Fujitsu fi-4340C User Manual

Operator's Guide

P3PC-E832-01EN

fi-4340C Image Scanner

Revisions, Disclaimers

Edition

01

Specification No. P3PC-E832-01ENC2

FCC declaration: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the
limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits
are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a
residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio
frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction
manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is
no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this
equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which
can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to
try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:

• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.

Date published Revised contents

October, 2001

First edition

• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.

• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which

the receiver is connected.

• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

FCC warning: Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party
responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.

NOTICE

• The use of a non-shielded interface cable with the referenced device is

prohibited. The length of the parallel interface cable must be 3 meters (10 feet)
or less. The length of the serial interface cable must be 15 meters (50 feet) or
less.

• The length of the power cord must be 3 meters (10 feet) or less.

i

This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conformme à la norme NMB-003 du

Canada.

■

Bescheimigung des Herstellers / Importeurs

Hiermit wird bescheinigt, daß der/dieldas

• fi-4340C in Übereinsstimmung mit den Bestimmungen der

• AmtsblVfg 243/1991 funkentstört ist. Der Deutschen Bundesport wurde das

Inverkehrbringen dieses Gerätes angezeigt und die Berechtigung zur
Überprüfung der Serie auf Einhaltung der Bestimmungen eingeräumt.

• Maschinenlärminformationsverordnung 3. GS GV, 18.01.1991:Der höchste

Schalldruckpegel beträgt 70 dB (A) order weniger gemäß ISO/7779.

As an E
E

U. S. registered mark.

■

This Product is designed, developed and manufactured as contemplated for general
use, including without limitation, general office use, personal use, household use,
and ordinary industrial use, but is not designed, developed and manufactured as
contemplated for use accompanying fatal risks or dangers that, unless extremely
high safety is secured, could lead directly to death, personal injury, severe physical
damage or other loss (hereinafter "High Safety Required Use"), including without
limitation, nuclear reaction control in nuclear facility, aircraft flight control, air traffic
control, mass transport control, medical life support system, missile launch control
in weapon system. You shall not use this Product without securing the sufficient
safety required for the High Safety Required Use. If you wish to use this Product for
High Safety Required Use, please consult with our sales representatives in charge
before such use.

The manufacturers accept no claims from customers or third parties in relation to,
and accepts no responsibility for losses incurred as a result of, the use of this
product in enhanced safety applications.

NERGYSTAR

NERGYSTAR

Use in Enhanced Safety Applications

®

Partner, PFU Limited has determined that this scanner meets

®

guidelines for energy efficiency. E

NERGYSTAR

®

is a

■

Copying

Copying of paper money, coins, securities and passports issued by government
authorities, licenses and permits issued by public authorities and private
organizations, official documents, and private documents etc. is illegal and is
subject to punishment.

ii

■

Copyright

Copyright had items such as books, paintings, prints, maps, drawings, and
photographs may be copied only for private or home use, or for similar applications.
Copying for other applications without the consent of the holder of the copyright is
illegal.

■

Trademarks and Registered Trademarks

Microsoft®, Windows® and Windows® NT are registered trademarks of the
Microsoft Corporation in the United States of America and in other countries.

ISIS® is the registered trademark of Pixel Translations, a division of Actionpoint Inc.
Names of other goods and products occurring in this manual are the registered

trademarks or trademarks of the relevant company.

The contents of this manual may be revised without prior notice.

All Rights Reserved, Copyright © 2001 PFU LIMITED.
Printed in Japan.
No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form without permission.

iii

Fujitsu Group Offices

Please send your comments on this manual or on Fujitsu products to the following
addresses:

FUJITSU COMPUTER PRODUCTS OF
AMERICA, INC.

2904 Orchard Parkway, San Jose,
California CA95134-2009, U.S.A.

Phone: [phone];

(1-408)432-6333

Technical Assistance Center:

(1-800)626-4686
Fax: [phone]
Website: http://www.fcpa.com/
E-mail: [e-mail]

FUJITSU EUROPE LTD.

Hayes Park Central, Hayes End Road,
Hayes Middlesex UB4 8FE, England

Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Website:

http://www.fujitsueurope.com/home/

E-mail: [e-mail]

FUJITSU NORDIC AB

Kung Hans Vag 12, S-192 68
Sollentuna, Sweden

Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Website:

http://www.fujitsu-europe.com/home/

FUJITSU CANADA, INC.

2800 Matheson Boulevard East,
Mississauga, Ontario L4W 4X5, Canada

Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Website: http://www.fujitsu.ca/
E-mail: [e-mail]

(For Sales Questions)

[e-mail]

(For technical questions)

FUJITSU DEUTSCHLAND GMBH.

Frankfurter Ring 211, 80807 Munchen
40, Germany

Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Website: http://www.fujitsu.de/"
E-mail: [e-mail]

FUJITSU ITALIA S.p.A.

Via Nazario Sauro, 38
20099 Sesto San Giovanni (Milan), Italy
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Website:

http://www.fujitsu-europe.com/home/

FUJITSU FRANCE S.A.

1, Place des Etats-Unis, Silic 310,
94588 Rungis Cedex, France

Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Website:

http://www.fujitsu-europe.com/home/

iv

FUJITSU ICL ESPAÑA, S.A.

Camino Cerro de los Gamos, 1 28224,
Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Website:

http://www.fujitsu-europe.com/home/

E-mail: [e-mail]

FUJITSU AUSTRALIA LTD

2 Julius Avenue
North Ryde, N.S.W 2113 Australia
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
CompuServe: GO FUJITSU
Website: http://www.fujitsu.com.au/

FUJITSU COMPUTER (SINGAPORE)
PTE.LTD.

20 Science Park Road, #03-01, Tele
Teck Park Singapore Science Park II,
Singapore 117674

Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Website:

http://www.fujitsu-computers.com.sg

E-mail: [e-mail]

FUJITSU TAIWAN LTD.

19th Fl., No39, 1 Sec. chung-Hwa Rd.,
Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.

Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]

FUJITSU SYSTEMS BUSINESS
(THAILAND) LTD.

12th Fl., Olympia Thai Tower, 444
Rachadapisek Road, Samsennok,

Huay kwang, Bangkok 10320, Thailand
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]

FUJITSU SYSTEMS BUSINESS
(MALAYSIA) SDN, BHD.

Fujitsu Plaza 1A, Japan Tandang 204,
P.O.Box 636, Jalan Sultan, 46770,
Petaling Jaya Selangor Darul

Ehsan, Malaysia
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]

FUJITSU HONG KONG LTD.

10/F., Lincoln House, 979 King's Road,
Taikoo Place, Island East, Hong Kong

Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [e-mail]

FUJITSU KOREA LTD.

5-11 Fl., Coryo Finance Center Building,
Youido-Dong 23-6, Young DungPo-gu,
Seoul, Korea, 150-010

Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Website: http://www.fujitsu.co.kr
E-mail: [e-mail]

FUJITSU PHILIPPINES, INC

2nd Fl., United Life Building, Pasay
Road, Legaspi Village Makati,

Metro Manila, Philippines
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]

Computer Products Business Group

658-1 Tsuruma Machida-shi, Tokyo
194-8510, Japan

Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Website: http://www.pfu.fujitsu.com/
E-mail: [e-mail]

Corporate headquarters

Nu 98-2 Unoke, Unoke-machi,
kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 929-1192, Japan

Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]

v

Note, Liability

READ ALL OF THIS MANUAL CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS PRODUCT. IF
NOT USED CORRECTLY, UNEXPECTED INJURY MAY BE CAUSED TO USERS
OR BYSTANDERS.

While all efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of all information in this
manual, PFU assumes no liability to any party for any damage caused by errors or
omissions or by statements of any kind in this manual, its updates or supplements,
whether such errors are omissions or statements resulting from negligence,
accidents, or any other cause. PFU further assumes no liability arising from the
application or use of any product or system described herein; nor any liability for
incidental or consequential damages arising from the use of this manual. PFU
disclaims all warranties regarding the information contained herein, whether
expressed, implied, or statutory.

PFU reserves the right to make changes to any products herein, to improve
reliability, function, or design, without further notice and without obligation.

vi

Preface

This manual explains how to use the fi-4340C image scanner.

This manual contains chapters on the following topics:
COMPONENTS
INSTALLATION AND CONNECTIONS
HOW TO INSTALL THE DEVICE DRIVER
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
ADF DOCUMENT SPECIFICATION
OPERATOR PANEL MESSAGE
SETUP MODE
TROUBLESHOOTING
CONSUMABLES AND OPTIONS
SCANNER SPECIFICATIONS

It also contains a Glossary of Terms and an Index.

Refer to the Cleaning and Maintenance Guide for information about the routine
operation of the fi-4340C.

The Cleaning and Maintenance Guide contains chapters on OPERATING
INSTRUCTIONS, CLEANING, REPLACEMENT OF PARTS, ADJUSTMENT and
TROUBLESHOOTING.

The fi-4340C is a very fast and highly functional color image scanner developed for
high quality color image processing, using charge-coupled device (CCD) color
image sensors. This scanner features high-speed duplex scanning with an auto­matic document feeder (ADF).

vii

Conventions

Important information that requires special attention is indicated as follows:

WARNING

WARNING indicates that serious personal injury may result if you do not follow a
procedure correctly.

CAUTION

CAUTION indicates that minor personal injury, loss of data, or damage to the
scanner may result if you do not follow a procedure correctly.

NOTICE

A NOTICE provides “how-to” tips or suggestions to help you perform a procedure
correctly.

viii

Precautions

This section describes precautions to follow when installing the scanner.

To ensure the longevity and proper functioning of your scanner, do not install the
scanner in the places and environments described below.

■

Warning

Important warnings employed in this manual are as follows.

Do not damage the power cable.

Damage to the power cable may result in fire or electric shock.

Do not place heavy objects on, pull, tightly bend, twist, heat, or
modify the power cable.

Do not use the power cable or socket if it is damaged, or if the plug
is loose in the socket.

Use only the specified power cable or extension cable.

Use only the specified power cable or extension cable. Use of other
cables may result in electric shock or malfunction.

Use only at the specified voltage. Ensure that too many cables
are not connected to the same socket.

Use at other than the specified voltage may result in fire or electric
shock.

Ensure that too many cables are not connected to the same socket.

Wipe all dust from plug on the power supply cable.

Using a dry cloth, remove all dust on the metal components of the
plug, and on all surfaces to which the metal components are
attached.

Presence of dust may result in fire or electric shock.

ix

Do not use the equipment in areas with high levels of oil smoke,
steam, humidity, or dust.

Installation in areas with high levels of oil smoke, steam, humidity,
or dust may result in fire or electric shock.

Do not use the equipment if an abnormal smell is apparent.

If the equipment overheats, emits smoke or abnormal smells, or
makes abnormal noises, switch power OFF immediately and
remove the power plug from the socket.

Check that smoke is no longer emitted, and call your dealer or
maintenance service center. Do not attempt to repair the equipment
yourself under any circumstances.

Ensure that water or foreign matter does not enter the
equipment.

Do not insert or drop metal objects or combustible objects into
openings (eg. ventilation openings).

Ensure that liquids (eg. coffee) and metal objects (eg. paper clips)
do not enter the equipment.

Do not spill or leak water onto the equipment.

If foreign matter (eg. water, other liquids, metal objects) enters the
equipment, switch power OFF immediately and remove the power
plug from the socket, and call your dealer or maintenance service
center. Particular care is required if children are in the vicinity.

x

Do not open the equipment without good reason.

The equipment contains high-voltage components, and should not
be dismantled or modified.

Always remove the plug from the socket before fitting or
removing optional equipment.

Switch the equipment power supply OFF, and remove the plug from
the socket, before fitting or removing optional equipment in
accordance with the specified procedure.

Grip the plug to remove the power cable from the socket.

Do not move the equipment alone.

Never move the equipment alone.

Switch power OFF if the equipment is damaged.

If the equipment is dropped, or covers etc. have been damaged,
switch power supply OFF, remove the plug from the socket, and call
your dealer or maintenance service center.

Do not place in wet areas.

Do not place the scanner where liquid spills may occur.

xi

■

Caution

Important cautions employed in this manual are as follows.

Do not touch the power cable with wet hands.

Do not remove or insert the plug with wet hands. Wet hands may
result in electric shock.

Earth the equipment.

his equipment must be earthed. Always connect the power cable to
a 3-pin socket. If earthing is not possible, call your dealer or
maintenance service center.

Always ensure that the equipment is installed in the stable
location.

Ensure that no part of the scanner is liable to fall from the desk, and
that the base of the equipment is level.

Ensure that the equipment is installed in a stable location. The
equipment should be installed in a location which is level and
subject to minimal vibration.

Insert the power plug fully into the socket.

Ensure that the power plug is inserted as far as possible into the
socket.

Do not block the ventilation openings.

If the ventilation openings are blocked the interior of the equipment
will overheat, and may result in fire or malfunction.

xii

Do not place heavy objects on, and do not stand on, the
equipment.

Placing heavy objects on the equipment, or standing on the
equipment while working, may result in injury.

Remove the power plug from the socket before moving the
equipment.

Moving the equipment with the cable connected may result in
damage to the cable, fire or electric shock, or injury. Always remove
the power plug from the socket, and disconnect extension cables,
before moving the equipment.

Always clear the floor before beginning work.

Avoid static electricity.

Ensure that the equipment is installed away from strong magnetic
fields, sources of electrical noise and air flow.

If the scanner is used near an air conditioner, copying machine, or
TV set, the scanner may operate incorrectly.

Avoid static electricity. Static electricity may be a cause of mis­operation of the equipment. Ensure that the floor and desk on which
the equipment is installed is of a material which does not generate
static electricity.

Ensure that clothing, ties, and hair do not become caught in
gears and rollers.

Clothing, ties, and hair becoming caught in moving components
such as gears and rollers may result in injury.

Remove the power plug from the socket if the equipment is to be
out of use for a considerable length of time.

For safety reasons, the power plug should be removed from the
socket if the equipment is to be out of use for a significant time.

xiii

Remove the power cable from the socket immediately thunder is
heard.

Remove the power cable from the socket if thunder is heard nearby.
The equipment may be damaged if it remains connected during an
electrical storm.

Do not leave the equipment in direct sunlight.

Leaving the equipment in direct sunlight or in the vicinity of air­conditioning equipment will result in the internal temperature of the
equipment increasing, and may result in fire or malfunction.

Ensure that the equipment is installed in a well ventilated area.

xiv

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 COMPONENTS

❏❏❏❏

Checking the Components ...................................................................................1-2

Units and Assemblies ...........................................................................................1-3

Operator Panel .....................................................................................................1-6

CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND CONNECTIONS

❏❏❏❏

Confirm of the Manufacturing Labels ...................................................................2-2

Placing the scanner ..............................................................................................2-3

CHAPTER 3 HOW TO INSTALL THE DEVICE DRIVER

❏❏❏❏

Procedure .............................................................................................................3-2

CHAPTER 4 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

❏❏❏❏

Turning the Power On ..........................................................................................4-2

Waking up the Scanner from the Low Power Mode .............................................4-3

Manual Feed Mode Setting ..................................................................................4-4

Loading Documents on the ADF ..........................................................................4-5

Loading Documents on the Document bed ..........................................................4-9

Loading Documents Larger than the Document bed ..........................................4-10

Reading a Page from a Thick Book ....................................................................4-11

Clearing Paper Jams ..........................................................................................4-12

CHAPTER 5 ADF DOCUMENT SPECIFICATION

❏❏❏❏

Document Size .....................................................................................................5-2

Document Quality .................................................................................................5-3

ADF Document Feeder Capacity .........................................................................5-5

Areas not to be Perforated ...................................................................................5-6

Grounding Color Areas .........................................................................................5-7

Double Feed Detection Condition ........................................................................5-8

Job Separation Sheet ...........................................................................................5-9

CHAPTER 6 OPERATOR PANEL MESSAGE

❏❏❏❏

Counter Display ....................................................................................................6-2

Operation status ...................................................................................................6-3

Temporary error ...................................................................................................6-4

Alarm ....................................................................................................................6-5

CHAPTER 7 SETUP MODE

❏❏❏❏

Activating the Setup Mode ...................................................................................7-2

Contents of the Setup Mode ................................................................................7-3

CHAPTER 8 TROUBLESHOOTING

❏❏❏❏

Troubleshooting ...................................................................................................8-2

CHAPTER 9 CONSUMABLES AND OPTIONS

❏❏❏❏

Consumables .......................................................................................................9-2

Options .................................................................................................................9-3

VIDEO INTERFACE BOARD ...............................................................................9-4

IPC-4D(IMAGE PROCESSING CIRCUIT BOARD) .............................................9-9

fi-434PR(IMPRINTER) .......................................................................................9-10

xv

fi-CMP3(JPEG COMPRESSION BOARD) .........................................................9-11

CHAPTER 10 SCANNER SPECIFICATIONS

❏❏❏❏

Basic Product Specification ................................................................................10-2

Installation Specification .....................................................................................10-3

Dimensions .........................................................................................................10-4

GLOSSARY OF TERMS ...........................................................................GL-1

❏

INDEX ......................................................................................................... IN-1

❏

xvi

1

COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

INSTALLATION AND CONNECTIONS

HOW TO INSTALL THE DEVICE DRIVER

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

ADF DOCUMENT SPECIFICATION

OPERATOR PANEL MESSAGE

SETUP MODE

TROUBLESHOOTING

INSTALLATION AND
CONNECTIONS

HOW TO INSTALL
THE DEVICE DRIVER

OPERATING
INSTRUCTIONS

ADF DOCUMENT
SPECIFICATION

OPERATOR PANEL
MESSAGE

SETUP MODE

TROUBLESHOOTING

9

10

CONSUMABLES AND OPTIONS

SCANNER SPECIFICATIONS

GROSSARY OF TEAMS

INDEX

CONSUMABLES
AND OPTIONS

SCANNER
SPECIFICATIONS

GROSSARY OF
TEAMS

INDEX

CHAPTER

1

COMPONENTS

This chapter describes checking the Components, Units and Assemblies of
the scanner, and operator panel arrangement,and the function of pars.

Checking the Components........................................................1-2

Units and Assemblies ................................................................1-3

Operator Panel............................................................................1-6

●

1-1

Checking the Components

These high precision components must be handled carefully.
Confirm that all the components shown in the following figure have been received.
If any component is missing, please contact your sales agent.

Scanner

Power cable (*1) Power cable (*2)

Operator's Guide(this
manual) and
Device driver(CD) and
User Manual(CD)

Pad ASSY (*3)

NOTICE

The CD-ROMs contains “Cleaning and Maintenance” and this manual.

*1) for North America

*2) for Europe

*3) Pad ASSY is attached

to the back of the ADF
Paper chute.

●

1-2

Units and Assemblies

This section shows the exterior view and assemblies of the scanner. This section also provides the name
of each part and describes its functions.

■

Units

(1)Document cover

(3)Document holding pad

(4)Automatic document

feeder(ADF)

(2)Document bed

(5)Stacker

(7)Transport Lever

(17)Spare Pad ASSY

(10)Power switch

(11)Power Inlet

NOTICE

(8)ADF paper chute

(12)EXT connector

(6)Operator panel

(9)ADF lever

(16)Third party slot

(Option board Slot)

(15)Interface connector

(14)SCSI ID switch

(13)SCSI terminator switch

The transport lever should be switched to the operating position when the scanner is to be used. Refer to
Chapter2 "Placing the Transport Lever (page 2-3)" for details.

1-3

●

No . Part Function

1 Document cover Closes over and keeps in place the document to be read.

2 Document bed Holds document to be read. Also called Flatbed (FB).

3 Document holding pad Presses document to the Document bed.

4 Automatic document feeder

(ADF)

5 Stacker Stacks the read documents.

6 Operator panel Contains indicator panel that indicates scanner status.

7 Transport Lever Transport lever Secures the carrier unit. Set to locked position

8 ADF paper chute Holds the documents to be fed by the automatic document

9 ADF lever Opens/closes the ADF to enable the removal of documents

10 Power switch Turns the power On or Off.

11 Power inlet Connects to an AC power outlet with the power cable.

12 EXT connector Connects to an optional imprinter.

13 SCSI terminator switch Set to ON when the image scanner is the final device on the

Automatically feeds documents to the reading position.

when moving scanner.

feeder (ADF).

jammed in the feeder.

SCSI daisy chain. Otherwise, set to OFF.

14 SCSI-ID switch Sets the SCSI ID. (Default ID is 5.)

15 Interface connectors Connect to the host system with interface cables.

16 Third party slot A Fujitsu VIDEO INTERFACE BOARD or

fi-CMP3(JPEG COMPRESSION BOARD) is installed.

17 Spare Pad ASSY Spare pad assembly. (One spare pad assembly is provided as

the default setting.)

1-4

●

■

Assemblies

Stacker

Pick roller

Pad ASSY

Guide A ASSY

●

1-5

Operator Panel

The operator panel is located on the upper right hand side of the scanner. The panel consists of an LCD
display (16 characters x 2 lines), LEDs and buttons.

■

Arrangement

Operator panel

Operator panel

Exit

Enter

Previous

Next

Stop

Send To/

Start

Read
Check

●

1-6

■

Button and LED

Name of the button and

LED

Button

Next

Previous

Exit When you are entering settings on the Operator panel, pressing this

Enter Enters the parameter currently selected by the cursor.

Send To/
Start

Stop When the Check LED lights, pressing this button releases the error

Function

Displays the next LCD screen.

Displays the previous LCD screen.

Moves the cursor to the left.

Moves the cursor to the right.

button returns you immediately to the Scanner Ready screen.

Operational only when Manual start mode is set or the Read lamp
lights; Starts the reading when video interface option is used. Some
application software packages make use of this button.

status (turns off Check and returns to the Scanner Ready screen).
Operational only during the reading operation; stops the reading

when the video interface option is used.
Also turns off the Check lamp.

LED Indicates that the scanner is On.

Read Indicates the scanner is reading or ready to read.

Check If lit, this indicates that an alarm occurred. Pressing the Stop button

turns the Check lamp Off.
If it blinks at one second intervals, this means that a jam or double

feed has been detected. If the problem is jammed paper, removing
the jammed paper turns off the Check lamp. If the problem is double
feed, pressing the Stop button turns off the Check lamp.

If it blinks at four seconds intervals, this means that cleaning the ADF
is necessary.

●

1-7

●

1-8

CHAPTER

2

INSTALLATION AND CONNECTIONS

The chapter describes how to install and connect the scanner.

Confirm of the Manufacturing Labels.......................................2-2

Placing the scanner....................................................................2-3

●

2-1

Confirm of the Manufacturing Labels

This section describes how to check the labels.

Position of two labels

Label A

Label B

Label A (Example; your actual label may differ)
Indicates regulations and standards to which this scanner conforms.

Label B (Example; your actual label may differ)
Indicates product information as follows:

Model name

Specification number

Serial number

Production date

Weight

MODEL
PART NO.
SER. NO.
DATE
100-240V,1.6-0.7A

fi-4340C
PA03277-B002
******
******* 15Kg

●

2-2