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Technical

LETT.PAC

Inlormation

trom the

Laboratories

KAFI

Hewletl-Packard

of

D

J O

Company

NAL

U FI

Contents:

Display

New Ports,

sysfems.

cation

Dispfay Graham

user

the

to

Hardware

Srnlvas

performance

A Sificon-on-sapphire

was

SC-Cut

Wilson

L. The

1974, fhe

in

Ffexible Circuit stiffened

New

Zimmer,

testing

and

Gary C.

by

Station's

Easy access

interface.

and

Sukumar

and

considered

Quartz

SC Cut,

ftexibte

Temperature

Jr.

applications.

Station

Offers

Staas

User

tt's

Interface

to an

Firmware

and

retiabitity,

Support

John

and

Integrated

mandatory

Oscillator

more stab/e

lt's

Brief Summary, by

a

stress

compensated

Offers

Packaging

circuitry

is a

Probe

provides

tt

fast, accurate

Multiple

Screen

four terminats

ls Designed

extensive

Wiese

D. ease

feature set

Four

for

The

of use,

manufacturing,

Video Controller,

the display

make

to

lmproved

noisy,

/ess

and

Chartes

has many

cut

a Crystal

of

radical

approach

Locates Circuit

temperature

MARCH

Windows

in one,

for

1981

and

bringing

Increased

requires

a thorough,

Virtual Terminals

goals

2645A compatibility,

were

and

by Jean-Claude

system

practical

Performance,by

fasfer,

warms A. Adams

up

and

John

vtrtues-

James

Oscillator,

by

meets tough

that

Hot Spots, by

measurements

Volume 32

Dual Data

flexibility to

new

Productivity, by

thoughtful

in One

service.

Robert

J.

and uses

A.

Marvin

Display

reliable.

and

Burgoon and

/ess

Kusters

H. Steinmetz

obiectives.

F.

for

Number

o

Communications

computer

appli-

Gordon

approach

Station' by

improved

Roy

pricel

Integratton

Robert

power.

introduced

First

Selectively

Estes and

design,

Donald

diagnostic,

3

C-

In

lattice. Thin crystal angles oscillator make give earlier

precision

in

Pages 3 neeO bt can happening

happening

different

possibilities

designers

lllustrator.

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2

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this

thin transoarent used watches slices of

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the crystal

to

described

it relatively

the new oscillator,

HP

crystal

many computer

be set

computers

Wrapping up

Editor, Fichard

Nancv

JoURNAL

more strongly frequency

discs

insensitive

oscillators.

laboratory

through

up to

in one

find

19

function as up to

in

one,

virtual

for

computer the

and

Vanderbloom

S

N,4ARCH

The shiny

Quartz lattice.

in the article

instruments,

of

two,

or

issue

eliminate

p

1981

rock on

for frequency

some of

that

quaftz

at

and time

is

a crystalline

for frequency control

Different angles

on

to temperature

1081 1lVB, better

Model

issue describe

this

for a terminal

users

four

three, or

terminal

the same

application

is

Dolan

o Administrative Services,

all

at a time,

article about

an

circuit

. Associate

month's cover

this

mounted

disc

and

control

wear

us

are sublected

frequency

one

references.

material,

are

produce

page

20 derives

variations.

1//B is designed

1081

especially

separate

four

computer

systems.

hot

those that

new computer

a

that can

these

of

using

at

the

that

spots

Editor, Kenneth

Typography,

in its holder

in many electronic

timing

(not

all crystals

alternating

to an

at any other.

than

which

from large

taken

different

frequency stability

its

This

stability,

to serve

have to

handle

"virtual"

the the same

100234

terminals.

virtual

keyboard.

Temperature indicate

may

A Shaw.

piece

is

a

means that

lower

terminal,

relatively

terminals

time.

Anne S LoPresti

of cultured

front

in

sets of desirable

property

Any two

Art

the

of

as

are

voltage,

lt's this

its

quartz

and

power

consumption,

highly stable

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as

operate

Model

complex

The operator

at the

virtual

kind of

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problems

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(laboratory-grown)

quartz

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devices,

large as

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atoms

rocks

from a crystal

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for long

26264 Display

same

or

Photographer, e European

including the

this one).

vibrate, and

that

line up

by slicing

properties.

state-of-the-art

frequency or

periods

operations.

see on

can

time, and

terminals

flexibility opens

a simple

failure sites'

likely

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Production

@ Hewletl

quartz.

the type

of

crystal

quartz

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When

vibrate

they

useful

them

makes

regular

in

a

the

The

that

faster warmup

and

without adjustment'

Station,

Internally the

the

can

can communicate

device

Manager'

Packard

pattern

quartz

at specific

HP

new

has been cut

circuit

reference

time

meets a

that

screen

affect what's

many

up

helps circuit

that

Dolan

nP'

Dick

Company

The

wrist-

thin

much

as

or

crystal

to

design

than

26264 what's

with new

Leeksma

Pnnted n U S

1981

A

New Displ

ay

Station

Offers

Multiple

Screen Windows

Communications

This versatile

terminals. /l's

computer

designed

terminal can

for

data entry

and Dual

Ports

act

and

development.

by Gary

display, computers taneously. munications ports erals

and the

and

the display

work

areas. acters with an

optional built-in grammable forms

Design

The

Staas

C.

EW DATA ENTRY pabilities Model 2626'{

compare, and

and

The

Other

horizontal

tones for audio

design.

provided

are

Displav

four

different memory

new terminal

for

connection

user can

screen into

features

thermal forms-copy printer,

Objectives

objectives

that

guided

program

and

by a new

Station,

combine

[Fig.

divide

scrolling,

both

as many

are line widths

cues,

the

design

development

HP CRT terminal,

which lets

data from

1) has

to computers

the display memory

screen-labeled

and

two

workspaces

dual data

four

as

independent

up

to

for

keys

the 2626A Dis-

of

or

interactive

the user

different

simul-

com-

periph-

160

char-

softkeys,

like

four virtual

program

ca-

pro-

Data

play

Station are reflected in the terminal. An important with tion the 2626,4,, thereby

check MTBF tests isolate failures

repeatedly after terminal assembly make the terminal and other terminals in the 262Xline. configuration

HP 2645A

the

programs

The

new terminal is also reliable

and

out,

(mean

is

built into

executes most

2626A

the

Terminal. Terminal

work

that

protecting

service. Thereliability goal

time between failures). An

the terminal, and

to the component level.

easy to build, there

has many

ofthe terminal.

many

characteristic is

with the 2645A

of the other

to spot failures in

components in

of the characteristics

compatibility

drivers and applica-

will also work

software investments.

users'

is

and

easy to build,

was 8,000 hours

extensive set of

some of these tests can

One test, which

terminal tests,

the factory. To

very

are

The factory

Since that is an easy

few

common with

very little

does

of

with

self-

is

used

options

process,

Fig.

1.

Model

is

tion wtndow

has porfs figured cally independent

nals. lengths offers foreign and

MABCH

multi-workspace,

a

computer

dual

data

/ts

capabilities

dynamically

The

terminal

up

to 160

an optional

1981 f-IEWLETT-pACKARo

26264

Disptay

multi-

terminal

communications

may be

as four logi-

vittual can handle characters

language

built-in

termi-

options

printer

lounnnr 3

Sta-

that

con-

line

and

it

is

totally left to the

almost

User sophistication

very knowledgeable OEM

entry clerk user department needs to configure The pose. locked out confusing them

to the to take advantage of

needs

manager of a data

the terminal

terminal

On the other

provides

hand, these configuration

and made unavailable to

with details they don't

Among many new concepts

ability to handle more than one

the several task, the

sheets of

2626A, Display Station splits as many as dual datacomm with more than one

The optional

of expensive,

paper

four windows,

ports

allow these

computer

built-in thermal

distant, was considered essential the screen, such

integral

printer

To allow a user graphics been

expanded

as forms and special

makes

to

capability, one of

include appropriate

to

forms-drawing keys make

Foreign Ianguage support international marketplace. pean

languages,

The 26264 uses

integrated circuit

scale

make it

tures

including

HP's

possible

improved and expanded

HP 2645A.

an

user.

varies considerably,

a different

entry operation,

for use by data entry

configuration menus

embodied

on a desk, each

each with

windows to communicate

program

printer

large, and noisy

to be able to

possible.

this

simple

draw

the terminal's

it

easy to design

is an

2626A

The

mute

and overshike

silicon-on-sapphire

process,

to offer

feature

This and other design

a terminal

set

Softkeys

To allow easy access

to terminal eight sof&eys that do not high label at indicates its a terminal mode, such

bottom of the screen

the current

function.

as REMOTHLOCAL,

have

functions, the

fixed functions. A two-row-

A function key that

its label when the corresponding

softkeys can be

locked

the terminal stays

so

from

customer.

set of

for

data

the

Each

features.

example,

clerks.

for

menus

the clerks

pur-

this

can be

to avoid

need.

in

terminal

the

job

at a time.

Like

relating to a different

its

display screen

independent

data.

into The

at once.

avoids the

impact print character sets,

bar charts

character sets

data

important

provides

problems

printers.

whatever

was

and the

without

characters.

forms.

entry

goal

in

six

on

has

The

the

Euro-

characters.

(SOS) large-

fea-

with a much

for a cost comparable

2626A has

just

above each softkey

indicates

has an asterisk on

function

within a

is

on.

The

group

softkey

of Workspaces

A

When the terminal into displayable length ters

is

It

(

to

from B0 to

for instance,

wide,

fuo*ipai:e

levels

and

Data

having

lines of equal

similar

Windows

powered

is

sizes.

1.60 characters are useful

functions.

partitions

it

on,

The user can

per

line. Lines

132

for holding data

memory

select a

charac-

to be sent

(a)

Workspace

Flg.2. are displayed displayed.

4 rewrcrr-pnc<ARD

1

ln this example,

JoURNAL

pottions

in windows on the

FEBRUAFY

1981

of three

screen

Workspace

1

-t

2

- |

26264 workspaces

Workspace

4 is not

Bo

I

Keyboard

Flg.3. (a) each

keyboard window

Workspaces 2,3, and 4 are The host computer

After the

space displayed. receives the data workspace 2

ln this

holding

2 in the keyboard window and workspace 1 is no longer

example, the terminal

a form. Workspace 1 is

and the uset can type data

not

is

connected to workspacelwindow

presses

user

The host remains

ENIER key

the

just

entered while the user

displayed

attached

has four workspaces,

displayed

in

a screen

host

the

to workspace 1 and

in the

into form 1.

window.

1.

displays

work-

fills form 2 in

(b)

to a computer into

workspaces, example, the user workspaces and workspace allowed. different

taneously

doing. The show all example, dow from

space 2 through screen border workspace space ceive

Multiple jobs

All

workspaces

to

screen

part

or

workspace

the first

might be

twenty-four. Dotted

to avoid

on

the screen

need not be

that is

and

send

workspace/window

To

avoid ambiguity, workspace Typed window,

as delete

The

on,

a

softkey.

Each spaces computer.

be

on a workspace associated allows typing grouped attached uration tion 2, used for

REMOTE

at a time,

data

not character, take

user

workspace can be

Most with a workspace,

a window

data into

into

to workspaces.

1, REMOTE

REMOTE

both

on. If workspace

and workspace

space L has

There

space

REMOTE are four can have

when workspaces

printer.

line

each with

could

of 80-character

2

with

workspaces

on

the terminal at

can

give

an

can be

of the

through

seen

confusion.

closed

data.

configuration.

appears

in

any

other window.

can change

operates independently,

used to

operating

basis.

to be

unprotected

a terminal

mode is

workspaces,

2

uses terminal

terminal

its

own

are

The workspace/window

on a menu

host

A

workspaces

the workspace

entry example

A

data enhy creates four its

host's turn to displays the keyboard into program

or remotely

computer.

data communications

given

at

a

only;

other workspaces

in Fig.

application program

workspaces

data

communications port

transmit

a form

the workspace

workspace

the form.

When

displays

the

The

user

can

70

a fixed

set up

lines,

lines.

number

the terminal

workspace

Up to four workspaces

are useful for

the

same time.

be displayed

overall view

divided into

workspaces.

r

might be viewed

the tenth

in

a window from

lines

The

to allow left

displayed

(i.e.,

has

no display window)

Fig.

z

all

keyboard input

the

one

in

only in

on the screen

of what

display windows

To

screen rows,

separate

terminal also

and right

to be functional.

shows

which

this

keyboard workspace/

Local effect the

keyboard

perform

modes

Some

in

only

this

window

different

of the

of the modes

such as FORMAT

used as

a form, limiting

fields.

configuration,

Suppose

on, and in

If

off.

1

and

1

uses

which

that

terminal

2, then

terminal

configuration

on

and workspace configurations

configuration.

to be used

for

different

configuration

by escape

port

time.

sequences

can be attached Data flow

are unaffected.

3 illustrates

in

the 2626,\

how this feature

in

the host

terminal

to each workspace

it.

to

After it

that has

so the user

the user

sends

the first form

can begin

presses

the ENTER

second workspace

group

these lines

lines. For

of

to have

1 with 40

doing

the terminal

continue

in

the above

a display win-

and work-

screen rows

windows

has a vertical

windows.

A

an example

affects

only

the cursor

editing

resides.

keys,

window,

by means

so that tasks

terminal

are or can

are always

mode, which

the user

Other modes

may be freely

in

terminal

config-

configura-

configuration

both will

configuration

2,

then work-

2 has

REMOTE

so that

This

kinds

can be

each work-

is

desirable

of

set locally

sent from

to any

is to

and

from

The

is

computer first

and attaches

all the

forms, it

and makes

entering

key, the

with

the

next form

two

Iines

are

several

simul-

that

eleven

on the

A

work-

can re-

of a

one

such

and

so

of

work-

with a

to

are

1 is

have

off.

jobs.

the

one of

that

data

used.

in

it

data

and attaches itself entered

the

concurrency

productivity. the horizontal

is

softkey another displayed than the

(a)

(b)

1

(c)

attaches

on

the form.

second form

To

fine-tune

moves

displays

on the

screen width

Fig.4.

Uses

is

attached clatacomm RS-232-C computer.

the

keyboard

to

the first workspace

The

while

results

a window

and vertical

the

cursor

the

screen.

to

user

this transfer

in greater

configuration,

borders

to

the next

Whenever

of a window,

s

of the dual

to a computer.

port,

device.

(c)

Both

data communications

can

be attached

(b)

Each

ports

are attached

port

it.

The

to receive

continues

throughput

with

screen window,

that is the line the

j,

.#B.

PORT 1

Port

2, when not to a

is

attached

to the

program

host

the data

entering

progress.

is in

and

the user

softkeys.

not

Iength

data mav be

COMPUTER

COMPUTE

COMPUTER

COMpUTER

ports.

rn use

serial

Drinter ot other

to a different host

same computel

then

just

data into

This

operator

can

move

Another

and

currently

greater

is

scrolled

R

port

(a)

as

a

1

tvARcH 198i

HEWLETT,pAoKARo

JouRlter 5

vertical border

horizontally.

for

30, umns displayed

to

sary

Dual Data Communications

further enhance

To

has two tached port

is user enters data while that for example) the

port,

workspace virtual

up a

Fig. 4 The two different

communications

data

using the two

Both workspaces that are on the screen terminal ports/workspaces user can be entering ously. and workspace

programmer might examine the output

a

or errors

If the

example,

a right

window

and horizontal

view

ports to a workspace, processed

the data.

aII

its

multitasking

for data communication.

it

means

and/or displayed

in that

workspace

is

the keyboard

terminal sends

and terminal configuration

terminal

shows

ports

computers

entity.

different

possibilities

can be cabled to

because each

protocol. Fig. 5 shows

ports

attached to

at the same time

truly useful

for handling multiple

receiving and sending

be

can

data

A useful single-host

for

a console

in

workspace

one

and

Ports

that data

workspace

in two windows.

in

a third application and another

edit

workspace.

Soft Configuration

26264 represents an advance

The

its

nals in

flexibility hardware configuration user configures the terminal

built into the terminal.

workspace/windows, data

and ease of configuration.

switches

by choosing

There are configuration

communications

were at

screen

column

would have only

be neces-

scrolling

would

capability,

When a

received

the 2626,{

port

from that

in that workspace.

(by pressing

workspace/window,

data through

that

together

for using

the same

both

host or to

port can use a different

an example

two different

ports

computers.

can be displayed

make the

To

jobs,

data and

workspace simultane-

is to use one as a user terminal,

of a compiler

in another

over

file

There are no

inside the terminal.

values

on

forms for

for each

50 col-

is at-

If

the

ENTER

port.

make

ports.

two

both

port

for

termi-

menus

port,

lAXIS TITLE

',0

]

/r0 '10

-t0

!0

0

Fig.

6. New line drawing characters

high-quality bar charts

A

terminal items. tion data

modes

A host computer item on any in battery-powered

configurations applications tional

attached

involving less sophisticated

to

printer is

port

thermal

for further backup.

provides

2626,4,

The

data communications

a

cation configuration

that cover most

as multipoint

Device

The 26264

other workspaces.

more

(multidrop

Control

can copy

REMOTE mode,

into

that

host to another.

data communications

port

port.

26264

The

A

typed one the second RS-232-C tions

One of the the terminal. terminal's character provides pressed PORT mode is the lines to

normal,

(132

top of each

format standard

characters/line)

on,

page,

A data logging mode

it receives

data

terminal

prints

workspace to the destination

for the workspace

lines

otherwise lines as they

Ordinarily,

destination printer(s) played

lost.

are received.

one

device(s). SCREEN

exactly as

are copied.

EAR]

I]P

2625A BAR

tl::)

CHARTS EXAtlPLE

BAR2

VZn

8AR3

W

make it easy to draw

global

for

each

workspace,

program

The

menu.

terminal

RAM when ac

be locked to

can

present

point-to-point

both

print

2, the user can

as standard

is done by means of six

full

half-duplex configurations

and

also set any configura-

can

saves configuration

power

line

prevent

Iocal alteration

users.

if an external

or

configuration menu

the

and multipoint

features. Data

general

terminal

is off. All

If

the op-

printer is

communi-

bisynchronous) communications.

data from

If

the

it will transmit the data

workspace to one or

one

receiving

workspace is in

just

if it were

as

workspace. This allows data transfers

An external

it is not

when

options

printer is

sets to

expanded

printer provides

the

60 lines oftext,

printer

port,

as a

used

is a thermal

capable of

give

exact screen

(40

characters/line),

printing

and

can be connected

is

which

printing

data

printer

a standard

communica-

integral to

all

copies.

and

modes.

three

When RE-

blank lines at

blank bottom

Btlx11-inch sheets.

enables the terminal

on

printer.

a

When LOG TOP mode

lines as they disappear

printer(s)

are used up and the data

LOG BOTTOM causes

workspace at a time

to record all the

is

from the top of

when all display

would be

the terminal

is

copied

COPY copies the screen

it appears, so that all

windows dis-

menus

as well

from

the

of

It

also

com-

the

on,

log

to

to the

in

to

a

Fig,

5. /n

the

data base

listing bottom windowlworkspace data entry port

6 ngwrEtt-pecrARD

program

2

JoURNAL

top windowlworkspace,

from

a computer

can

attached

get

infomation

running on a second

IMARCH 1981

a user can examtne

to

port

1 , and

needed

in

for

the

computer attached

User-Definable Softkeys

a

to

When they are not being used

control, the

or user-defined functions.

pressing

by

abled

2626A's

the USER

for

terminal configuration

softkeys

can be used to

perform

The user-defined functions are en-

KEYS

key.

Each

softkey

may be

given

a definition characters. Subsequently, effect as character are defined by the ments may be the eye-catching labels tions. The ENTER Another

Sketch Forms Facility

character

the 2626,\ makes it a

drawn

and automatically softkeys the keys automatically (left,

Video

selected select them with large-character ters. With user the workspace plays hancement fields. For black background

pressing

rows

BO-displayable-character

key sets the

The HP

set to

set of keys to draw horizontal

lines

vertical

the

video

enhancement

right,

Enhancements

Video

enhancements

only by escape

the new line-drawing

can create bar

as blanks,

is users

consisting

pressing

all the

keys

on the screen label

Video

user.

embedded directly in

and more information

and RETURN

default

264X family

represent

do not

lines

cross, the

selected. The

line

type

top

and bottom)

sets have all

has

no matter what

useful

who

of terminals has

forms.

much

easier

overwrite text

desired

draws

a box around

and

sequence. The

softkeys. The

charts as shown in Fig.

the new

for password

prefer

can be

switched to

as many

of

in

its

and character

key

values

The to use this

orfields. When horizontal

correct intersection

user initially

(single,

for

or the

character

line-drawing,

been expanded

characters, for

security enhancement,

fields

black-on-white

as B0

displayable

a softkey has

definition. Two

each

softkey; the labels

set enhance-

the softkey labels

definitions. This

in

the defini-

keys

are also softkeys.

of the user

a line

sketch forms

by

set

vertical

and

character is

selects through

double

the

displayed data.

sets were

2626,{

data is

inverse

or

line.

Another

either the margins

previously

user can also

math, and

to 96

instance, the

If

6.

a

there. This

for

and

other

lettering,

video.

the same

eight-

and

allows

softkeys.

drawing

facility

providing

lines. The

bold)

and

set of

charac-

portion

it

dis-

en-

secure

the

of

French without

character The which by Roman nal

Terminal Whenever

to function. during errors munications ety oftests pattern

with

mutes

moving

is replaced

terminal

characters

setting

the eighth

extension

can

operate with

Tests

The

2626A

the

give

the user

A

more

the burn-in

found into

test facility

on each

on the thermal printer. has identification screen; the

tests can

this is

exact version

be invoked downloading tomer tomer less

All

any

perform

can

engineer

frequent

of the self-tests

problems

duce errors, such as certain

tion menus. If the terminal messages appear replacing The

the softkey labels

rest

of the screen remains visible

easily determine the error.

enabled,

the cursor.

by

provides

are

set

an HP

and Error

offers

terminal is powered

immediate

an

comprehensive

time

typing When

the letter

an

a with

eight-bit

shifted into

bit. When

is

selected

as

300A Messages

powerful

a

indication

of the terminal.

a circumflex

the letter a is

mode for

the

alternate

the

the alternate,

doing foreign processing.

set of internal

on, it

test is

the battery-powered

is

menu-driven

port.

The

integral printer

Each

information

useful

to customer

firmware

of

a diagnostic

a

test and pass

over the

and more

produce

found.

a user

Some user

attempts

that

can be displayed

engineers in

in

the terminal.

by

softkeys into

terminal

on the results

telephone,

making

efficient.

error messages indicating

operations can also

illegal

settings on the configura-

to set such a configuration,

displays an explanatory

the

on

bottom two lines

until

the message is cleared.

a

circumflex

the Hp 300A

character

foreign

characters

performs

of terminal

used by

fhis

iest logs

RAM.

The

and

allows

prints

test

ROM

in

the terminal determining

All

and do

not require

memory.

service

message. All

of the

user

so the

displays it typed, the

over it.

in

set

or

the

termi-

tests.

a self-test

mal-

production

any

data

com-

a vari-

a test

on the

of

these

A

cus-

to a cus-

calls

pro-

error

screen

can more

Foreign

pean French, are available for

operate global built into keyboard with placements

Some of the languages bility. For

LANGUAGE USASCII Swedish/F nn Danrsh/Norwegian French

German

United Kingciom

Spanish

Languages

The 2626,\

languages:

Fig. 7 illustrates

are available

has ISO

German, United

all

given

for

a

configuration

the terminal;

the special character

and the extra

example, when

sh

Fig. 7,

Speclal characters, including

Swedish/Finnish,

these languages.

language

the new language

character

Kingdom,

by

menu. AII

a user

character

provide

the

35 64 91

rct

ttfi tQI

ta

rlA tct

,Qi

sets for

and

making a selection

the language

needs only the appropriate

a mute

terminal is configured for

92

0 g

0

N

following Euro-

the

Danish/Norwegian,

Spanish. Keyboards

The

terminal

keycaps

ROM.

set

option characters.

and

overstrike capa-

DECII\IAL VALUE 93 94 96 123

uea

overstrike

is

capability is

and key

124

t

t) oeii oA

ud

otB !)

{

nt

{

characters,

set to

on the

125 126

Additional Features

Among

15

tones,

kinds

of terminal

dow

status shows the current workspace/window

speaking, another

2626A's

the

16

durations, and

humor

and

computer

features is a programmable

volume

two

are also

status

Gary Gary and attended graduating mathematics In MS University After software tems, he vrsion, included entry system velopment 26264 member

philosophy,

Recently

firm

offered.

C. Staas

Staas was

in 1969

in

degree

for

hospital information

joined

where

QA of

and

other terminals Gary the ACM

of

running,

he left HP

N/ARcH 1981 HEwLETT-pAOKARo

born

the

statistics

three

HP's

his responsibilities

various

design, and

feature

pursue

to

bell

Ievels.

Several new

For

example,

in

Dayton,

University

with a BS

1971 he

backpacking,

of

degree in

received his

from

Stanford

years

developing

Data Termina

terminals, data

firmware

design for the

and a resident

his

career

.touRNll

with

win-

config-

Ohio

Dayton,

sys-

Di-

s

have

de-

is

a

of

public

with

7

uration.

and retransmit

feature

number of spaces

rather than sending

appropriate

This makes

not understand tab characters.

and

terminal

Modify modes

pressing

is

on,

number

it

easy to create

ID identifies the terminal

allow a user to modify

it to the

host. When the

the TAB key transmits

to take the cursor to

a tab character.

backspaces

of

text files for applications

as

a line on the screen

TAB : SPACES

appropriate

the

the next tab

BACK TAB sends

a 2626A.

stop

the

tab stop.

that do

Acknowledgments

I

would like to

Prem Kapoor, for his

ager, features and continual uct. Stan and keyboard be management. ager, ham and

couragement

Telson

realized without the

Tom

Ken Blackford,

acknowledge the

contributed

hardware.

I would like to thank

Anderson,

and support.

HP 2626A

many helpful

for

striving

Products

active support

marketing manager,

product

excellence

much to the

complexity

of this

lab and marketing

of

Lance

managers,

project

suggestions on

self-test

Mills, lab manand Terry

for their en-

in

the

man-

prod-

features

cannot

East-

Displ ay Designed

by Gordon

minal. make the more

developed

thoughtful

Elements of

All user interfaces

Model. This

User product product

develops and will resorting to

arises.

tion design. feature pletely

that its use

and Command related to the tation of

user accesses the should way, and

handling

and Feedback from ment completion status back

mechanisms

is being used

tions. soon as they

C. Graham

PRIMARY CONTRIBUTION play

Station

quick

allows

important design

An

terminal

features

by

approach

the User

forms as to

has been carefully

good

a

use

the

This

Each new

be

must

consistent

Language. The

user model and

it. It is

all relate to each other

should

errors.

in

response to commands

properly

Feedback is also used to

are detected.

Station's

For

is its advanced

to the

access

goal

easy to than HP, easy

is

understanding,

product's features

operator's

area

feature and every

carefully

with the operation of

is

natural

means

by

features of a

include

the

of any command.

inspires

use.

previous alphanumeric

access

user

to the

Interface

have four elements

mental

the

how the equipment

designed,

manual

very important

is a

evaluated

to the operator.

command

is in fact a

the command

of

provisions for

Instrument.

confidence

performing

is

and

point

User

lncreased

Dis-

2626A

HP

the

of

interface,

user

features of

many

in this

Because

required

interface.

model that

model, of

or

every time

to ensure

product. The commands

in

a consistent, systematic

Feedback

tells

out errors to

project

this

in

common:

functions.

user automatically

the

naturally

part

change

all other

language

concrete

language that

aborting

from the

the user about

Proper

design

that the

the desired

which

the ter-

was to

terminal

terminals

a thorough,

the user of

If

how it works,

instead

a new situa-

total

of the

to an existing

it is com-

that

features,

is closely

represen-

commands

instru-

feed-

of

instrument

func-

the user

has

the

of

the

as

Interface

ls

Productivity

Information feedback. The central a manner that tween the

means

tion takes

display.

Application

reflected

driven configuration.

a

Screen-Labeled

Earlier terminals means fixed task associated clear

the

function

the functions, required the user

ESC key cise many of the designed terminal ease of features

willing to memorize or look

users To solve these

duced the concept of tree-structured, softkeys. The

Softkeys

instead

but upon the

tion of

displayed

current

terminal

displayed on the screen,

Fresented

promotes

user and the instrument.

can be used. Generally, the

must be tailored to the characteristics

these

of

in

two areas:

Softkey

function keys on the keyboard.

of

display.

followed by

and so were designed

use. The

of

state of the terminal.

a 2626A softkey,

function

function or cause a

This approach

was

set

functions. These escape sequences

for

use by a

result was

these terminals

problems,

2626A has

are keys that

perform

on the screen

(see

User. This is closely related to

to

issue is how to display

the most effective

guidelines

screen-labeled softkevs

provided

with

them,

Later

small.

type

to

or more other keystrokes)

one

host

computer

were used only by sophisticated

more recent terminals

extended

do not

different

many

a visual

with a

Fig. 1). A

new set of softkey

assigning a new set

thus

information in

interaction be-

Both visual and audible

form

that

26264 is mainly

to the

access to their

These keys

such as home the

was

satisfactory

terminals, with

in

escape sequences

system driving

for

compactness

many

that

up

have a dedicated

To indicate the current

representation of the

label describing the

softkey

of

escape sequences.

the

this approach.

functions

may

informa-

visual

and menu-

features by

cursor or

long as

as

many more

to exer-

rather

advanced

the

have intro-

screen-labeled

function,

depending

perform

either

labels to

offeatures

of the

had a

(the

were

the

than

func-

key is

key's

a

be

8 rEwlerr-pncrAnD JoURNAL

1981

N,4ARCH

Flg.2.

The

branch

top level

to a separate functional

of the

softkey

area

trce Each key

of the

termina!.

causes

a

Ffg.

1.

Ihe relationship Iabels.

screen

all

to

ofthe

softkeys. Each

node

of a softkey

screen-labeled

Within member, lished. letters, softkeys is labels all lower-case, area the softkey in fact, these labels the top

An wish by displaying key ing branch labels BLINK VIDEO (f5 desired asterisks

labels

positioned

is selected

the terminal family

a softkey

A

key that

while

a

labeled in

displayed at

of the terminal.

tree, often referred

a

dedicated

when

of the

softkey tree.

example will illustrate

to enhance

it in blinking

returns

the fifth

the

softkey, labeled

to

video

the

shown in Fig.

combination

appear in

to indicate

on the

enhancements.

between

set

oflabels

tree, hence

softkeys.

labeling

performs

that performs

key

lower-case

the top level

so each branches

This is

key labeled

pressed,

a certain

terminal to

enhancement

3. The

and f6)

of enhancements.

the lower

they have

screen at the

convention function

a

the functional

to as

thus

several

section

inverse video.

the top

enhance video,

keys labeled

can

then be

right-hand

been

When

the eight softkeys

can be

the name

of which

has

is

labeled in

a branch

letters. Fig.

ofthe

softkey

to a

separate functional

the AIDS

AIDS

that always

providing

points.

of text

on the CRT

Pressing

of the softkey

level

and

INVERSE

pressed

In

response

corners

selected. Next,

starting

this is

accomplished,

and their

thought ofas

tree-structured,

2626A

the

been

to a new

2 indicates

tree.

choice level

level. There is,

easy access

Suppose

then

displays the

indicate

to

of

position

capital

These

displays

screen

the AIDS

Press-

tree.

causes

VIDEO

to

these

the

cursor

for

is

estab-

set

the

are

you

and

the

this,

key

the the

pressed

SET ENHNCMNT key

is combination. To end the enhancement the at

the ending

That's all

through the entire

selecting enhancements, ond time toggles its

selection.

Contrast this

indication

were

available in

function

this have

to

and

type

position

there

to the

in

position

in

and SET ENHNCMNT is

is

to it. The

operation.

pressing

the displayed asterisk

to the older method. First

occasional user that video

the terminal

2626,\).

the

the cursor

to the desired

escape

propagate

to

the enhancement,

and type

escape & d

terminate

to memorized ence manual, of user's

a

all through user-oriented

a

softkey labels tree

of

available transitions

branching

of

interface extensive significantly

to

minal feature each softkeys guage.

ten

a

sophistication

actions

2626A

The

26264

and the

Relating

accessible

All

one) and

Fig,

it. These

found by

or

escape sequences had

looking through

either of which requires

than letting

to the desired result. It

features

are still

escape sequences. The

means of accomplishing softkey represents

labels

within

there. The

that

are

flower-case)

2626A

softkey

design leads

use

of tree-structured,

improves

into

set

is

tree

one

that

auows

possible

keys.

operation

to the following

the

user

smaller functionally

through branching

makes

for a particularly

features

ale

available

there is virtually

3.

video

Ihe

enhancement

propagate

to

softkey labels direct

If

a mistake is

the

erroneous

the selected

is

cursor

pressed.

again

the user

made when

key a sec-

placed

off, thus reversing

there was

enhancements

(the

enhance

video

key

serves

Once aware, the user would

starting

position

& d C

then reposition

the cursor

@

to be

the terminal refer-

a much higher level

the softkey labels

should be

accessible to

softkey

the same

shown in Fig.

level (or

node)

level identify

between

rows

to the

levels

four

direct the

noted that

host

the

is

tree

simply a

thing.

4. Each of the

the functions

indicate

using

areas

system

row

softkey

ofuser

conclusions. First,

screen-labeled

model by

breaking

keys. Second,

softkeys

the

areas,

simple command

with

a few

keystrokes

no syntax

level

to learn

of the softkey tree

no

of

the the

ter-

of

lan-

(of-

or

rvARcH

i98r HEWLETT-pACKARo

lounrunr

9

OEVICE

FUNCTIONS

GROUP

AIDS

MAFGINi

TAB COt

SEFVICE

WINDOW

CON

ENHANCE

VlDEO

ENHANCEMENTS

GFOUP

FORMS GROUP

memorize. Consistent

simplify

between

the shucture of tunities user. Since the softkeys information is label key keytop and

of the key. Menu-Driven Configuratlon

their designs offered total

optional

within the terminal.

either type of

a different

of their the terminal, terminal, open

strap, reassemble the terminal,

of the terminal

external switches, such as trols the terminal.

full terminal feature set accessible to all users just

accomplish inside All

the command

function softkeys and

for

functions exceeds what can

Early terminals were designed

feature sets did not

terminal market. Some

extras,

physical

a

wire

internal straps.

related meanings

remove it,

Stapping

for

data

To enhance the user

the skilled

2626A,

the

configuration

DEFINE

F

[,4ODIFY

CHAR SET

SKETCi]

FORi,,IS

DRAW LINES

DEFINE

LINES

CONF

the softkey tree

enhancing the

presented.

thus makes

features

while

switch on

jumper.

feature

set simply

The user became

To alter the straps the

the case, locate the

locate

with the

the

terminal

communications,

few, the 2626A uses a menu approach to

the

same

so

items

ffi

I

W

ffi

TF]OL

IF LDS

IG

labeling conventions

language

are tree-structured,

it easier

have a

that covered

some

Straps

The

terminal

by reading the

the strap,

turn it on,

modified

interface in

result. There are no

a user will never have to open

are selected simply

ffi

ry

F

EF

m

F

w

H

ffi

by

branching softkeys.

display of

The

use

to

great

of these were available

usually took one of two

printed

a

by modifying the

in this way,

the baud rate and duplex

ffi

ry

m

I ffi

ffi

@

ffi

5fl

ffi

visually

presents

of sixteen characters

understand

for specific

features were

could

aware of the straps

user had to

make the

and verify the operation

strap.

is

this area and

differentiating

several oppor-

information to

only

placed

be

deal ofbreadth.

portions

larger

as strap options

board or some

circuit

be made to exhibit

reference manual

board containing

and

called configuring

physical

ffi

I ffi

@ ffi ffi

further

Third,

the

relevant

a normal

on

function

the

purposes

arrangement

unplug the

adjustment,

setting

rather than

by choosing

and

Later

of the

added as

forms,

and

the

a few

con-

make the

shaps

the case.

ffi

ffi ffi

ffim ffiffi

ffi ffi

ffiffi

menu items displayed

This approach not only

mode.

tion face but also eliminates Thanks to the

reconfigure the terniinal

ble to tions.

The

to

for

terminal's

areas, each

are: configuration, 2626A

terminal configuration

datacomm configuration datacomm Global Configuration.

all

to language guages) Window the This configuration memory into windows. Terminal Configuration. given block,

alternate character sets.

of Datacomm Configuration.

with

global

configuration,

can

ports.

four virtual terminals.

(USASCII

and

Configuration.

window/workspace relationships

into workspaces and

virtual

format, etc.), handshaking requirements,

Ffg. 5.

Flg.4.

2626A softkey

labels represents one level

row of

tree and the

of the that

available

tween tions that are branching

on the CRT screen

keyboard and

relative ease of this approach

quickly

feature

its

own configuration

and datacomm configuration. Since

like four virtual

act

Contains

or one of

frame rate

menu is used to

terminal,

Ihe contigurction

is broken into

set

window configuration, terminal

menus. Similarly,

menus to accommodate the

Examples are the terminal

(50

Hz

Contains all

to

Contains

virtual

i.e.,

Contains all datacomm

level of the softkey

identify

level

rows indicate the ttansac-

improves the user

terminals,

configuration the six

60

or

partition

all items specific

terminal

The arrows be-

there.

possib/e

(lower-case)

during configura-

internal switches.

it is now

for different applica-

menu. The four areas

there there are two

international Hz). items associated

within

the

the terminal's

the CRT screen

modes

trce. Each

labels within

functions

the

using the keys.

interfeasi-

four

smaller

are

global

items

with

terminal.

(remote,

and choice

items.

trce

the

four

two

lan-

to a

10 riewrerr-pncKAnD JoURNAL

vlARcH 1981

first

One datacomm

fills

menus. Suppose that the from uration the Then, a set of tion language is a up the appropriate menu configuration Ianguage

softkey labeled NEXT CHOICE list displays the mnemonic associated with guages depressions are required to display

DANSK/NORSK changes made been changed items required Once again, language field

user through the

advanced TAB allowing

two ways. underlined, it implies softkeys are to be used to predefined not underlined, then the from

(POWER

chooses

out the configuration items for

An

example will best illustrate

USASCII to Danish. Like

menus are accessed

AIDS

key

pressing

softkey

menus in

To change

of all available languages. Each

supported by the terminal.

required in

using a similar approach. When

completed

to

Within a

the BACK

key.

quick

Values

are

the keyboard. Depressing f4

ON

from

a set of menus

protocols

returns

global

specification.

this

change

the

configuration menu the cursor can be

from field

selected

If

the

list

VALUES)

supported by

terminal

through the softkeys.

the terminal to the top softkey level.

config keys

labels allowing

the terminal

item

the cursor is

(Danish/Norwegian).

and the

are activated. Typically, this is

softkey labels combined with English-

names

operation.

access to all menu

value

values for

of

(f8)

pressing

item,

(see

on the second line of this menu

positioned (f3)

global

the

SAVE CONFIG key

any configuration item in

in

the configuration menu lead

to field with

TAB key

returns it

for

each configuration item in

field

that the NEXT

scroll

that

user types

the entire

causes

describing the

the terminal and then

particular

that the use of configuration

language is

all other

causes

access to all of the configura-

(Fig.

Fig.

configuration

of the configuration

forward/backward

field (as

features

a branch

5). Since the terminal (global

f1

6).

is used to

depression of this key

For

the desired

At

this

a single depression

to the

items.

CHOICE/PREV CHOICE

in

the choice

(DEFAULT

menu to be refreshed

various

protocol.

to be changed

the

config-

Pressing

that displays

config) brings

Note

that the

in

field

the scroll through a

one of

example,

our

mnemonic,

point

menu

all changes have

(fl) pressed,

the terminal.

our example).

VALUES)

first

is

and the

the lan-

any other

can be

all that

quickly

of

field,

one of

item

through a

directly

or

the

two

all

the

with

either

values

on

Let's guidelines softkeys, the by

dividing

unrelated helps understanding

The

very

simple. to be either

values.

of

Feedback

uration.

value

the mnemonic in directly from checked When error messages in

placed

is

If

f5

It is the user tribution.

identifier.

in

the reference tion menus, mnemonic

identifier tency with

that

may refer choices available enhances the user's in

the configuration

the

Acknowledgments

The design

the

contributions Maxine Brown key

tree and the project veloping

the default

stored

review

groups.

the user

command

modified types

erroneous

in

particularly

the above features

for

configuration

the entire

presented

items

develop

its

Once the

are

in

the new

Again,

to

the usei

When

using

of each choice

the selected field.

the

and

the consistency

the

offending field

that the configuration

In

the older

This

letter was

each

describing

parenthetically

is

older

to straps by

CHOICE/PREV

possibility

values

in

nonvolatile

designing user interfaces.

All items

on the

are always

an understanding

subfunctions.

language

appropriate

selected

value

there is

the

keyboard,

entries

the

softkey label

in

the area

schemes,

manual for

"strap"

its function.

products

to

the user are

ability

without

CHOICE

of the user interface

large

of a

developed the framework

soft configuration

manager

for

the

the softkey hee

stored in

RAM.

with respect

menus

enhance

terminal

no

takes

are

then

function

associated

same configuration

contained

used to

with

or selects from

syntax to

several forms

back via

the range

of all

detected

to

of

the terminal.

is given

included

and

letter

to make quick,

resorting

of error is greatly

number

with

on

configure

menu is

the

cursor and

learn

CHOICE/PREV

an English-language

When values

menu

the user is informed

area, and

in

aid

correcting the

presenting

menus

each

strap was

associated

an English-language

The equivalent

with existing

only. The fact

displayed

present

keys

for

the 2626A represents

people.

of

menus. 2626A, to

was instrumental

its present

ROM

the user model

set

each functional

other menus. This

of the terminal by

displayed, items

a

or

during

of

each

items

information

make a large

with its function

With configura-

to maintain consis-

at once

accurate

to a manual. Since

only

for both the

Prem

state

of

power-

or the

to the

As

with

into

smaller

menu,

while

the 2626,{

the

predefined

remember.

config-

CHOICE

the cursor is

given

applications

reduced.

In

keys

are entered

value

is verified.

error.

con-

a letter

letter

that all

greatly

changes

valid

data

particular,

soft-

Kapoor,

in

refinement.

four

the

user

list

by

de-

is

to

F)9.6.

Global terminal configuration

menu,

Gordon Gordon gramming tion He years and Californra, he MSEE California 1975 lrves

loys

C, Graham

Graham

for

joined

of experience in

design

circuit

degrees from

Los Angeles in

at

He's married,

in

San Mateo,

photography

N,4ARCH 1981 HEWLET-T-PACKARO

firmware

drd

the 26264 Display

HP in

1979 with

programming

A native

received his BSEE

and brcycling

of Covina,

the

University

1971 and

has

a daughter,

California, and en-

JOUqNN. 11

oro-

Sta-

several

and

of

SPECIFICATIONS

HP

Model 2626A

Display Station

SCREEN SIZE: 1 50 SCREEN CAPACITY:24

functiorvsottkeys or as

ol

CHARACTER GENERATION:

character cell; non-interlaced CHARACTER CHARACTER SET: Upper/lower case,

Optional math symbols,

German, Spanish and U K characters

CUFSOR: Blinking-underline, blinking-square DISPLAY ENHANCEMENTS:

REFRESH RATE: 60 Hz

PHOSPHOR: P4

TUEE IMPLOSION PROTECTION: Tension Band MEMORY: 80 characters b!,

pandable

volatile

KEYBOAFD:

1 4-key numeric Finnish/Swedish, Danish/Norwegian, French, German, Spanish,

RATE: 1 1

DATA

external Op€ration with control codes, escape sequences, above is

60 cps

PORT 1 ASYNCHRONOUS/SYNCHRONOUS INTERFAGE

RS-232-C;Iully @mpatible and/or reverse channel

Accessory

point

(13267A

U S only) TRANSMISSION MODES: Full or half-duplex, asynchronous, synchronous PORT 2 ASYNCHRONOUS/SYNCHRONOUS INTERFACE

RS-232-C; fully

channel and/or reverse channel in half-duplex CCITT V 24, control ot external

TRANSMISSION MODES: Full or hall-duplex, asynchronous, synchronous

support

OPERATING MODES

block

PARITY:

POWER REOUIREMENTS

INPUT VOLTAGE: 1OO112OV (+5o/o,

with Oplion 050 1 1 5V

POWEF

with Option 050 120W

mm x 215 mm

SIZE: 24 mm x 35 mm

to 2K bytesJeduces

contiguration

4800

HP Multipoint

Selectable;

CONSUMPTION:75W

memory

Full ASCII

pad;

auto-repeat;

1 34

0,

5,

may require CPU supplied delays or

Full

24 x 80

pods provide

first

terminal, and

compatible

printer

(BOTH

even, odd,

(6

in x 8 5 in) diagonal

lines x 80 columns

msssage/status lines

7 x 1 1

raster scan

large

characters,

Inverse video,

(50

Hz optional)

119

(banery

keyboard; eight screen-labeled

code

Data

1 50, 200, 300, 600, 1 200, 1 800,

line character screen copies in

with Bell 103A, 202ClD/S/T

in half-duplex CCITT

current

with Bell 103A modems, 202ClD/S/T modems Choice of main

polled protocol)

POFTS): On-line; off-line;

none,

(1920

enhanced dot

(094in

displayable control codes,

Finnish/Swedish, Danish/Norwegian,

lor insert

underline,

lines including a delault datacomm memory to 80 characters by

powered)

rollover;

N-key

Communications

loop (132664),

132684

daisy-chain

1

0,

General

10Ol22Ol24Ov

(+5o/",

+

1 O/o - 25%)l 230V

|

measurement 262

characters)

matrix with inlelstitial dotsi

x

138 in)

detached

handshakes Typical

V 24 hardware

asynchlonous or synchronous

10o/o)

-107o't

25th and

mode

blink, security

107 lines ) 128 bytes non-

with 1 2-m

2000, 2400,

integral

18

seconds

(50

modems Choice ol

handshaking available

terminal 3O0 Baud

(25

hardware handshaking for

character,

Hzl!5o/o')

ar 60

at 50 Hz

+ 1

Ooh,

|

mm

26th tor labeling

extended line drawing

bulfer

ksys; cursor controls;

(4

cable Optional

fi)

K keycaps

and U

4800,

9600 baud and

printer,

or baud rales

printer

PIN): EIA slandard

main

Modem 13268A

PIN): EIA standard

line modify,

( 15%)

1 5olo

at 50/60

)

(10

4 in)

x

15

9

dot

French,

(Butter

ex-

throughput

channel

mulli-

(does

line

and

Hz ( t

5%)

ENVIRONMENTAL

PRODUCT

PHYSICAL

ORDERING

not

CONOITIONS

TEMPERATURE,

+ 1 40"F)

Operating: 0 to

WITH OPTION 050:

HUMIDITY: 5 to 95%

WITH OPTION

ALTITUDE: Non-Operating:

VIBRATION AND SHOCK:

Product meets the

and/or otfice equipmont Germany-VDE,

orsPLAY

With Option 050: KEYBOARD DISPLAY

187 x 173

KEYBOARD

26264 Display Station

Option

001

0O2

003 004

005

OOO

013

O14

015

016

O5O

2O'l Malh

tDeletes

MANUFACTURING

FBEE

+55'C

Operating:

(non-condensing)

050: 5 to 80o/.

Sea level lo

Operating:

SAFETY

requirements of the

Switzerland-SEv,

SPECIFICATIONS

MONTTOR

Finnish/Swedish character

Danish/Nomegian French character German United Spanish 240V, 50

100V, 60

220V, 50

100V.

Integral

U S

WEIGHT: 16 8 k9

19 0

WEIGHT: 2 0

MONITOR

INFORMATION:

DIMENSIONS:

in);

665

DIMENSIONS:

1 19 lines display

by ooeration

character

Kingdom charactel

Language character

Hz operation Hz

operalion

Hz

oDeration

Hz operation

50

torms

8Yr-inch-wide

using

and Large Character

oPlion)

keyboard and

OIVISION:

AMBIENT: Non-Operating:

SPACE

(+32

Sea level to

Vibration: 0 38 mm Shock: 20 Type tested to original shipping

in the

(42

kg

mm D

ASCII

character set

set and

copy

includes math and

'F)

to + 1 31

+5

to

(non-condensing)

4572

g,

following countlies:

U

(37 lb)

lb)

(a

a lb)

380 mm

(262

in)

including

430 mmW

keyboald with numeric

memory, serial

set and

keyboardf

keyboardt

set and

printer,

lhermal

paper

sels

TERMINALS

DATA

East Arques

974 Sunnvvale.

-40

(+41

+40"C

15240

metres

1 1 ms, % sine

tollowing safety agencies

K

x

and keyboardt

(Standard with

Calilornia

to +104"F)

(50,000

metres

(15,000

tt) pp,

(0

in)

015

quality

for normal

container

-BSl,

190 mm O

keyboardt

Canada-CSA,

United States-U

W x 475 mm D

keyboard

x

75mm H

pad,

port,

l/O

60

keyboardt

120

characlers-per-second

any

large

character

DIVISION

Avenue

9'1086 U

tt)

to

5

shipping

80 characler $4150

Hz, 1 10

language 265

sets

S A

+60rc

to

Hz, 3 axis

55

and handling

for

EDP equipmenl

Finland-FEl,

L

x

440 mm H

(17 x 75 x 30in)

Prlces in

u.s.A.

volt

(-40

(150

265 265 265 265 zo)

1210

to

in

x

Srinivas configuration Tom for ing proper

12

Sukumar

menus. Special

Anderson

windows and

the

efforts of

operation

lewrerr-pncKARD JOURNAL

for his help

Gary

of the

performed

workspaces

Lum and

2626,{

MAROI 198j

the detailed

appreciation

in

defining

in the 2626A.

Frank Santos

deserve special

design

is

user interface

the

The untir-

in verifying

mention.

of the

given

to

Reference

1. W.M. Newman ciples of

28. McGraw-Hill

Interactive Computer

and R.F. Sproull,

Graphics, Second

Book company,

"flser Interface Design," Prin-

Edition, Chapter

York, 1979.

New

Hardware

and Firmware

Support for

Four

virtual

by Srinivas

HE

26264 DISPLAY

CRT terminal

2645A

the

ing capabilities

can function as up

video

SOS display A fast drawing characters

The 2626A represents display terminal guided r 2645A-compatible

tablished customer

that all host applications for Improvement

r

needs tage feature

r Ease

that are of the terminal's the to all terminal features. be means current Ease

r

ability.

Firmware

The

hardware memory). modularity.

firmware

sics in hardware overly burdened

The firmware

the main the keyboard intrinsics, printer features, All input is

done by

Traditionally, The for its terminal has tified:

controller chip, 80K bytes

RAM

character

its

design

the 2645A

ofincreasingly

of new

set was required.

ofuse. There

tedious

design of forms.

set by the user. Instead,

of configuring

state.

of manufacturing,

Design

terminal's feature

and firmware (microprograms

One

This is

interfaces.

the 2626A

and the

code, the

intrinsics.

thereby

processing

the main

26264 has

needs. In

rerminals

Sukumar and

with

Terminal's feature

and

dual

to four virtual

and 2K bytes

ROM

containing ASCII

is

capabilities. The following

and development:

feature

base, it

function

price/performance

in

technology, a

are many use

to

control

The HP 2626,{

of the main

achieved

The provide

main code

with the hardware

inthe

2626,\ is

operating

The

main code

providing

beyond code.

terminals

a simple

studying

perform,

to

John D. Wiese

STATION is

features

communications ports,

of

a

standard

a significant

as well as

sophisticated users

significant

and require

sequences. A

There

menus

the terminal and

reliability,

is

set

goals

firmware

the datacomm

the 26264

do not have

operating

the various

the following

that form

set.

With

terminals.

ROM, SZK

of

program

set. Because

was considered

and

useful features

provided

of the firmware

by a

the interface

so that the

divided into

system,

the interrupt

RAM for variables.

and extended line

feature.

contribution

device drivers

with the 2626A.

ratio.

enhancement

a detailed

provides

are

hardware

no

provide

and

by

stored

clear specification

modules

main code is

aspects

the display intrinsics,

intrinsics,

controls

all the terminal's

with its

an

operating

system

functions

tasks can be iden-

of

good

a combination

service routines

that

in

a sophisticated

a superset

its

window-

the 2626,4,

It

has

objectives

HP's large

mandatory

developed

To meet

and

take advan-

in

the

knowledge

example is

easier

straps

a highly visible

displaying its

easy

in

read-only

design

called intrinbetween

of the design.

six

major

personality.

is

adequate

of

a custom

bytes

of

to CRT

es-

the

of the

26454

access

to

service-

of

was

of the

the

not

parts:

and

the

system.

that the

one

r r Datacomm r r

r r

The trol the execution responding

scheduled the absence until it or YIELDing. That is, takes control away from WAITS

another task has been that fashion checked when which

or associated burst from YIELD in fore YIELDing, processed. fers YIELD

of windows display screen play

screen workspaces, able from

119 number

This workspace/window datacomm workspace. datacomm

Displ

Input from Keyboard input

Block

mode the ENTER key is hit. Device port User

ters is

A

How long

function

a burst. The

Interwoven

Each

transfers. Data is

to

devices like workspaces

softkey

processed

operating system

in

task

the 26264

or executing. If

gives

or YIELDs,

it

encounters. It

such that

give

to

with

that

processing

after

Tasks

WAIT

after

memory

window. Traditionally

memory in

is

that

B0 to 160

lines

of B0

of lines

task in

association

port

Thus

ports

ay

datacomm

output(s)

process.

processing.

when a softkey is

on

of these

to interrupts

may be in

a hardware

of

up control

the

the operating

scheduled

examines

the

the search is

control.

remains

a task

associated

but

the complete

processing

into

and

currently

with the

the terminal

to a workspace

with

I/O

devices WAIT

device have been processed.

a

datacomm

the keyboard

controlling BLOCK

this

workspaces.

that can be

a terminal

visible.

number

characters. The

characters.

available

is

established

configuration,

the 262.6A

and the

Station

port(s)

A block

to the operating

operating system

last

certain fixed

one line

multitasking

of

data

transferred from

and

A user-defined

the HP 2626A

tasks as the

from its I/O ports.

one of three

a

is

task

currently executing, in

interrupt it

an

executing task. After

system looks

and

all tasks in a round-robin

task executed is

made to find

in

control

the

task.

after all

process

tasks

YIELDs

mode and device

data transfer is

of display memory.

A

workspace

associated

a workspace

and a window is

The 26264,

of columns in

total in

As the line

decreases

is

can

keyboard

proportionally.

associated

through

and

the keyboard

process

simultaneously.

is

transmitted when

the

datacomm

printers.

string of charac-

pressed.

is

designed to con-

system

executes the

depends For

number

after each character

system

width increases

which

(terminal)

states: waiting,

remains in system by WAITing

never

another task

example, all

the characters in

But

256

done. But

with

has four possible

each configur-

all workspaces is

with a workspace.

inputs

control

specifically

the task

to

first

the last

the

on

device

these tasks

characters

of

characters be-

is

the concept

is

a block

a display

is

all of

the 24-line

the

terminal

can attach

to another

from

is

if

see

one

task

to

tasks

trans-

they

of

dis-

the

a

both

a

I\,4ARCH

198l

HEWLETT.PACKARO

IOUNNII.

13

--)

FBRr

VDF HDF

Flg.1.

The 2626A display section

is controlled by the

(VCC).

chip grated

sectrbn

This large-scale inte-

citcuit makes the display

very

simple

video

conttol

Terminal

The display

video controller

ory. into them. operate device device the character involves displaying function associated classified

r r r r r r

Intrinsics

intrinsics are designed

(see

These also

have the workspace/window

point

At any

the currently

on

becomes active,

gets

activated

is executed

into six major

of

cursor

of of

functions

Configuration Configuration Screen Display Control of Display memory

page

article,

in

the

and the

character

the

it. The display

with

16) and the

all the

time

workspnce.

active

workspace

function

in

workspace,

that

or executing

groups: workspaces windows

like

scrolling

movement

partitioning, allocation

tion.

The

keyboard

that the

various Swedish, supported keyboard. dependent tions and data

The

datacomm

intrinsics are completely

keyboard options

French, Spanish and

in

addition to

The keyboard

Katakana keyboards

the

standard

intrinsics

aspects of the keyboard

needed

by the main code.

intrinsics

provide

like the

from

the main code and the datacomm character That is, the main code does whether the current datacomm point context area that The

same code can ports

interface independent of the current

not have to know

configuration

or multipoint.

point-to-point

is

configured

The datacomm code operates

is

up during terminal

set

is completely

driver

be used

as a

for

ports

both

printer port.

interface

to

with the

display

concepts

functional

intrinsics

Whenever

associated

to be

with that

performed

whether

control

the

inbinsics can

and dealloca-

table-driven,

Danish,

German,

typewriter-style

isolate the

the

interface between

the

hardware-

logical opera-

hardware. This

protocol.

at any

point-to-

is

using a

configuration.

reentrant so that the

when one of the

even

mem-

built

can

U.S.

is a

point

print

The

face, which

the

sent to printer video

controller

can

screen

a

printing printhead.

by

blank characters

it

Hardware Design

be

To

meet manufacture, printed terminal

interconnections,

of terminal easy

nal can

replaced.

The

so

be

terminal sections: datacomm section.

vice chosen

input/output oriented MCC1 called the and outputs.

program

The words) stack

and

and terminal cluded. is off.

The datacomm

ports. Port 1

half-duplex,

or

in

mechanism

used

26264 has a dot

the

requires that all character dot

printer

from the main

are the same character

to display

printed.

be

the characters

of

Thus some

goals

the

The

optimization

print

to

and

of reliability, serviceability

code. The dots sent to the

dots that are used

the data.

Thus

printer

as well as the

in both

the terminal elechonics

This

power

supply,

structure

minimizes the

circuit

boards: the

logic boards.

increasing reliability and making

to build and service.

be easily

isolated and the

Any

faulty module

logic board can be divided

its memory, the two

the microprocessor

and

interfaces, the keyboard scanner,

The microprocessor

for its speed, low

is a 16-bit HP CMOS SOS de-

power

instruction set.

MCs, which

memory consists

tK words of static

frequently used

for

configuration,

powered

It is

section

supports

point-to-point

by a battery

synchronous

has TTL

of ten

RAM, which

variables.

a 256x4-bit

when the terminal

consists

of two

or

multipoint

or

inter-

by

the

on the

be

information

everything

intrinsics control the

position

of the

is done to skip over

directions.

and ease

of

are on only three

the

sweep,

and

number

the

problem

in a termi-

quickly

four major

into and the display

dissipation,

is

It

a modified

compatible

64K-bit

ROMs

is used

preserve

To

CMOS

RAM

and

inputs

(a0K

for the

the

in-

is

power

identical

nearly

asynchronous,

full-

communica-

14 rewurr-prcKARD

JoURNAL

MARoH

1981

protocols.

tions

external

300 baud full-duplex, point-to-point quires

more control tocols, both that a single firmware ports.

Both

It

provides power

also

datacomm

pods

modem). Port 2

lines

ports

appear identical

ports

use a universal

(current

supports

datacomm. Although

to support its additional

driver

can be used

nous receiver/transmitter (USART)

face

chips to

To relieve ning the keyboard, the microcomputer. It

16 input/output

programmed

It is bouncing a key has been both the keycode

and

control). Each either also be locked processor over, so Iost. Besides a

small speaker in

tion of the

provide

the MCS

an RS-232-C

of the time-consuming keyboard is

1K

has

lines

bytes

and an

to scan the

changes

in

the state

pressed,

and the

it

interrupts

state of the

key can be

slow

or

when

fast,

or nonrepeating. Individual

so

out

pressed.

will

they

The scanner

overlapping keystrokes

scanning

the

keyboard, the

the keyboard.

programmable

are

tone

of

eight-bit

keyboard, detecting

of all keys. When it finds

programmed

not be reported

of a

The

from

to support a family

loop,

multipoint, and

only asynchronous,

Port 1

to

the microprocessor

to service both

synchronous

asynchro-

and appropriate inter-

interface.

task of scan-

scanned by a

ROM,

interface

single-chip

64 b],'tes

to the MC5.

of

RAM,

and

the MC5

qualifier

and reports

keys

to be repeating,

keys can

to the main

provides

fast

N-key roll-

typist will

not be

scanner also drives

frequency

the main

and

dura-

processor.

re-

pro-

so

de-

that

(shift

ables its

of

memory.

a

signal to the

The

tested and repaired.

the

terminal is on the person replacing board is

Acknowledgments

Prem provided intrinsics

Hill.

fohn system. Brodie

ing it

and

thank

Reference

1.

B.E. Forbes, "Silicon-on-Sapphire

High-Speed

A|trLI 7977.

address

The VCC

terminal processor

CRT. The

to a

this component

replaced

Kapoor

a lot

were written

wrote

/anelle

bus

then

MCs

that

An

turned

error

particular

with

was

the

guidance

of

Grant Head

Keast

and Bill

printer

the

Bedke

and

Single-Chip

and

on. Any

socketed

enables

cycles

the operation

board

extensive

messages generally

does

a new

project

to the lab

by Chris

was

intrinsics.

Ed Tang

Processor,"

the

memory

is

designed

self-test is run

detected

component

fix

not

the

one.

manager

team.

Vandever,

responsible

Rytand

helped

We would

for

their

Technology

Hewlett-packard

MCb

complete.

errors

to address

and

to be

whenever

are displayed

point

the repair

that

has failed. If

problem,

for

the 2626,{

The

datacomm

Sara Hilbert

for

the

operating

him in

also

contributions.

the

returns

easily

then

the

and

design-

like

to

produces

Iournal.

a

Display Section

The

display section is

be

displayed, vertical and

supplying

sending the necessary video,

drive signals

croprocessor for block

diagram

The display control The VCC RAM,

which is used

of the display

section is

(VCC)

chip

controls and refreshes

character ROMs access time character

(upper-

set characters) and set.

Optional sets include

The VCC display

memory and memory by characters begins

fetching address. character and

address for by

VCC,

the character hancements

When

update

the addresses RAM.

The VCC

VCC

does not need

t50

of

The

sets.

and lower-case

an extended

reads its

the MC5. The pointer

to be displayed.

characters

As each

the character

the character ROMs.

then

ROMs. The VCC

and

the MCS

pointer

the desired location

holds

during horizontal

responsible for

to the sweep

character

use by

the optional

dot

to

information

section is

based

on the CMOS SOS video

described in

the article

the

to store

are 3zK-bit

ns. Each

2626A

data and CMOS SOS

pair

of

has the full rZ8-character

Roman, line

numerals

drawing set as its

math and

configuration information

also reads

pointer

a

list

VCC

The

picks

and their

is

word

read from

set select bits

The

enhancements

the dots for

the character

modifies

shifts them

needs

lists

to use

vertical

or

out to

the sweep.

to access the

read

or to

off the MCS

or

as

though

until the next

the display memory

retrace).

storing

the data

horizontal

refresh

the

display,

to the

thermal

shown

16Kx16-bit

printer.

in Fig.

page

on

dynamic

enhancements. The

devices with

ROMs

contains two

ASCII

and control

standard

large

characters.

from

Iist

stored in

points

to rows

pointer

up

a

enhancements

at that

display memory,

are used

are

are read from

the dots with

the en-

display memory

write

data,

it

were

it

simply

normal

time the

(usually

The VCC

then

and mi-

1.

1.6.

an

the

of

and

the

as an

read

the

to

dis-

to

A

Srinivas Sukumar Srinivas Sukumar gree

rn

electrical engineering toria Jubilee bay in 1973 and his MS trical

engineering State University in 1975 Aftertwo of software design tion

systems, contributed to the the 2626A Display

project

manager with HP's

nals Division Born rn Bombay,

is

married and now California He dening,

John D. Wiese Born in received ford the sign and the 2313A Analog/Digital tem, the 22404 Processor, board and selttest Display manager with HP's sion, ing, has California

and table tennis

Norman,

his BSEE

University in

year

same

for

the 25704

hardware

Station, He's now

John enjoys

the

and two children, and

received

Technical Institute

degree

from

Washington

for

medical

joined

he

enjoys

He's

and Measurement and and

study

HP in

firmware

He's now

Statton,

Data

lives

in Sunnyvale,

racquetball,

Oklahoma,

1969 and

design of the

Data Terminals Divi-

volleyball,

of

John from

degree

done hardware Coupler/Controller

firmware

code

for

a

wine

He's married,

lives in

joined

backpack-

his BE de-

from

informa-

1977 and

design

Srinivas

Subsys-

design

Control

processor the 26264

proiect

Palo Alto,

Vicin Bomin

elec-

years

of

a

Termi-

gar-

Wiese Stan-

HP

de-

for

I.,4ARCH

]98l

HEWLETT-PACKARO

IOURNNT 15

A Silicon-on-sapphire

Integrated

Controller

Video

by

Jean-Claude

2626A DISPLAY

HE

sonality

display

tant

legibility

ter

blank

and

requirements

Other

low cost,

In

operating

and

support of

at a 24.90-kHz

rate was chosen.

inscribed within fully

encoded so

dot space

for

The screen

The

display

tiguous

screen upper screen, easily done

demarcation

Roy

seen through

is best

design

quality, hardware-supported

and

filling,

by

and

are ease

power

low

these

The

character

a 9-dot-by-15-line

individual dots

that

increased character

format consists

may be configured so

rows starting

and the remainder

having the

row

that

indicates

This allows flexible and

ing into logical blocks. firmware reserves

bottom two rows

Horizontal

lower

or the upper and

lower window screen count these and the ware to divide

To ease the

programmable demarcation

user, a

the by firmware. This line

position,

its

and

the upper

for the softkey

screen splitting

can

screen

demarcation

the screen

task of discriminating

coincides with the demarcation

thickness,

STATION'S

multifaceted

its display'

very

objectives

horizontal

are

and

manufacture,

of

vertical

consumption.

objectives

line

a raster-scan

rate and a

is 7 dots

size

cell.

Interstitial

can be shifted

resolution.

26 rows of

of

any number

that

from

top

the

lower screen.

the

2626A firmware set

where

the

efficient

vertical

In normal operation

24 rows

for

labels.

within either the

be

by configuring

done

parameters. Using

possible for

it is

row

four independent

into

between

line can

and intensity

impor-

The

high

charac-

windowing

scrolling.

reliability,

displayl

25.7775-MHz by

1 1

scan

lines

dots

one-half

B0 characters.

of con-

constitute

This

value for the

a

is to occur'

split

partition-

screen

26264

the

user and the

the

upper screen the display's

firm-

the

windows.

windows

be

turned

are controlled

per-

dot

are

the

for

on

row,

by

means

appropriate

of right border may Ieft and right activated on

windows.

a row basis

further screen

The two types are a blinking Cursor

are

cell words. visually

internally comparing

by for each

multivibrator

underscore

blinking,

type,

all

selected

Moving the cursor

easier

frame and

if

The display system

blink, underline,

enhancements.

is

ting capability from white-on-black to

of 1 2B characters each

character

sets Finally, an internal dot and can be during through

invoked to simplify

manufacture.

configuration

configuration constants.

be

turned

on at the

Finally, a bottom border

for

splitting

in the

of cursor supported

and a

and underscore

by

firmware through

the

inhibits

to track

for the terminal

the old and

firing a blink-inhibiting

they differ.

supports ten

inverse video, half-bright,

In

addition,

allows

a

the user to change the

black-on-white

crosshatch

tcrminal setup

All of these

parameters

memory.

To make this display system

felt that

integration

was mandatory. Since

available CRT controller exists with this

repertoire

Iarge was

developed.

2626A's

display system are

exception

of

features, a

of

new

All the circuits

included in

a crystal oscillator, character

Similarly,

interface

between the

may be

each

window to

allow for

vertical direction.

full

character

by

the display

position

system

cell rectangle.

within the

cursor control

its blinking to make

This is

user.2

new cursor

done

positions

digital one-shot

combinations of

and

the

security

full-screen background set-

entire display

vice versa. Four

or

be

can

accommodated.

pattern generator

and alignment

features are available

and entries

practical

video

required

in the display

reliable,

and

no

commercially

flexibility

control

chip

to support the

the chip

ROMs,

it

(VCC)

with

display

was

and

the

a

it

16

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Fig. 1.

Block diagram

(VCC).

chip

control locked state

ers are driven

from

lines are control Daths)

the

display

machines and

parameters

by

memory

of the

Several

video intet-

count'

read

(black

memory, sweep circuits,

The reasons complexity of have required ages and This logic Custom about

integration

29

The decision

sapphire

power,

low Video

ControlChip

VCC

The firmware used not only products

for integration are compelling.

this

approximately

775

used

have

would

of board

cm2

to

(SOS) process3

static operation,

has a

to allow a

in

without hancement and all DMA

capability.

VCC is implemented as a hierarchy of

The

machines and counters

state

The

master

parameters

block diagram of the

sequencer,

control simplified

the overall operation master sequencer generator configuration

representing

information from the sequencer controls dow counter, reads the and loads the

raster-defining

sent screen

activity pointers

and the memory controller.

hard

configuration

values into the chip's

rows

and columns

the master sequencer

and characters ing horizontal retrace per

frame cycle and cursor

The address ing range of performs ing, hard

goes

it

reads

position

toK words. Under

the operations

and

memory

soft

display

through

such dynamic

and

counter is

configuration

a delay

chip, the equivalent

22o

of

cm2

six-layer

dissipated

resulted

in

one component

area and dissipates

implement the

based on SOS's

was

and reasonable

flexible

variety

the

of screen

26264

structure

but also

any redesign.

processing,

dot

driven

from

read

a complex state machine,

VCC. The algorithm of

the

of

is driven

both by

the current state ofthe

the address

area of the

parameters

(see

from

the display

it

controls memory

a soft

vertical

the

14

bits

row

of

refreshing, and the addressing

memory areas.

The memory controller arbitrates

shared

out the

display

memory.

processor access only during processor ted by the use

cessor accesses. dates,

processor following

The video

processors.

mation

command the

processor, mechanism is

of this

Another

involves blanking

desires the memory until the start of the

release of the

the

logic consists ofseparate dot

These accept the character enhancement

read from information read from processors generate

In

normal operation

during on-screen columns

horizontal and vertical retrace. Under

VCC

may allow itself to

which causes screen

interleaving

the

use, helpful

the entire frame

memory.

the display

memory and the character dot

the character

the two

line, and a bus switch.

Given the

TTL logic would

in

integrated circuit

printed

approximately

circuit

15

that requires

900

only

VCC in HP's silicon-on-

high speed,

density.

configurable

formats. Thus

in

It

supports

it may be

terminal

other

character en-

and has its own

interlocked

by

configuration

shown

from the

memory.

in

the display VCC is

qualifiers

screen

firmware.

counter, the

registers.

such as the

1). During on-screen

Table

coordinates the

The master

vertical win-

At

chip

display

These repre-

number of

fetching of

turn-on

memory

memory and dur-

refreshing, Once

configuration

information

window

wide,

master sequencer

pointer

processor

housekeeping

the current

as

width.

giving it

an

control

and character

access of the

VCC

the

and allows

preemp-

be

blanking. One

VCC and

of

for

whole-screen

from

the time

and enhancement

ROMs.

video

Together these

signals

representing

pack-

board.

watts.

mW'

by

built-in

and

A

Fig. 1.

controls

the

raster

by

and

it

address-

it

fetch-

the

of

locks

pro-

up-

the

frame

infor-

Hexadeclmal

Address

VHRC

0

1

AC

2

CHDR

SHDR

3

(0)

4

SR

5

(0)

6

(0)

7

(0)

E 9

ssL

(0)

A

(0)

B

c

RL

10

cRow

11

ccoL

12

cc

DC

13

DLC

14 15

SLD

16

SLOR

17

DR

1E

ESL VR

19 1A LSEA 1B USEA

1C

LSHM

1D USHM

1E

LSVW

lF

USVW

2cl22

(0)

23

(0)

24

full-bright the sweep

The dot

and

assembly.

timing

25.771.5-MHz internal by the

timing

video logic's

t

I

Row

Pointer

List

I

t

Fig. 2.

The display

pointer

a

Variable Active Columns Clear Set (not Number of

(not (not (not

Starter (reversed

(reserved Scan

Cursor Row Cursor Column Cursor Control Display Control Demarkation Demarkation Line Starting Demarkation

Demarkatlon End Vertical Retrace

Lower Upper Screen Lower Upper Screen Lower Scre€n Upper Screen

(ol

(not

(reseived tor testing)

(reserved for testing)

half-bright

generator

rate clock.

dot

including

parallel-to-serial

memory

list, and the

Table I

Hard Contiguration

Horizontal Retrace Columns

Horlzontal

Horizontal Drive Signal

used)

Visible Screen ussd) used) used)

Lines

Scan

for testing) tor testing)

per

Lines

Soft Configuration

Line Control

Row Scan Row

Lines

Scan

Screen

used)

bit streams,

Constants

Drive Signal

Row

Constants

Llnes

Enhancement

Hardware Mask

Vertical

vertical Window

which

is driven

provides all of

It

the high-speed

converters.

t +

I I

ns two conf

contai

rows of characters

Rows

Scan Line

Lines

Assignment

Window

go

directly

the

clocking

Last screen

rirst screen

required

Pointer Triad

Triad

Pointer

gurction

i

to be displayed

the

by

VCC's

It also

Row

now

arcas'

to

1981 HEWLETT-PACKARO

I\,4ARCH

IOUNruNI

17

supplies the external

the

and line memory strobe).

and represent much be specific

generator keeping tions

United States frame rate and

judiciously

cal

lines

both constant

scan between 50 Hz terminal configuration, the firmware modifies

stants

frame, the raster

operating totally eliminates the need for switches and

character ROMs. The 2626A

driven by

RAS and CAS

The raster generator

vertical

firmware-configured

retrace

window counters. These

configuration required

during

cycles. By

are used

selecting

and by

possible

it

is

rate. Frame

in

the

soft configuration table.

at

the new

Display Memory

The display

It

is implemented in

bits. standard static

dynamic

RAM,

Fig,3.

PROM,

Photomicrograph

timing

needed

a synchronization signal to

signals

consists

VCC's

the

of

the

way

in the

padding to

vertical

rate selection is

60 Hz. When

and

generator

jumpers.

flexiblity, allowing

for a variety

hard

and

of example, two

26264

the

appropriate line counts for

select either rate

centering

responds

frame

Organization

memory

may

be either

the 2626A by means

RAMs.

It

could also be

ROM, provided

or

for

uses

(row

the

of

is loaded

soft

to

select

the 50-Hz

frame with

the

and

seen

change is made to the

a

Beginning

rate. This

the usual

4K

video control chip

of the

the display memory

an

external

generate the

and column address

column,

configurable counters

of applications.

into

configuration

screen

between

European

dummy

and

still maintain

a constant horizontal

by

the user as

to the new

type of flexibility

or 16K words

implemented in

that the

delay

line,

the chip

raster

the

house-

configura-

60-Hz

the

rate.

verti-

a choice

two

on the

values

plethora

by 16

industry

of

system

row,

The

By

scan

connext

by

tim-

ing

requirements are

lowest system

cost

memories must be

For

this

part

of

four

successive

refresh register is

for

this

to the display memory for refreshing the

on a real-time

is allocated

to

contents. cycles as scan line seven-bit counter

Access done cessor tical retrace and may

block

large promise

transfers.

between

availability.

The display memory contains the two configuration

pointer

the

areas, displayed.

Fig. bottom starting at address 0 This is read again.

L016

to

once at chip

The soft

address 2416

the dynamic screen

pointer

of

The

per

words left

window characters,

characters,

list

configured screen

and bytes represent the row's left ing

and right

hardware blank

pointers

The implement scrolling, row pointer memory. valid vwite

can address

It is

the responsibility of the firmware to build

and consistent

the display memory nor does it know

to

really is.

The character

bits

seven bits

of selection. firmware be

set

bits on

requires the bits

tion

ASCII

of

character

The remaining three bits

for

26264 features. Mask registers

to disable

a half-screen basis. These are used

The logical length

from

rows will be This is pointer Shorter

physical

its

off-screen

accomplished

redefine

to

rows

may be blank-filled by

expense of display memory.

use the row's

could much of the row hardware blanked.

VCC

lmplementation

Fig. 3

shows a micrograph

labeled.

blocks

in the

speed

is 4.9

stored in

critical circuits

mm by 5.8 mm).

Iatches

Dymamic

met.

full-screen

for periodically

reason

the

memories

displays.

refreshed to

performs

VCC

However,

explicit refresh

its horizontal retrace activities.

columns

kept as

cycled. An internal

are

part

of the address

purpose.

with

basis

during both horizontal

access

to lock out the

elect

line buffering.

no

video

This represents a reasonable

memory

list,

2

shows

configuration

cost, bandwidth, and memory

and

the

rows

of characters to

the data structure used.

is

hard configuration area.

the

turn-on

and

is

never accessed

area is located from address

and

is

read

once

per frame

parameters.

at location 25tu and

starts

contains three

row. These are a

pointer

a

two

concatenated

number

window areas,

of

characters

the right window

to

end-of-data

to display in

respectively, before

filling.

may

entries

manipulated

be

insert,

entire

the

structure

data

in

display

the firmware to

by

and

16K

memory

functions. Each

other range of the display

the VCC

since

each

representing the character

enhancement,

and

two bits

for

reserved by

are

in

the enhancement and

reassigned

be

to

row

a

of

of characters may

length on the screen.

until they are

in

firmware

is

what

to be displayed

character

ifa

chip's applica-

to a different

Portions

scrolled

altering

by

in

firmware

the

Alternatively, the firmware

end-of-data

to display, with the

The

chip's

connected to

byte,

which

remainder

VCC with the

of the

logic is

The

designed

while

minimizing area

configuration constants are

internal 16-bit

an

represent the

these

preserve

their

Once

per

CRT

pro-

The

ver-

and

system

for

com-

be

At

the

to update

pointer

bytes.

to the

These

the

start-

cannot

how big

consist

of

itself, four

character set

the

the VCC may

set select

purpose.

be

different

longer

of

into view.

row's

the

the window.

at the

indicates how

be

to

principal

for maximum

(the

die

bus

data

is

a

it

18 rgwrerr-pncrARD

JouRNAL

l\,4ARcH r981

and clocked

by the master sequencer.

used as a stimulus bus

package

and

The D-type flip-flops The chip

simultaneously speed.

A circuit may

easy. arbitrary amount of

sort.

internal state machines

and

is

entirely

allows

Static

operation

time without

Physical Description

packaged

VCC is

The substrate fits place

substrate mW

measuring

into

a special

with spring clips.

and a temperature

power level at which it

4.4

zero-insertion-force socket

The same

when the

chip

is

tested at

are implemented

PLAs

fprogrammable a feature

static,

low

power

of

dissipation and

makes testing of this chip

be

to a state and

set

on a 64-pin

4.7

cm by

Heat

dissipation

rise

of

loss

cm

of

Ieadless

(Fig. +).

10"C is

information.

typical

operates.

data bus

wafer sort

using

logic arrays).

CMOS/SOS that

high

relatively

This

for an

ceramic

package

is held

left there

square

and

is through the

at the 900

Acknowledgments

is

No LSI chip numbers to all Vancouver

people

of

them. Special thanks

of

Division) for Stan Moriya for developing programs. Frank tion

Mention must also be

Wilson at the Cupertino Integrated

for

all their help in

References

1.

J.C.

Packard

2.

f.C.

hancement," United

in

3. B. Forbes,

"A

Roy,

|oumal, fune

Roy,

"Display

"Silicon-on-Sapphire

Speed Single-Chip

1.977.

design

can be

done

without

the help of large

and organizational entities. My thanks

go

David Parks

to

(now

his design contributions and

the test and characterization

made of Al

Desroches

Circuits Opera-

getting

High-Resolution

VCC into

the

Raster Scan Display," Hewlett-

1975. Apparatus Having Improved

Patent No.

States

3,967,266,

fune

Technology Produces

Processor,"

Hewlett-Packard

Journal,

HP's

at

and

production.

Cursor En-

29, 1976.

High-

April

to

Fig.4. The

substrate

packaged

is

VCC

measuring

44 mm bY

a 64-pin

on

47 mm

leadless

ceramrc

manager with

IEEE and a

married

interested

registered

lives in

and

in

I

t

*

HP's Data

Terminals Division,

professional

San Jose, California

gourmet

art,

cooking,

Jean-Claude

Roy

A native of Montreal, Canada, Jean

work

his

did

undergraduate

versity

of California

in 1970 with a

his MSEE

ceived

Unrversity gree

f

rom the

in

1979 With responsible 54074 Scintigraphic the organization

at Davis,

BSEE

degree,

degree

in 1974 and his MSCS de-

University

HP

since

for

software design

Data

logic design of

and 2640A Terminal's display, definition, design, ship of the

video

and

control

26264 Display Station

the

at

graduating

He

from

Stanford

oi Santa Clara

he's

1970,

lor

Analyzer,

for the

and

project

leader-

for

chip

pro1ect

Now a

he's a member of

engineer

He's

real

estate,

in

California

avid

an

and

Jean

reader and

raising dogs.

Roy Uni-

re-

been

the

lor

the

is

198r HEWLETT eACKARDlouRrunl

tvARCH

19

SC-Cut

Quartz

Oscillator

lmproved Performance

Offers

This compact

precision

oscillator

frequency

packaging provide

warmup,

J.

by

time bases for

ers, for synthesizers lators for radar

The is a component quartz stable

strument or system source trally

Intended HP 10544A/B/C improvements in

Phase

15

to noise applications where

multiplied

better

Robert

IGH-STABILITY nents oscillators serve as time bases for frequency

new HP Model

10-MHz

for

applications

pure

signal,

as a next

noise.

The

lower

dB

is becoming

up

stability, and

Burgoon and Robert L. Wilson

in

many instruments and

navigational

and

spectrum

and

communication equipment.

10811A/B Crystal

signal. It

designer

requiring a low

or both.

generation plug-in

Oscillator, the 10811A/B

almost all areas

phasc

noise floor of

than the

to some higher

older

more and

reference

the

is

designed to

source.

lower

OSCILLATORS are key compo-

oscillator that

power

systems,

analyzers,

is

designed

with a frequency

of

1O544AlBlC

more important,

oscillator

frequency.

New

technology

consumption,

lower

replacement

performance.

the

phase

systems.

frequency sources

and local oscil-

Oscillator

puts

out

provide

to

reference or

aging rate,

offers significant

10811A/B

Oscillator.

especially

output

Frequency multi-

serve as a built-in

and

faster

noise.

Such

count-

(Fig,

highly

a

an in-

a spec-

for

is

10

Phase

must

the

dB

in

be

1)

IN

Lr

I

-120

o

-

130

a

E

6

-

140

q, o

z

-

150

o

6

o-

-

160

Fig.2. Typical 1

processes

10

1 AIB

081

responsib/e for

100

Frequency

phase

notse

overall

the

1k 10k

(Hz)

plot,

showing

phase

norse

lhe

nolse

Fig.

1.

The new 1081 lAlB 10-MHz component quartz

crystal

proved

leatures

consumption

provide

a choice

gewrerr-pecKARD

20

oscillator for

cut and a new circuit

including lower

than

JouRNAL MARoH 198l

instruments

deslgns Two models, A and B,

Crystal Oscillator

and

design

phase

noise

methods

systems

give

it many

lower

and

is a

A

new

im-

power

plication 20

for every decade

dB multiplying the will

cause typical 10811A18 straight noise

the

Time domain stability.

vided stability is measured over intervals stability stability, also specification an oscillator must be adjusted to keep

within useful

application. an automated system until

5x10-10/day over a three-day

and is term

10544A/B/C

main

lines drawn

processes responsible

oscillator.

into long-term

is measured

Short-term

a type

specifications

stability

phase

causes

a 34-dB increase in

called aging

in

many applications.

limits, which vary

At the factory,

stability is

of noise

specifications. Fig. 3 shows a

measurements

noise

of

10-MHz

output of

phase

noise

through the data

Tirne

and short-term

over

closely

measurement.

are factors

sidebands to increase

and

multiplication.

the

phase

plot.

for

the overall

dornain stability

intervals

frequency drift,

or

depending

all

oscillators

their

period.

related to

of

of two

For

example, 10811A/B noise. Fig. 2

The slopes

indicate

regions. Long-term

days, and

of

of seconds.

It

determines

its

aging

The 10811A/B's

2

to 33 better than the

10544B

to 500

the different

phase

is

short-term Long-term

is

how

absolute

frequency

on the specific

monitored in

are

is

less than

frequency

plot

of time do-

Oscillators and

shows

of

noise of

often

the key

by

MHz

a

the

di-

often

jitter

short-

1 o-7

1

o-E

F

1

o-s

.9

1o-10

G

o

o g

Cl

1o-rr

E 6

o

o 3

12

10-

F

13

10-

oo

0.01 0.1 Measurement

Fig.3. Time domain

Nvo 10811A

10811A Oscillators.

two Warmup. warmup

time specification

10811A/B compared cillator. lator

Warmup time

oven is within 0.05 instruments, where

power

and

warmup time

warmup time,

10811A/B

the

100 Hz low compared

only This allows

locked Oven the

25"C

105448.

10811A

Low

job

loops.

power,

10811A with that of

10811A requires

the

Power

in

oven

much easier, especially

Oscillators

The 10811A/B

20 minutes

to

is defined

the time

Hz

and

of the

turn-on

battery

quick

warmup

is likely to

latter usually dominates.

the

is

its frequency

that

faster lock-in

Fig. 4

compares

consumptions

air are also shown

still

power

makes the

be much shorter

Temperature coefficient.

affecting the oscillator

tor

10811A/B is specified to

temperature

than the older

mance comparison shown

10 100

1.0 (seconds)

Time

r

(short-term) measurements

stability

105448's

two

and

Oscillator

in half:

as the time

when the

operating

weight must

are crucial.

just

1 kHz low

to

instruments

for

the steady-state

105448, both

a

less than one-half

of

instrument or system

portable

for

(an

older design).

105444/B/C

the

cuts

10 minutes

for the

10544A/B/C

for the

between

frequency

output

portable

frequency.

In

be minimized,

instrument

the

Since

the oscillator

than

A

benefit

side

turn-on

oven

after

for

10544A/B/C.

the

using

power

oven

in moving

power

the

10544A and

the

Fig. 4 for 25t only.

in

designer's

applications.

oscil-

phase-

air.

of

The dominant environmental

frequency

be

three

10544A/B/C. The actual

Fig. 5 is

in

is temperature.

less sensitive

times

more striking.

even

perfor-

of

Os-

low

of

At the the

fac-

The

to

Flg.4.

with that of the

tomatic

but more

stant, prevent tal drive ture of a thermistor rately controls

8x 1 0-e

4

o

6

o

o o

f C'

o

r

It

o

.;

E o

z

6x

4x 10-s

2x 10

-2x10-s

-4x10-s

-6x

is

1 A

1081

-20

-40

Sfeady-state

gain

control).

Ambient

0

Temperature

oven

10544418

The AGC holds

important, holds

frequency changes

level.

The

oven

controller

embedded

the temperature

10-e

40 60

20

(oC

Moving Air)

power

10811A compared

of the

the output

crystal current constant

variations

by

caused

monitors

in

the oven

mass and

by applying

level con-

to

in

the crys-

the tempera-

accu-

power

to

the

Oscillator

Fig.

The oscillator

page operation.

Design

6 shows

a block diagram of the

loop

22) which The buffer stage

the output stage

output

effects.

The buffer stage also drives

10811A/B Oscillator.

includes a LO-MHz SC-cut

is mode-suppressed

transfers

to allow only

the 10-MHz signal

while isolating the oscillator

crystal

loop

the

C-mode

AGC

(see

from

(au-

to

-8x

10-s

Flg.5.

sensitlve

-40

new 1 081

The

to ambient

-20

0

TemPerature

Ambient

1 AIB

Oscillator's

temperature

rvlARcH 1981 HEWLETT-pAcKARo

than the older

40 60

20

(oC)

frequency

much /ess

is

105448's

.touRuer 21

SC Cut,

The

by Charles

Brief Summary

a

A. Adams and

John

Kusters

A.

Quartz crystals oscillators are various

angles

AT and BT,

is rotated

crystal then fore

A doubly-rotated

cut.

cutting.

The SC latorwas the TTC

introduced

(thermal cut Many and

the most-often-aired

for

lrom large

cut

with

the crystal

single-rotation cuts, which

are

about one of

(stress

compensated) cut used

in

transient compensated) and

papers

extolling its

a doubly-rotated crystal, which adds to its ing. However, HP has

'1965,

so the SC

A brief

AT

of

and

Suoerior

Fast

cut did not

comparison

BT crystals is

Qualities:

SC warmup. No

frequency

use

as

pieces

crystal

November

virtues

complaint

making

been

present

properties

of the

follows.

as

frequency

determining elements

quartz,

ol

lattice

Two common cuts,

means

its

axes to the desired angle

rs rotated about two axes be-

in the

1974.lt has also been faults have been written,

and

is

it is difficult to

that

difficulty

doubly-rotated

insurmountable difticulties

the SC crystal

ot

overshoot

Much smaller second-order temoerature coetficient

(Fis

1) Almost zero Essentially no activity dips Better Lower

amplitude-frequency

short{erm stability acceleration

sensitivitv

effect

(coupled

modes)

Eoual:

Long-term aging Shunt

Inferior

capacitance

SC Qualities:

Tighter angular tolerances required

lower

than BT

Q Higher series resistance

Five factors

density,

unwanted precision

duced temperature doubly-rotated tors

Although thermal

affect

moduli, third-order

elastic

modes The AT

resonator applications, compensate

changes

cut that compensates

momentary frequency

basic

elastic

determination

in

as

the AT

gradients a

cut that exhibits

though

gradients BT

and enough to so that at taneous four

orders

theory,

of a crystal cut that is

BT

and

cuts, and dynamically for momentary

and surface stresses. Dynamic

very

the temperature

in

crystal As

the

resonators are

SC

induce a

gradient

equilibrium

frequency

change

of magnitude case of a fast warmup minutes

to stabilize

the SC in

the there would that

the SC is

108114/B

Oscillator

80o and 84"C. At

within 1 x 10-e

oven would require less

same

frequency

no

be

not

necessarily operated

is

the

frequency-temperature

crystal

frequency.

They are

elastic effects,

BT

and

gradients

cuts,

traditionally

in

the first three factors The

for

changes

induced

quartz plates

in

excursions that are

recent developments

in the theory

compensated

compensation results

small frequency

is

changing

illustration,

an

changes

f

ast enough to cause thermal

consider

exposed to a thermal shock

through the thickness of the

the

temperature

of

larger

oven,

has risen 1'C The

the BT resonator would

than that

the BT

of the

would

of its f inal f requency,

than six minutes

overshoot. lt

should

at a

designed to work with the

operating temperature, the crystal's

slope can be no larger than 1 5

the

cuts

that the master

1081 1A,/B

known

(thermal

TS

make

manufactur-

of

crystals

with

dimensions,

and

coupling

used

for

statically

in

all

predictable

not

both

statically,

at turnover even

the

case where

be some

For

SC.

an actual

require

about

whereas

pointed

be

turnover

point.

crystal between

in

making

called

and

Oscil-

as

stress)

lt is

since

those

of

for

in-

is a

SC

fac-

five

in

result

by

permit

thermal

large

crystals

instan-

20

and

out

The

parts

+3x

+2x10-8

o o

E

o

o o

3

r

o

lt

-1x10-8

tt

o

.!

o

E o

z

-3x10-8

Temperature

Flg. 1,

Comparing

with that of

mance

108/"C This

possible ambient

slope, coupled

by a novel

temperatures

Conventional AT and coupled this seem to

modes,

problem

exist

known as activity dips

Over a

Therefore,

The short{erm stability AT

BT

or

variance method

samples

crystals,

of

are:

Many oscillator mance of ing

10811A/B

f

requency

the SC under acceleration.

parameter

this

of

Oscillator consistently

f luctuation.

For a

detailed

study

the bibliography Acknowledgments

in

The

authors with

fabncating

work of Andover Division, Also,

our thanks

to

and to Henry Yoshida encouragement to Bibliography

1 Fl

and BT

2 E EerNisse,

Proc 3 J Sonics and Ultrasonics, 4

J KustersandJ Leach,"FurtherExperimentalDataonStressandThermalGradient

Compensated 5 J Kusters, C Adams, H Yoshida,

Results," 6 A Ballato, E EerNisse, and T Lukaszek,

in

Holland,

Quartz

Annual

29th

Kusters,

Proc

"Nonuniformly

Plates,"

"Ouartz

Symposium on

"Transient

Crystals,"

31st

Annual

Turnover

Temperature

-.2

0.0 .2

lrom Turnover Temperature

Change

the SC-cut crystal's

tvvo other common

with

very

the

oven design,

from

wide range

even

measurement,

AT

BT

SC

users are

permits

BT

-55"C cut

71'C

to

crystals all

curvature,

of

curvature is not

SC

is

typically

Q

of the

though its

typical values for

-

5x10-12

-

25x10-12

-

1.25x10

particularly

a crittcal factor

is

One-hundred-percent test-

has

shown

that the SC when used

less

has

ot the

SC crystal, the

express

to

and testing

thanks for

their

these devices to Jerry

of

Don Hammond

out this

carry

Heated Anistropic Platesi ll,

1974 Ultrasonics Symposium

Resonator Frequency

Frequency

Thermal Compensation

pp

SU-23,

273-276,

Proc IEEE,

Symposium

Hewletf

of

development

Shifts

Control,

for

Ouartz Resonators," IEEE Trans

1976

July

pp

Vol 65,

and J Leach

282-284,Feb

on Frequency Control,

"The

Force-Frequency

AT Cut

temperature

cuts, AT and

high thermal satrsfactory

have

The SC

BT.

gain

operation in

problems

not

does

perfoF

activity dips do not

in

better than that

lower.

Using the Allan

one-second

12

interested

than

in

parts

5

reader is

the

in 1010/g

drrected to

much of the early

Leach

Hewletf

Packard

Packard Labs for his

program

Transients

Frequency

Proceedings,

Arising from Electrode

pp

"TTC's

pp

593-598

1-4, 1975

1977

-

Further Developmenta

pp

3-7,1977

Behavior of

("C)

made

with

exhibit

the

SC

perfor-

in

ofthe Labs,

in AT

Stress,"

Doubly

of

the

22

newrerr-pncKAnD JoURNAL MABcH

1981

Rotated Ouartz 8-16, 1977 7 J Rotated

po

17-22,1977 8 AWarner, B Goldtrank, and pp

306-310, 1979

Cisco, married backpacking, churchyouthgroup

for ten for the

Resonators,"

Poncot,

Gaqnepain,

Their Testing,"

J

Resonators," Proc 31st

Ouartz

Texas, Charles

has three children,

and

years

and

American

M

Proc 33rd

carpentry

is an instructor

Red Cross

Proc 31st Annual Symposium

"Amplitude-Frequency

Peqeot,

and C

l\,lerrs, and l\,1

Hewasamemberof

Annual Symposlum

"Low'g'Sensitivity

Rosenfeld,

Annual

Symposium

Charles With has done

aged

;;

tric engineer

rently he supervises physics quency

of papers

lives in San Jose, California

now

and cabinet-making,

A. Adams

HP

since

quartz

acousto-optics

labs, and

lor the SC-cut crystal,

section sources

IEEE and

the

quartz

on resonators, physics McMurry College graduate Jose

in

he holds

and

work at Stanford

State Universities

interests

His

theU S

cardiopulmonary

Frequency Control,

on

Behaviorof Doubly

on Frequency Control,

R&D, man-

piezoelec-

and

Production

the crystal

precision fre-

A member

of a dozen

surface

and

BA

a

has done

and

Born

include

working

National

resuscitatlon

Crystal

Adams

degree

from

and

hunting,

on Frequency Control'

1962, Charles

crystal

served as

of the

grouP,

author

mathematics

and

pp

Units

Cur-

wave

in

San

in

He's

with a

Guard

Hammond, C Adams, P Schmidt,

9 D ing Element," 10 R Burgoon and R Crystal," 11 J Kusters, N4 Stress Compensated pp 12 Annual Symposium

patents, Jack for four

has Boy diopulmonary

lSATrans,Vol 4,

Proc 33rd Annual Symposium

389-397,

J KustersandC

mostly on

has

years

four sons, and enjoys

Scouts

wlson,

Fischer and J Leach,

Cryslals,"

1978

Adams,"ProductionStatisticsolSC(orTTC)Crystals,'Proc

on Frequency

acoustic

on the

served

living in

Now

He's

aso

resuscitation

"A

Linear,

pp

349-354, Oct

"Design

Proc 32nd Annual Symposium

Control,

John Jack Wisconsin U.S

University ing with a BSEE degree received

degrees

1

Jack

acoustics as and

manager

vision

have come resonators

Frequency Control

Cupertino,

working with

American

an

and

Ouartz-Crystal,

1965

Aspects ol an Oscillator using

on Frequency

"Dual

pp

965

project

ftrst

Control

Mode Operation

167-174

A. Kusters

was born

Kusters

After

Air Force,

and

did

now

product

he

Los Angeles,

ol

his

MSEE and

from

Stanford

1968 With research

for 13

leader, section

production for several Santa Clara

lines Out of

papers

17

A

member

Symposium

California,

wood, computers,

Red

Cross

aid

Temperature Sens-

the SC Cut

pp

411-416, 1979

ol Temperature

on Frequency Control,

in

Racine,

years

four

attended

in

years,

instructor

in

Loyola

graduat-

rn 1964

Engineer

University

HP

1965,

since

physical

served

then

manager,

engineering

his

20

and

the IEEE'

of

committee

married,

he's

and

in

and

34th

the

He

in

Di-

work

the

car-

two

heaters.

The

specific individual crystal dissipation, outside

Crystal

The SC-cut

different

overtone

Below

7 MHz, and modes. dominate mon low-pass traps sufficient quency,

way to

One trated

the output

the oven.

Suppression

Mode

crystal

modes.

C-mode

B-mode

10 MHz,

the next

below that are the

In

all overtone if

are not suppressed.

they

high-pass

mode-suppression

or tanks.

to suppress

such as

the third-overtone

implement

in Fig, 7. The capacitive

with a series-parallel

oven

is about B2t.

and

amplifier

is

capable

The crystal we

resonance at

resonance

mode is the

crystals,

The high-pass

any

bandpass mode suppression

network.

ponent values, the conditions

a selected

over circuits quencies

shunt

one

it is not

tive, oscillation.

the series-parallel

again,

is

lation

band

offrequencies.

for low,

middle, and high

the series-parallel

arm inductive

possible

to

At high frequencies

possible

because of the

and the other shunt

produce

network

temperature

depends

Because

of their

and the oven

resonating

of

is

use

cut

10.0 MHz.

is

above

this

at

fundamental

strong

fundamental

the

This leads

techniques,

techniques

modes above the

B mode at

arm C3

shunt

properly

With

for oscillation

Fig. 8

will occur

shows

frequencies.

network looks

inductive.

in-phase

the result

looks mixed

is similar.

inductive.

capacitive

on

power

controller

in

many

for

a third-

The

third-

10.9 MHz. A mode

B and C modes to the com-

such

are not

desired

MHz.

10.9 is illus-

replaced

is

chosen

com-

equivalent

low fre-

At

With

arm capaci-

feedback

No

oscil-

and

the

are

at

will

as

fre-

only

for

Here

in-

ductive

shunt arms. both shunt arms producing

has a

tal has

enough

proper

the

resonant mode

gain,

Phase Noise

When considering

think

convenient

oscillating properly

to

loop section

designed,

Fig. 6. B/ock diagram

looo

lator

At frequencies

are capacitive

phase

inside

the circuit

phase noise of

the

oscillator

of the

and a buffer

buffer amplifier

the

ot the

includes a

1}-MHz

inside the

the circuit

and

for oscillation.

shift

the

will

passband

oscillate.

having

as

amplifier

section

1081 l AlB Oscillator

quartz

SC-cut

passband

is capable

Ifthe crys-

and the

an oscillator,

parts,

two

section.

contributes

The oscil-

crystal

of

loop

it is

an

If

1981 HEWLETT-PACKARO

I\,IARCH

IOUNruNT

23

!

Flg.7.

The SC-cut mode-suppressed to gram

same

1/f

only section It is

and white contributes only 1/f3 and 1/f2 filter action of the crystal that

the

factor in the

method of extracting the

The

is very important in

loop the crystal clean signal. A

in Fig.

shown Oscillator.

that the

crystal

a standard Colpitts-type oscillatot

shows

oscillator

oscillating loop section.

very good

is

a

simple way to extract the signal

9a;

A capacitor is

current flows through the capacitor.

voltage across the capacitor

is

and

current the oscillator the crystal. capacitor good

signal-to-noise ratio

output

voltage is to decrease the capacitance.

output

becomes a

value

the

Fig,8. Fig.7

passband

used to drive the

loop

output voltage level

The

impedance and the crystal

voltage is

problem,

of the

Equivalent circuits

low

Top:

equ

crystal in

allow only

with mode suppresslon-

phase

noise and the oscillating

achieving

filter, the

this method

placed

is

(except

noise

in

the buffer stage,

desirable. One way to

because as this capacitor

tuning

capacitance,

lor the mode-suppression

high-frequency equivalent

and

iv

al ent ci

rcu

it.

1O811AlB

the

C-mode

phase

operation.

noise

provides

from

signal

good phase

current

crystal

was

in

used

with the crystal

series

the

proportional

buffer amplifier

noise)

crystal

proportional

is

drive

increase the

it

severely

Oscillator

This

(top)

dia-

and

loop

processes.

the extra

the

noise.

1/f2

oscillating

Since

is a very

cleanly

10544A/B/C

The

the

to

crystal

AII

stage.

is filtered by

to the

current.

For

a large loop

loop

However, this

approaches

restricts

circuit

circuit. Bottom:

is

the

Fig.9.

Phase noise is sensltive to

from the oscillator

signal

tuning

(b)

lmproved

range. A compromise

range and noise

1081 l

In the 10811A/B Oscillator,

is

The circuit, shown made small without

so

rent

is run crystal capacitor

the amplifier

sees small

through

current

from the tuning circuits since

compared

in Fig. 9b, allows the capacitor

affecting the

a common

to

the

as an

to the crystal

the crystal Q significantly.

a

in

series

get

a large loop output

voltage

the chosen,

Oven

important

An normal operating 105448,

a linear controller

with ambient

heater, at

tive

pass

the

power

This

power-efficient in the control switching ceptable combines winding and

Power

the tuning circuit,

with

is the crystal

giving

a crystal dissipation of 50

Consumption

oven design

power

while still using

temperature of

25t

about

transistor

located on the outside of

is effectively

design

transistor

give

does

in some applications.

best

the

both designs by

of

using two with direct current only bolted to voltage V1 is used to limit the warmup current

ot

for the main

The thermal

oven cavity.

the

proportional to

control

oven

resistance between

the

required

is

method

to

AlB

(a)

Method used in the 1 0544AlBlC

method

requirements.

a new approach

tuning. The crystal

base stage,

capacitor.

The amplifier

which

the oscillating

(r'"

impedance of

resistance, so

Since

the

it

may

+ r'66/B). This

it does not

capacitor

be made

voltage. The other factor

current.

A value

ptW.

requirement was to

consumption

below that of

a linear conholler.

requires

25t.

that

by

spurious

4.5 W of oven

Because

half of this

wasted.

keeps

The

power

switching

frequencies that

The

this oven

power

is dissipated

10544A

consumption

at 3 kHz.

10811A/B Oscillator

eliminating

control

[Fig.

R1, a

the heater

transistors

10). Heaters small

to

resistor, develops

current.

provide

and

loop.

the

oven cavity

of extracting the

balance the

was taken.

to

cur-

feeds the

isolates

loop

affect

longer

is no

quite

low to

affecting

1

was

mA

of

reduce the

The 105448

power

in

a resis-

uses

package.

the

uses a more

low

However,

are unac-

the heater

heat the

Q1

This

and

oven

Q2

voltage

feedback

tempera-

be

the

is

the

an

in

the

are

a

24

newlerr-pecKARD JoURNAL

1981

MARCH

Fig. 10. transislors

power

and the ambient

ture the 105448. the oven slightly lator compared

assembly,

thicker.

draws

that

to

AIB

1081 1

consumption

heat

the oven

oven controller

ls /ess than two

temperature

was

This

accomplished

thus allowing the

result

The

less than two

4.0 W for

block diagram

using direct current only.

25o/o higher than that

is

by reducing the size

these efforts

of

watts in still air at

7o544BlC and

the

105444.

Warmup Time

The warmup time

function of the thermal

warmup time

The a BT-cut crystal,

5x10-e of the

the SC-cut crystal

cause

transients,

governed components oven

improve heat transfer to the electronics,

to

bly

the

by

assembly.

is

as compact

and, of

made of die-cast

10544B capacitance The the two oven

is

made of

per

most temperature-sensitive

printed

When

cavity.

components are surrounded the above conditions,

for most crystal

behavior of the

as 20 minutes

V"" : 20V

for the

is

specified

24-hour

transient

7O544AlBlC Oscillator,

value for

is much less sensitive

for

warmup time

most temperature-sensitive

the

10811A/B

the

course, the thermal

To minimize total

possible.

as

thermal capacitance,

The

oven cavity

aluminum, while the oven

copper.

unit

Aluminum has a lower thermal

volume

than copper

components

boards, which are

circuit

the two

lids are screwed

by heated aluminum

the 10811A/B warmup

watts in

still

insulation to be

foam

is an

2.6

oscillators

(8

Oscillator

capacitance of

the oven

cavity

factor

by a

are located on

folded

in

Two heater

Overall

air at 257

oscil-

oven

25'C,

W for the

is

mainly

crystal.

which uses

within

to

watts).

Be-

to thermal

electronic

the

and

assem-

lids are

and

in the

0.7,

of

into

the

place,

these

For

walls.

time

specified as

Because

heater current Ig must be limited during warmup.

the is

accomplished

is

applied to the oven, tending to turn from Rl.

Since

forms

resistance. This was done to allow to be used is

used.

10

minutes.

power

transistors are used

by

R1, R4 and Rs in

U1,

U2's U1

on.

Q2

to make

Q2

V1 : V3,

V3 is a linear function of

Q1

and

into what appears to be a

Q2

output sinks and therefore

for

Fig.

is

approximately

just

enough

limits

V"", this circuit trans-

the 10811A/B Oscillator

in

applications

where

10saaA/B/C Oscillator

the

The 10544A/B/C uses a 47Q resistive

the

winding. Temperature Coefficient

The reason for

enclosing

duce the effect of ambient

an oscillator

temperature fluctuations on the

temperature-sensitive components

of the ability to do this

sure gain

is

defined

(Tf

ature

in

region

thermal

improved

has an more

temperature-sensitive than any other component

10811A/B

the ponents perience

as the ratio of the change

resultant change

to the

the oven that

:

gain

4TA/4T6.

temperature coefficient,

Oscillator.

of the oscillator

the same

is

termed

it is

desired

Even

though the SC-cut

This means that

including

temperature change, the

change in frequency due to the crystal

in

an oven

in

the oscillator.

thermal

in

ambient

in

temperature

to control

it is

if

the crystal

would be ten times more than that due to any other component. the thermal the thermal both areas to contribute equally to the oscillator's tempera-

in

ture coefficient.

of

The

ing

to the difference between the actual crystal operating

temperature

gain

to the crystal

gain

to the

temperature coefficient of the crystal

and

the turnover crystal. Turnover temperature the derivative of crystal temperature

is zero, that

a

(See Fig. perature very Most

crystal oscillators

is

temperature. A in which changes in to turns of this

frequency

the the oven temperature

page

1

on

close

time-consuming

potentiometer.

change

22.) It is desirable to set the oven temto the crystal

the oscillator

per

is

mustbe

rest

of the oscillator electronics

ten

times

temperature of that

is

temperature at

the

frequency with respect to crystal

is,

daf/f

:0'

dr

turnover temperature.

variable

use a

resistor to set

process

must be

frequency are compared

process

This

continues

turn is small enough.

considered

matched with the crys-

tal's turnover temperature.

In

10811A/B,

the

and

the

SC-cut

allows the oven

the combination of

crystal's

temperature fixed resistor. Avoiding makes the

10811A/B

the

lower sensitivity to temperature

be

to

long

the

first field-repairable HP

high thermal

merely by installing a

set

temperature-set

oscillator.

Thermal Gain

is

To

achieve a

high

thermal

gain

particular

a

to

heat sources

This

When V""

10. base current

Is

V3

to

fixed heater

heater

is

to

A mea-

gain.

Thermal

temper-

of the

(T6).

Thus

crystal

ten times

still

all of the

com-

were to ex-

resultant

lt follows

greaterthan

varies

accord-

particular

which

the oven

followed

until

point

At

this

process

crystal

region

V"",

+

re-

in

that

for

gain

in a

N,4ARCH 1981

".-r...

r:;::;r;:-:t

;

Flexible

Crystal

Circuit Packaging

Oscillator

of a

Design scheme included manufacturing oscillator mance electronic selectively layout 10544NB|C

these oscillators is

backbone

circuit boards, tions The crystal cilcuits

Oven Control

Fig.

older 10544A

Oscillator

The use of flex oscillator production obtained per treated connector by manual or automatic means At soldered and cleaned

transferred to the

plete problems

specification, they transported to a machine

flex

objectives

employs a new

support electronics

packaging

stiffened

of this oscillator is

A

of the new

oscillator and AGC

oven, thereby

Board

Board l/O

AGC

1 0544A

1.

Cross-sections of the new 1081 1

Assembly

makes it

sequence is

from

panel,

functional

circuits

a manufacturer in

as

with a removable

Then the

are detected, such as solder bridging

from

for

greater

cost,

and easier

takes

flexible

block dragram illustrating

shown in Fig.

oscillator lt incorporates

the l/O

minimizing

circuitry

ideally suited

illustrated in Fig

panels

electrical

check

are reparred

panel.

the

1081 1A/B

the

electrical

crystal technology

and a radically

a new

circuitry. The

much the

connector and

board

Connector AGC Board

Oscillato.

Board

Thermal Insulation

packaging

for high-volume

follows First,

as

solder

are

The

loaded

tester This instrument

to the circuitry and

at this

that separates the

From here,

by James H.

Oscillator

performance,

assembly and repairability

new

radical

and

operation and basic

same as

the basic similarities

1 The flex

the various interconnec-

are

enclosed

thermal

effects

A Oscillator

in

the construction of the new

panels

2 The

resist

loaded with

this

the

five

of

panels

in such areas as the l/O

components either

point,

the

soldered

and

components

point

The

indrvidual

individual

the

packaging

decreased

printed

a die-cast

Board

and the

circuits are

are

panels

gives

a com-

parts

or

are then

oscillator

perfor-

earlier

The

wave

lf any

out of

flex

with higher

oven design The

approach, one

that of the

ctrcutt forms

the three

within

on these critical

Oven Control

10811A

production.

flex

complete circuits

are selectively

panels

This

of

the

are

Steinmetz

Fig, 2.

Flex

circuits come

soldered, and tested before being separated

circuits are loaded into ooeration

The final crystal oven, ing folded athermal insulation which are folded assembly Two leads to

the oven slid position lator sembly

The

the

except that it

The interconnection significantly improved sculptured flexible soldered a simple edge-card are removed

flex double use

increased son between

Benefits

The substantial

area has

longer

assembly

the

into

package

leaves

soldering the

oven covers

over the top of the

two Darlington

from

down

the outer housing

assembly

sequences

1 081 1 A,

use

required

the

control board. In

Another

thermal

and

described l/O has fiitered

to the various connector

connector

by

a simple

the oven

of the

production

the.10544C

flex

of

decrease in

been reduced

This

consists of

into

spacer At

oven control f rom the

the outer cover is installed,

are

The B model is

circuit

on the

and its

control board,

same

volume

circuits

live

trays and transported

crystal

place

oven assembly and

this

transistors in fO-220

oven's this configuration,

and

the

insulator

illustrated in

above, has an

power

of the new B

over

that of the 10544C

(SFC)

connections

oven

associated flexible

cutting

flex

circuit assembly, and reduced

and the 108118 is

in

this

the labor required

since

some

design also

panel

to a

installing

leads

to the board and screw-

The oven

point,

the

board and fastened

thermistor are

l/O

connector is fastened into

is installed

Fig.

edge-card

electrically

and

coaxial

model

interconnect

on the outer

control board The

operation at

This technique

new

oscillator has resulted in

pads

allows

and are

to the

flex

the

control board

separated lrom

heaters forthe

on top ol the oscil-

3

the

signal connections

oscillator

This interconnect

the

unit

costs. A compari-

shown in Fio 4

for

assembly Board

and

connectors

a complete

loaded,

final

assembly

circuit into

packages,

to the oven

then soldered

the assembly is

These final

connector

same as the A

by

employing a

cover and runs

A version's interconnection point

where

allows

thereby

allowing

electrical

is

oven,

l/O

for

are no

the

then

it

by

are

as-

for

was

to

the

is

a

26 Hewrerr

pACKARD

JouRNAL N.4ARcFl 1981

4,

Fig. 1081 1B 10544C

The sculptured

(left)

is a

signrficant

(right)

flexible

interconnect of the

circuit

improvement over the

older

Fig.3.

Final

assembly

flex

check of the has

been

assembly before

greatly

simplified,

trically assembled and still be

lAlB

of 1081

final

since the oscillator can

folded

troubleshooting

Flex

circuitry

inpuVoutput, This is accomplished by

tor for

over the edge-card

before the eliminates the l/O the TO-220

lamination

need to

Furthermore,

heater

interconnections

from the

out

oven control transistors, which have been gers,

formed separated capacitor can be course,

folded in

are

A

benefit

side

by matching circular

by the base dielectric

looks

formed in

but since rigid boards are

be considerably

possible

made it

to include an edge-card connec-

stiffener board

flex

of the

solder

flex

the

transistors

actually

are

circuit

or otherwise connect

circuitry simplif

for the

fingers

board At the

previously

a 180'arc and mounted

flex

the

of

like

a component

this

circuitry is that capacitors

pads

on

pad

way

rigid

on

thicker the capacitor

larger

printed

Ilesign Problems

problem

A oscillator was the region This structed strength The

that occurred early

flex

can be an

polyimide

a

of

problem

circuit's tearing

inherent limitation with a flex circuit

material because of

was rectified

interconnection interfaces

in

the

to

the stiffener the techniques used to blank out the ufacturing Another conductor traces nect

the IO-220 heater transistors This increasing nate,

the

in

effect creating

problem

in

the

pad

area encapsulated within the

encountered was the cracking of

pad

area of the

its

strain relief,

own

Oscillator

assembly,

Repairability

remain

it is

that

out so

(onto

accessible

folding

the

component side)

the

flex circuit

to the stiffener board

package

to a

ies the interconnection

llator's

osc

flex circuitry that extend

of

final

soldered

both sides of

As illustrated

without a hole

oven

assembly

to the

oven

the

in Fig

Capacitors

stage, the

circuit boards too,

pads

development of

within

its relatively

by using

boards and

flex

circuit

flex

problem

interconnect

lhe

low

larger radii at the

improving

during

fingers

that Intercon-

was solved

flex

circuit

elec-

for

This

of

These

fin-

flex

can be

circuitry

5, this

of

must

this new

con-

shear

its man-

by

lami-

The most difficult

problem

was

ultimately traced

to

stray capacitance between two overlapping traces . Because of the sensitivity of the capacitance frequency

prevrous thicker: 1 57 theoretical model

capacitance

picofarads, and K is dielectrrc dielectric thickness, the

oscillator's electrrcal design,

critical

problem

This

since

parts

of the circuitry can

had

the

material was considerably

base

not been encountered

within

change

designs,

mm versus the new base thickness of 0 03

for

such a

equation,

situation

C:0

OBBsBKp/t,

can be

where

A is area in cmz, t is drelectric thrckness in centrmetres,

lt

constant

greater

be seen

can

the capacitance solution was to decrease the capacitor area, since practical technology allowed

'An another

to change any of the other

for

the

is

trace

overlapping

trace on the other

Fig.5.

Sfray

flexible substrate

thin lapping traces (circular

simply

side

capacitance

When needed, capacitors

without hole)

area

local necking

a lrace on one srde

between oveilapping

reduced

is

necking down the

by

any changes

result

predicted

is

capacitance

C

the smaller the

that

Therefore,

it

parameters

Flex

down of the trace

of a circuit

board

traces

are easily

inherent

in

mm The

from the

the

was not

circuit

in

the

that crosses

on the

over-

formed

in

a

in

MARcH

198i HEWLETT

pACKARD.rornl'raL

27

region

of the crossovers, as illustrated in Fig.

are approximately 0 1 3 mm

Acknowledgments

Richard Liszewski implementation contributed to for

the

goes

circuit Refercnce

1 J Sleinmetz,

Packaging

production

original

to Bob

"Flex

Production

and

of the

design concept

Circuitry

wide instead

contributed to the design and

flex

circuit. implementation

Wilson

Packaging

Conference,

neck-downs

5. The

of the standard 0

Jeny

Curran and

of the 10811A/8.

for

the oven

ol a Crystal Oscillator," National Electronic

February 1980

housing and

production

Dave

Gottwals

38 mm

Credit

flex

sional engineer in CSPE Jim not

rebuilding

far

is

from

wrecked

married,

Palo

James H. Jim supervisor with HP's vision receiving University responsibilities special machine turing for Rubidium

crystal two named on a device

California and

Alto, his

cars, remodeling

scheme. He's

has

a

son, and lives rn

birthplace.

Steinmetz

joined

He

his

BSME

of California

engineering,

displays,

a member

and

frequency

oscillators. He's

papers

on

inventor

package

of ASME, Los

His

special

home,

his

product

is a

Santa

HP in

1973

degree

at Davis His

HP

at

have included

design,

manufac-

package

product

design for

references

flex

a registered

authored

circuitry and is

pending

on a

interconnect

NSpE,

Altos,

California,

interests

and

traveling.

design

Clara

after

from

design

patent

profes-

and

include

Di-

the

and

structure, gains elechical) gain resulting

by the change in thermistor be

about 10s.

ambient

crystal

the thermal

two

between

gain

the these more

the thermal

gain,

loop

thermal

fined, it

tor, and

AT".61"rry'ATcrystal,

Normally, heat for mechanically desired mechanical behavior have the

the

crystal. eral trials crystal, that, gain adjusting

such as the crystal

must be considered:

and

the mechanical gain.

can be

defined

from

a change in

thermistor

is

separate from

very

made

large,

The

mechanical

temperature

temperature. The

properties

heaters, and

the

mechanical gain

is

dependent

mechanical

If it

two. than

ten times is

This

gain

is gain then was

crystal

upon

gain

can be assured

gain

approximately

the case in

designed

1000.

of

necessary

such that

would

when

one

an

oven, the

reananged

mechanical

change

of the

oven enough

to be

repeated. With

power

dissipated in

result

same

With

the

as

first

were required

and heaters

it

took

several hours

approximately

of

the ratio

of resistors

in

the oven

the controller

loop

The

as the

change in

thermistor

heater

temperature divided

temperature,

the

heater. This gain

and

in the 10B11A/B

gain

is

defined as

divided by

resulting

the

mechanical gain

of the structure,

the location

thermistor location. The

and

both

and can

greater

thermal

the controller

be

no

that the

than the

gain

larger

than the smaller of

controller loop

desired thermal

equals the mechanical

the 10811A/B,

to be 100

Therefore,

to locate

the mechanical

be greater

heater

crystal

on

a trial-and-error

gain

is

obtained. If

occurs,

this

that

two heaters,

the two heater

physically

prototype

initially

in

the

aluminum

fine

to

10,000.

times

winding

This fine

R2 and

since

the

desired minimum

with

the controller

the heaters, thermis-

gain

than 1O00.

is

the only source

and

thermistor must

later in

may change

the above

adjusting

transistors achieves

moving

the thermistor

10811A/B

locate

to

oven housing.

tune the oven

tuning was R3

cavity, two loop

gain (partially

controller loop

temperature

assuming the

can easily

Oscillator it is

the

change

in

change in

is a function

of

of the

difference

is

that thermal

gain

loop

and

gain

gain,

the controller

de-

to

the crystal,

be

basis until

the the design a the thermal

process

the

would

ratio

or

Oscillator,

the

sev-

thermistor,

After

to a thermal

done by

(Fig.

10). Later,

when

design R3 was thermal crystal for

1000.

Mechanical

A combination cept is used printed KaptonTM fiberglass mechanical

in

the flexible

tially

is

cut-away boards are

cut with a While boards the conventional

During quired connector, the

of

the

oven are all inherently

flexible Acknowledgments

We

ager for

of

valuable References

1. R.

Using Frequency

2. R. Burgoon lator using

Frequency

more oscillators

identical

used.

No further

gain

of these

all

of these

to

the

were

constructed

prototype,

attempts

other

ovens.

ovens

was measured

Aspects

rigid-flexible

in

the 10811A/B

circuit

board is

and

copper laminate

stiffener.

support

laminate.

part

of a single large

constructed

The

stiffener

since all

Since

sheet,

tabs temporarily

to the remaining

pair

still

connected

are loaded

support board.

of side

to the

with

components

cutters support board,

manner.

the assembly

interconnect

to

procedure,

any ofthe fourrigid

oven controller

interconnected

printed

would like

the technical

Burgoon

circuit

board concept.

to

thank Mike Fischer,

Precision

Frequency

consulting.

and R. Wilson,

"Design Aspects

the SC Cut Crystal," Proc.

Control, the

Control,

pp

411-416,

and R. Wilson,

SC

Cut Crystal,"

pp

406-410,

"Performance

Proc.

the

same ratio

were

made to

The

thermal

printed

Oscillator

of a flexible

cemented to a

is required

traces and

the stiffener

possible

it

is

connecting

Later

to release

and wave-soldered

no hand wiring is

board, and

Sources

33rd Annual

1979. 33rd Annual

1929.

using

a mechanical

R2

of

optimize

gain

to

greater

to be

circuit board

(see page

26). The

five-layer

standard G10

only for

pads

are

contained

boards are ini-

to leave

individual

the

on, these tabs

boards.

the

individual

the

boards. The

the two boards in

with

this

R&D

section man-

group,

of an

for

Oscillator

Symposium on

Results

of an

Symposium on

and

the the

than

con-

small

in

re-

edge

rigid-

his

Oscil-

28 newrEn-pncKARD JouRNAL t\,4ABcH 198i

Norwegian and Spanish

speaks

genealogy

and

Robert Burgoon

J.

Burgoon is

Rob 1081 1A/B BSEE

degree

Polytechnic University

State

and his MSEE degree

Obispo from

Californra

With

Jose

project

Oscillator

in

1968

State University

HP

since as design engineer for group IEEE, has ticles, and pending patents Virginia, ter, and

precision

several

products

authored

is listed as an

Rob

lives

and enjoys

He's a member of the

Born in Norfolk,

is

married,

in

San Jose, Calitornia

vol eyball,

leader

He

received

from

California at

he's

1970,

project

and

frequency

papers

four

invenlor

has a daugh-

racquetball,

for

the his

San Luis

in 1970

at San

served

leader

sources

ar-

and

two

on

He

L. Wilson

Robert

Bob Wilson electrical science fromthe

ing HP

crystal oscillator

1

081

aging

now

precision

for

has

received his

engineering in 1973 and University

he

in 1975,

oven,

project,

1 A/B

production

system

for the 1081

engineering

frequency

co-authored

and computer

his MSEE

of Santa Clara

designed

worked on

designed

and

papers

two

SC-cut crystal oscillator

Bob

patent

grew

up

He lives in Santa

and enloys

making

and one

in

inventor on one patent

Bay, Oregon

Coos Clara, California

ing, sailing, and

BS

degree

in 1975

Join-

precision

a

a new He's

1A,/B

supervisor

sources

the

on is

and

named

pending

Corvallis

scuba div-

furniture

in

the

Bob

and

FREOUENCY STABILITY

LONG TERM

<.1x10

SHORT TERM:

AveragingTime Siability

ENVIRONMENTAL

TEMPEFTATURE:

7'l'C range

OPEFIATING

STORAGE:

LOAD:

change

POWER SUPPLYj

RIPPLE:

OVEN: GFAVITATIONAL MAGNETIC HUMIOITY SHOCK ALTITUDE

WARMUP:

Notes l and 2

ADJUSTMENT:

COARSE

ELECTRONIC

OUTPUT:

FFIEQUENCY: 10 VOLTAGE:

(Aging

Rate):

tlyear

for

continuous operation.

Reler to tables below

Time Domain Stability

' fsecondsl

e

"

10 ro2 1srto

10 5,10

A 1t

10" 5.10

1 1t

10'

c

10- 1.10

<5x10

(survrval):

-5

Vdc to

15.10

1

5'10

SENSITIVITY:

<q

5x 10-9 over a

55"C to +71'C

-55"C

to

10

tor a r'10% chanqe in so.ohm

load

in 1-ko

<2xto-10

<

90 dBc spurs

'"

tor

1 / 10-

FIELD:

FIELD: <-90

(typical):

1x1O 9 for 95% RH at

g,

30

(typical):

2x10 v for O lo 5O,OOOJt

1O min. after turn-on

FHEOUENCY RANGE:

FREQUENCY CONTROL

+5 Vdc

MHz

t0 05

0 55

(see

definition

<5xtO

ol terms)

1o/day

after 24-hour warm-up

Frequency Domain

for a

>t1x10

-55'C

170

sinewave.

5x1O-Y of

Oliset trom Signal

r

[Hz] roo

1 ot to? ro3 toa

to 71"C ranqe

load

change in oscillator

voltage.

(turn.over).

to 0 1 millitesla

4O'C

final value, at

6

(i1o

(EFC):

Hz) with

>1 x

10-'

1V rms t2o7o, inlo

(i)

,r.,

I

-ln

"

11

-1t

-

11

+85"C

from 10 mV rms ripple on o$illalor supply

'10o6

change in oven supply

<4x

10 v for 29 static shift

dBc sidebands due

1 1 ms, 1/2

within

v rms Into 50 ohms

SPECIFICATIONS

HP Model

See Note

Stability

Phase Noise

c1t;

laadr

-90

<z

t0 9 over a O'C

5x

10

-:5xto

supply voltage

voltage at 100 Hz

gauss)

(1

rms

25'C and 20

18

turn control.

(1

Hz) total, control

1k ohms

10811A/B

1

Ratio

F7l

120

r4o

1s7

160

t25"k

10( a

at 100 Hz

Vdc

range

Crystal Oscillator

HARMONIC DISTORTION: SPURIOUS

bands

POWER REOUIREMENTS;

OSCILLATOR OVEN

drops

CONNECTORS:

1

081

1

081

Inc SfZE:72 WEIGHT: 0

PRICES

to

DEFINITION OF

LONG-TEBM

the duce changes due

TIME DOMAIN

quency width

FREQUENCY DOMAIN

signal a spectrum

See

NOTES:

1 2 Final

MANUFACTURING OIVISION:

PHASE I\{ODULATION:

10 Hz to 25

CIRCUIT:

to a typical

1 A: Mates with CINCH 1 B: Solder terminals

#700156

mm x 52 mm

IN U.S.A.:

fractional

the etfects

is 100 kHz

ratio

"NBS-Monograph

For

oscillator

value

kHz)

CIRCUIT:

20 to 30

value ol 2 OW

or equival6nt

x

(11

31 kg

oz)

Ouantities

1-4

5-9

'lo-24 25-49

TERMS:

FREOUENCY STABILITY

lrequency change

of

to environmental

STABILITY

fluctuations due

per

Hz of bandwidth

analyzer display

off-trme less than

is delined

more than 25 dB

Down

Down more than

11

135 Vdc 30

Oto

Vdc; turn-on

250-1 5-30-21

and SMB

62 mm

random noise

or(z)

to

STABILITY

1 40" tor measurement

as frequency 24

load is

at 25'C in still air

(HP 1

0

Snap-on connectors

(not

supplied)

(2-13116

in x 2-'ll32in

108114

$800 $768 $736 5672

is delined as

with time

to an

elfects must

is

as the

detined

noise in the oscillator'

random

is defrned as

power

(a

carrler versus

of the

24 hours

SANTA CLARA 5301 Stevens Santa

hours atter turn'on

Clara. CA

An observation

insignificanl

spectral

Creek Boulevard

from output

100 dB

mAtypical

be considered

details

DIVISION

40 mA

42

minimum

ohms

with 20

-01

60) or equivalent

251

Mates

x

2'71'16

the absolute

value is implied

twGsample

the single sideband

density)

phas€

either

A

95050 U S

from output

Vdc applied

time sufficiently

separately

(discrete side-

max

Steady-stale

(not

with Cablewave

14

in,

cu

1081'18

$900 $864 $828 $756

(magntude) ot

value

lractional

of

deviation

measurement

The

ph6e

ratio is analogous

This

modulation

power

supplied)

Systems,

in)

long to Frequency

band-

noise-to-

sideband

re-

fre-

to

1981 iEWLETT,PACKARD JOURNAL

MARCH

29

New Temperature

Probe

Locates

Circuit

Hot

Use

some

Spots

it

with

any

HP

oscilloscopes

general-purpose

get

to

digital multimeter

readings

Celsius.

by

Marvin F. Estes

r

AST,

ACCURATE

are

F I

new Model 10023A to

temperature Celsius having pencil-like

press-to-read

a

The transducer with a small ceramic

output of each diode

grated-circuit match each diode to its electronic compensating

The use the entire electronics assembly, packaged output connector ters including tion 034/035

Measurement

from 0{)

-55T

cation For

needed

nostic, and

provide

these measurements.

measurements

on any

input

an

probe

is

substrate

1 mV/"C is

in

a

resistor

Hewlett-Packard

of

in

the

1700

+100"C

to

+4"C,

and

to

is

traceable

applications requiring relative rather

Fig. 1.

Model 10023A Temperature tions of surf ace temperatures on many tal multimeters and HP 17O0 Series ODtion O34lO35 Oscillo-

scopes.

and Donald

TEMPERATURE

in

a wide variety

testing applications. Hewlett-Packard's

Temperature Probe (Fig.

are

general-purpose

impedance

tip easily accesses

switch

a self-contained temperature-to-voltage

forward-biased

assured

precision

probe

is

compatible

built-in DMMs

Series Oscilloscopes.

accuracy of the temperature

-ztl

to the U.S.

of 10 megohms

makes measurements

in

the

by individually

thermal

network is then laser trimmed to

barrel. A

decreasing linearly

+150f. This

at

National Bureau

Zimmer,

of thermal design,

With

read directly in

digital multimeter (DMM)

small components

diode chip bonded to a

probe

integrated circuits

including standard

A calibrated,

tip.

reference

with

most digital

Hewlett-Packard's Op-

on

Probe

general-purpose

Jr.

measurements

1) is

probe,

the

or more. The

easy.

characterizing

bath.

the battery, to be

dual banana

probe

12",

to

accuracy specifi-

of Standards.

than absolute

gives

and

directly in degrees

diag-

designed

surface

degrees

and

linear An inte-

circuit.

permits

plug

voltme-

tZtl

is

-4t

at

fast indica-

digi-

Output

temperature

probe

Thermal

ceramic tip-

(watt-seconds/"C)

Thermal from

outside ot tip

to

diode on inner side

of ceramic tip

Thermal resistance

trom

iunction

("C/W)

case

Transistor

Flg.2.

ing

measurement

short-term

By using mass and a surement surface 10023A heating conditions. This design surements

Very fine used for pensating This thermal isolation tip to act as a heat measured surface temperature. Minimum disturbance of the operating environment by portant

electronic components are needed.

The

electrically isolated

'HP

Application Note

ot

("C)

capacity

when accurate

ot

resistance

("C/W)

to

case

Sinplitied

the temperature

of

similar temperatures, the

repeatability

a temperature

geometry

(approximately

make measurements

can

cooling in

or

with very

wires, approximately 0.1.0 mm in

connecting the diode

circuits to achieve

263 contains typical

Vou,

R2

electrical analog of the

of a transistor with

10.3"C.

of

sensor

places

that

devices operating

also

low

thermal

reduces the tendency for the

sink or cooling fin and change the

temperature measurements of small

probe

with very

it very close to the mea-

0.25 mm or 0.010 quickly

permits

gradient

sensor to

very

probe

the

tip

performance

Temperature

probe

tip

Thermal resistance

trom

diode

wires

temperature

Ceramic tip

Temperature

intertace

case and

probe

Thermal

package

of

being

(watt-seconds/"C)

Heat

source

problem

probe

a

and

under

temperature

errors.*

the electronic com-

high thermal isolation.

particularly

is

permits

characteristics

measurements

along

to ambient

("C/w)

probe

of

at

of transistor

tempetature

("C/W)

capacity

measured

(watts)

of measur-

probe

has a

low thermal

in),

the closely track varying

diameter,

load

mea-

are

probe

im-

30 rrwlrrr-pncKARD

JoURNAL I\4ARCH 1es1

assembly

These are obvious should state, temperature loading.

stant ature the transistor transistor stants,

Probe Circuit

100234

the

Fig. 3. Simpllfied

Probe.

non-grounded

of

its collector

transistor tip-to-ground

electrical cuits.

The does adjustments. repaired pensating network.

Tip

especially srnall Therefore centered

is large, even

Iong time

temperature

capacity alumina chip the thermal

plastic barrel

the circuitry.

tance

t

This resistance, long a this divider ambient. thickness

resistance

This the thermal and minimized to

with

capacitance

loading

temperature

require

not

In

a new,

with

Heat Characteristics

The tip

Three the

is the

one

objects

HP 10023A

the

around the

heat characteristics

thermal

(0.25

alumina.

Another

from the

is important

time constant

resistance

The third

is important

thereby

probe

the

capacity

if there are

reach a stable

to

of a small

low, the

2 mm

xO.25xO.O2

The alumina

capacity.

and

important

like too

the

with

The tip

the

of

important

from the

resistance

affect

by using

circuits

like transistors,

in diameter

schematic

components

thermal

when

probe is calibrated

periodic calibration.

event

the

precalibrated

important

most

designed

temperature

development

of

no

10023,{

mm)

A small

wires that

the

characteristic

measured

for two

much when

can affect

thermal

resistance

alumina

resistance

heat

because

from the accuracy. #38

by

and

of

the

as

such

the

common

of

tip damage,

of

to

are

the

heat leaks,

temperature

transistor.

tip

by 0'25

is bonded directly

contributes

amount

body to the

reasons.

thermal

a measurement

the

was minimized

substrate

sensor

it can act

AWGcopper

using

to

approximately

probing

There

and matching

tip

part

a temperature

of

measure

particularly

probe

is constructed

accuracy

characteristic

measured

the

diodes

probe's a tip.

of

If the capacity

tip.

the

when

To keep

mm thick,

essentially

is added

connect

is the thermal

sensor

First, too

capacity,

from the

0.25

to

(diode

as a

resistance

This

wires

plastic barrel

a

Temperature

case of

case.

in high-speed

at

the

and

probe will

the

is

by acting

chip)

heat divider

body

a

very low

A

pF

0.5

factory

the

internal

no

are

probe is easily

temperature

packages'

IC

development

important.

measuring

thermal

the

piece of

a

of

and the

to the

all of

by

the

diode

or diode much thermal

produces too

Second,

taken.

as

heat sensors

by reducing

mm'

is the

ambient'

to

to the

effect

from the

to hold

power

avoids

cir-

and

com-

probe,

of

One

is

too

take

the

diode

back

the

black

chip

resischip.

a heat

the

thermal

with

sensor

was

diode

the

very chip voltage across

where

through Now, Errors arise and error

shown

are the the temperature

ing characteristics Using this

a

ulator

and calibrated probe calibration

of

or calibration.

to

that silver-oxide The

to

together.

various thermal

in

shovm

R6

will be affected.

probe is touched

simplified in the steady

that

be high

R1C1 and

to

the source

of

of the

C1 should

will be lowered

can charge

provide

transistor

be

RaCa.

Design

10023,t

The circuit of

simple.

as one

Consider

K1

the

if io is constant

because

curve

in

The temperature

power

microcircuit,

phase

one

in

laser trimmed.

tip

variable components,

All

the

of

measures

battery,

Fig.4. Typical

variations

the

It

consists

The temperature

leg.

one of

simple

the

K2 are constants,

and

diode,

because

of the

Fig.

information

the

matched

and substrate,

of the

probe

we do not

the simple

voltage out of

4. probe's

supply

and

sensing

manufacture

of

each

of

microcircuit,

The microcircuit

probe and they

electronics

by 61 mm.

10

battery

which

(

shaded

capacities

elechical

state

good

should

much less

can

One

hot transistor

to a

capacitor

Temperature

bridge

of a

middle

the

diode

:

K1E-K2VD/T

IO

Vp is

T : Ks

then

diode

three

(battery),

probe

the

on the small

diode

individual

plus

the

pair.

Since

contain

probe

the

located on

nominal

has a

error

100234

band)

thermal

and

form

analog

R1 should

accuracy.

be much

be lowered

will

than C4

also see that

until the

C1. There

be low

Also

less than

or the

if

temperature

the heat source

a-re two

Probe

with the sensor

is measured

resistors.

equation

forward current

is

io

the

voltage across

the

Vp, where

have a

equation

the

main

alumina

the

tip,

temperature-vs-current

the

value

the

resistor

these two

all

contain

does

are on

Power comes

the

curve

K3 is a constant.

perfect

is not exact'

temperature

circuit

which contains

ceramic

diode

of the

values are calculated

probe

and

components,

the circuits

no user

require

not

printed circuit

a

printed circuit

voltage of

possible

with

resistances

It is

Fig. 2.

in

R2

and

in

steady

the

R,

the

or

by thermal

con-

time

temper-

a cold

of

the

of

time con-

(Fig.

by sensing

the

current

components

substrate

chip.

are measured.

voltage

tip

that adjustable

from a

3)

diode

the

diode.

source

The

probe is

with

Dur-

reg-

are now

affect

periodic

board

zincl

board'

is

1.5V,

unitlo-unit

is

the

a

MARCH

HEWLETT PACKABD

1981

.louRlar

31

years,

he's latest married, has

developed a trio

being

100234 Born

the

four

children, and Colorado with a variety goats

Besides

plications

Minnesota,

of terests are

low-cost, hearing hours

of

Since

animals,

random walk

of

Don is

skiing,

tennis,

commercially

aids

and wristwatches.

probe

operation.

probe

the

electronics

housed in a plastic

Marvin F.

Estes Marvin Estes received his in

from

1965

MSEE

Technology. graduate

and North Before magnetic storage tics

and member paper

named way

of

As an

voltage

of

Purdue

in

1966 from

He's

work

Colorado

coming

effects and capacitive

with

the U S. National

Space Administration A

IEEE,

of

on coupled striplines and

inventor

producing

HP

circuit designer

and

in Warren, Pennsylvania, Marvin is

lives

on

five

of dogs, chickens, bees,

he's

also interested in

techniques

Donafd Zimmer,

Don f rom the and a BA University Springs in 1976 He

&

and worked gineer

ment coming

gineer member

gineering

thick-film lemperature

married

and has

jogging,

available

case, the

components

Zimmer

received a BSEE

University of Minnesota in

degree in

of

Colorado at

as a

years

for five

engineer for

process

a

in

thick-film

of the

group,

microcircuits for

Probe,

two

and reading

type

provides

It

are on

a

BSEE degree

University and his

Clarkson

also done

North

at

HP, he

to

Carolina

State

College

further

Universities

worked on

Aeronau-

he's

the author of a

on a

oatent on

artificial diamonds

for

in Black

cats,

probes,

rabbits,

temperature

acres

electromagnetic ap-

Jr.

chemistry

from

Colorado

joined

HP in

production

CRT

and

as a develop-

years

two

before be-

development

R&D.

Later, as a

thick-film

product

he

developed the

the 100234

and he's now

children, Amono

commonly

used in

an average

printed

circuit board

on the

board are

State

energy

is

a new

eight

the

Forest,

and

degree

1 966

the

1969

en-

his in-

of S0

of

TEASUFETENT OUTPUT: l SHORT-TERtr

ACCUFACY:

-zrc

+4tr, tAXltUf, TIP CAPACITAI{CE THERTAL

1

00rc

temp€rature Dllll INPUT OPEFATING

p€rature, planas

for

OPERAnNG

humidity (non-condensing),

as lhos€ OVEFALL WEIGHT:

net 85

BATTERY

LOW-BATTERY

cation

ol a low-battary

plob€

tip at

ACCESSORIES

(1OO23-232O1\,

PRICE

lN

U.S.A.:

precalibrated

MANUFACTURING

susceptible protecting charge. Because

grounded,

not of three coating inside drained prevent instrument.

Acknowledgments

We

wish

Rick

lames

helpful his help

SPECIFICATIONS

HP

Model

-55r

RAI{GE:

mV/$

REPEATABTLTTY:

az"C

from

0"C to 100t,

at +150r,

VOLTAGE

FESPOI{SE:

lor

LENGTH:

LIFE:

and lowered

damage

suggestions.

AT TtP:

TO

GROUND:

<3

s to

change.

>10

R:

MO

EiIVIBONilENT (Fobo

-55t

to +150qC;

'15

min

each with

ENVtBONmEilT (probc

probs

g (3 Approx

INDICAT|ON:

a constant

SUPPLIED:

and

tip and matching

to static

them

to 95y" rstativo

tip.

Appror. 1.4 m (53 oz);

shipping,

50 hr

condition

temosrature

One reptacement

probe

one

Modet 1OO23A

OIVIS|ON:

discharge.

is

the 10023A

a different

capacitors

on the circuit

plastic

the

to the

to thank Larry

for finishing

during

the

final

l00rl3A

60O V

s€nle within

altitudo, to,t60O m (15,OOO

0.38 mm

(varies

probe

tip

compensation COLORADO 1900 P.O. Cotorado

to offer

Temperature

to +150t.

(minimum

aO.gt

decreasing tinearly

(dc + psak

approx.

O 5

2t of final

ilp

to approx 13

(0.015

body):

Tamp€ratuE

humidity

in).

g

(

91Z

t 1

with

ambiont

output indicates

is a

dscreasing

(OOS47-4OOO5).

cover

Temperature

SpRtNGS

cardsn

ol the

Box

2197 Springs,

a

is

method

,tg

of

ac)

pF

reading

mn

in)

axcursion,

at +4Ot;

oz)

temp€ratuE).

approx

indication

(420-0256!,

battery

prob€,

gl5o.

network.

DtVtStON

Gods Road

Colorado

The

conventional

ground

a floating

had

board

housing,

through

the

probe

temperature probe

We

Gamill

it,

are also

stages

for

and

Stan Lang for

grateful

of the

probe

hr).

-4tr

to

+2tr,

(liquid

measurement tor

(0.5 tt);

Orc to

p/N

10023-60001),

8090t

prcbe

In) ftom

vibration,

vibratod

10

to SS Hz.

(battory

@rc

attitude and

-70"C

on

OMM. First

ot 1.

to 2eclminuto

one

stiding tock

Replacoment

U.S.A

method

path

for

the

inshument

to be

devised. By

and

a conductive

the

static

charge is

and inshument

and

the attached

starting

this

his

to Don

Skarke for

project.

-sst

at

flp): Tem_

timitation);

vibration

(inctudos

Tip g65

static

and is

project,

many

and

in three

samo

indi_

with

coilar

of

use

to

a

-

Hewlett-Packard

Road, Palo

Company 1501

AIto,

Calrlornia

94304

.'*-

Page

Mill

h

o?o

,

f,R

gHAYO P_O

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PENSACOLA

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JULIAN A

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HARRIS':

ELECTRONICS

BOX

2807

Ri'EJAOO

"

LTD

FL

325A3

Bulk

Rate

U S Postage

Paid

Hewlett-Packard

Company

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