Games PC LONGBOW 2 User Manual

Longbow2

1997, 1998

LONGBOW 2

Written by Tuesday Frase and Chris McCubbin Additional writing by Jennifer Spohrer Edited by David Ladyman Design and Layout by ORIGIN Creative Services

© 1997, 1998 ORIGIN Systems, Inc. Origin is a trademark or registered trademark of ORIGIN Systems, Inc. Electronic Arts and We Make Sims by the Book are trademarks or registered trademarks of Electronic Arts in the U.S. and/or other countries. All rights reserved. ORIGIN is an Electronic Arts company.

Jane’s Combat Simulations is an Electronic Arts brand. Jane’s is a registered trademark of Jane’s Information Group Ltd. Reference work from Jane’s Library © 1997 Jane’s Information Group Ltd. Made in the USA. All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. This product is not licensed or endorsed by McDonnell Douglas Corporation.

ORIGIN Systems, Inc. 5918 West Courtyard Drive Austin, Texas 78730

HOW TO USE

This manual is subdivided into eight chapters. Some (0, 1 and 2) describe how to play the game, others (3, 6, 7 and Appendices) contain reference information, and others (4 and 5) contain both.

At the beginning of each chapter, you’ll find a detailed table of contents. Page references include the chapter and page number — p. 3.12, for example, refers to Chapter 3, page 12. The appendices at the end of the book give glossary and acronym information, a bibliography and useful flight charts.

QUICK START For a quick game overview and fundamental

keystokes, see the back inside cover of this manual.

0. INTRODUCTION How to Use (this section) tells you how to find the information you need in this book. Adetailed table of contents follows.

Table of Contents (p. 0.6 - 0.11) gives a chapter by chapter listing of contents for this manual. More detailed listings appear at the beginning of each chapter.

In a Hurry? (p. 0.12 - 0.16) describes how to start an Instant Action mission and explains basic keystrokes to get you up in the air and firing your weapons.

1. ON THE BASE On the Base describes the functionality of all buildings on the base, as well as how to use the training missions, Jane’s object viewer, and mission planner.

2. COCKPIT/SYSTEMS Aircraft Overview (p. 2.3) introduces the three flyable helicopters and briefly describes the helicopters’ main display systems and Master Modes (p. 2.9).

Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (p.

2.12) and IHADSS Flight Symbology (p. 2.14) cover

the four IHADSS modes and define each item you see in the Longbow’s cockpit display.

Multi-Function Displays (p. 2.24) takes you through all MFD pages for all helicopter types and explains the items that appear in them.

In-Flight Navigation System (p. 2.44) discusses the game’s dynamic, in-flight mission planning map, and Kiowa Digital Moving Map (p. 2.45) covers the Kiowa Warrior’s scrolling map display.

0: INTRODUCTION

0.3

SHADED TEXT Text in a light-gray box denotes additional information.

Although useful, this info is not required to play the game.

AH-64D Targeting and Sight Systems (p. 2.46) talks about the Longbow’s main systems — the Fire-Control Radar (FCR), Target Acquisition and Designation Sight (TADS), and Pilot’s Night Vision System (PNVS).

Co-Pilot/Gunner Cockpit (p. 2.51) describes the frontseat cockpit and the Optical Relay Tube (ORT) Unit.

Black Hawk Analog Cockpit (p. 2.54) contains information and diagrams of instruments on the Black Hawk dashboard.

View Controls (p. 2.56) lists all of the in-flight camera views.

3. GROUND SCHOOL Lift Force (p. 3.1) discusses physical theories of flight. Rotational Motion (p. 3.5) and Horizontal Motion (p.

3.9) examine the inherent physical characteristics of

rotary flight.

4. FLIGHT TRAINING Helicopter Controls (p. 4.1) describes the helicopter’s control inputs and autopilot functions. It also gives information on adjusting realism and difficulty options.

Practice Flight (p. 4.8) goes through the basic techniques of taking off, flying to a waypoint and landing. You’ll also find advanced information on autorotational and combat landings.

5. COMBAT Staying Alive (p. 5.2) details your Aircraft Survivability Equipment (ASE) and tells you how to use it to survive in combat.

Weapons Systems (p. 5.9) explains everything you need to know about finding, targeting and destroying an enemy with your helicopter’s weapons.

Laser Operation (p. 5.22) describes how to use the helicopter’s laser sensor in conjunction with weapon systems.

Wingmen and Backup (p. 5.24) defines wingman commands and tells you how to call in artillery and air strikes, and how to trade targets with your wingman.

Combat Tactics (p. 5.27) illustrates effective helicopter tactics against ground targets and air opposition.

6. CAMPAIGNS Campaigns (p. 6.1) gives background information on the game’s Iranian and National Training Center campaigns, and includes relevant articles from Jane’s Information Group magazines.

LONGBOW 2

0.4

7. JANE’S Jane’s Specifications (p. 7.1) lists actual specifica-

tions and photographs from Jane’s Information Group for all three flyable helicopters, their weapons and major avionic systems.

APPENDICES Appendices provide useful lists and glossary information:

Appendix A Longbow vs. Longbow 2

(p. A.1) gives veteran players an idea of what new, major features to expect in

Longbow 2

, and describes where to find specifics on

each element.

Appendix B

Acronyms (p. B.1) explains commonly used acronyms.

Appendix C

Glossary (p. C.1) defines commonly used aircraft, ground vehicles and military terms.

Appendix D

Flight Charts (p. D.1) lists cruise velocity and autorotational landing charts for the Longbow Apache, Black Hawk and Kiowa Warrior.

Appendix E

Bibliography (p. E.1) lists the references used in preparing the game and the manual.

0: INTRODUCTION

0.5

IN A HURRY?......................................0.12

Starting the Game............................................0.12

Instant Action Mission Parameters.....................0.12

Flight Basics.....................................................0.13

Basic Flight Controls ...................................0.13

Takeoff Keys..............................................0.13

Navigation Keys.........................................0.14

Targeting Keys...........................................0.14

Weapon Keys.............................................0.14

View Keys..................................................0.15

Ending the Mission .....................................0.15

Useful Hints ...............................................0.16

LONGBOW 2

0.6

0. INTRODUCTION / IN A HURRY?

1. ON THE BASE

READ JANE’S........................................1.1

BUNKHOUSE.........................................1.2

Creating a New Pilot...................................1.3

Pilot Careers...............................................1.4

Deleting a Pilot...........................................1.4

Switching the Active Pilot.............................1.4

TRAINING BUILDING.............................1.5

INSTANT MISSION HELICOPTER.............1.6

MULTI-PLAYER MISSION BUILDING........1.6

SINGLE MISSION BUILDING...................1.6

CAMPAIGN MISSION BUILDING.............1.8

Campaign Options .......................................1.8

Resuming a Campaign.................................1.9

MOBILE MISSION

PLANNING CELL (MMPC).....................1.10

Mission Planner...............................................1.11

Function Buttons..............................................1.13

Mission Summary Bar ......................................1.15

The Map..........................................................1.15

Fly Mission......................................................1.19

Trash Mission...................................................1.19

ENDING A MISSION ............................1.20

Landing at a FARP...........................................1.20

Debriefing Area...............................................1.20

Saving Your Progress.......................................1.20

Crashing, Surviving and Dying.........................1.22

GUARD SHACK....................................1.22

For a three-page Quick Start, please see the back cover and inside back cover on this manual.

Game vs. Reality...............................................2.1

How to Use This Chapter....................................2.2

AIRCRAFT OVERVIEW...........................2.3

Longbow Apache.........................................2.3

Kiowa Warrior............................................2.3

Black Hawk................................................2.3

In-Flight System Keys........................................2.3

Game Options.............................................2.3

Pausing/Ending the Mission.........................2.4

Speeding up Travel......................................2.4

Radio..........................................................2.4

Overview: IHADSS.............................................2.4

Overview: Multi-Function Displays (MFDs)..........2.6

MFD Types ..................................................2.6

Overview: Targeting Systems..............................2.7

MASTER MODES ...................................2.9

Master Mode Settings........................................2.9

Upfront Display...............................................2.10

Black Hawk Indicator Lights .............................2.10

Longbow Fire Warning Lights...........................2.11

Physical Backup Gauges...................................2.11

IHADSS...............................................2.12

IHADSS Helmet System....................................2.13

IHADSS FLIGHT SYMBOLOGY...............2.14

Hover IHADSS Mode........................................2.14

Bob-Up IHADSS Mode......................................2.19

Transition IHADSS Mode...................................2.20

Cruise IHADSS Mode........................................2.21

Weapon-Specific Items.....................................2.22

MULTI-FUNCTION DISPLAYS ................2.24

Tactical Situation Display (TSD) MFD.................2.24

How It Works ............................................2.25

Adjusting TSD Items..................................2.27

TSD with Realistic FCR...............................2.27

Priority Fire Zones (PFZs) ..........................2.28

PFZs and Hellfire Missiles..........................2.28

Radar MFD ......................................................2.29

Air/Ground Radar Modes..........................2.29

Realistic FCROptions and Symbols.............2.30

Realistic FCR Operation Commands............2.31

Downloading Targets to Radar MFD ...........2.31

TADS MFD.......................................................2.32

Panning/Zooming.....................................2.33

TADSand Realistic FCR ..............................2.33

Realistic TADSOperation............................2.33

Weapons MFD.................................................2.33

Aircraft Survivability Equipment (ASE) MFD......2.35

Realistic Jammers.....................................2.36

ASE Autopage...........................................2.37

System MFD....................................................2.38

Engine MFD.....................................................2.38

Interpreting the Symbols...........................2.39

Flight MFD.......................................................2.40

Communications MFD.......................................2.40

Vertical System Display MFD............................2.41

Mast-Mounted Sight (MMS) MFD......................2.43

IN-FLIGHT NAVIGATION SYSTEM .........2.44

KIOWA DIGITAL MOVING MAP............2.45

TARGETING AND SIGHT SYSTEMS........2.46

Mast-Mounted Longbow FCR............................2.46

TADS...............................................................2.47

TADS and MMSCameras ..................................2.47

Pilot’s Night Vision System (PNVS/ANVIS).........2.48

Kiowa Pilot Display Unit...................................2.48

CO-PILOT/GUNNER COCKPIT...............2.51

Kiowa’s Left Seat (CP/G).................................2.51

Longbow’s Front Seat (CP/G)...........................2.51

IHADSS/MFDS/UPFRONT Display.....................2.52

Optical Relay Tube (ORT) Unit..........................2.53

Head-Out/Head-Down Displays.................2.53

BLACK HAWK ANALOG COCKPIT..........2.54

Cockpit Gauges................................................2.54

VIEW CONTROLS ................................2.56

View Panning..................................................2.56

Inside Cockpit Views.........................................2.57

Target Views....................................................2.58

0: INTRODUCTION

0.7

2. COCKPIT/SYSTEMS

LIFT FORCE...........................................3.1

Generating Lift..................................................3.2

Bernoulli’s Principle.....................................3.2

Angle of Attack...........................................3.3

Angle of Incidence.......................................3.4

ROTATIONAL MOTION...........................3.5

Dissymmetry of Lift...........................................3.5

Compressibility of Air..................................3.6

Coning ........................................................3.6

Downwash.........................................................3.6

Ground Effect in a Hover.............................3.7

Settling with Power.....................................3.7

Torque...............................................................3.8

Tail Rotor....................................................3.8

Hovering and Translating Tendency..............3.8

HORIZONTAL MOTION..........................3.9

Translational Lift................................................3.9

Drag.........................................................3.10

Asymmetry of Lift............................................3.10

Retreating Blade Stall......................................3.12

Autorotational landing.....................................3.12

HELICOPTER CONTROLS.........................4.1

Rotor.................................................................4.1

Collective Stick...................................................4.2

Advanced Collective Controls........................4.2

How Collective Works..................................4.2

Cyclic Stick........................................................4.3

How Cyclic Works........................................4.3

Directional Control Pedals..................................4.4

How Directional Control Pedals Work...........4.4

In-Game Flight Tutorials.....................................4.4

Adjusting Realism and Difficulty.........................4.5

Autopilot Functions............................................4.5

Autopilot.....................................................4.5

Advanced Autopilot Keys.............................4.6

Hover Hold.................................................4.7

Force Trim...................................................4.7

PRACTICE FLIGHT (NON-COMBAT).........4.8

Startup..............................................................4.9

Takeoff...........................................................4.10

In-Flight..........................................................4.11

Landing...........................................................4.12

Advanced Combat Landing........................4.13

Autorotational Landing..............................4.14

LONGBOW 2

0.8

3. GROUND SCHOOL

4. FLIGHT TRAINING

STAYING ALIVE .....................................5.2

Aircraft Survivability Equipment.........................5.2

Evading Missiles.................................................5.3

DAMAGE...............................................5.4

TACTICAL MISSIONS..............................5.6

AH-64D Longbow Apache............................5.6

OH-58D Kiowa Warrior...............................5.7

UH-60LBlack Hawk....................................5.8

WEAPONS SYSTEMS..............................5.9

Finding the Enemy.............................................5.9

Visual Tracking............................................5.9

Sensor Systems...........................................5.9

Target Acquisition Modes..................................5.10

TADS/MMS Target Acquisition Mode...........5.11

FCR Target Acquisition Mode......................5.11

Priority Fire Zones....................................5.11

Selecting Targets from Your Target List.............5.12

Getting Best Cannon Targets......................5.12

Getting Best Missile Targets.......................5.12

Selecting Targets with the Mouse...............5.12

Engaging Targets with Cannon,

FFAR and Stingers........................................5.13

M230 Chain Gun Cannon..........................5.14

Stinger Infrared-Guided Missile..................5.16

Folding Fin Aerial Rocket (FFAR)................5.17

Engaging Targets with Hellfires........................5.18

LOBL Missile Launch Mode.........................5.18

LOAL Missile Launch Mode.........................5.19

Launching Hellfires with PFZs...........................5.19

Troubleshooting — Getting a Valid Lock..........5.20

Weapon Inhibit Field.................................5.20

Identifying the Target................................5.21

Laser Operation...............................................5.22

Realistic TADSand the Laser......................5.23

Using the Laser with Laser Hellfires...........5.23

WINGMEN AND BACKUP.....................5.24

Wingman Commands.......................................5.24

Giving Your Wingman Targets....................5.24

Getting Your Wingman’s Targets................5.25

Other Wingman Commands.......................5.25

Calling on Backup............................................5.26

Calling an Air Strike..................................5.26

Calling an Artillery Strike..........................5.26

COMBAT TACTICS ................................5.27

Air-to-Ground Tactics........................................5.27

Escorting Transports...................................5.28

Terrain Masking ........................................5.28

Contour Chasing – Speed vs. Safety..........5.28

Bob-Up.....................................................5.29

Pop Sideways............................................5.30

Air-To-Air Tactics...............................................5.30

Against Fighters........................................5.31

Against Helicopters....................................5.31

0: INTRODUCTION

0.9

5. COMBAT

CAMPAIGNS.........................................6.1

IRAN, AZERBAIJAN AND THE US...............6.2

Fear Drives Caucasian Policy..............................6.2

Iran Warns USA To “Think Twice”

About An Attack................................................6.3

Iran Strives To Regain Military Might; Rearmament Drive Aims to Restore

Gulf Balance......................................................6.4

Baku and Tehran, Renewed Tensions..................6.6

Azeris Want New Look at Tashkent Accord..........6.8

The Jane’s Interview:

National Training Center....................................6.9

JANE’S SENTINEL

–

THE GULF STATES – IRAN ..........................6.10

Defence Production..........................................6.10

Historical Overview ..........................................6.11

Territorial Disputes – Iraq, UAE........................6.11

International Affairs........................................6.12

JANE’S SENTINEL

– RUSSIA

AND THE CIS – AZERBAIJAN ....................6.14

Risk Pointers...................................................6.14

Azerbaijan’s Oil to Flow...................................6.15

GAME CAMPAIGN BACKGROUND...........6.16

National Training Center..................................6.16

Iran:Operation Fallen Crescent........................6.17

DYNAMIC MISSION GENERATOR.............6.19

Overview.........................................................6.19

Campaign Goals..............................................6.19

Criteria for an Offensive Advance.....................6.21

Resource Management.....................................6.22

Mission Outcomes............................................6.22

LONGBOW 2

0.10

6. CAMPAIGNS

DEFINITIONS..................................................7.2

MILITARY AIRCRAFT, ROTARY WING

AH-64D Longbow Apache...................................7.4

UH-60A/L Blackhawk (Sikorsky S-70A).............7.7

OH-58D Kiowa Warrior ....................................7.10

WEAPONRY

AIM-92 Stinger ................................................7.13

Folding Fin Aerial Rocket.................................7.14

Hellfire Missile.................................................7.16

FN 0.50 Browning M2 Heavy

Barrel Machine Gun.........................................7.18

M134 7.62mm Minigun Machine Gun..............7.19

M230 Chain Gun Cannon.................................7.20

M60D 7.62mm Machine Gun...........................7.21

AVIONICS

AN/ALQ-144 Infrared

Countermeasures Set.......................................7.22

AN/APR-39A Threat Warning System...............7.23

AN/AVR-2 Laser Detecting Set..........................7.24

ANVIS/HUD System.........................................7.25

Longbow Radar...............................................7.26

MMSMast Mounted Sight.................................7.27

Target Acquisition Designation Sight/

Pilot Night Vision Sensor..................................7.28

0: INTRODUCTION

0.11

7. SPECIFICATIONS

APPENDICES

GAME COMPARISONS...........................A.1

Longbow vs. Longbow 2.....................................A.1

ACRONYMS..........................................B.1

GLOSSARY............................................C.1

FLIGHT CHARTS....................................D.1

Cruise Charts .....................................................D.1

Longbow Apache.........................................D.1

Kiowa Warrior............................................D.2

Black Hawk................................................D.3

Autorotational Descent Charts............................D.4

Longbow Apache.........................................D.4

Kiowa Warrior............................................D.5

Black Hawk................................................D.6

BIBLIOGRAPHY .....................................E.1

LONGBOW 2

0.12

IN A HURRY?

This section is for new pilots who want a basic introduction to the game, as well as for seasoned pilots who only want enough information to get the game started.

Instant Action encounters don’t affect your pilot’s record, but they’re a great way to ease into the game before starting an actual campaign.

Check out the Quick Start Reference Card on the back cover/inside back cover of this manual for basic keystrokes.

Page numbers in parentheses indicate where to go in the manual for more details.

: Once the game starts, you’ll see an overhead view of the base. Right-click the

mouse anywhere to display all the hotspots.

L Left-click on the grounded helicopter (in front of the Campaign hangar) to start

INSTANT ACTION mission.

Instant Action Mission Parameters

Instant Action mission mode places you in the pilot’s seat of an AH-64D Longbow Apache. (A second cockpit, the co-pilot/gunner’s seat, is available as well. This front seat is usually used for targeting and weapon functions. See p. 2.51 for details.)

♦ Terrain. You’ll fly in whichever map was last decompressed (NTC or Iran). ♦ Helicopter/Weapon. You’ll fly an invulnerable AH-64D Longbow Apache, with

unlimited weaponry (M230 chain gun rounds, RF Hellfire missiles, FFAR rockets and Stinger ATA missiles).

♦ Flight Model.

SIMPLE flight mode is active. You can increase difficulty by acti-

vating the

OPTIONS menu (press aO), then selecting a different flight model

from the

GAMEPLAY menu. You can also adjust REALISM options that change the

characteristics of your chopper and/or weapons.

Starting the Game

1. Ensure that your input devices are calibrated in

Windows 95

. If you have any

questions or problems, please refer to the

Install Guide

2. Double-left click on the

Longbow 2

icon, or left-click the

Start

button and select

Programs/Jane’s Combat Simulations/AH64D Longbow 2/Longbow 2

This section assumes that you selected a CASUAL installation. If you selected

EXPERT, you can change the game’s settings in the OPTION menu.

1. Press a O

2. Select

CONTROLS, then CASUAL. Press ACCEPT.

3. Select

GAMEPLAY, then ARCADE. Press ACCEPT twice to close the options screen.

0: INTRODUCTION

0.13

♦ Forces. You’ll face a slew of random air and ground enemies — SAMs,

helicopters, anti-aircraft guns, tanks, trucks, etc. Some will be friendly, so you

may want to spend some time watching the ground battles below.

Keeping your targets straight won’t be a problem — you aren’t allowed to

target friendlies with this control type. To track target positions, use the in-flight

mission planner map (aN).

Flight Basics (pp. 4.1-7)

Basic Flight Controls

All helicopters have three basic controls: ♦ The

collective

adjusts vertical velocity (altitude), and can be set from 0-100%.

♦ The

cyclic

controls forward, sideways and backward movement.

♦ The

directional control pedals

change heading by swinging the tail rotor left

or right (most useful at slow speeds).

COLLECTIVE

= / - Increase/decrease vertical velocity (altitude). or throttle wheel

CYCLIC

W / Z Pitch helicopter down (to move forward)/up (to move backward) A / S Bank helicopter left/right

or joystick

PEDALS

[ / ] Rotate tail rotor left/right or pedals

Takeoff Keys

Takeoff is automatic in Instant Action missions. For specific details on how to take off in other mission types, see Flight Training: Practice Flight, p. 4.8.

This section covers basic keystrokes you need for survival, as does the Quick Start Reference Card on the back cover of this manual. See the rest of the manual or the

Reference Card

for a complete listing of keys and game functions.

Navigation Keys (p. 2.44, p. 4.5)

Activate autopilot (key cycles through

MAINTAIN HEADING(AP

1),

FOLLOW WAYPOINTS(AP

2) and

OFF

(

NONE

Activate hover hold (must be flying slower than 15 knots, or be in autopilot mode)

Cycle through time compression (2x, 4x, 8x)

Restore normal time

Open mission planner

Targeting Keys (pp. 5.10-12)

In the Longbow Apache, the square multi-function display (MFD) on the right side of the dashboard is your Tactical Situation Display (TSD). Small icons are potential targets, and an icon with a diamond represents the current target. Other MFDs exist — the types and locations vary by helicopter type. (See Cockpit/Systems, p. 2.1, for details.)

Target next enemy object

Targets have the following TSD icons:

Light Structure Heavy Structure Light Armor Heavy Armor Light Wheeled Vehicle Heavy Wheeled Vehicle Light Artiller y Heavy Artiller y Airplane Helicopter Ground Threat (ASE) Out-of-Range

Note: The icons change if

REALISTIC FCR SYMBOLS

is active. See the

Options Menu

in the

Install Guide

for details

LONGBOW 2

0.14

0: INTRODUCTION

0.15

Weapon Keys (pp. 5.13-19)

Target Reticle Rocket I-Beam Constraint

ATA Constraint Hellfire Constraint

The weapon constraint indicator is a square, circle or I-beam, depending on the active weapon and helicopter type. Line it up with the target reticle (small, dashed cross hairs that appear over a target in view). When the constraint border turns from dashed to solid, you have a

VALID LOCK and can fire. (If you can’t fire, mes-

sages will appear on your screen — see Weapon Inhibit Field, p. 5.20.)

Switch active weapon to Hellfires/FFARs/Stingers (On the Longbow Apache, the M230 Chain Gun is always active.)

Fire cannon (M230 Chain Gun)

Fire rocket/missile

View Controls (p. 2.56)

Front cockpit view

Front view, no cockpit

Virtual cockpit view (pannable; use a+ joystick to slew view)

Next object view (pannable)

Next target view (pannable)

View Panning and Zooming

You can pan/zoom the 4, 6 and 7 views. a + joystick also pans these views.

(numpad) Reset view to center position

(numpad) Pan view up

(numpad) Pan view down

(numpad) Pan view right

(numpad) Pan view left

(numpad) Zoom in

(numpad) Zoom out

Ending the Mission

Pause or exit the mission/game with these keys:

Pause the game

Quit the mission

Exit to Operating System

Useful Hints

♦ In all three helicopter types, stay low to avoid detection. Follow the terrain,

flying at a low altitude and speed (below 70 knots). Most importantly, try to mask your position as long as possible by hiding behind hills or structures, or in valleys. Only pop up when you absolutely need to.

♦ When SAMs approach your aircraft, reduce altitude as quickly as you can

without hitting the ground. This will help decrease your chances of being hit.

♦ Try sticking with the Longbow Apache and radar Hellfire missiles until you’ve

got the hang of the game. They’ll let you stay far enough away from your targets to take advantage of LOAL missile launch mode and reduce your exposure to enemy fire.

♦ Kill the AAA threats that have the longest ranges first when entering enemy ter-

ritory. This makes it easier to maneuver around other threats with shorter ranges. Keep an eye on your ASE MFD and weave around the arced firing ranges of the remaining SAMs and AAA.

♦ Focus on mission objectives before you worry about other enemies. You'll

almost always need to hit a few threats along the way — just make sure you reserve enough weapons to destroy your primary objectives. You can use any remaining ammo to hit stray targets on the way back.

♦ You aren’t required to fly missions along pre-set waypoints. If you can identify

a path with less resistance, try moving your waypoints. Keep in mind, however, that you’ll need to have ample fuel to return through an alternate route.

♦ Listen to your CPG. He’ll tell you what’s out there, and where. ♦ To identify nearby targets, press U. This toggles on target identification, which

shows identifying names in the UPFRONT display as you switch targets.

♦ If you suspect that you’ll face enemy helicopters in an area, clear out a

section of SAMs near the anticipated area of engagement. This way, you’ll have room to climb and evade the helos without being tagged by a SAM.

♦ If you become disoriented when dodging fire and think you may crash, quickly

press A so that the game’s autopilot function will restore level flight. As soon as your altitude and bearing become stable, continue the fight.

♦ Memorize the key commands for your wingman/air support/artillery strikes. Try

to use your limited number of artillery strikes on concentrated SAM areas, and use the air support strikes only on AAApositions. (If you use air strikes on SAM sites, you risk having your A-10/F-16 shot down. This will subtract promotion points from your mission score.)

LONGBOW 2

0.16

On the Base

READ JANE’S........................................1.1

BUNKHOUSE.........................................1.2

Creating a New Pilot..........................................1.3

Pilot Careers......................................................1.4

Deleting a Pilot..................................................1.4

Switching the Active Pilot...................................1.4

TRAINING BUILDING.............................1.5

INSTANT MISSION HELICOPTER.............1.6

MULTI-PLAYER MISSION BUILDING........1.6

SINGLE MISSION BUILDING...................1.6

CAMPAIGN MISSION BUILDING.............1.8

Campaign Options.............................................1.8

Resuming a Campaign.......................................1.9

MOBILE MISSION

PLANNING CELL (MMPC).....................1.10

Mission Planner...............................................1.11

Menu Bars.......................................................1.11

Function Buttons..............................................1.13

Mission Summary Bar ......................................1.15

The Map..........................................................1.15

Waypoint Symbology .......................................1.16

Moving, Adding and Deleting Waypoints......1.16

Waypoint Information Window.........................1.17

Fly Mission......................................................1.19

Trash Mission...................................................1.19

ENDING A MISSION ............................1.20

Landing at a FARP...........................................1.20

Debriefing Area...............................................1.20

Saving Your Progress.......................................1.20

Crashing, Surviving and Dying.........................1.22

GUARD SHACK....................................1.22

LONGBOW 2

1.2

1. ON THE BASE

1: ON THE BASE

The first thing you see when you start the game is an overhead view of the complex. Each building performs one or more different functions. To see what action spots are available, right-click anywhere on the screen. To access a particular building, move the cursor over it and left-click. Once you’ve finished exploring the Base, proceed to Training Building, p. 1.5, or Flight Training, Chapter 4.

Read Jane’s

The

Jane’s Military Aircraft, Vehicles and Logistics

book lists a variety of information about most objects in the game and about the Jane’s organization. The information and photos that appear here come directly from Jane’s Information Group, and are identical to the published versions (although some have partial entries).

Jane’s reference books can be accessed from the Bunkhouse, Training Building, Commo Building, MMPC and Debriefing room.

1.1

Campaign

Instant

Action

Commo Building

(Multi-Player)

Tutorial/

Training

Single Missions

Select Pilot

Exit to Operating System

Each tabbed section contains information about items in that category. ♦ To activate, highlight the red Jane’s book, then left-click.

Aircraft Displays information on helicopters and airplanes in the game. Armour Displays information on armored vehicles in the game. Vehicles Displays information on unarmored ground vehicles in the game. Air Defense Displays information on AAguns and SAM sites in the game. About Jane’s Displays the title page of the Jane’s book and gives information

on the Jane’s organization. Close Returns to the Base. By using these pages, you can learn about the objects in the game.

♦ Left-click on the book tabs to change chapters. ♦ Left-click on pictures on the left page to enlarge them to full-screen view.

Left-click again to return to the normal page view.

♦ Left-click inside either white text box to enlarge the text page. Left-click the

vertical scroll bars to scroll through statistics or descriptive text. (Or, use W and Z to scroll.) Left-click to return to the normal page.

♦ Left-click on the gray arrows at the bottom of either page to turn the page. ♦ Left-click-and-hold on the 3-D object box on the right-hand page to rotate the

object. Dragging the mouse cursor rotates the object in any direction. Pressing the left and right mouse buttons simultaneously lets you control zoom. Push the mouse forward to zoom in, backward to pull back.

BUNKHOUSE

Select Pilot

appears when this building is highlighted.

The Bunkhouse is where all existing pilot records are stored. Each time you start the game, the pilot that you last used will be the active pilot.

Left-click on the building to see a row of lockers. Here, you can create and store six pilots (one per locker). Once a pilot is MIA (Missing In Action) or KIA (Killed In Action), he/she is no longer available, and a folded flag appears in the locker.

Note: You must create a pilot before flying Single or Campaign Missions. Once you create/select a pilot, he/she will remain active until you create/select a different one.

To select a different active pilot, click on his/her flight helmet. To create a new pilot, click on a locker and it will open. Click on the notebook to

select a unit and give the pilot a name and callsign. The currently selected pilot has a flight bag in place of the helmet.

Left-click on the door to exit this room and return to overhead Base view.

LONGBOW 2

1.2

Creating a New Pilot

A locker with a flight bag or helmet indicates an active pilot. A locker with a folded flag means that the pilot is inactive (either missing or killed in action).

To replace a dead pilot with a new one, select the dead pilot and change the name. This will replace the pilot with a newly created one.

CHANGE UNIT Highlight the space at the top of the spiral notebook and left-

click to change your unit affiliation. You can left-click on the unit insignias to view available units and select the one you wish to join, and you can enter a nickname for your squad.

CREATE NEW PILOT Left-click on the name of the default pilot to change the

pilot’s name and callsign. You will be given a window with the current pilot’s name

and callsign. Left-click on the end of the name and backspace over it, then enter the name you prefer in the space. Then, press e. If you wish to change your callsign, t down to the callsign field and do the same. Repeat for your squad nickname.

When you have the name, callsign and squad name you wish, left-click on

ACCEPT. Or left-click CANCEL to exit with no

changes.

VIEW SQUAD DATA Left-click on this folder to open it and view a variety of

information about the performance of that pilot and the rest of his squad.

Left-click on the bottom of the folder to toggle between pages, and on the top to exit back to the locker.

The first page of Squad Data is your personal record. At the top are your name, callsign, unit and squad. The left column consists of your current rank, total number of missions flown and number successfully completed, flight hours in each of the four aircraft types, your current score (your combat activity and successes, expressed in points) and your rating vs. other pilots in your unit, expressed as a percentile. Finally, all campaigns and training missions completed by the pilot are listed. The second column shows the number of times you’ve fired and hit with each weapon, and rates your efficiency with it, and also shows your confirmed kills sorted by unit type.

The second page of the folder displays information about your squad. Each squad consists of 16 helicopter crews. The page displays the name of each pilot and CP/G, the type of helicopter flown by that team (your entry will dis-

1: ON THE BASE

1.3

play the type of helicopter flown on your most recent mission), an efficiency rating for the team, total number of kills for the team, and total flight time logged.

Each pilot created is assigned a squadron of computergenerated characters upon creation. This page keeps track only of information about that computer-generated squad. It will not reflect any information about any live players you may fly with during multi-player missions.

VIEW MEDALS Left-click on the box to the left to view medals you’ve

earned. As you progress in the campaign, you’ll receive medals and campaign ribbons. Right-click in the medals screen to see the names of all of the medals.

EXIT Close the locker.

Once you create a pilot and save your progress, this pilot remains active. (Only one pilot can be active at once.) Whoever was flying the last sortie is the default pilot when you resume the game.

♦ Left-click on the locker door (at the left-hand side of the screen) to close the locker. ♦ Left-click on the door or on the active pilot’s flight bag to exit the Bunkhouse.

You can now fly this pilot in any mission.

Pilot Careers

Every mission you fly logs hours for the active pilot and adds points to his/her cumulative score. Single or Campaign missions all get recorded on the pilot’s stat sheet. (Instant Action missions, however, do not.) If you die in any mission, the active pilot will not be available for future missions, unless you re-fly the mission and survive.

Once you’ve accumulated enough points, flown enough missions, or met some other condition, you’ll find new ribbons and medals in your pilot’s locker.

Deleting a Pilot

Once you create a pilot, that locker is occupied until the pilot is dead, captured or deleted. If you die or are captured during a mission and choose to save your progress at that point, a yellow ribbon and flag appear in the locker. The ribbon and flag remain there until you create a new pilot in that locker.

Switching the Active Pilot

To resume another pilot’s career, left-click on the flight helmet of the pilot you want to use. Aflight bag will appear in the top portion of the locker — left-click on it to return to the overhead Base view. Now, missions you fly will be saved to that pilot’s record.

LONGBOW 2

1.4

TRAINING BUILDING

Tutorial/Training

appears when this building is highlighted.

Before you head for the flight area, you may want to hone your piloting skills. The Training Building offers a complete, interactive tutorial that introduces you to the Longbow Apache, Kiowa Warrior, Black Hawk and helicopter flight in general.

You can access six different training modules. Three are accessed by clicking on the books on the shelf, the other three by clicking on the helicopter models suspended from the ceiling.

The

Basic Flight Training

mission introduces you to the fundamentals of combat helicopter operation. There are also specific missions for training in each of the three helicopter types (two missions — basic and advanced — for the Longbow, and one each for the Kiowa and Black Hawk). There’s also a

Free Flight Gunnery

Range

mission where you can sharpen your flight and weapons skills at your own

pace.

VIEW FILMS Brings you to an area where you can view promotional

films about the helicopters and their systems. This area also allows you to view any game cinematics you’ve seen.

♦ Left-click on the stack of films to display a list of promotional films. ♦ Left-click on a film name in the dialog box to load it. ♦ To stop a movie, left click the mouse or press q.

The

News Scrapbook

records cinematics as you progress through the campaign.

Jane’s

displays background information on Jane’s Information Group.

♦ Left-click on the light switch to return to the base view.

1: ON THE BASE

1.5

Basic Black Hawk

Training

Basic Longbow

Training

Free-Flight

Gunnery Practice

Advanced Longbow

Training

Exit Basic Kiowa

Training Read Jane’s Multi-media Room Basic Flight

Training

INSTANT MISSION HELICOPTER

Instant Action

appears when this helicopter is highlighted.

Instant Action missions are for players who want to get up in the air quickly and destroy targets. Left click on the grounded helicopter to start an Instant Action Mission (single-player) or Death Match (multi-player). For details, see In a Hurry? on p. 0.12.

MULTI-PLAYER MISSION BUILDING

Commo Building

appears when this building is highlighted.

From this building you can connect to, join or organize a multi-player

Longbow 2

session. For complete instructions see the: Multi-Player Guide.

SINGLE MISSION BUILDING

Single Missions

appears when this building is highlighted.

When you enter this building you are taken to the MMPC (see p. 1.10), from which you can elect to fly any one of ten pre-generated missions, or a random mission.

When you left-click on the notebook you are given a menu of pre-generated missions from which to select.

When you left-click on the clipboard you are given a list of parameters with which to customize a random mission. You can either play a completely random situation, or pre-set the nature and difficulty of your task by adjusting the skill level of the enemy pilots (and of allied forces), the weather, the time of day, the mission type and more.

♦ To customize a mission, move your cursor over an option (most options default

to RANDOM) and left-click to cycle through available parameters.

THEATER OF OPERATION Available options are RANDOM, WESTERN AZERBAIJAN, CENTRAL

AZERBAIJAN

, EASTERN AZERBAIJAN or FORT IRWIN NTC (National

Training Center).

TIME OF DAY Set the mission time to RANDOM, DAY, DAWN/DUSK or NIGHT. WEATHER Adjust the weather to RANDOM, GOOD (clear skies), FAIR

(partly cloudy) or POOR (cloudy, drizzly).

WEAPONS AVAILABILITY You can limit your weapon selection by selecting RANDOM,

ALLOW ALL, NO HELLFIRES, NO STINGERS and ROCKETS ONLY.

LONGBOW 2

1.6

Mission Planning Computer

Fly Mission

Random Mission Clipbaard

Single Mission Notebook

FORCE ADVANTAGE You can give one side or the other a situational advantage.

Select

FRIENDLY ADVANTAGE, ENEMY ADVANTAGE, NEUTRAL or

RANDOM.

The remaining parameters can be set independently for both both teams.

MISSION TYPES Set the mission objective.

STRIKE (attack enemy positions behind enemy lines) ESCORT (escort friendlies into dangerous territory) RECON (scout enemy forces behind enemy lines) CAP (Combat Air Patrol — engage airborne enemies) CAS (Combat Air Support — provide air support for a friendly

ground offensive)

RANDOM

SKILL LEVEL

Change the skill level for computer-controlled helicopter units on both sides of the battle.

CAT III (Crack Enemies possess excellent flying skills and

are difficult to kill)

CAT II (Veteran Enemies possess average flying skills and

are moderately hard to kill)

CAT I (Green Enemies possess poor flying skills and are

easy to kill)

RANDOM

GROUND FORCES

Select LIGHT, MEDIUM, HEAVY or RANDOM for each side.

AIR DEFENSES Select LIGHT, MEDIUM, HEAVY or RANDOM for each side. HELICOPTERS Select LIGHT, MEDIUM, HEAVY or RANDOM for each side. AIR SUPPORT Select LIGHT, MEDIUM, HEAVY or RANDOM for each side. ARTILLERY SUPPORT Select LIGHT, MEDIUM, HEAVY or RANDOM for each side.

♦ When you’re finished configuring the mission, left-click

ACCEPT PARAMETERS to

lock in your choices, or left-click on the pencil to exit to the Clipboard. Once your parameters are set, the program then generates a random mission according to your specifications. Left-click on the Mission Planning Computer to view your mission map, briefing and to set the mission parameters. Then exit back to the MMPC and fly the mission by left-clicking on the helmet.

Details for the MMPC options appear on pp. 1.10-19.

1: ON THE BASE

1.7

CAMPAIGN MISSION BUILDING

Campaign Missions

appears when this building is highlighted.

When you left-click on this building, a plaque displays with both FALLEN CRESCENT and AZURE RUNE options. The Azure Rune training campaign has two variants. In the Friend vs. Enemy campaign, the opposing force uses authentic international arms, while in the Friend vs. Friend campaign both sides have American armaments (thereby providing a realistic context for a multiplayer, head-to-head campaign).

Select one of the options to start that campaign. (See Chapter 6: Campaigns for background information on both campaigns.)

o begin a new campaign:

1. Left-click on the Campaign Mission Building.

2. Select the campaign you wish to fly. You can have a maximum of ten saved campaign games. If you attempt to create a new campaign game, but already have ten cam-

paigns in progress, a plaque will prompt you to replace one of them. Select the campaign slot you wish to replace.

3. Enter a name for your save game file.

4. Set campaign options (see below). You will be taken to the MMPC for your first mission briefing.

Campaign Options

Note: For info on options specific to Multi-Player play, see the

Multi-Player Guide

You will have to select among the following options before starting a new campaign.

CHALLENGE LEVEL Select

Easy, Average

Hard

FORCE ADVANTAGE Which side in the conflict has the numerical advantage.

Select

NEUTRAL, FRIENDLY ADVANTAGE or ENEMY ADVANTAGE.

CAMPAIGN LIMIT Controls the amount of game-time you are given to suc-

cessfully complete the campaign. Select

TWO, THREE, FOUR

WEEKS

or UNLIMITED.

LONGBOW 2

1.8

LIMIT RADAR LONGBOWS If this toggle is set to ON, destroyed Longbows will not be

replaced immediately.

LIMIT OTHER If this toggle is set to ON, destroyed Kiowas, Longbows HELICOPTERS without radars and Black Hawks will not be replaced

immediately

LIMIT MISSILES If this toggle is set to ON, expended Hellfires and Stingers

will not be replaced immediately.

LIMIT ROCKETS If this toggle is set to ON, expended rockets will not be

replaced immediately.

ORDINANCE Controls the speed at which missiles and rockets will be REPLACEMENT resupplied, if either is limited. Select SLOW, AVERAGE or FAST.

HELICOPTER The rate at which destroyed helicopters will be replaced, REPLACEMENT if any of the helicopter types are limited. Select SLOW,

AVERAGE or FAST.

LIMITED INTELLIGENCE If this toggle is set to ON, the “fog of war” may prevent you

from receiving accurate information about the enemy forces in your briefings.

TIME OF DAY Select RANDOM, ALWAYS DAY or ALWAYS NIGHT. VISIBILITY Select RANDOM, ALWAYS GOOD or ALWAYS POOR.

Resuming a Campaign

When you restart the game and want to resume a campaign, left-click on the Campaign building. Then, left-click on the save game name that you used when you saved that campaign game.

The Campaign Mission Building will sometimes play newscasts that update you on the situation. Following that, you’ll find yourself in the MMPC, where you prepare for your next mission.

See pp. 1.10-19 for details on what you can do in this area.

1: ON THE BASE

1.9

MOBILE MISSION PLANNING CELL (MMPC)

The MMPC is a tent or truck-mounted system used for tactical mission planning in the field. Left-clicking on either the Campaign or Single Mission Building will take you to the MMPC.

When you left-click on the notebook (after entering from the Single Mission Building) you are given a menu of pre-generated missions from which to select.

When you left-click on the clipboard (after entering from the Single Mission Building) you are given a list of parameters from which to customize a random mission.

Right-click to display text for the hotspots. You have five options in this area. When you pass the cursor over an option area, the option will highlight.

The following options are available in both Single and Campaign missions.

MISSION PLANNER Left-click on the computer to access the Mission Planner

(available only after selecting a mission).

READ JANE’S Left-click on the Jane’s book on top of the table to view

statistics, pictures and text descriptions of objects in the game, just as they appear in the Jane’s books.

FLY MISSION Left-click on the green flight helmet to begin the mission

(available only after selecting a mission).

TRASH MISSION Left-click on the trash can to cancel the mission and return

to the main screen for the current mission type.

LONGBOW 2

1.10

Read Jane’s

Single

Mission

List*

Trash Mission

Fly Mission

Random Mission Planner*

Mission Planner

* If in Single Mission Mode

Mission Planner

♦ Left-click on the mission

planning computer on the desk to view the Mission Planner display. You can use this interface to add/delete waypoints (planned navigation points), view intelligence reports on what to expect during the mission, arm and assign your squad’s helicopters, view in detail the map of the mission area, and more. You also get your briefing here (in text form).

In addition to planning your own mission, the mission planner allows you to direct the computer-controlled flights for the rest of the helicopters in your squad.

♦ Each mission has a full suite of default options with which you can fly, so you

never have to change anything in the mission planner.

♦ Left-click the red power button to close the tactical planning display and return

to the Mission Planning Center. From the Mission Planning Center, left-click on the Flight Helmet to fly the mission with your current changes to the Mission Planner, or left-click on the waste basket or press q to trash the mission and

restore defaults. ♦ Another name for a mission is an Air Tasking Order (ATO). Using the mission planner gives you control over the mission, not just for your

own helicopter but for an entire squadron. You can assign and arm helicopters, move or delete waypoints, and even disregard certain objectives entirely to concentrate your forces on the goals you consider most important.

Even if you have absolutely no interest in tinkering with the default mission parameters assigned by the computer, you are encouraged to at least check the briefing for any special instructions.

Menu Bars

There are four menu bars across the top of the Mission Planner Screen: System, Overlays, Map View, Waypoints. You can use them to turn certain map features on/off. Whatever options you select load the next time you use the Mission Planner.

1: ON THE BASE

1.11

System. This bar contains only three options, one of which is found only in multi-

player games.

Overlays. Toggles the various layers of the map on and off, to make it easier to notice significant details.

Map View. Controls the overall scale and appearance of the map display.

LONGBOW 2

1.12

FARPS. Toggles FARPS on and off. FARPS (Forward-Arming And Refueling

Points) are the starting points for each mission. There will usually be four FARPs per mission, each of which can launch one two-helicopter flight (Lead and Wingman). If you want to mass your forces so more than two helicopters engage any given objective, you’ll have to assign a flight(s) from another FARP to rendezvous at the objective.

Friendly Units. Toggles the friendly units (blue counters) on and off. Enemy Units. Toggles the opposing forces’ units (red counters) on and off. Air Threats. Toggles known air threats on and off. The rings around the air

threat counters indicate the maximum engagement range of the threat. Phase Lines. Toggles the Phase Line on and off. These are the imaginary

lines indicating the interface between friendly-controlled and enemy-controlled territory — the battle front, if you will.

Battle Areas. The map indicates the general operation area for each mission (ATO). This option toggles those indicators off, as well as the arrow that indicates an escorted friendly’s direction of advance.

5 km Grid Lines. Toggles the grid lines on the map on or off.

Zoom In. Zooms in on the map, until maximum magnification is reached. Zoom Out. Zooms out until the broadest possible scale is reached. Satellite. When this option is selected, the map appears as a satellite photo of

the terrain. Contour. When this option is selected, the map appears as a geographic

contour map. NATO Icons. When this option is selected, units on the map are displayed

using standard military symbols. Picture Icons. When this option is selected, units on the map are displayed

using pictographic icons depicting their function.

Exit. Closes the Mission Planner and returns you to the Mission Planning center. This option is identical in function to the red power button.

Restore All Defaults. Erases all changes to the Mission Planner and restores the computer’s original defaults.

Transmit FARP Data. (multi-player only, see

Multi-Player Guide

) Transmits

Waypoints. This menu allows you to toggle the waypoints for each of the four flights on and off.

Exit. The “X” in the upper right corner closes the mission planner.

Function Buttons

Each of these five buttons activates a different planning function: Briefing, Tasking, Arming, Profiler, Rehearse.

Briefing. This button displays a (text) mission briefing. Briefing information includes general situation reports for friendly and enemy forces, specific objectives for each ATO (Air Tasking Order — in general, each task to be performed during the course of the mission), and a weather report. Click on the section headings in the left panel to view each section.

Tasking. This button allows you to assign helicopters and crew to each flight. Left-click on the colored text fields to change tasking options.

The

Inventories

box, at the top of the Tasking screen, displays the number of each type of helicopter available at each FARP, and the number of each type of weapon available for loadout (minus what is currently loaded).

Below the inventories are assignment boxes. Click on the helicopter type to display a list of available aircraft, and on the pilot and CPG boxes to display a list of available personnel.

Note: In single-player games, you must assign yourself as the pilot of a lead aircraft.

In multi-player games, each flight must have a player lead pilot for each player wingman pilot, and each aircraft must have a player pilot for each player CP/G, before exiting the mission planner.

1: ON THE BASE

1.13

Flight 1. When this option is selected, waypoints for Flight 1 are displayed. Flight 2. When this option is selected, waypoints for Flight 2 are displayed. Flight 3. When this option is selected, waypoints for Flight 3 are displayed. Flight 4. When this option is selected, waypoints for Flight 4 are displayed. All. This option selects all flights and displays their waypoints. None. This option de-selects all displayed flights. TOTs. This option toggles the display of waypoint “Time On Target” numbers. Restore Flight 1 Defaults. Restores this flight’s default waypoints. Restore Flight 2 Defaults. Restores this flight’s default waypoints. Restore Flight 3 Defaults. Restores this flight’s default waypoints. Restore Flight 4 Defaults. Restores this flight’s default waypoints.

Arming. Each team window contains a graphic of the team’s helicopters and all

currently available armaments for those helicopters. In most missions the helicopters will be fully loaded with a computer-selected default loadout. The weapons appear as brightly colored icons on the graphic. Left-click on the “-” box in the inventory to de-select a weapon of that type. Once a space has been opened, you can left-click on the “+” box of the desired weapon on the weapons list to load a new weapon.

This function opens a window containing arming panels for each team. Left-click the top tabs to switch teams.

Helicopters do not have to be fully armed for missions. Particularly on recon missions where engaging the enemy is not part of the objectives, it may be preferable to take a lighter, partial loadout.

Profiler. This function allows you to view a vertical profile of the land along a given route.

LONGBOW 2

1.14

Left-click on this button to activate the profiling tool, then left-click on any point on the map, drag to any other point and release. This will create a green line connecting the two points. Abox will open, displaying the vertical contour of the land along that line. To close the profile box, left-click on the close button. You can then either draw another profile line, or left-click on the Profiler button to deactivate the profiler tool.

Rehearse. When you left-click on Rehearse, animated counters representing each flight will move along their mission path in the same relative time scale.

A control panel will appear in the menu bar, allowing you to control the speed of the rehearsal.

The

Pause, Play

and

Quit

buttons of the control panel are self-explanatory.

Time

is a readout of the projected elapsed realtime from the beginning of the mis-

sion.

Speed

controls the speed of the rehearsal. Speed can be controlled with the “+” and “-” buttons. The “+” button makes the rehearsal go faster (but less smoothly), while the “-” button slows it down.

Mission Summary Bar

The bar along the left side of the map displays a text summary of the current mission profile, sorted by FARP Teams and ATOs, including mission type, assigned aircraft and crew personnel. For a list of the various possible mission types, see Single Mission Building, p. 1.6. You can quickly edit your helicopter type and seat position by left-clicking on the names. However, you must use the Tasking window to check your weapons inventory.

The Map

The heart of the mission planner is the mission map itself. Most of the map functions and symbols are explained under Menu Bars, p. 1.11. Actions involving friendly units are represented by a blue connecting line and a blue box around the action area. Enemy units work similarly, except that the lines are yellow with crosshairs.

∆ Recon or Strike Waypoint ∇ Landing Zone

All other waypoints Line up/Release Waypoint (for

escort missions)

1: ON THE BASE

1.15

♦ You cannot move, add or delete the first waypoint, or delete the last, numbered

waypoint.

♦ To move a waypoint, left-click and drag it to any point on the map. ♦ To add a waypoint, left-click on the small green box between two sequential

waypoints.

♦ To delete a waypoint, right-click on it to open the Waypoint Information

Window, and left-click delete.

♦ Right-click on any waypoint to open an informational window about it.

LONGBOW 2

1.16

Each pair of sequential waypoints in a mission has a small green box with a “+” sign somewhere along the green flight path between them.

Once the new waypoint has been added, it can be moved to the precise desired position. The other waypoints will be automatically renumbered to account for the new waypoint’s presence.

Once a waypoint is deleted, the other waypoints will be automatically renumbered, and a new flight path will be drawn between the new sequential waypoints.

Waypoint Symbology

If the assigned action at a waypoint involves another unit — e.g., engaging an enemy unit, or rendezvous with a friendly — a line appears connecting the waypoint with that unit.

Moving, Adding and Deleting Waypoints

The most important function of the map, other than its informational content, is its ability move, add or delete waypoints.

1: ON THE BASE

1.17

Not only does the Waypoint Information Window display useful info, it also allows you to assign new orders to new or pre-existing waypoints.

Waypoint Type. This is, broadly speaking, the reason for the waypoint’s existence. The type is determined by the nature of the action assigned to the waypoint.

Checkpoint.

This is simply an arbitrary geographical point at which the flight

can wait, change course, or begin a new action.

Battle Point.

A waypoint at which the flight is expected to engage the enemy.

Observation Point.

A waypoint from which the flight may observe enemy movements.

Link-Up Point.

A waypoint at which the flight is to meet other air or ground units.

Release Point.

A waypoint at which the flight separates from units it has been

travelling with.

Landing Zone.

A waypoint where an aircraft is expected to make a landing

under fire and then resume its mission.

Take-off.

The starting point of the day’s mission — the FARP.

Landing Point.

A waypoint where an aircraft is expected to make a landing and

end its mission. X / Y coordinates. An arbitrary designation of relative position, showing the dis-

tance from the lower left corner of the Mission Map, in kilometers, along the X and Y axis.

Inbound Profile. This is the recommended elevation and speed from which to approach the waypoint. Computer controlled flights will follow this profile on approach. Left-click on the profile to activate a list of choices.

NOE.

Nap-of-the-Earth As close as possible to the ground, flying relatively slowly.

Contour.

Following the contours of the land, at moderate speed.

Waypoint Information Window

Power Button

This button will exit you from the Mission Planner and return you to the MMPC, from which you can fly or trash the current mission.

LONGBOW 2

1.18

Cruise.

Flying above terrain obstacles at full cruise speed.

Alt. Recommended altitude along the route. Speed. Recommended speed of approach. ToT. Time on Target. Estimated arrival time at this waypoint in minutes and

seconds from the start of the mission. Loiter. This is the time the flight is expected to hover above the waypoint

before moving on. Loiter time in minutes and seconds can be set by leftclicking the “-“ and “+” buttons. Each left-click changes the loiter time by 10 seconds. Use sL to change the time by one-second increments and cL to change the time by 60-second increments.

Action. This is, broadly speaking, what the flight is expected to do (or begin doing) at the waypoint.

Attack Target.

The flight is to attack the designated target.

CAP.

Combat Air Patrol. The flight is to engage any enemy aircraft in the area.

CAS.

Close Air Support. The flight is to engage the enemy in support of a

particular friendly ground unit.

SEAD.

Suppress Enemy Air Defenses. The flight is to destroy air defense

units.

Escort Unit/Flight.

The flight is to escort a friendly unit or flight to the next way-

point.

Recon.

The flight is to survey the area for enemy activity.

Lase Target.

The flight is to paint a specific target with a targeting laser.

Deploy Troops.

The flight is to insert troops into a battle area.

Pick up Troops.

The flight is to evacuate troops from a battle area.

CAS Defensive.

The flight is to engage a particular enemy unit threatening

friendly forces. Action Target. If the waypoint’s action involves another unit (either supporting

a friendly unit or engaging a specific enemy unit) this box shows you the unit involved. Left-click on a map icon of the appropriate type while the waypoint info box is open to make that unit the action target.

Fly Mission

Left-click on the flight helmet to fly the mission you’ve configured (with your newly loaded helicopter).

For information on the basics of flight, see Flight Training, Chapter 4.

Trash Mission

Left-click the wastebasket (or box) to abort the mission and return to the main screen for the overhead view of the Base.

1: ON THE BASE

1.19

Loading Terrain Maps

When you go into the game and fly your first mission of a session, the program may decompress the terrain maps appropriate to that mission and temporarily load them onto your hard disk. These maps depend on what area of the world you are in, and which missions you are flying. Successive missions are typically grouped together onto the same map so as to minimize the need to load new maps.

The default area loaded after you install the game is the National Training Center (used in the Training Campaign, Tutorial and Instant Action missions). If you fly a mission in a different area, you’ll have to decompress a new map first. Whenever you are about to decompress a new terrain area, the game lets you know via a message plaque. Left-click

OK to confirm the decompression,

CANCEL to abort it. Terrain decompression can take a few minutes.

One way of minimizing decompression time is by using lower levels of terrain detail. To adjust the terrain detail level, open the

OPTIONS menu and select WRAP- PER. Then, lower the TERRAIN DETAIL LEVEL setting (options are LOW, NORMAL or HIGH). This also takes up less space on your hard drive.

Jane’s Book

Fly Mission

Mission Planner

Trash Mission

ENDING A MISSION

If you successfully complete your mission objectives, you can end the mission by landing at your final waypoint, or by meeting one of the following conditions:

♦ You land at a Forward Air Refueling Point (FARP). ♦ You press aQ (quit mission). ♦ Your helicopter takes too much damage and explodes. ♦ You crash and are rescued or captured. ♦ You crash and die.

Landing at a FARP

Your last waypoint is always a FARP, but you can also land at other Forward Air Refueling Points anytime you find them. However, the number of times you can use these bases is limited — use them only if you haven’t achieved the mission objectives. FARP supplies vary from location to location. If you land within 0.5 km of a FARP, you’ll be presented with an option plaque:

CONTINUE Continue flying the mission. REARM AND REFUEL Reload weapons and fuel, and resume the mission. END MISSION End the mission and go to the Debriefing area.

Debriefing Area

Once you’ve completed the mission (whether you succeed, fail, live, die or are captured), you’ll go through a debriefing. The chalkboard points out your successes and failures in the mission and outlines what targets you destroyed. If the mission was successful, “Success” or “Success+” appears on the chalkboard. If it was a failure, “Fail” or “Fail–” appears instead. (The “+” means you had a highly successful mission, while “–” means you failed miserably.) The “Friendly Fire” category keeps track of how many friendly aircraft or ground vehicles/structures you damaged during the mission.

LONGBOW 2

1.20

Re-Fly

Mission

Planning

Computer

The acronyms on the chalkboard represent target types, and the numbers beside each indicate how many targets of that type were eliminated during the mission. Your score appears on the board, and accumulates during your pilot’s career.

Important Note: If you activate

INVULNERABLE

UNLIMITED AMMO

options during a

mission, the current mission score will not be added to your total score.

MISSION PLANNER Select the Mission Planning computer to view a detailed

(Extended Debrief) summary of the previous mission, including a status break-

down of every objective in the mission, all targets hit, an overall mission summary, and report on friendly casualties.

RE-FLY MISSION Select the flight helmet to fly the previous mission again. A

popup box will display and ask wish to change parameters. Select

NO to fly with the same mission setup. Select YES to

got the Mission Planner and adjust your setup.

ACCEPT Select the curtain to exit the Debriefing Area. This returns

you to the main mission screen for that mission type. It also saves your pilot’s progress for that mission.

Saving Your Progress

The game has an automatic save feature that saves your progress each time you exit the Debriefing Area. It records scores and other mission stats for individual and campaign missions to the active pilot’s stat sheet. (Instant Action Missions don’t count.)

Whenever the active pilot is captured, killed or missing in action, he/she moves to “Inactive” status. Since this is an important action that ends the pilot’s career, the game prompts you with a plaque to confirm this action.

This happens regardless

of whether automatic saving is active or not.

If you confirm the action (by pressing Y), that pilot will no longer be available. To preserve the pilot’s career, press N and re-fly the mission, or select the flight helmet on the table in the Debriefing area.

The

ALLOW AUTOMATIC SAVING feature may be turned off in the OPTIONS menu by de-

selecting the checkbox (it defaults to

ON).

♦ Leave the

ALLOW AUTOMATIC SAVING feature active if you don’t want to be

prompted to save after every mission. (If your pilot is killed/missing/captured, however, you will be prompted anyway.)

♦ Deactivate the automatic save feature if you want to be prompted to save after

every mission, whether or not the mission was successful.

1: ON THE BASE

1.21

Crashing and Surviving

Your mission ends if you crash or get shot down. If you crash during a battle and survive, you’ll see your helicopter crash.

Dying

When you are shot down or collide with something at high speed (either terrain or another aircraft), you’ll see your helicopter crashing. Afterward, you’ll find yourself in the Debriefing Room. You’ll still get a debriefing and mission success/failure message (and might become a posthumous war hero).

GUARD SHACK

Exit to Operating System

appears when this building is highlighted.

♦ When you’ve completed your missions for the day, left-click on the Guard

Shack to close

Longbow 2

and exit to

Windows 95

LONGBOW 2

1.22

Cockpits

Game vs. Reality...............................................2.1

How to Use This Chapter....................................2.2

AIRCRAFT OVERVIEW...........................2.3

Longbow Apache.........................................2.3

Kiowa Warrior.............................................2.3

Black Hawk................................................2.3

In-Flight System Keys........................................2.3

Game Options.............................................2.3

Pausing/Ending the Mission.........................2.4

Speeding up Travel......................................2.4

Radio..........................................................2.4

Overview: IHADSS.............................................2.4

Overview: Multi-Function Displays (MFDs)..........2.6

MFD Types ..................................................2.6

Overview: Targeting Systems..............................2.7

MASTER MODES ...................................2.9

Master Mode Settings........................................2.9

Upfront Display...............................................2.10

Black Hawk Indicator Lights .............................2.10

Longbow Fire Warning Lights...........................2.11

Physical Backup Gauges...................................2.11

IHADSS...............................................2.12

IHADSS Helmet System....................................2.13

IHADSS FLIGHT SYMBOLOGY...............2.14

Hover IHADSS Mode........................................2.14

Bob-Up IHADSS Mode......................................2.19

Transition IHADSS Mode...................................2.20

Cruise IHADSS Mode........................................2.21

Weapon-Specific Items.....................................2.22

MULTI-FUNCTION DISPLAYS ................2.24

Tactical Situation Display (TSD) MFD.................2.24

How It Works ............................................2.25

Adjusting TSD Items..................................2.27

TSD with Realistic FCR...............................2.27

Priority Fire Zones (PFZs) ..........................2.28

PFZs and Hellfire Missiles..........................2.28

Radar MFD ......................................................2.29

Air/Ground Radar Modes..........................2.29

Realistic FCROptions and Symbols.............2.30

Realistic FCR Operation Commands............2.31

Downloading Targets to the TSD MFD.........2.31

TADS MFD.......................................................2.32

Panning/Zooming.....................................2.33

TADSand Realistic FCR ..............................2.33

Realistic TADSOperation............................2.33

Weapons MFD.................................................2.33

Aircraft Survivability Equipment (ASE) MFD......2.35

Realistic Jammers.....................................2.36

ASE Autopage...........................................2.37

System MFD....................................................2.38

Engine MFD.....................................................2.38

Interpreting the Symbols...........................2.39

Flight MFD.......................................................2.40

Communications MFD.......................................2.40

Vertical System Display MFD............................2.41

Mast-Mounted MFD..........................................2.43

IN-FLIGHT NAVIGATION SYSTEM .........2.44

KIOWA DIGITAL MOVING MAP............2.45

TARGETING AND SIGHT SYSTEMS........2.46

Mast-Mounted Longbow FCR............................2.46

TADS...............................................................2.47

TADS and MMSCameras ..................................2.47

Pilot’s Night Vision System (PNVS/ANVIS).........2.48

Kiowa Pilot Display Unit...................................2.48

CO-PILOT/GUNNER COCKPIT...............2.51

Kiowa’s Left Seat (CP/G).................................2.51

Longbow’s Front Seat (CP/G)...........................2.51

IHADSS/MFDS/UPFRONT Display.....................2.52

Optical Relay Tube (ORT) Unit..........................2.53

Head-Out/Head-Down Displays.................2.53

BLACK HAWK ANALOG COCKPIT..........2.54

Cockpit Gauges.........................................2.54

VIEW CONTROLS ................................2.56

View Panning ............................................2.56

Inside Cockpit Views/Exterior Views ...........2.57

Target Views..............................................2.58

LONGBOW 2

2. COCKPIT/SYSTEMS

2: COCKPITS

As systems and weapons technology grow increasingly complex, flying a helicopter becomes a more difficult task. Pilots constantly have to scan 360° for threats while keeping both hands and feet on the controls at all times. And over the last few years, targeting, night vision and display systems have added new gauges, switches, displays and controls.

The size of the helicopter cockpit and its panels hasn’t increased much to accommodate these new avionic systems. This has necessitated a more automated cockpit in which instrument readings are displayed onscreen and system adjustments are controlled by a computer.

Before your first takeoff, read the following descriptions of the aircrafts’ instrumentation and systems. You can fly either the AH-64D Longbow Apache, the Longbow without Radar, the Kiowa Warrior or the Black Hawk in any mission.

Game vs. Reality

The heart of

Longbow 2

is its level of realism. Actual Apache pilots have logged hours testing the game, giving the development team valuable feedback on how the helicopter should handle and how the weapons should act. Dozens of notebooks full of manufacturing specs, physics, operating characteristics, aerodynamics and other resources were used as well, resulting in a nearly perfect simulation of helicopter flight.

Cockpit. The real Longbow Apache and Kiowa Warrior have separate cockpits for the pilot and co-pilot/gunner, as does the game. The CP/G functions (target sighting, prioritization and countermeasures) are automated in the single-player game, although you can also take direct control over them by adjusting game options. In a multi-player game, a different player can man each position. The Black Hawk has only one cockpit, but a door gunner station is modeled, which allows the player to take the part of a crew member manning one of the two pintle-mounted guns on either side of the Black Hawk’s body.

Flight Dynamics. The dynamics in

Longbow 2

match the actual helicopter and have been aeronautically designed to correctly respond to control inputs and external physics. However, because piloting a helicopter — in reality and in this game — is not easy, you have the option of setting the level of realism (and thus difficulty) you prefer. (See

OPTIONS menu in the

Install Guide

for details.)

Terrain. The maps used in this game were generated from actual U.S. Geological Survey maps and offer a variety of interesting combat environments. Perspectivecorrection technology also adds detail to the terrain and gives hills and canyons smooth edges.

Weapons. In the Longbow Apache, the TADS system automatically rotates the M230 Chain Gun (as the actual Longbow does) as you slew the camera. (You can view this in the exterior camera views.) Additionally, the weapons for all aircraft have realistic dynamics, graphical effects and operational ranges.

2.1

How to Use This Chapter

This chapter covers the cockpit and system features of all three flyable helicopters — the Longbow, Kiowa Warrior and Black Hawk. If a particular section applies to a specific helicopter, you’ll see its name in bold letters, between horizontal lines like this.

Aircraft Overview, below, gives a description of the cockpits, IHADSS, MFDs, master modes and other cockpit items in the three aircraft of

Longbow 2

Integrated Helmet Display and Sight System, p. 2.12, introduces the IHADSS, the heart of the Longbow cockpit.

IHADSS Flight Symbology, p. 2.14, explains the intricacies of each IHADSS mode and defines what each element in the display means. Relevant key commands are given as well.

Multi-Function Displays, p. 2.24, describes the different pages you can bring up in the small MFDs mounted in the cockpit dash of each aircraft. Each page gives different information (such as targeting, navigation, damage, engine info, radar returns, weapons stores, etc.).

Co-Pilot/Gunner (Front Seat) Cockpit, p. 2.51, introduces the co-pilot/gunner cockpit and its functions in the Longbow and Kiowa, and gives detailed information about the Longbow’s Optical Relay Tube display.

Targeting and Sight Systems, p. 2.46, discusses the details of the Longbow’s Target Acquisition and Designation System (TADS), Longbow Fire-Control Radar (FCR), the Kiowa’s Mast-Mounted Sight (MMS) and the night vision systems used by the aircraft.

Black Hawk Analog Cockpit, p. 2.54, covers those elements specific to the Black Hawk cockpit which use traditional analog controls and gauges rather than the more advanced digital electronics systems of the Longbow or Kiowa.

View Controls, p. 2.56, defines all the cockpit and external views you can use during the game.

LONGBOW 2

2.2

AIRCRAFT OVERVIEW

Longbow Apache

The AH-64D cockpit has three primary information display systems. The first is the large, green display (IHADSS, or Integrated Helmet and Display Sight System) overlaid on your forward view. The second consists of two small screens (MFDs, or Multi-Function Displays) embedded in the cockpit. All the information you need to fly and engage enemies is displayed in these two systems. The last system, the Upfront display, gives damage and target information.

Kiowa Warrior

Because the Kiowa’s primary function is to be a scout craft, rather than a gunship, it does not need the sophisticated radar targeting features of the AH-64D. It does have an MFD with pages mirroring most of the applicable features of the Longbow’s system, and it also has a head-up display for rocket and missile targeting information. The Kiowa cockpit features a centrally located, moving map (shared by both positions) which displays a continually updating digital map of the area for use as a navigation aid.

Black Hawk

A no-frills transport aircraft, the Black Hawk has no cockpit-controlled weaponry or electronic targeting systems, and therefore it has no IHADDS or Upfront display. It does have an MFD which can display a limited number of navigational and communications-related pages, but a significantly greater percentage of its flight information is displayed by old-fashioned analog gauges.

In-Flight System Keys

Here are some common, non-control keystrokes you may need to use during flight:

Game Options

Activate the

OPTIONS

This is useful if you want to adjust play options, audio settings, controls or your key mapping. The option menu is completely described in the

Install Guide

Toggle sound and speech ef fects on/of f

Display an in-flight navigation map See Mission Planner, p. 1.11, for information on how to interpret and use the map.

2: COCKPITS

2.3

Pausing/Ending the Mission

Pause the game Left-click

or press eto resume play.

Quit the mission If you have not achieved your objectives, you fail the mission, but have the option to re-fly it.

Exit to

Windows 95

Keep in mind that the current mission will not be saved if you exit from in-flight.

Speeding up Travel

Activate time compression You can cycle through 2X, 4X and 8X. Use this when you want to get to where you’re going

quickly. If time compression is active, the current rate appears in the top right corner of the IHADSS display.

Restore normal time (1X)

Radio

Replay last radio message with mission-specific information

Overview: Integrated Helmet and Display Sight System (IHADSS)

Longbow

Of the three helicopters in

Longbow 2

, only the AH-64D itself has an IHADSS system. (The Kiowa has a simpler head-up display called the Pilot’s Display Unit — see p. 2.48 for details.)

The IHADSS is a system that superimposes data onto a small eye display mounted on the wearer’s helmet. In the game, it appears as a bright green assortment of digital readings and electronic bar gauges in the middle of your viewscreen at all times.

The IHADSS has four modes of operation —

Hover, Bob-Up, Transition

and

Cruise

. Each IHADSS mode best applies to a certain situation, such as when you’re navigating or hovering. (See IHADSS Flight Symbology, p. 2.14, for mode symbology.)

Cycle through IHADSS modes

LONGBOW 2

2.4

Note: Time compression does not apply to multi-player games.

Note: In multi-player games, only slave players can exit the game without end-

ing it. If the host player exits or quits, the game ends for all players.

What is a Mode?

The term

mode

is used several times in this manual, and has different meanings

in different contexts. However, it always refers to

modes of operation.

Take care not to confuse the different mode types. The following items are detailed later in this chapter.

IHADSS modes The 4 IHADSS modes overlay dif ferent information on the IHADSS display in

your viewscreen. See p. 2.14 for more information.

Cycle through IHADSS modes

Missile launch modes You can fire Hellfire missiles using LOBL (lock-on-before-launch) or LOAL (lock-

on-after-launch) missile launch mode. See p. 5.18 for a full explanation.

Toggle between LOBL/LOAL missile launch modes

Radar modes The Longbow radar has both an air radar mode (which scans 360° for air

targets) and a ground radar mode (which scans a 90° arc in front of the helicopter for ground targets). See p. 2.29 for more information.

Toggle between air/ground radar modes

Master modes Each master mode automatically switches the above items to pre-determined

settings. When you select a master mode, you are effectively selecting the IHADSS mode, MFD pages and missile launch mode with a single keystroke.

Choose a certain master mode based on your current situation (whether you’re navigating, firing at ground targets, or searching for air targets). See p. 2.9 for more information.

Cycle through master modes

2: COCKPITS

2.5

IHADSS mode Master mode

Missile launch mode

Overview: Multi-Function Displays (MFDs)

Longbow, Black Hawk, Kiowa

The green-and-black cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays found in the cockpits of all three helicopters are Multi-Function Displays (MFDs). Each displays a “page” of information you access by pressing a key. You can access nine different pages in the Longbow Apache. All available pages can be displayed in any MFD.

The Longbow has two MFD screens in the pilot’s position, and two more in the CP/G cockpit. The Kiowa has one MFD for the pilot’s seat, and another for the CP/G. The Black Hawk has only one MFD.

MFD pages provide a myriad of data, including information on targets, weapons, navigational points, radar returns and system status.

Cycle through left MFDs (also controls Kiowa CP/G MFD, not applicable in Black Hawk)

Cycle through right MFDs (also controls Kiowa pilot MFD)

MFD Types

The page reference tells you where to go to find extensive details. (Details on ranges for various displays apply when you play with certain realism options active.) For a list of which helicopters display which MFDs, see the facing page.

Tactical Situation Display (p. 2.24) (TSD) Displays battlefield information, including waypoints, targets

and enemy lines.

Radar (p. 2.29) Shows ground targets in a 90° arc in front of the helicopter (ground

radar mode) or air targets in a 360° radius (air radar mode) at 2, 5, 10, 25 or 50 kilometer ranges. With

REALISTIC FOR RANGES

on, the ranges

are .5, 1, 2, 4 or 8 kilometers.

Target Acquisition and (TADS) Displays various TADS camera images and an image of the

currently selected target.

Weapons (p. 2.33) Displays the weapon load for the helicopter, as well as the current

sight system and active weapon.

Aircraft Survivability (ASE) Displays ground threat and missile icons in a 360° view around

your aircraft. It has ranges of 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 kilometers.

System (p. 2.38) Displays the helicopter’s main systems and gives the status of system

components and the amount of fuel remaining.

Engine (p. 2.38) Gives information on engine torque, RPM, temperature, and fuel

remaining.

Flight (p. 2.40) Displays important IHADSS symbology, including altitude, airspeed,

torque and waypoint information.

Communications (p. 2.40) (Comms) Displays the current designations and callsigns of all units

currently in communications.

Vertical Situation Display (p. 2.41) (VSD) Found only on the Kiowa, this versatile page combines many of

the functions of the Longbow’s Flight and Weapons pages.

Mast-Mounted Sight (p. 2.43) (MMS) The Kiowa’s equivalent to the Longbow’s TADS MFD.

LONGBOW 2

2.6

Designation Sight (p. 2.32)

MFDs Sorted by Aircraft

MFD Longbow Apache Black Hawk Kiowa

TSD ♦♦♦ System ♦♦♦ Comms ♦♦♦ ASE ♦♦ Radar ♦ TADS ♦ Weapons ♦ Engine ♦ Flight ♦ VSD ♦ MMS ♦

2: COCKPITS

2.7

Overview: Targeting Systems

What is TADS?

Longbow

TADS stands for Target Acquisition and Designation Sight, the basic sighting and imaging system of the AH-64D. Essentially, it is a targeting system that uses lasers, low-light optics and an infrared camera to identify and track targets. The TADS system lets you lock onto a single target that is in front of you, and also displays an image of your target inside the TADS MFD.

You can control the TADS camera that is mounted in your helicopter’s nose, slewing it left or right (as if you were actually moving your head). When you look left, the camera and the chin mounted gun turn to the left as well. TADS can look 110° left or right, 30° up and 60° down.

The camera is only

part

of the TADS system; the entire system is quite complex

and uses camera images and a computerized targeting system. See Target Acquisition and Designation Sight, p. 2.32, for more details on

this system and how to use the TADS camera. See Target Acquisition Modes, p. 5.10, for information on targeting threats

using TADS.

LONGBOW 2

2.8

What is FCR?

Longbow

FCR stands for Fire-Control Radar, a second type of target acquisition system found only in the Longbow. When you bob-up from behind a hill, the bulbous Longbow radar dome on top of the helicopter automatically scans either a 90° pie-shaped arc (for ground threats ) or a 360° circle (for air threats) and “memorizes” targets. The beauty of the FCR system is that you can store multiple targets and then fire off missiles in quick succession. After launch, the missiles lock onto individual targets identified by the FCR. (TADS, by contrast, can only store/track one target at a time.)

While tracking ground targets with FCR target acquisition active, the safest way to update radar information is to mask yourself in a valley or behind a hill or other natural terrain, maintain a steady hover and slowly raise the helicopter. Your radar automatically updates whenever the top of your mast has a line of sight (LOS) to the target.

See Mast-Mounted Longbow Radar (FCR), p. 2.46, for more details on this system.

See Target Acquisition Modes, p. 5.10, for information on targeting threats using FCR.

What is MMS?

Kiowa

MMS stands for Mast-Mounted Sight. This is the primary sighting and imaging system of the Kiowa Warrior. In broad terms, it is the functional equivalent of the Longbow’s TADS. The MMS camera is located high up on the Kiowa’s rotor mast (hence the name) giving the Kiowa the Longbow’s ability to take sightings from beneath treelines or ridge lines. The MMS enjoys an arc of 190° to either the right or left, giving it a functional radius of 360°, and a vertical range of 30° up or down.

2: COCKPITS

2.9

MASTER MODES

Longbow, Kiowa

You can switch your various modes, displays and sensors individually, or you can use master mode keys to switch your systems to predetermined settings. Each master mode activates a specific combination of MFDs, sensor system, missile launch mode and IHADSS (Longbow).

In the Kiowa, the master mode key changes the MFDs and missile launch modes. Master modes are useful because you can easily activate all the items you need for a certain situation with a single command.

Four master modes exist — Navigation (NAV), Direct (LOBL), Indirect (LOAL) and Air-to-Air (ATA). You can cycle through them with a common keystroke (M), or select modes with a specific keystroke (s1, s2, s3 or s4). In the Longbow, the name of the current master mode appears in the upper left corner of the IHADSS display.

Master Mode Settings

The chart below shows settings for each of the master modes. The leftmost column shows the master mode name; the other columns show individual mode settings. Each system’s details are described in the remainder of this chapter.

Longbow

IHADSS Left Right Target Missile Master Mode MFD MFD Acquisition Launch Mode Page Page System Mode

NAV Cruise ASE TSD TADS LOAL DIRECT Transition TADS TSD TADS LOBL INDIRECT Bob-Up WPN TSD FCR LOAL ATA Cruise Radar (air TSD FCR LOBL

radar mode)

Cycle through master modes (Navigation, Direct, Indirect and Air-to-Air).

The following keys switch to a master mode immediately, and are useful when programming a joystick with multiple buttons.

Navigation (NAV) Use when navigating to a waypoint.

Direct (LOBL) Use when firing missiles or rockets at ground targets while in Lock-

On-Before-Launch (LOBL) missile launch mode.

Indirect (LOAL) Use when firing missiles or rockets at ground targets while in Lock-

On-After-Launch (LOAL) missile launch mode.

Air-to-Air (ATA) Use when firing guns or Stinger missiles at air targets.

Kiowa

Master Left Right Mode MFD MFD

Page Page

NAV ASE TSD DIRECT MMS VSD INDIRECT MMS VSD ATA MMS VSD

LONGBOW 2

2.10

Upfront Display

Longbow

This is the digital display in the top right section of your cockpit that gives information, such as system failures and a mission clock. (See p. 5.21 for additional targeting information using the UPFRONT display.)

Toggle Upfront display (between engine/rotor readings and target infor mation)

Black Hawk Indicator Lights

The red lights on the Black Hawk’s instrument panel give useful information during flight. You have one light (the Master Caution) over the virtual horizon gauge, and a strip of three lights in the center of the pilot’s cockpit. Glowing lights are “on” and indicate the following conditions.

Master Caution Your chopper has taken damage

(Check the System MFD page.)

HDG (Autopilot 1) and NAV (Autopilot 2)

Autopilot is engaged (Move cyclic/collective to disengage.)

ALT (Hover Hold)

Autopilot hovering is engaged (Press again to disengage.)

Indicator Lights

Physical Backup Gauges

Longbow, Kiowa

In the Longbow and Kiowa, the incorporation of electronic systems and helmet displays have reduced the number of physical gauges and switches to under 200. Most of the flight information has been moved into the IHADSS and MFD displays.

The indicators and readings you’ll need most appear in electronic form. However, several physical, secondary gauges are also in the cockpit in case of cockpit electronics failure.

The following physical backup gauges appear in the Longbow and Kiowa cockpits:

Airspeed indicator. Dial gauge showing how fast the helicopter is traveling in knots. (A knot is a nautical measure of speed, approximately equal to 6,076 feet/hour. This distance is equal to a nautical mile.) The indicator scale ranges from 0 to 250 knots.

2: COCKPITS

2.11

Longbow Fire Warning Lights

The left side of the Longbow cockpit has three lights, that indicate engine fires.

Engine 1 Fire Your port (left) engine is on fire. APU Fire Your auxiliary power unit (APU) is on fire. Engine 2 Fire Your starboard (right) engine is on fire.

In case of a fire, use your fire extinguisher (available only once per mission), or shut down the engine that is on fire.

Activate fire extinguisher (once per mission)

c[, c]

Shut down left/right engine

APU Fire Engine 2 FireEngine 1 Fire

LONGBOW

GAUGES Artificial

Horizon

Airspeed Indicator

Altimeter

KIOWA

GAUGES Artificial

Horizon

Airspeed Indicator

Altimeter

Altimeter. Dial gauge giving the helicopter ’s altitude in feet above sea level (

not

height above ground level). Each clock-wise revolution of the needle indicates +1000 feet of altitude, and each counter-clockwise revolution indicates -1000 feet. The counter in the center of the dial increments or decrements one digit for each revolution.

Artificial Horizon. Dial gauge using a horizontal line to display the helicopter’s attitude relative to the horizon. This line remains parallel to the horizon regardless of the craft’s pitch or roll angles.

The Black Hawk makes use of many more physical gauges — see p. 2.54.

Using PNVS / ANVIS (Night Vision Systems)

If you’re having trouble flying at night or in bad weather, try activating the nightvision system. The Longbow Apache uses Martin Marietta’s PNVS (Pilot Night Vision System) while the Kiowa and Black Hawk use the ANVIS/HUD system from AEL. These systems make flying easier by using the night vision camera to provide a passive light amplification image of the terrain. Use night vision if you’re having trouble seeing the ground. (PNVS and ANVIS are not targeting systems — they are used solely for flying the aircraft.)

Toggle the night vision system on/of f

INTEGRA TED HELMET AND DISPLAY SIGHTING SYSTEM (IHADSS)

The IHADSS is used only in the Longbow Apache, not in the Kiowa or Black Hawk.

The Longbow Apache’s Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) allows the pilot and co-pilot/gunner to monitor navigational and targeting information on a small eyepiece display mounted on their helmets. (In the game, the “eyepiece” is what you see in the viewscreen.) The IHADSS combines readings from several subsystems into a single optical screen.

Using the IHADSS

This integrated helmet system is automatically on whenever the helicopter is in operation. However, you’ll need to switch IHADSS modes during flight.

The IHADSS has four modes of operation — Hover, Bob-Up, Transition and Cruise. The name of the current IHADSS mode appears in the upper left corner of the display. The information presented changes slightly between the different modes, and also varies with different weapons.

Cycle through IHADSS modes

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2.12

Reading IHADSS information. Everything on this screen is vital, and under-

standing your overall environment is critical to your survival. However, don’t be overwhelmed by the numbers and lines sitting in the middle of your screen — the next section (IHADSS Flight Symbology) explains it all.

Adjusting the IHADSS. You can adjust the brightness of the display. The brightest setting is neon-green, the medium setting is dark-green, and the darkest setting is black. Change the brightness if you’re having trouble distinguishing IHADSS items in the forward view.

Brighten IHADSS display (changes to bright green)

Dim IHADSS display (changes to dark green, then black)

Note: IHADSS information is also superimposed onto the 2(left cockpit),

(right cockpit) and 4(virtual cockpit) views.

2: COCKPITS

2.13

The following keys switch to an IHADSS mode immediately, and are useful if you’re programming a joystick with multiple buttons.

Activate Hover IHADSS mode (use when hovering)

Activate Bob-Up IHADSS mode (use when popping out/firing from a masked position)

Activate Transition IHADSS mode (use when taking off, landing, or going from a hover to forward flight)

Activate Cruise IHADSS mode (use during for ward flight)

IHADSS Helmet System

Both Longbow crew members wear the Honeywelldeveloped IHADSS, which consists of a helmet and display eyepiece, a graphical adjustment panel, two electronic units, and two sensor units. The sensor units are connected to the helmet by two cables that transmit information about the helmet’s current position and the line of sight for each crew member.

The helmet display unit (HDU), or eyepiece, is attached to the right side of the helmet and can be flipped vertically when not in use. Acathode-ray Optical Relay Tube inside the eyepiece projects symbology and images onto a monocle sight. The display background is a grayscale (10 shades of gray), composite image gathered by infrared camera systems. Targeting information from the TADS is then superimposed on this image, along with navigational information, such as compass heading, attitude lines, velocity vector, vertical speed and altimeter reading.

The IHADSS gives vital flight information to both occupants, and allows the co-pilot/ gunner to aim the guns by moving the helmet. It also allows the pilot to process multiple pieces of information in a single glance, instead of constantly dividing attention between the dashboard and external environment. This is a major asset during combat, especially when ground fire and enemy aircraft pose imminent hazards.

IHADSS FLIGHT SYMBOLOGY

Longbow

The Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System projects assorted navigational and targeting information onto a display. It also displays symbols generated by the Target Acquisition and Designation Sight system and uses an infrared nighttime display (the Pilot Night Vision System). Information from the flight instruments, navigational system and weapons system is overlaid on this video display and appears in a small reticule mounted on the helmet.

IHADSS Mode Indicator. The name of the current IHADSS mode

appears in the upper left corner as

HOVER, BOB-UP, TRANSITION or CRUISE.

Elements that appear in each mode are discussed in this section.

Cycle through IHADSS modes (see p. 2.14 for individual keys).

Master Mode Indicator. The name of the active master mode

appears in the upper right corner of the display as

NAV, DIRECT,

INDIRECT or ATA.

Cycle through master modes (see p. 2.9 for more details).

Hover IHADSS Mode

Activate Hover IHADSS mode (use when hovering).

Sight Reticule. Line of sight cross hairs in the center of the display mark the center of your straight-ahead view. (Asimilar reticule with dashed lines appears when a target has been selected. Take care not to confuse the two.) When firing guided weapons, line up the solid reticule with the target. The appropriate weapon indicator will

turn solid, indicating that you have a valid weapon lock and can let loose with your missiles or rockets (see Weapon-Specific Items, p. 2.22).

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2.14

Magnetic FCR Sweep Alternate Acceleration Command Heading Tape Indicator Sensor Bearing Cue Heading

FCR Field of View Field of Skip/Slid High-

Centerline Marker Regard Box Lines and Ball Action Display

1 2

IHADSS Mode Indicator

Engine Torque Readout True Airspeed Readout

Navigation Waypoint

Information Readout

Sight Reticle

Master Mode Indicator Velocity Vector Rate of Climb Scale Radar Altitude Analog Altimeter Scale

Magnetic Heading Tape. Scrolling tick marks on the top of the display show the four compass directions — N, S, W and E. Other indicators (the command heading and the FCR radar heading) are overlaid on the tape.

A, S

Use the cyclic to change headings — the tape scrolls accordingly. (At speeds below 60 knots, use the rudder pedals —

[

or ].)

Command Heading. This small open carat on the magnetic heading tape (4) shows the compass heading of the next programmed waypoint. Center this chevron in the middle of the heading tape when you’re flying to the next navigational point.

A, S

If the chevron appears to be stuck on the left or right side of the heading tape, turn to move it toward the center of the heading tape. (Again, you can also use

[

or ]at slow speeds.)

Radar Altitude. This digital readout shows the helicopter’s altitude in feet above ground level, as long as altitude remains below 1420 feet. It changes in 1-foot increments. When flying above 1420 feet, rely on your barometric altimeter (25 – see Cruise IHADSS Mode, p. 2.21).

=, -

Adjust collective to change altitude (at low speed, or while hovering)

W, Z

Move the cyclic up/down to change altitude (while cruising)

Analog Altimeter Scale. An analog version of the radar altitude indicator, this bar gives the helicopter’s altitude in feet above ground level (which is not necessarily equal to feet above sea level). As altitude increases, the thin bar grows taller; as the helicopter descends, it shortens. Once you climb above 200 feet, this altimeter disappears.

The five small tick marks that extend to the right (at the bottom of the scale) indicate 10-foot increments up to 50 feet. The other tick marks that extend to the left apply to the rate of climb scale (13 – see p. 2.17).

If autopilot is active, another number appears above the altitude reading. It gives the current autopilot altitude setting and changes if you alter it using cW, Z.

True Airspeed Readout. This digital readout indicates the current forward speed of the helicopter. It doesn’t take wind or sideways/ backward motion into account. This gives the true airspeed (from 0 to 250 knots) in a numerical display. However, it doesn’t reflect accurate speeds when you’re traveling in a direction other than straight ahead.

Push cyclic forward to increase airspeed (but not too far, or you’ll descend)

Ease up on cyclic to reduce airspeed (or pull up sharply)

If autopilot is active, another number appears above the airspeed reading. It gives the current autopilot airspeed setting and changes if you alter it using cA, S.

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2.15

Navigation Waypoint Information Readout. This readout gives

the currently selected waypoint number (such as W06) and the remaining distance in kilometers. Atime to arrival also appears (in Cruise and Transition IHADSS modes).

When you specify a new waypoint, navigation information changes. Your current waypoint appears as a flashing circle in the TSD MFD (see p. 2.24), and as a number in the IHADSS display. The heading to the next waypoint appears as an open carat that scrolls along the bottom of the heading tape.

Select next waypoint.

Select previous waypoint.

Toggle in-flight Navigation map (to view waypoints and see mission information)

See Mission Planner, p. 1.11, for map details.

High-Action Display. The text fields surrounding the large box at the bottom of the IHADSS are collectively called the high-action display. It gives weapon and sensor

information. The high-action display also appears in Head-Down view (see Optical

Relay Tube Unit, p. 2.53), along with current airspeed and altitude readings.

Weapon Type. FFAR rocket (

RKT), Multi-Purpose Sub-Munition rocket (MPSM),

Hellfire (

MSL) or Stinger missile (ATA)

Cycle through weapon types (except guns)

Missile Launch Mode. Lock-on-before-launch (LOBL) or lock-on-after- launch (

LOAL) missile launch mode (see Engaging Targets with

Hellfires, p. 5.18).

Switch between LOAL and LOBL missile launch modes

Weapon Inhibit. Weapon launch parameters appear here (see p. 5.20). Sight Status. This field tells whether the laser or FCR is transmitting. The text

field changes, depending on the active targeting system, and whether or not you have realistic options selected. If FCR is active and you’re playing with realistic fcr options,

FCR XMIT appears. (If you’re playing with simple options,

FCR ACQ appears instead.)

When you’re playing with the

REALISTIC TADS option, if the TADS system is active and

the laser is on,

TRGT appears. Whenever the laser transmits, an asterisk flashes

next to this text. (If you’re playing with simple options,

TADS ACQ appears instead.)

Switch between TADS and FCR.

Range. Range-to-target in kilometers (such as 1.2). The letter “A” means that range has been automatically calculated by the computer. The range field switches formats, using the most accurate method available.

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2.16

A##.# TADS triangulation method of calculating range (inaccurate) R##.# FCR range (more accurate, but only updates once per scan). See

Realistic FCR Operation Commands, p. 2.31. *#### Laser range (most accurate). See Laser Operation, p. 5.22. XXX.X No range information is currently available.

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2.17

Advanced Hover IHADSS Mode Elements

Alternate Sensor Bearing. The alternate sensor bearing is a small, solid chevron that displays along the bottom of the heading tape (4). This symbol indicates the direction of the TADS sensor relative to the line of travel of the helicopter.

The field of view marker (16) inside the field of regard box (15) moves to reflect this position, which can move +30° to -60° vertically and 220° horizontally.

If you’re using TADS target acquisition, this indicator shows the bearing of the currently selected target. As long as you keep TADS active, this chevron “sticks” to the heading tape and scrolls left or right as the tape moves. If FCR is the active target acquisition system, it remains locked on the currently designated target, because the FCR can have multiple targets.

8, 2,

Slew TADS camera (view current line of sight in TADS MFD).

4, 6 Numpad

Activate Virtual Cockpit view (you can slew in this view as well).

+ Joystick If you’re in the 4 view, you can also use the joystick to slew the camera.

Note: When you’re using FCR target acquisition, you can’t move the TADS camera. (Press

to switch between TADS and FCR.)

FCR Sweep Indicator. This solid, double arrow scans from left to right and shows the current scanning direction of the mastmounted radar. The radar gathers information on targets identified during “bob-ups” and transmits this information to the FCR target acquisition system.

Rate of Climb Scale. The triangular indicator on this tick-mark scale describes how fast the helicopter is climbing or descending. It slides vertically along the left side of the scale, moving up when the rate of change is fast and down when it’s slow. The ticks on the tape correspond to 100-foot-per-minute changes in altitude.

Skid/Slip Lubber Lines and Ball. The pair of lines (lubber lines) indicates the center position for the skid/slip ball indicator, much like the lines on a builder’s level. Skidding, also known as slipping, occurs when the helicopter is traveling in a forward direction, but slides side-

ways because of forward momentum gained from the previous heading. The small circle that moves along the lubber lines is called the skid or slip ball.

Like the air bubble in a level, this ball resides between the skid lubber lines when the helicopter is traveling in a true, forward path. When the helicopter slips left or right, this circle slides accordingly.

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2.18

Field of Regard Box. The large rectangle centered

along the bottom section of the IHADSS display is the field-of-regard box. It represents the 220° x 90° field of

view of the TADS camera. When you pan the TADS camera left or right, the small rectangle inside this box (the field of view marker) moves accordingly. (See Alternate Sensor Bearing (11) for camera slew commands.)

Field of View Marker. This small rectangle inside the field of regard box (15) indicates where your TADS camera is pointed in relation to the current flight path of the helicopter. The rectangle describes the TADS camera’s current field of view. (This box simu-

lates what the CP/G can see in reality without moving the TADS sensor package.)

FCR Centerline. This centerline appears in the field of regard box (15) and shows the current bearing of the target locked by the Fire-Control Radar. A small horizontal line across this centerline shows the elevation of the radar in relation to the field of regard.

Velocity Vector. This line between the center of the sight reticule and a small dot is an overhead, graphical representation of the helicopter’s lateral velocity. It takes both speed and severity of motion (such as turning sharply) into account. The faster the heli-

copter is traveling, the longer the line. It points in the direction the helicopter is traveling.

Acceleration Cue. This mobile circle is similar to the velocity vector, only it provides a graphical position that takes into account the helicopter’s current acceleration. The higher the rate of acceleration, the further the circle moves away from the center of the

viewscreen.

Engine Torque Readout. This digital indicator shows how much torque is being output by the engines, and displays the highest torque of the two engines. Atorque value of 98% or greater causes this box to gain a solid border, alerting the pilot that the

torque limit has been exceeded. You can over torque for a while but it adds excessive wear and tear to the heli-

copter.

If torque is too high, reduce collective.

Bob-Up IHADSS Mode

Activate Bob-Up IHADSS mode (use when you’re hidden and need to bob-up to fire)

This IHADSS mode includes all items that appear in Hover IHADSS mode, but also incorporates the hover position box and a second command heading.

Hover Position Box. This octagonal box originates at the center of the viewscreen and gives an “overhead” view of approximately an 8' x 8' area of ground. (The entire IHADSS display, by comparison, represents a 44' x 44' area.) The sight circle in the middle of the

IHADSS display represents the helicopter’s position. As the helicopter drifts, the octagonal box moves around onscreen and indicates how far you’ve strayed from the original hover position.

Try to keep the octagon centered over the sight reticule. The easiest way to do this is to move your flight control device

toward

the octagon. If the box is to the left and up, for example, press the joystick left and up. With a little practice, you’ll be able to anticipate the box’s movements and keep your helo in the middle of it.

If this proves too difficult, use the hover hold feature. (You must be flying at a speed below 15 knots to activate this autopilot function.) You can also re-center the octagonal box on your sight reticule.

Toggle hover hold (maintain current altitude and hover)

Press the Bob-Up IHADSS mode key again if you drift too far and want to re-center the box over the sight reticule

2: COCKPITS

2.19

Advanced Bob-Up IHADSS Mode Element

Bob-up Command Heading. During bob-up maneuvers, a second chevron appears on the magnetic heading tape (4). This represents the helicopter’s heading as it was when the Bob-Up IHADSS mode was engaged, and it remains on that heading until the pilot switches the IHADSS mode.

Bob-Up

Command

Heading

Hover Position Box

Transition IHADSS Mode

Activate Transition IHADSS mode (use when landing or moving from a hover into forward flight)

The Transition IHADSS mode displays all the information in Hover IHADSS mode, along with two additional items — the horizon line and flight path indicator. The estimated time to arrival for the current waypoint also appears to the left of the High Action Display (10).

Horizon Line. Whenever the helicopter is flying level, this dashed line is flat and centered on the sight reticule in the center of the viewscreen. When you perform a pitch maneuver, the line moves up or down to reflect the angle of climb/descent. Similarly, the line “tilts” as you bank the

helicopter left or right.

Flight Path Indicator. The flight-path indicator (FPI) is a small circle with tick marks extending up and to the left and right. It indicates the helicopter’s current direction of travel and moves up, down, left and right as you maneuver.

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2.20

Flight Path Indicator

Horizon Line

Cruise IHADSS Mode

Activate Cruise IHADSS mode (use when cruising in forward flight)

In Cruise IHADSS mode, the IHADSS displays all the information found in Transition IHADSS mode, except that the horizon line (23) disappears. Instead, there are three additional readouts — barometric altitude, pitch ladder and bank angle indicator. The estimated time to arrival for the current waypoint also appears to the left of the High Action Display (10).

Barometric Altitude. Since the radar altitude indicator (6) only reads up to 1420 feet, another device is necessary at higher altitudes. The barometric altitude readout is a digital display that gives altitudes from 0 to 30,000 feet above sea level. To figure

altitude, it compares the current air pressure to a pressure calibrated at sea level. (Air pressure decreases as altitude increases.)

Pitch Ladder. The pitch ladder is a series of horizontal lines that scroll vertically in the center of your view. It describes both vertical movement and bank/roll angles. When the craft dives, the lines scroll upward; during ascents, they scroll downward. The pitch ladder is

also capable of rolling 360° (the lines tilt to reflect the bank angle). Pitch ladder lines above the horizon are solid; those below the horizon are

dashed. (The small tips on the ends of the lines point toward the horizon.)

Bank Angle Indicator. This indicator is a curved scale that usually displays 30° to the left and right of center in 5° increments. The same command heading mark (lubber line) that marks the heading on the heading tape (4) also marks the bank angle of the helicopter.

2: COCKPITS

2.21

Bank Angle Indicator

Weapon Constraint

(varies between

weapon types)

Barometric Altitude

Pitch Ladder

Weapon-Specific Items

Longbow

See Kiowa Pilot Display Unit, p. 2.48, for information on weapon constraints in the Kiowa.

Whenever you’re using certain weapons, additional items are added to the IHADSS display. It doesn’t matter which IHADSS mode is currently active — these elements are dependent on the current weapon type. Ashort name for the active weapon type appears next to the High-Action Display box (10) —

MSL for

Hellfire missiles,

RKT for rockets, MPSM for multi-purpose submunition rockets, and

ATA for Stinger missiles.

Select active weapon (cycle through Hellfires, rockets and Stingers)

Toggle weapons between ARM (active) and SAFE (inactive)

Fire active weapon

Fire cannon

When the weapon system is active, targeting information is gathered and displayed by either the TADS or FCR. Much of this information appears in the TADS MFD as well (see p. 2.32).

Target Reticule. These small, dotted cross hairs mark the location of the current target.

Hellfire Missile Constraint. Specific to Hellfire missiles, this box indicates the direction in which you need to move to align the helicopter with the current target. You must maneuver the helicopter to line up the box with the target reticule.

The computer applies certain constraints to the Hellfire locking mechanism. When you align the dashed cross hairs with the target, the missile has a valid lock, and the constraint border switches from a dashed line to a solid one. The constraint box moves in the direction of the target. For example, when the box drifts to the right, it indicates that the pilot needs to look/steer right to bring the target into view and acquire a lock.

Basically, what you need to do is maneuver so that the target reticule (shown above) is inside the weapon constraint symbol. When you do so, you’ll see

VALID

LOCK

on the screen. This indicates that you have a lock and can fire your weapon.

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2.22

Rocket Steering Cursor. Specific to 2.75-inch Folding Fin Aerial

Rockets, this I-beam shows what direction the helicopter needs to move to meet the constraints for firing FFARs. The rocket constraint only displays if this rocket type is active, and its operation is similar to

that of the Hellfire missile constraint box. The steering cursor’s purpose is to help the crew members look/steer toward the target and bring it into view for a lock. It won’t allow a lock if safety or performance is inhibited, or if the Master Arm indicator is set to

SAFE (press cM to arm weapons). When the helicopter is correctly

aligned, the I-beam switches from dashed to solid, indicating that you have a valid lock and can fire a rocket.

Your FFAR launcher pivots up and down when you’re locked onto a target. This allow the pilot to hit a target anywhere vertically on the ‘I’ beam reticule.

ATA Missile Constraint Circles. When the air-to-air (ATA) missile system is active, two concentric circles appear on the display and indicate where the missile seeker head is looking. The circles are solid if all performance and safety constraints have been met, and

are dashed if they have not.

Missile Timer. When you launch a Hellfire missile, a missile timer appears in the High-Action Display (10) on the IHADSS, counting down in seconds. When it reaches zero, the missile strikes the target.

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2.23

MULTI-FUNCTION DISPLAYS (MFDS)

All three helicopters use MFDs — each description lists the appropriate helicopters that use that display.

One of the defining features of the current generation of combat helicopter is the addition of MFD displays in the cockpit. In the Longbow, two CRTscreens exist, and both can independently display nine different pages of information (see MFD Types, p. 2.6).

Tactical Situation Display (TSD) (p. 2.24) Aircraft Sur vivability Equipment (ASE) (p. 2.35) Radar (RAD) (p. 2.29) System (SYS) (p. 2.38) Target Acquisition Designation Sight (TADS) (p. 2.32) Engine (ENG) (p. 2.38) Weapons (WPN) (p. 2.33) Flight MFD (p. 2.40) Communications (Comms) (p. 2.40)

Kiowa Only

Mast-Mounted Sight (MMS) (p. 2.43) Vertical System Display (VSD) (p. 2.41)

In the actual helicopters, the pages are accessed via buttons around the perimeter of the screen. In the game, you use keystrokes.

Cycle through the left MFDs (in the order listed above). (In the Kiowa, this cycles the CP/G MFD.)

Cycle through the left MFDs in reverse order.

Cycle through the right MFDs (also the Kiowa Pilot MFD).

Cycle through the right MFDs in reverse order.

Switch master mode (changes both MFD displays).

MFDs are explained in order of usefulness, not order of appearance in the game.

Tactical Situation Display (TSD) MFD

Longbow, Kiowa, Black Hawk

The Tactical Situation Display, or TSD, is one of the most vital MFD pages during combat situations. It provides various battlefield information, including waypoints, enemy positions, air threats, anti-aircraft threats, priority fire zones, enemy lines and more.

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2.24

EXAMPLE 1

Priority Fire Zone

Enemy Line

Enemy Radar

Waypoint

Information

Radar Range Ground Threat Waypoint Range to Target Time to Arrival

Although the Black Hawk does not have a targeting system, it can still receive TSD information through its communications system from other helicopters and the ABCCC. Since the Black Hawk has no cockpit-controlled weaponry, the targeting functions of the TSD are fairly useless, although the targeting readouts on the MFD are still useful for recognizing and avoiding threats.

On the Longbow, the heart of the TSD is the cone-shaped radar display that reflects the FCR scanning area. This display receives its target information from either the TADS or FCR target acquisition system.

How It Works

The TSD display emanates from the helicopter’s nose (the bottom of the “V”) and extends 45° to either side for a 90° sweep. (The Radar MFD appears similarly in ground radar mode — see p. 2.29.) The

scanning limit

of the radar scan appears as two solid, angled lines. Any enemy craft or vehicles in this cone can be picked up by the radar and display as TSD icons.

Targets picked up by the radar appear as small icons on the radar (see next page). Priority fire zones are notated as

PF0, PF1, PF2, etc., and show outlines

around areas you’ve designated as important target areas. Labeling is slightly different in multi-player games. See the

Multi-Player Guide

for details.

Radar Range. Range of the applicable radar.

Cycle through radar ranges (2, 5, 10, 25 or 50 kilometers). The currently selected range appears in the upper right corner of the display.

Alternatively, left-click (

) on the current range in the MFD to increase range, right-click to

decrease it.

Targets. Once identified threats (air or ground) move within your radar range, they switch from small boxes to graphical symbols on the TSD MFD. You can leftclick directly on a threat symbol to lock onto it. SAM and AAAthreats also display on the Aircraft Survivability Equipment (ASE) page.

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2.25

If the Realistic FCR Range Option is selected (see

Option Menus

in the Install Guide) it is possible to set different ranges for the TSD and Radar. Set TSD range with y and increase/decrease the Radar range with Z and X.

EXAMPLE 2

Threat Range

Current Target

Current Target Acquisition System

Declutter Status Scanning Limits

Each category of threat has its own symbol. When REALISTIC FOR SYMBOLOGY is active, the symbols change. See p. 2.30 for realistic FCR symbols.

Light Structure Heavy Structure Light Armor Heavy Armor Light Wheeled Vehicle Heavy Wheeled Vehicle Light Artillery Heavy Artillery Airplane Helicopter Ground Threat (ASE) Out-of-Range Target

Range to Target. The range in kilometers to the locked target appears in the bottom right corner of the display.

Waypoints. Mission waypoints (if in range) appear as circles with numbers; the currently selected waypoint flashes. Lines showing your flight route appear in the display. The box in the lower left corner gives IHADSS information – the selected waypoint (such as W03) and the distance in kilometers. Time to Arrival also appears.

Enemy Lines. Linear arrangements of brackets indicate enemy lines. When you cross these boundaries, your CP/G informs you that you’ve flown into enemy territory.

Current Target/Air Threats. Locked targets have a bright diamond outline. Priority Fire Zone. Green boxes are PFZs, or primary target areas that you cre-

ate by right-clicking and dragging the mouse (see next page). Your targeting system prioritizes targets in these zones, allowing you to fire multiple Hellfires. Each missile tracks a different target when you’re in FCR target acquisition mode.

Enemy Radar. When an enemy threat activates its radar system, a solid line emanates from its icon, indicating that you are being tracked by its radar. If the line starts flashing, it means the target has gained a lock on you and has fired a missile.

Threat Range. Large arcs or circles represent effective ranges of SAM sites.

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2.26

Adjusting TSD Items

In the TSD display, you can adjust scale, designate targets, and declutter symbology. Range to Target. This is the distance to the current target in kilometers and

appears in a box in the bottom right corner.

Cycle through TSD ranges Alternatively, left-click (

) on the current range in the MFD to increase TSD range, right-click to

decrease it

Declutter Status. You can “de-clutter” the TSD by displaying only navigation information (

NAV), target information (TGT) or both (ALL), in that order.

Declutter symbology (cycle)

Current Target.The current target has a diamond around it. With TADS target acquisition active, you can only cycle through targets in your line of sight. With FCR active, all detected targets appear, whether you can physically see them or not.

T / sT

Cycle through enemy targets (forward/backward)

Y / sY

As above, but cycles only through friendly or neutral targets

Lock onto the target under the mouse cursor in the TSD MFD

Note: If the

REALISTIC TARGETING

option is active, then Tcycles through all targets.

See the

OPTIONS

menu section of the

Install Guide

for details.

2: COCKPITS

2.27

TSD with Realistic FCR

With REALISTIC FCR OPERAITON active, the display changes slightly. The 90-degree arc is replaced by a pie-shaped arc (in ground mode) or circle (in air mode) that outlines the new scan area. You control the angle and size of this scan using Numpad keys. See Realistic FCR Operation Commands, p. 2.31.

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2.28

Priority Fire Zones (PFZs)

It is useful to select certain zones as target priorities. These zones let you fire up to 16 Hellfire missiles (your entire bank) one after the other. Each missile tracks a single target, allowing you to simultaneously engage 16 targets.

By creating a PFZ, you instruct your targeting system to acquire targets in this area first. You can trade PFZ information with your wingman, or assign your wingman to different areas (see Wingman Commands, p. 5.24).

Right-click-and-drag on the TSD MFD display to create a Priority Fire Zone. This draws a green box around the designated zone and gives it a label (such as PF0).

When you create a PFZ, the active targeting system loses its current locks and acquires up to 16 targets within this area instead. Missiles launched into PFZs attack the locked target first.

If a missile’s target is destroyed before it reaches its target, the missile shifts to another target within the zone. If all targets have a missile tracking them, then missiles begin doubling up on targets. (See Priority Fire Zones, p. 5.11, for detailed information.)

Add targets to your PFZ target list by pressing s and left-clicking on the target you want to add. This is useful when new threats move inside your PFZ. You can use this key to tell Hellfire missiles which targets to strike first — it moves them to the top of the target list.

Q / sQ

Select next/previous PFZ Alternatively, left-click (

) on a PFZ label to select it.

, then :Delete a PFZ by left-click-and-holding on the label, then right-clicking.

Delete currently selected PFZ

Delete all PFZs

PFZs and Hellfire Missiles

PFZs are useful if you’re using radio-frequency (RF) Hellfire missiles in LOAL missile launch mode. You can bob-up, acquire targets with FCR target acquisition active, and then descend to safety. The FCR system “memorizes” the objects it detects – so you don’t have to have them in view when you fire. Then, you can make a PFZ and assign it to your wingman, and make a second one for yourself.

Once you launch an RF Hellfire, it heads toward the currently selected PFZ and selects targets based on the FCR’s target list. If the primary target gets destroyed before the missile arrives, it simply moves on to the next target in the list. All you have to do is rapidly fire off as many missiles as you have targets. Time to impact appears in the High-Action Display.)

See Engaging Targets with Hellfires, p. 5.18, for specific details.

Radar MFD

Longbow

The Radar MFD reflects raw returns from the helicopter’s radar and displays target information from either the TADS or FCR targeting system (whichever is active). It operates in two modes — air or ground — and has different ranges. Use air radar mode to find air targets, and ground radar mode to sweep for ground targets.

Toggle between air-to-air radar mode (360° sweep) or air-to-ground radar mode (90° sweep)

Cycle through radar ranges (2, 5, 10, 25 and 50km) If the

REALISTIC FCR RANGE

option is selected, the distances cycle through .5, 1, 2, 4 and 8km.

Alternatively, left-click (

) on the current range in the MFD to increase radar range, right-click

(

) to decrease it.

Radar Range. The current range of the radar appears in the upper right corner of the page.

Threat. Targets picked up on radar appear as small boxes. Current Target. The currently selected target has a bright diamond around it.

Air Radar Mode

air radar mode

, the radar conducts 360° sweeps and displays air threats as

small boxes relative to the helicopter’s position in the middle of the display.

Ground Radar Mode

ground radar mode

, the radar conducts periodic 90° sweeps in front of the helicopter. In addition to the air-mode information, ground radar mode displays two more items:

Scanning Limits. The angled lines to either side of the display indicate the scanning limits of the radar when it’s in ground radar mode.

Heading Tape.A heading tape identical to the one on the IHADSS display (4, p.

2.14) scrolls across the top of the display.

2: COCKPITS

2.29

AIR MODE GROUND MODE

Threat

Radar Range

Scanning

Limits

Heading Tape Current

Target

LONGBOW 2

2.30

Realistic FCR Options

You have more control over the radar if REALISTIC FOR OPERATION is active in the

OPTIONS MENU under

Gameplay/Realism/Custom

. This controls how the FCR oper-

ates and changes the appearance of the TSD MFD (as well as the Radar MFD).

Numpad

Tur n radar on/off (or, in TADS mode, turns laser on and of f)

REALISTIC FCR SYMBOLS

This option replaces normal symbology on the Radar and TSD MFDs with new symbols that indicate whether targets are visible/not visible and moving/ stationary.

REALISTIC FCR RANGE

The second option switches the available FCR ranges from 2.5/5/10/25/50km to .5/1/2/4/8km. With this option active, you press

and X(or Numpad

and -) to cycle forward and backward through the ranges (instead of

REALISTIC FCR OPERATION

The third option gives you manual control of the FCR scan by letting you change the size and direction of the radar scan. Since your radar can reveal your presence to some enemies, adjusting your FCR scan can help you avoid detection.

Realistic FCR Symbols

New symbols show on the Radar/TSD MFDs if REALISTIC FCR SYMBOLS is active.

Tracked Vehicle No LOS*

LOS, stationary LOS, moving

Wheeled Vehicle No LOS*

LOS, stationary LOS, moving

Air Defense Unit No LOS*

LOS, stationary LOS, moving

Unknown Target No LOS*

LOS, stationary LOS, moving

Helicopter No LOS*

LOS, stationary LOS, moving

Aircraft LOS, moving

* Line of Sight

2: COCKPITS

2.31

Realistic FCR Operation Commands

If FCR is the active target acquisition system, and REALISTIC FCR OPERATION is selected, you can control your Fire-Control Radar scan as follows.

Numpad 4,

Control direction of Fire-Control Radar scan (left or right)

Numpad

8, 2

Increase, decrease arc size of FCR scan (up to 90 degrees)

Reducing the arc of the scan reduces your visibility on enemy radar detection systems and gives you quicker updates.

When the radar is in air-to-air mode, the scan (at maximum width) appears circular on the Radar and TSD MFDs. In ground mode, the scan is pie-shaped.

Z, X

or Increase, decrease radar range (to .5, 1, 2, 4 or 8km)

Numpad

+, -

These ranges apply only if

REALISTIC FCR RANGE

is active. If not, the range is 2, 5,

10, 25 or 50km, and you must use the normal key (

) to cycle through

ranges.

Numpad

Toggles single or continuous FCR scan Single means the radar only makes one sweep each time you turn it on.

Continuous means that the radar keeps scanning the entire arc back and forth until you turn the radar off.

Numpad

Zoom Radar MFD image in around your current target. (ZOOM flashes in the lower left corner of the MFD.)

Downloading Targets to the TSD

You can download targets from other sources onto your TSD if you’ve activated the realistic FCR options. Nearby ABCCCs (Airborne Battlefield Command and Control Centers) receive targets from other friendly ground and air units in the area. These targets are added to the ABCCC’s list, giving you access to a comprehensive picture of the battlefield.

When you activate ABCCC targeting, targets from the nearest C&C center are downloaded to your target list.

Download unseen targets to the Longbow target list

Note: If you give your wingman the

c4 Pop-up and Scan Area

command,

he’ll feed targets directly into your target list. You don’t need to use

to get

his targets.

RADAR MFD

Target Acquisition and Designation Sight (TADS) MFD

Longbow

The TADS MFD displays camera images gathered by the TADS sensor package. From the co-pilot/gunner cockpit (front seat), you can display the TADS MFD as a

full-screen view. (See Co-Pilot/Gunner (Front Seat) Cockpit, p. 2.51, for details.)

Numpad

Toggle full-screen, Head-Down Display of TADS MFD (or Radar MFD, if FCR is active). Press again for normal cockpit view. You must be in the CP/G (front-seat) cockpit to use this view.

Target. This is a camera image of the currently selected target. Heading Tape.A replica of the IHADSS heading tape (4, p. 2.14) lines the top of

the MFD, but it doesn’t show the centerline. Zoom Level. Current TADS camera zoom (

WIDE, MEDIUM, NARROW – see next page).

TADS Gates. Large brackets around an object in the MFD mean that you have this object targeted. (You target a different object by centering it in the TADS MFD and pressing L to lock it. If no other targets appear, pan the camera to find one.)

Field of Regard Box. The large box at the bottom of the TADS MFD represents the entire field of view of the TADS camera. The small box inside this rectangle shows the TADS camera’s current position relative to its entire field-of-view. (This item also appears at the bottom of the IHADSS – 15, p. 2.14.)

Active Camera Type.A camera image of the target comes from one of three TADS sight sensor systems. An acronym for the active system displays in the upper left — DVO (Direct View Optics), DTV (Daylight TV) or FLIR (Forward-Looking InfraRed).

Numpad 1 Cycle between TADS camera modes (FLIR, DVO and DTV)

Or, left-click (L) on the camera name to cycle modes.

FLIR

works best in foggy or

dark conditions;

DVO

and

DTO

work best in daytime.

LONGBOW 2

2.32

Heading Type

Zoom Level

Target

Active Camera Type TADSGates Field of Regard Box

FLIR. This monochrome image has been improved, and you now have “white-hot” and “black-hot” options. White-hot displays white objects on a black background, while black-hot displays black objects against a white background.

Numpad

Toggle between white-hot/black-hot FLIR imagery

DTV. The Daytime TV camera gives you a good visual of a target at the Narrow zoom level setting. Use this to identify targets at fairly long range.

DVO. The Direct-Video Optic camera is good for long-distance reconnaissance.

Panning/Zooming

Z, X

or Switch TADS camera (FLIR, DTV and DVO) zoom level to Wide, Medium or Narrow

+, -

on (medium only applies to FLIR)

Numpad Or, left-click (

) the current zoom level to change it.

8, 2

, Pan the active camera in any direction. (This corresponds with the head tracking

4, 6

system in actual Longbows.) You can also hold down aand move your joystick

Numpad to pan the camera. As a third option, left-click-and-hold (

) in the TADS MFD and

drag the mouse in any direction to pan.

Weapons MFD

Longbow

The Weapons MFD identifies what ordnance the helicopter is carrying and what sensor system is active. The large schematic represents the helicopter and its four wing pylons (hardpoints). The indicator text boxes denote the active target acquisition system and weapon tracking system, and whether weapons are armed or not.

2: COCKPITS

2.33

TADS and Realistic FCR

With REALISTIC FCR OPERATION active, target symbology displays on top of the FLIR, DVO or DTV image when TADS is full-screen (CP/G cockpit only – see p.

2.51). The symbology changes if

REALISTIC FCR SYMBOLOGY is selected (see p.

2.30). The currently locked target has cross hairs on top of it. They move when you switch targets.

Realistic TADS Operation

If you select REALISTIC TADS OPERATION in the OPTIONS menu (

Gameplay/ Realism/

Custom

), you must manually activate the laser. See Laser Operation, p. 5.22.

Master Arm Indicator

Missile Launch Mode

Indicator

Weapons Display

Rocket Salvo

Sight Indicator Range Finder Indicator Active Weapon (highlighted) Chaff Pods Gun Burst Rate

Cycle through weapon types (highlighted box is active weapon)

Fire active weapon

Fire cannon

Switch target acquisition system (

TADS

FCR

)

Master Arm Indicator. This safety measure toggles weapons between ARM and SAFE states. Keep it on SAFE until you’re ready for battle.

Switch between

ARM

and

SAFE

Weapons Display. Shows how many weapons/countermeasures remain of each type. This display uses an aircraft symbol with boxes that represent weapon hardpoints.

The gun counter in the middle of the symbol (a box and number) tell how many cannon rounds remain. You can adjust the number of rounds that fire per trigger pull (referred to as a gun burst). Press G to cycle between 10, 20, 50 or 100 rounds.

Active Weapon. The active weapon system appears as a reversed (bright green) image. Numbers inside the rocket box indicate how many rockets are left. In the case of Hellfires and Stingers, each missile is represented by a single icon.

If you loaded radar-guided Hellfires, the missile hardpoint box reads R. If you loaded laser-guided Hellfires,

LR appears instead.

If you loaded HE FFAR rockets, the rocket hardpoint box reads

RC. If you loaded

multiple-projectile submunition rockets,

MP appears instead. (You must gain a lock

before firing MPSM rockets. Select rockets as your active weapon, then wait for the I-beam cursor to turn solid. See Folding Fin Aerial Rockets, p. 5.17.)

Sight Indicator. Shows which targeting system is acquiring and designating targets.

TADS indicates that you’re selecting targets from the TADS target list. This

list consists of targets the CP/G has chosen for you within range and in a 220° arc in front of you.

FCR indicates that you’re getting targets from the FCR target list. This list consists

of targets within range and in a 90° arc in front of you.

Switch between TADS and FCR target acquisition systems

Range Finder Indicator. Indicates that Hellfires are using the Longbow’s laserdesignator to range targets instead of the Fire-Control Radar (only active if you’re firing laser-guided Hellfires).

If you’re using TADS target acquisition, this box reads

LRF. If you’re using FCR

target acquisition, the text box changes to

FCR.

Missile Launch Mode Indicator. Shows which missile launch mode is active —

LOAL (lock-on-after-launch) or LOBL (lock-on-before-launch). See Engaging

Targets with Hellfires, p. 5.18, for details.

LONGBOW 2

2.34

Chaff Pods. The number to the right of the chaff indicator (C:) shows how many

chaff cartridges remain.

Release chaff

Rocket Salvo. The number to the right of RKT tells how many rockets are launched when you issue a fire command.

Cycle through rocket salvo sizes (1, 2, 4, 8, 12 or 24)

Aircraft Survivability Equipment (ASE) MFD

Longbow, Kiowa

The ASE display gathers information from the Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) and Radio Frequency Interferometer (RFI) and creates a 360° view of missiles, SAMs and AAAthreats around your helicopter, which is centered in the view. Whenever a threat is within range and emits radar, this MFD displays its position. The ASE page also tells you when you have jamming activated.

Threats. Threats located and identified by the RWR and RFI show up as symbols. Numbers by the symbols identify the threat type — for example, a ground threat symbol with an 8 indicates a Russian SA-8 SAM site. Asolid diamond denotes an

Approaching Missile. The symbols are defined under Tactical Situation Display (TSD) MFD, p. 2.24.

Symbol Threat Type

2: COCKPITS

2.35

Threat’s Radius of Attack

Approaching Missile

Threat

ASE Range Enemy Jamming

(against your aircraft) Jammer Status

(your aircraft’s jammers)

6 SA-6 SAM 8 SA-8 SAM 9 SA-9 SAM 10 SA-10 SAM

11 SA-11 SAM 13 SA-13 SAM 15 SA-15 SAM 23 ZSU-23 AAA Gun 26 2S6 (SA-19) SAM

Radius of Attack. The radius of attack for ground threats, or the area within which you’re vulnerable to their fire. Circles in the MFD indicate the attack limits of a particular enemy ground gun or SAM site. Stay outside these arcs to avoid their fire.

The arcs change appearance according to the enemy’s actions:

Dotted arc

Threat is searching with radar.

Solid arc

Threat is tracking with radar.

Flashing arc

Threat has launched a guided missile.

Line to you

Threat is searching, tracking or launching missiles specifically at you.

Jammers. The ASE system indicates whether IR and radar jammers are active or not. When they’re in use, text appears (

IR JAM or RAD JAM), and a flashing lightning

bolt appears on top of your helicopter icon in the center of the ASE. (The IR jammer is often called the “disco light.”) Both jammers activate automatically, but you can also control them manually.

Toggle infrared (IR) jamming (attempts to deter IR missiles)

Toggle radar jamming (attempts to confuse enemy radar systems)

When your Fire-Control Radar is being jammed by enemy systems, FCR JAM appears in the upper right corner of the MFD.

Radar Range. This is the range at which the RWR is scanning for threats emitting radar (the RWR displays its information in the ASE MFD). You must adjust the ASE range separately from the Radar MFD range.

Cycle through ASE ranges (2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 kilometers) Alternatively, left-click (

) on the current range in the MFD to cycle through scan ranges.

LONGBOW 2

2.36

Realistic Jammers

Jammer information displays in the ASE page. The RWR defaults to unrealistic, meaning that it jams threats in 360° radius. To give the jammer realistic scanning ability (in a 45° arc to either side of the current flight path), open the

OPTIONS

menu and select CUSTOM from the REALISM section of the GAMEPLAY menu. Then, select the

REALISTIC JAMMER checkbox.

2: COCKPITS

2.37

ASE Autopage

You can automatically instruct the ASE page to appear whenever you’re engaged by a SAM or AAAgun by pressing sA. (This key toggles the function on/off — it’s on by default.) The ASE Autopage function is useful during combat and saves you from paging through MFDs while you’re taking fire. When the battle is over, the ASE doesn’t disappear — you must manually deactivate it.

What is Aircraft Survivability Equipment?

The Longbow and Kiowa have a collection of Aircraft Survivability Equipment that helps the pilot identify and repel anti-aircraft threats. These include the following items:

Radar Warning Receiver (AN/APR-39A). Sounds a tone and voice warning when you’re picked up by an enemy’s radar.

Laser Warning Receiver (AN/AVR-2). Sounds a tone and voice warning when you’re being tracked by a laser.

Radio Frequency Interferometer (RFI). Detects the strength and wavelength of incoming radar waves.

Chaff Dispenser (AN/ALQ-136). Releases strips of reflective material designed to confuse radar-guided missiles by distorting radar.

Radar Jammer (also AN/ALQ-136). Broadcasts radar “noise” that clutters opposing radar screens.

Infrared Jammer (AN/ALQ-144 IRCM). Reflects laser beams to blind incoming IR missiles. Also called “disco light.”

IR Suppressor (Black Hole). Cools exhaust during hovers and forward flight to reduce heat signature.

Information from ASE components appears on the Aircraft Survivability Equipment (ASE) MFD in the Longbow and Kiowa.

System MFD

Longbow, Kiowa, Black Hawk

Components. The helicopter’s components are listed inside the MFD. (The Kiowa and Black Hawk System MFDs differ slightly, but the status names are the same.)

The System MFD shows how badly your helicopter has been damaged by displaying the status of each important system as follows:

OK System is operational. MARG System has marginal damage. INOP/FAIL System is inoperative.

Note: A message appears on the UPFRONT display if the FCR no longer functions. See

Damage, p. 5.4

, for other damage information that appears on the

UPFRONT display.

Fuel. The amount of fuel remaining appears at the bottom of the MFD. Fuel burns at approximately 1 lb. every 5 seconds.

Engine MFD

Longbow

The Engine MFD monitors the torque level and temperature for both of the Longbow’s engines. Information appears both in bar format and digital format (below each bar). Indicators on the bar denote ranges and maximum levels.

LONGBOW 2

2.38

LONGBOW

Components

Fuel

Status

Torque Bars

RPM Bars

Fuel

Engine Temperature Bars

The torque bars increase in height when you add collective, and decrease when you reduce collective. Try to keep the torque level at or below the solid circle marker at the top of the bar display — it marks the desirable torque setting.

Add collective (increases torque)

Decrease collective (decreases torque)

Interpreting the Symbols

Symbols beside the bars describe minimum, maximum and safe operational ranges.

Max level of operation. Ideal level of operation. Maximum level of operation with rotor RPM at approximately 90% (top arrow).

Maximum level of operation with rotor RPM at approximately 50% (lower arrow). Normal operating range (revolutions per minute).

You can turn individual engines on and off using the keyboard. If one of your engines catches fire, it’s a good idea to shut it down.

Toggle left engine on/of f

Toggle right engine on/of f

2: COCKPITS

2.39

Additional Information

Torque. Twin bars marked TORQUE indicate the percentage level of torque on the rotor. The bar rises in height as the collective is increased (greater pitch angles increase the level of torque) and shrinks as collective is decreased. (The bottom of the bar represents 0%, the top represents 120%.)

Normally, torque averages 80% to 100%. Ideally, the bar should extend up to the solid dot (recommended setting). You can take 120% torque for short bursts, but prolonged high torque can damage your engine. The reading for the engine producing the most torque appears in the upper left corner of the IHADSS (20, p.

2.18).

/ NRTwo gauges marked NPdisplay revolutions per minute readings for the

left and right turbine engines. The

gauge displays revolutions per minute for

the rotor shaft. TGT. The

TGT gauges indicate the temperature of the left and right engines.

Fuel. The amount of fuel remaining appears at the bottom of the MFD. Fuel burns at approximately 1 lb. every 5 seconds.

Flight MFD

Longbow

This MFD page displays important IHADSS information — the pitch ladder, slip ball, current waypoint and distance to it, altitude, airspeed, heading and torque. (Refer to Cruise IHADSS Mode, p. 2.21, to learn how to interpret this display.)

Communications (Comms) MFD

Longbow, Kiowa, Black Hawk

This MFD displays the designation and callsign of every unit in communications.

Left-click the arrows in the scroll bar to scroll through the list of friendly, airborne units

Scroll down COMM MFD

Scroll up COMM MFD

LONGBOW 2

2.40

Pitch/Ladder

Horizon Line

Engine Torque Readout

True Airspeed Readout

Current Waypoint/

Distance and Time Remaining

Magnetic Heading Tape Radar Altitude Analog Altimeter Scale Skid/Skip Lines and Ball

Designation

Callsign

Scroll arrows

Vertical System Display (VSD) MFD

Kiowa

This versatile MFD, unique to the Kiowa Warrior, is basically three MFDs in one, combining many of the functions of the Longbow’s Flight and Weapons MFD pages. Which one displays depends on a) whether or not the Master Arm function is on or off, and b) what weapon is active. See IHADSS Flight Symbology, p. 2.14, for details on items in this display.

Master Arm

OFF (see p. 2.34) The VSD functions as a flight reference, showing

the artificial horizon, speed, distance to waypoint, altitude and similar aids to navigation.

Master Arm

ON, weapons active The VSD becomes a weapons sight, displaying

available targets, distance to target and other relevant information for the weapon type selected. The diamond icon on the VSD displays where the Mast-Mounted Sight is currently pointing, while the circle icon is your pitch indicator. When both icons are lined up with the target, the target is firmly in your sights.

See Kiowa Weapon Constraints, p. 2.49, for specifics on acquiring locks with weapons.

FFARS ACTIVE HELLFIRE ACTIVE STINGERS ACTIVE

2: COCKPITS

Magnetic Heading Tape

Command Heading

True Airspeed Readout

Navigation Waypoint

Information Readout

Weapon Constraint

Target box (Icon)

Pitch Ladder Horizon Line Analog Altimeter Scale Altitude

2.41

Range to Target

Weapon Constraint

Weapon Loadout

Weapon Status Information

Range to Target. The range in kilometers to the locked target appears in the bottom right corner of the display.

Waypoints. The box in the lower left corner gives navigation information — the selected waypoint (such as W03) and the distance in kilometers. Time to Arrival also appears.

Target Box. Once you have a target in your field of view, a small diamond appears on the VSD. If the target moves out of view, the diamond moves in that direction. To gain a firing lock on that target, maneuver the helicopter so that the diamond moves under the VSD weapon constraint. Your weapon constraint will turn solid (described in the next paragraph).

Weapon Constraint. The VSD displays a weapon constraint. Its shape differs, based on whether you have the machine gun, Hellfires, Stingers or rockets active. This same constraint displays on the Pilot’s Display Unit — see Kiowa Weapon

Constraints, p. 2.49, for details. Weapon Loadout. These small icons show what missiles you’re carrying

(Hellfires or ATA Stingers). The solid icon indicates the active weapon.

b Switch active weapon

Weapon Status Information. These text fields display the arming status (

ARMED

or SAFE), launch mode and weapon inhibit information for the active weapon.

LONGBOW 2

2.42

Mast-Mounted Sight (MMS) MFD

Kiowa

This MFD performs basically the same function for the Kiowa as the TADS MFD performs for the Longbow. Although the organization of the information is a bit different, the functionality of the MFD is the same.

Target. This is a camera image of the currently selected target. Heading Tape. The helicopter’s heading tape lines the top of the MFD. The

center of this tape indicates the current compass direction in which you are facing. Gates. Large brackets around an object in the MMS MFD mean that you have

this object targeted. (You target a different object by centering it in the MFD and pressing L to lock it. If no other targets appear, maneuver around until you find one.)

Weapon Inhibit Field. In the Longbow, messages describing whether or not you have a weapon lock, or the reason why you don’t, appears in the IHADSS. In the Kiowa, this message appears in the MMS MFD in the lower right corner. See

Weapon Inhibit Field, p. 5.20, for a list of messages. Active Camera Type. The cameras used in the Kiowa are different than those

used in the Longbow. A camera image of the target comes from one of two Kiowa sight sensor systems. An acronym for the active system displays in the bottom center —

TIS (Thermal Imaging System) or TVS (Television System).

Numpad

Toggle between MMS camera modes (TIS or TVS)

Or, left-click on the camera name to toggle modes

To zoom the camera in and out:

Z, X

or Switch MMS camera zoom level

+, -

(TIS zooms to 6X or 25X; TVS to 5X or 17X).

(Numpad) Or, left-click (

) the current zoom level to change it.

MMS Bearing. Unlike the TADS, the Kiowa MMS has no field of regard. Instead, numeric angles appear in the top right corner of the MFD and represents the current slew angles of the MMS sight. The top line indicates vertical slew angle (-30 degrees to +30 degrees) and the second line indicates the horizontal slew angle (-170 degrees to +170 degrees).

Range. Range to the currently selected target.

2: COCKPITS

2.43

Heading Tape

Target

Gates

Weapon Inhibit Field

Active Camera Type

IN-FLIGHT NAVIGATION SYSTEM

See Mobile Mission Planning Cell, p. 1.10, for more details on this map.

The game has an in-flight navigation system that looks and feels very similar to the Mission Planning screen. The map’s main purpose is to display the current, real-time position of your helicopter, as well as all helicopters in other flights.

Most of the other data and display options are identical to the Mission Planner — the major difference is that you can’t change tasking assignments, weapon loadouts, or crew positions. You can’t rehearse the mission or view a terrain profile.

Another difference between the Mission Planner and this map is that you can’t adjust any waypoints that were set before you took off. You can, however, add new waypoints to your own flight path (but not the flight paths for other helicopters). Adding waypoints is most useful when you run across unforeseen situations — by adding a new waypoint, you can sometimes avoid trouble or answer a request for assistance.

After you’ve added a new waypoint, you’re free to move it or delete it. ♦ To add a waypoint, left-click on the small green box between two sequential

waypoints. All subsequent waypoints will be renumbered accordingly.

♦ To move a waypoint, left-click-and-drag it to any point on the map. ♦ To delete a waypoint, right-click on it to open the Waypoint Information

Window, and left-click on the Delete box. All subsequent waypoints will be renumbered accordingly.

KIOWA DIGITAL MOVING MAP

Kiowa

The Kiowa comes with a scrolling digital map display that displays known information about the area. The map appears in the center dashboard display, and is shared by both cockpits. This display has no sighting function — it is purely a navigational aid. Note that the digital map is based on archived geographic information, not on the imaging systems of the Kiowa itself.

LONGBOW 2

2.44

Waypoint

Grid Lines

Waypoint Information

Player Helicopter

Mission Clock Map Coordinate Contour Map

Contour Map. The contour map (see p. 1.12) appears behind this MFD, and scrolls as you fly over the terrain. The lighter contour, the higher the terrain. Low, flat areas appear as a darker shade of green. The top of the map is always north.

To toggle the background map, left-click

MAP OFF (it then changes to MAP ON).

Grid Lines/Map Coordinates. The map is segmented into 1-kilometer squares by thin, green grid lines, as well as into 5-kilometer squares marked by bold, green grid lines. Where the heavy 5km grid lines intersect, map coordinates appear.

The coordinates of the map quadrant you’re currently flying over appears in the lower right corner as a letter, followed by a number. This corresponds to the coordinates in the Mission Planner map (see p. 1.11 for details).

Player Helicopter. Your helicopter appears in the center of this MFD as a small aircraft icon. When you change bearings, the icon rotates to reflect your current compass direction. The top of the map represents north, the right side east, etc.

Mission Clock. The lower right corner of the digital moving map shows how much time has elapsed since the mission started.

Waypoint Information. Mission waypoints (if in range) appear as circles with numbers; the currently selected waypoint flashes. Lines showing your flight route appear in the display. The box in the lower left corner gives navigation information – the selected waypoint (such as W03) and the distance in kilometers. Time to

Arrival also appears. Zoom Level. Current map zoom level in kilometers. This MFD is linked to the

TSD — if you change the zoom level here, it is also reflected in the TSD radar range.

Switch map zoom (also TSD range) to 2, 5, 10, 25 or 50 kilometers

2: COCKPITS

2.45

TARGETING AND SIGHT SYSTEMS

The AH-64D Longbow and Kiowa Warrior have several systems that aid in acquiring and identifying targets. Both have night vision systems that aid pilots at night and during bad weather.

The Longbow has a Fire-Control Radar (FCR), Target Acquisition and Designation Sight (TADS), and Pilot Night Vision System (PNVS). The Kiowa has a MastMounted Sight (MMS), Pilot Display Unit (PDU), and ANVIS night vision system (similar to PNVS). These systems are discussed in more detail in the following sections.

Mast-Mounted Longbow Fire-Control Radar (FCR)

Longbow

The most significant new system of the AH-64D is the mast-mounted Longbow radar system. This bulbous addition sits atop the rotor shaft (above the blades) and provides 360° scanning capabilities.

Interfacing with the Longbow radar is the Fire-Control Radar (FCR) targeting system, which uses the radar to scan 90° for ground targets (360° for air targets), then “memorizes” them. It can identify and store up to 256 separate targets (stationary or mobile ones) and has both an air and ground radar mode.

The FCR system also classifies and prioritizes targets. It can detect a variety of targets in both a 360° air radar mode and a 90° ground radar mode. The FCR “memorizes” contacts when you bob up, stores the data, and can transmit this information to other helicopters, airplanes or command posts via a wireless data modem. Target information also displays on two separate tactical MFDs (Radar and TSD pages).

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Target Acquisition and Designation Sight (TADS)

Longbow

The second target acquisition system in the AH-64D Longbow is the Target Acquisition and Designation Sight. Like the FCR, it allows the crew to identify and target enemy aircraft or ground vehicles from the air. (However, it can only lock onto targets in a 220° arc in front of the helicopter.) The entire sensor system is housed in a turret on the helicopter’s nose and includes camera systems that allow daytime and nighttime target acquisition. Also, the TADS contains a laser designator and range finder, which are used to identify targets for laser-guided missiles.

When the aircraft is being flown by a single human pilot, the TADS is controlled by the computer co-pilot/gunner, who searches and prioritizes targets.

You have the choice of using the FCR or TADS system when acquiring targets.

Switch between FCR and TADS target acquisition (The active system appears in Weapons MFD and in the High Action Display – 10, p. 2.14).

TADS and MMS Cameras

Longbow, Kiowa

TADS (Longbow). The TADS/PNVS turret houses the Direct View Optics system (DVO), the Daylight Television system (DTV) and the Forward-Looking Infrared system (FLIR). The view you see in your TADS MFD is an image that has been picked up by one of these turret cameras. The turret can rotate 220° horizontally, and +30° or -60° vertically. Sensors in the turret relay information through an optical tube to the cockpit.

During night missions, the FLIR camera in the TADS/PNVS turret can provide backup night vision to the pilot in case the Pilot Night Vision Sensor system fails.

MMS (Kiowa). The MMS assembly consists of a low-light level TV camera, a digitally enhanced thermal imager and the laser range-finder and designator. Although the ANVIS night-vision system is separate from the MMS, the system is equally capable of target acquisition in the day or night.

Numpad

8, 2

, Hold down to pan the TADS/MMS MFD camera

4, 6

Alternatively, left-click-and-hold (L) the mouse in the MFD and drag it the desired direction. As a third option, hold down

and move the joystick in the Head-Down Display (see p.

2.53).

Recenter the TADS / MMS MFD camera

2: COCKPITS

2.47

TADS CAMERA CONTROL

Pilot Night Vision System (PNVS) / ANVIS

Longbow, Kiowa

Another camera (just above the TADS cameras) is the Pilot Night Vision System (PNVS). It receives thermal images from an infrared camera and lets the pilot fly the helicopter at night or in bad weather/smoky situations. This camera creates a picture of the terrain and ground objects by monitoring the amount of heat emitted from them. In the day, buildings and objects absorb heat and radiation from the sun. After sunset, the camera picks up heat waves radiating from these ground objects. The “heat signatures” mark the location of ground targets and accurately describe the target type.

The Kiowa Warrior uses a thermal imaging system called ANVIS, which performs the same functions as the PNVS.

Toggle PNVS/ANVIS camera on/of f (use at night or in bad weather).

The PNVS turret camera moves independently of the TADS camera. In the real world, this allows the pilot to move his helmet and receive imagery from one direction while the CP/G moves his helmet in a different direction and views something else. This occurs in the game as well, except that you can control both views.

Kiowa Pilot Display Unit (PDU)

Kiowa

The Pilot Display Unit (PDU) is the Head-Up display for the Kiowa Warrior. It is essentially a small glass display mounted in front of the pilot’s seat of the Kiowa Warrior. The PDU automatically and continuously displays targeting and weapon constraint information, some of which is also accessible in the VSD MFD (see p.

2.41 for details on this MFD).

Numpad

Toggle between pilot’s seat (on the left) and CP/G’s seat (on the right)

Target Box. Once you have a target in your field of view, a small green box appears around it. If the target moves out of view, the box disappears. To gain a firing lock on that target, maneuver the helicopter so that the target box moves under the PDU weapon constraint. Your weapon constraint will turn solid (described in the next paragraph).

Weapon Constraint. The PDU displays a weapon constraint. Its appearance differs, based on whether you have the machine gun, Hellfires, Stingers or rockets active. See Kiowa Weapon Constraints, p. 2.49.

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2.48

Kiowa Weapon Constraints

Additional weapon-specific items are added to the PDU display when you use your weapons. It doesn’t matter which master mode is currently active — it all depends on the current weapon type. To tell which weapon is active, look at the VSD MFD — an icon appears for whichever weapon you’re using.

Select active weapon (cycle through Hellfires, rockets and Stingers)

Toggle weapons between ARM (active) and SAFE (inactive)

Fire active weapon

Fire cannon

Gun Constraint. When you have the machine gun active, cross hairs appear on your PDU. However, you can’t slew the gun as you can in the Longbow. This means that you need to maneuver so that the target box is under the cross hairs. When the cross hairs turn from dashed to solid, you can fire.

The number of rounds remaining appears in the lower left corner of the VDU when the gun is active.

Hellfire Missile Constraint. Specific to Hellfire missiles, this constraint box remains stationary in the PDU. It is dashed when you’re out of constraints (don’t have a weapon lock) and turns solid when you can fire.

To bring the target into constraints and acquire a lock, you must maneuver your helicopter so that the target box moves under the dashed missile constraint in the PDU. When you correctly align the target with the constraint, the missile gains a valid lock, and the constraint border turns solid.

FFARS ACTIVE HELLFIRE ACTIVE STINGERS ACTIVE

2: COCKPITS

2.49

Active Pitch Circle I-beam Weapon (Weapon (Weapon

Constraint) Constraint)

Target Box

Active Weapon Target Weapon Loadout Box

Weapon Weapon Status Constraint

Active Target Weapon Weapon Box Constraint

Weapon

Status

Rocket Steering Cursor. When rockets are active in the Kiowa, two separate weapon constraint items appear on the PDU. These constraints apply only to multi-purpose submunition (MPSM) rockets — FFARs do not require a lock.

The rocket constraints only display if rockets are active, and both constraints must be met to gain a lock. The first constraint is an I-beam, which shows what direction the helicopter needs to move horizontally to bring the target into weapon constraints. Swing the helicopter right or left until the target box is under the PDU, and the I-beam is centered on it.

The second constraint is a pitch circle, which indicates vertical alignment. Nose the helicopter up or down until the target box is under the PDU, and the circle is centered on the target.

Once you’ve aligned both elements, you can fire your

MPSM rockets. You can’t fire,

however, if you’re out of range, if you don’t have the I-beam and circle correctly aligned over the target, or if the Master Arm indicator is set to

SAFE (press cM

to arm weapons). ATA Missile Constraint Circles. When the air-to-air (ATA) missile system is

active, a large circle appears on the display and indicates where the missile seeker head is looking. The circle turns solid when the target meets the weapon constraints, and remains dashed if it has not. Bring air targets into the center of the circle to gain a missile lock.

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2.50

CO-PILOT/GUNNER COCKPIT

Longbow, Kiowa

Both the Longbow and the Kiowa feature a separate cockpit for the co-pilot/gunner (CP/G). In the Kiowa, the two seats are virtually identical. In the Longbow you can perform most of the same tasks in the front (CP/G) seat as you can in the pilot’s seat — the main difference is that the CP/G seat has an

Optical Relay Tube

(ORT) Unit.

Uses for CP/G Cockpit

Unless you’re flying specifically as a CP/G in a multi-player scenario, you don’t

have

to use the second cockpit. The Kiowa’s CP/G really doesn’t have any advantages over the pilot’s seat. In the Longbow, however, the greatest advantage is that you can display different MFDs in each cockpit. Typically, offensive MFDs are most useful in the CP/G cockpit, defensives ones in the pilot’s cockpit. In the Longbow, the cockpit dash view of the ORT is only visible in the front (CP/G) seat (between the left and right MFDs).

If you are flying in a multi-player scenario, with both a human pilot and a human CP/G, you may wish to keep in mind that according to Army SOP, the highestranking person in the helicopter occupies the CP/G seat under normal circumstances. This is because he is in the best position to know whether the mission has been accomplished, gauge the general battlefield situation, and determine in an emergency situation whether to proceed with the mission or bug out.

Kiowa’s Left Seat (CP/G)

The co-pilot’s seat in the Kiowa is functionally identical to the pilot’s. The only differences are that the single MFD appears on the opposite side of the panel, and the PDU doesn’t appear. Kiowa pilots and CP/Gs share the same Digital Moving Map display (see p. 2.45 for map details).

Numpad

Toggle between left seat (CP/G) and right seat (pilot’s cockpit)

2: COCKPITS

2.51

KIOWA LEFT-SEAT DASH

Longbow’s Front Seat (CP/G)

The full-screen view of the ORT, called the Head-Down Display (HDD), shows TADS or Radar MFD image (whichever is active) with target information superimposed on top of it. This screen is repeated in a small, cockpit dash display known as the Head-Out Display (HOD) – a monochrome image that duplicates the HDD.

Numpad

Toggle between front-seat (CP/G) and pilot’s cockpit

Numpad

Toggle HDD mode (between full-screen or repeater mode) from the CP/G cockpit

IHADSS Normal IHADSS information appears in this cockpit. MFDs The front-seat cockpit has two MFDs. UPFRONT Text Display The top half gives damage information (and target

information, if U is active). The bottom displays the elapsed mission time.

Optical Relay Tube Unit The ORT shows either the TADS or Radar

MFD. You can view ORT information on a small screen in the cockpit (Head-Out Display), or in fullscreen mode (Head-Down Display) by pressing Numpad . (toggle).

IHADSS/MFDs/UPFRONT Display

Longbow

The IHADSS display, MFDs and UPFRONT display operate just as they do in the back seat. You still switch the left and right MFDs normally (with , and .), and but you can have different MFDs open in each cockpit.

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2.52

(ORT)

IHADSS

Optical Relay Tube

(ORT) Unit

Left MFD

Upfront Display

HOD

Right MFD

Optical Relay Tube (ORT) Unit

Longbow

In addition to two regular MFDs, the Longbow’s CP/G cockpit has an ORT unit that shows either the TADS or Radar MFD. The CP/G performs his targeting functions by either looking through the HDD (an eyepiece mounted in the middle of the cockpit dash) or at the HOD (small dash display).

Head-Out Display (HOD)

The Head-Out Display emulates either the TADS or Radar MFD, depending on which acquisition mode is active. If TADS is the active target acquisition system, the TADS page appears. If you have FCR active, the Radar page appears.

See Radar MFD (p. 2.29) and TADS MFD (p. 2.32) for ORT view commands specific to these MFDs.

Head-Down Display (HDD)

Longbow

You can “look” through the optical relay tube in the front-seat (CP/G) cockpit by using the Head-Down Display. When you do so, target information normally available in the TADS and Radar MFDs is superimposed over camera imagery in a full-screen view.

Your current airspeed appears in the upper left corner of the High-Action Display in this view. Current altitude appears in the upper right.

When you’re

not

in HDD view, ORT information appears in the HOD dash display.

Numpad .Toggle ORT display between Head-Down/Head-Out view.

The HDD view displays a full-screen TADS or Radar MFD (whichever system is active). Press again to return to HOD (dash) view.

2: COCKPITS

2.53

Head-Down Display (HDD)

ORT UNIT

Head-Out Display (HOD)

BLACK HAWK ANALOG COCKPIT

Black Hawk

The cockpits of the Longbow and Kiowa are almost entirely digital, with all important flight-status information appearing in the MFDs or Upfront display. The Black Hawk, however, has far fewer digital readouts, and relies far more on traditional analog aircraft instrumentation.

Cockpit Gauges

The following appear as dial gauges or bar readings built into the cockpit of the Black Hawk.

Airspeed Indicator. Dial gauge that shows how fast the helicopter is traveling in knots. Aknot is a nautical measure of speed, approximately equal to 6076 feet/hour (a distance equal to one nautical mile). The indicator scale ranges from 0 to 250 knots.

Altimeter. Dial gauge that gives the helicopter ’s altitude in feet above sea level (which differs from height above ground level). Keep in mind that this reading might indicate 2000 feet above sea level, while your ground altitude may show much less than that — the ground is usually higher than sea level.

Radar Altimeter. Dial gauge that measures altitude, up to 1500 feet above ground level. (It uses a primitive radar to bounce signals off of the ground, then measures how long it takes for signals to return. The scale is logarithmic.)

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2.54

Mission Clock

Overtorque

Indicator

TGT Engine Readout

Radar Warning

Receiver

NPReadout

Compass

Airspeed Indicator Artificial Horizon Radar Altimeter Barometer

Altimeter Rate of Climb

Indicator Horizontal Situation

Indicator Engine Torque

Readout

Horizontal Situation Indicator. This gauge indicates how far off course you might be at any given moment. The outer ring of the HSI has a compass, while the line bisecting the inner ring represents the direct path of your assigned course. A deviation bar shows (in relative terms) how far you are from your course. If the course bar is perfectly vertical, and your deviation bar exactly overlays the course line, then you are on course.

Torque Readout. Gauge that indicates how much engine power/torque is currently being produced by each engine. When the collective is adjusted, the power and torque change accordingly.

TGT Engine Readout. Gauge that indicates the temperatures of the left and right engines.

NPReadout. Gauge that displays revolutions-per-minute readings for the left and right turbine engines.

Radar Warning Receiver (RWR). Electronic display that identifies radar-emitting sources. When a threat is detected, lines emanate from the center of the RWR in the direction of the threat. The longer the lines, the greater the severity of the threat (as estimated from its radar signal).

Compass. A magnetic compass showing the current heading of the aircraft.

2: COCKPITS

2.55

VIEW CONTROLS

Longbow, Black Hawk, Kiowa

During flight, you have access to a number of useful views. You can “look” in any direction, watch your missile as it strikes a target, slew your TADS helmet view, pan around your aircraft, and more.

Alternate views are both useful and entertaining. All game objects are highly detailed (down to their rotating turrets) and are active even while you’re occupied elsewhere. You can even hear their sound effects in exterior camera views. Using these views helps you keep track of what’s going on in the combat environment.

View Panning

You can pan the view in any exterior view (outside of the cockpit) as described below. You cannot, however, pan to an upside-down view.

Numpad

Tilt camera up

Tilt any exterior view up slightly.

Numpad

Tilt camera down

Tilt any exterior view down slightly.

Numpad

Pan right

Rotate any exterior view to the right.

Numpad

Pan left

Rotate any exterior view to the left.

Numpad

Reset view

Return view to default (centered) position.

Numpad

Zoom in

Zoom in any exterior view.

Numpad

Zoom out

Back out any exterior view.

+ joystick

Tilt/Pan view

Tilt or rotate any exterior view.

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2.56

Inside Cockpit Views

Note: The “no cockpit” views listed below keep the IHADSS display in your view at all times.

Front cockpit view. Looks out the front of the cockpit.

Front view, no cockpit. Removes cockpit/MFDs and shows only IHADSS. You can pan this view without affecting the TADS sensor/cannon position. (See View Panning, above, for controls.)

Left cockpit view. Looks out the left side of the cockpit and displays IHADSS information.

Left view, no cockpit. As 2, but without cockpit art.

Right cockpit view. Looks out the right side of the cockpit and displays IHADSS information.

Right view, no cockpit. As 3, but without cockpit or MFDs.

Virtual cockpit / target lock view. The first press of 4 puts you in a “virtual cockpit” view looking straight out the aircraft’s wind screen. A second press, however, will lock your view to the closest target (in the Longbow, your cannon automatically aims itself at this target). Subsequent pressings cycle the view through available targets.

Exterior Views

Chase view. Views your helicopter from a fixed position behind the tail rotor. (The camera “chases” your helicopter.) Pressing this key multiple times cycles to an exterior view of the left side, an exterior view of the right-side, and then returns to the chase view.

Fly-by view. Views your helicopter as it flies by the camera.

Next object view. Cycles through all objects in this order: aircraft, ground vehicles, inanimate ground objects.

Previous object view. Cycles through all objects in reverse order.

Player missile view. Switches to your missile’s viewpoint.

Player missile view toggle. Automatically switches to your missile’s viewpoint anytime you launch one.

Incoming missile view. Switches to the viewpoint of an approaching missile when it closes in on you.

Incoming missile view toggle. Automatically switches to the viewpoint of any missile that is approaching you.

Death view. Switches to exterior view of a recently destroyed target.

Death view toggle. Automatically switches to exterior view of a target when it’s destroyed.

Note: All of the “toggle” switches (

s8, s9

and

) cause the view to change automatically under the appropriate conditions. The name of the camera and its new status briefly displays on the IHADSS (for example,

DEATH

CAMERA ON

2: COCKPITS

2.57

Target Views

The next six views cycle through a current target list (a list of targets identified by the FCR, TADS or CP/G). This list varies, depending on which system you’re using to find targets, and whether or not you’ve established any Priority Fire Zones (PFZs).

♦ Switching targets in view (by pressing T) transfers the current lock to that

target instead.

♦ If you’re using FCR target acquisition and have designated PFZs, the view

cycles through targets in that zone.

♦ If you’re using FCR target acquisition and have no PFZs, the view cycles

through whatever targets the FCR currently has stored.

♦ If you’re using TADS target acquisition, the view cycles through targets

identified by the TADS sensor.

Next target view. Displays a side view of the next target in your target list.

Previous target view. Displays a side view of the previous target in your target list.

Player-to-next-target view. Tactical view that lines you up with the next target in the list (the camera “sees” you, then the enemy, in a direct line of sight). Subsequent presses cycle through other targets.

Player-to-previous-target view. As above, except that it cycles to the previous target in the list.

Next-target-to-player view. Tactical view that lines your previous target up with you (the camera “sees” the enemy, then you, in a direct line of sight). Subsequent presses cycle through other targets in the list.

Previous-target-to-player view. As above, except that it cycles to the previous target in the list.

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Games PC LONGBOW 2 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual