving the correct rail voltage.
3. Input attenuators
The two input level attenuators on the front
panel, alter the signal level for their respective
amplifier channel in all modes. They are calibrated in
dB to help setting up active loudspeaker systems or
cutting down unwanted noise from the input signal.
In bridged mode, both controls must be in the
same position, so that the speaker load will be shared
equally between the channels.
4. Gain switch
The gain switch located on rear panel is for
changing the input sensitivity of the amplifier. This
can be handy when using low or high nominal input
signals e.g. most professional mixing consoles
operate at a nominal level of +4dBu therefore use the
29dB position (depressed switch), to give you plenty
of fader movement. On the other hand, for a disco
mixer that operates at a nominal level of 0dBu, use
the upper position setting, which has a sensitivity of
0 dB for full power in 4 ohms.
Figure 12. Front indicators
5. Indicators
The two bottom green ”ON” LEDs indicate that the
output circuits are receiving the correct rail voltage.
The ”-25 dB” LEDs glow when the output signal is
greater than -25dB, 0dB is referenced to full output
power. These LEDs also act as signal present
indicators. The rest of the green LEDs forms a bar
for output levels from -20dB to -5dB.
The Clip/limit indicator tells when the amplifier
output is clipping or limiti ng. The t wo di fferent states
can be told apart:
8
• When the clip limiter is engaged it flickers
briefly.
• When the clip limiter is not engaged it ligh ts for
a longer period.
Protection features
Each LAB.GRUPPEN amplifier has many advanced
protection features, that will protect both the
amplifier and the speakers connected to it, should a
fault condition arise. Under normal use these features
are inaudible. All protection circuits are independent.
Clip limiter
The clip limiter is included to prevent dangerous clip
signals reaching the speaker and damaging it. It
works by monitoring the output and comparing the
distortion produced between the input and output of
the amplifier. If the distortion exceeds 1%THD for
any reason ( voltage or current clipping), the limiter
reduces the input signal proportionally. Note that, if
the signal is distorted or clipped before it reaches the
amplifier, the clip limiter will not be activated.
Under normal operation the clip limiting is inaudible.
The limiter can be turned On or Off by depressing
the relevant clip limit switch (2). Some
manufacturers of Loudspeaker processors do not
recommend the use of clip limiters in amplifiers, as
they tend to upset the tracking of the processor’s
limiters.
Apart from this one exception, LAB.GRUPPEN
recommend leaving the clip limiters switched "on"
(button depressed).
As a by-product, when the amplifier comes out of a
protect condition, the output level has a slow rise
time -the effect is like turning the gain up slowly.
Thermal protection
When the amplifier is driven very hard into low
impedance, the cooling fans go into high speed. If the
conditions that cause this continue, the temperature
indicator(s) will light as an indication that the
amplifier will soon thermal out.
After five seconds the amplifier will go into thermal
protect, by muting the input signal. After 15-20
seconds the amplifier will cool down the
Intercooler
Thermal protection starts when the Intercooler
reaches a temperature above 900 C
®
and the cycle will begin again.
®
The remaining yellow LEDs indicate if any
protection circuits are activated. These are described
below.
VHF protection
When a signal of more than 12kHz, at full output
power, is present at the output connectors for more
than five seconds, the VHF protection mutes the
input signal (this is indicated on the front panel (4)
labeled PROTECT). After five seconds the cycle
starts again.
This is a useful feature as there are currently no
commercially available compression drivers that can
take 500 watts of power at 10 kHz!! this circuit is
inaudible under normal use, however it can be turned
off.
If the VHF protection is required to be turned off i.e.
for studio monitors, please consult your supplier, as
this is a non-user adjustment.
Short circuit protection
All LAB.GRUPPEN amplifiers are completely
short circuit protected. The protection circuit
permits very high peak currents, but still holds the
output devices within the safe operation area. If a
short circuit is maintained, the channel affected will
eventually go into thermal protection and the cycle
will start again.
The LAB 1600 is equipped with LAB.GRUPPEN’s
Adaptive limiting system (ALS
TM
). The ALSTM
circuit continuously monitors the supply rails, and
limits the current going to the output transistors. If
the ALS
TM
is activated the input signal is muted,
and the yellow LED labeled ”PROTECT” will light.
AC mains voltage protection
If the AC mains voltage is outside the allowed
operation voltage ( over or under voltage) , the
power supply will shut down itself. When the
mains voltage is above the minimum start voltage
and below its maximum operating voltage the
amplifier will restart again.
It takes a couple of seconds to check its circuits
(this is known as the "soft start" or "slow start"
sequence), the gain will slowly and gradually raised
back to normal, and the fans then blow at high speed
before going onto "idle". The two green ”ON”
LED’s indicate when then power supply is
operating properly.
9
D.C. protection
There are two types of DC protection:
Fuses on the supply branches of each channel (this is
an IEC 65 requirement).
Design features
Cooling
The LAB.GRUPPEN amplifier runs very cool due
to a patented heat sink called Intercooler
output devices (bi-polar) are mounted directly on a
copper heat sink thereby avoiding thermal losses
normally found when using mica washers (the heat
sink is mounted horizontally in front of a pressure
chamber) The air flow is constant along the whole
heat sink,
thanks to a horizontal pressure chamber in front of it,
(in a conventional tunnel design the end of the heat
sink opposite to the fan invariably gets hotter than
that directly in front of the fan). When cool air hits
the geometric fins of the Intercooler
produced thereby enabling efficient cooling.
Light weight
The switch mode amplifiers has a very good power
to weight ratio. The light weight is achieved not only
by the PSU, but the Intercooler
TM
and the 9 piece
anodized alloy chassis contribute greatly, rear rack
supports are unnecessary in most applications.
Switch mode power supply (SMPS)
Switch mode power supplies are the modern
solution to the problems of size and weight.
However, early examples of SMPS used in power
amplification were not ground breaking, and
literally adopted the type of supply found in many
computers today. The LAB.GRUPPEN SMPS is
different in that it is regulated.
How is this achieved? In contrast to other designs,
that use push pull converters we have managed to
produce a SMPS that has the same characteristics
as a conventional supply. We have avoided the
pitfalls of push-pull converters, by eliminating the
need for limiting on the secondary side of the
switch transformer. This is achieved by using sense
windings, injecting a magnetic pulse from the ACline during a pulse time segment which is
separated from the output charge current pulse.
TM
TM
, turbulence is
. The
A Crowbar bar protection that shorts the output. Bot h
these circuits come into effect once a DC level of 10
volts or more is detected on either channel.
90
80
70
60
50
40
Voltage [V]
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Figure 13. Current-voltage characteristic of different power
supply topologies.
1) Conventional power supply show voltage drop due to
internal resistance
2) Regulated power supply used by LAB.
3) Unregulated switch mode power supply with current
limiting.
Current [A]
2
1
3
Whilst the SMPS may sound complex it is actually
very straight forward with high reliability. The net
result is good bass and fast response. Because the
supply is regulated, the power amplifier will
produce the same power output even if the AC line
falls by more than 20% !
Traditional PSUs behave erratically at certain
frequencies, during low frequency cycles (bass),
particularly in clip conditions, their output
impedance's rise thereby producing uncontrollable
speaker cone movement. Under these conditions clip
states are more audible.
LAB.GRUPPEN SMPS produces its rated power
output at all frequencies regardless of speaker
demands and AC line conditions.
Minimum Load Switch (MLS
(TM)
)
Thanks to the regulated SMPS, the maximum
power available for the output stages can be
adjusted without increased heat dissipation or
efficiency loss. This allows users to match the
output power with the loudspeaker impedance.
The LED bargraph is also adjusted to give a correct
reading. Because the amount of power delivered into
a load is dictated by its impedance (at 2 ohms you
use the least voltage but use the most current), you
can cheat with the MLS switches thereby enabling
powers in excess of the normal power rating to be
produced.
Safety approvals
10
LAB.GRUPPEN amplifiers are designed to meet the
IEC65, a stringent electrical safety approval from the
International Electro-technical Commission. The
IEC65 is recognized world-wide with most countries
having an equivalent.
EMC approvals
EMC stands for Electro Magnetic Compatibility. This
implies that the equipment should have low emission
of radio frequencies, directly as electromagnetic fields
in the air, and as conducted from the cables from and
to the unit. The unit should also be able to handle
electromagnetic fields, high voltage flashes, and radio
interference, coming into the unit via the air or cables.
Emission
The regulation now cover the frequency range from
150 kHz to 300 MHz. The maximum level radiat ed
from a unit has to be below 100 μV, ( 0.0001 V )
Immunity
The equipment should be able to handle three
different types of interference:
EMC-declaration
This audio power amplifier conforms with the
EMC-directive 89/336/EEC and relates to the
following standards:
EN 55013:1990
EN 50 082-1
• Electrostatic discharges up to 8 kV, hitting the
chassis or cables.
• Transients and bursts up to 1 kV, conducted
through the cables to the unit.
• Electromagnetic fields up to 3 V/m, radiated on
the unit and the cables in the frequency range of
27 - 500 MHz.
We have extended the tests in two cases and chosen a
standard used for heavy industrial situations. First, we
have tested conducted disturbances in the frequency
range 150 kHz - 80 MHz, by injecting 3V amplitude
modulated (80%) signals into all the cables ( inputs,
outputs and mains ). This covers noise from AM
transmitters, which are still in use in some areas.
Secondly, we have extended the range for
electromagnetic fields to 26 - 1000 MHz, with a level
of 6 V/m and 80% AM modulated.
In the range 895 - 905 MHz, we test with a field
strength of 35 V/m and 100% pulse modulation.
emulate the signals from a mobile phone close to the
unit. In all cases the noise plus distortion is below 1%,
at normal operation level, ( normal operation level is
1/8 of full power or -9 dB under clip point according
to IEC 65).
IEC 801-2, ed.1(1984)
IEC 801-3, ed.1(1988)
IEC 801-4, ed.1(1984)
SS-ENV 50 141 ed.1 (1994)
This
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Appendix A
Mains voltage selection
LAB 1600 is normally shipped for 230 volt AC
operation only. For export there is a 115/230 volt
AC option available. To check if the amplifier is
equipped with this option, please follow these
steps:
1. Make sure that the LAB 1600 is unplugged
from the mains voltage.
2. Remove the top and bottom cover.
3. If the four electrolytic capacitors close to the
front are rated 385VDC, the amplifier is for
230 volt operation only
4. If the four electrolytic capacitors close to the
front are rated 200VDC, the amplifier has the
115/230 volt option.
5. Locate the jumper(s) on the solder side of the
circuit board close to the mains switch.
6. To select the desired mains voltage, install the
jumpers as shown in Figure 14.
7. For 230 volt operation; use a F 15 A fuse (slow
blow), for 115 volt change to a T 30A fuse
(slow blow).
8. Replace the amplifier top and bottom cover.
9. For 115 volt operation; stick a ”115 VAC”
label on top of the 230 VAC label on rear
panel.
Maintenance
Under normal use the amplifier should give years
of trouble free service. The only user maintenance
required from the user is to vacuum the front grill
periodically.
In some extreme cases it may be necessary for
your supplier to clean the inside of the amplifier.
These conditions usually occur after prolonged use
in environments using "cracked- oil" smoke
machines.
If you are using your amplifier for heavy duty use
i.e. concert touring or industrial music it is
recommended that you have your amplifier
serviced every 3 years, purely as a preventative
measure
Troubleshooting
These are typical things to check if you think your
amplifier is faulty:
Fault: No output.
If the output bargraph is functioning there is
nothing wrong with the amplifier, and the likely
cause is an unsecured Speakon.
Check that the VHF protection is not activated. If
it is, remove possible high frequency oscillations
from the relevant input.
Figure 14. 230VAC or 115 VAC selection
Warning: This modification should only
be made of an experienced service
technician.
Fault: The amplifier goes into thermal protection
when driven at low level.
Check that your loudspeaker has not got a short
circuit in its windings, (this can occur when the
speaker coil gets warm).
Fault: The amplifier goes into protect with power
indicators off.
Ch eck that the AC line voltage is not outside the
amplifier’s operating range (130-260 volts).
Over/under-voltage protection may have occurred.
If the amplifier is connected by mistake to a 3
phase supply (415v), an internal non-resetable fuse
or resistor may have blown. Then return the
amplifier to your supplier.
Fault: The amplifier does not respond even after
checking above items.
In the unlikely event, that there is a non-user
rectifiable fault, return the amplifier to your
supplier or an approved service centre.
Lab Gruppen cannot be held responsible for
damage or injury, as a result of the top cover
being removed.
12
Warranty and disclaimers
• General
This product is manufactured by LAB.GRUPPEN
and is warranted to be free from defects in
components and factory workmanship under
normal use and service, for a period of one year
from the date of original purchase.
During the warranty period, LAB.GRUPPEN or its
nominated agents, will undertake to repair, or at its
option, replace this product at no charge to its
owner, when failing to perform as specified,
provided the unit is returned undamaged and
shipping pre-paid, to factory or authorised service
facility.
No other warranty is expressed or implied.
This warranty shall be null and void, if the product
is subjected to:
1) Repair work or alteration by person other than
those authorised by LAB.GRUPPEN or its agents.
2) Shipping accidents, war, civil insurrection,
misuse, abuse, operation with incorrect AC voltage,
operation with faulty associated equipment and
normal wear and tear. Units, on which the serial
number has been removed or defaced, will not be
eligible for warranty service.
3) LAB.GRUPPEN shall not be responsible for
any incidental or consequential damages, with
respect to the products warranted.
LAB.GRUPPEN reserve the right to make changes
or improvements in design or manufacturing,
without assuming any obligation to change or
improve products previously manufactured.
• International
Please contact your supplier for this information, as
rights and disclaimers may vary from country to
country.
Technical assistance and services
• International
If your LAB.GRUPPEN product needs repair,
contact your LAB.GRUPPEN dealer or distributor,
or contact LAB.GRUPPEN by fax, to obtain the
location of the nearest authorised service centre.
• Factory services
In the event that your LAB.GRUPPEN product
needs factory service, you shall contact
LAB.GRUPPEN service department for return
instructions and a Return Authorisation number.
Please note on product return:
1. Use the original packing
2. Include a copy of the sales receipt, your name,
return address, phone number, fax number and
defect description.
3. Mark the Return Authorisation number on the
outside of the packing.
4. Ship the product prepaid to:
LAB.GRUPPEN
Gullregnsvägen 16
434 44 Kungsbacka
SWEDEN
Telephone: +46 300 168 23
Fax +46 300 142 46
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