Fluke 45 User Manual
45
®
Dual Display Multimeter
Users Manual
PN 855981
January 1989, Rev. 4, 7/97
© 1999 Fluke Corporation, All rights reserved. Printed in USA
All product names are trademarks of thei r r espective c omp ani es.
LIMITED WARRANTY & LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
Each Fluke product is warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship
under normal use and service. The warranty period is one year and begins on the date
of shipment. Parts, product repairs and services are warranted for 90 days. This
warranty extends only to the original buyer or end-user customer of a Fluke authorized
reseller, and does not apply to fuses, disposable batteries or to any product which, in
Fluke’s opinion, has been misused, altered, neglected or damaged by accident or
abnormal conditions of operation or handling. Fluke warrants that software will operate
substantially in accordance with its functional specifications for 90 days and that it has
been properly recorded on non-defective media. Fluke does not warrant that software
will be error free or operate without interruption.
Fluke authorized resellers shall extend this warranty on new and unused products to
end-user customers only but have no authority to extend a greater or different warranty
on behalf of Fluke. Warranty support is available if product is purchased through a Fluke
authorized sales outlet or Buyer has paid the applicable international price. Fluke
reserves the right to invoice Buyer for importation costs of repair/replacement parts
when product purchased in one country is submitted for repair in another country.
Fluke’s warranty obligation is limited, at Fluke’s option, to refund of the purchase price,
free of charge repair, or replacement of a defective product which is returned to a Fluke
authorized service center within the warranty period.
To obtain warranty service, contact your nearest Fluke authorized service center or send
the product, with a description of the difficulty, postage and insurance prepaid (FOB
Destination), to the nearest Fluke authorized service center. Fluke assumes no risk for
damage in transit. Following warranty repair, the product will be returned to Buyer,
transportation prepaid (FOB Destination). If Fluke determines that the failure was
caused by misuse, alteration, accident or abnormal condition of operation or handling,
Fluke will provide an estimate of repair costs and obtain authorization before
commencing the work. Following repair, the product will be returned to the Buyer
transportation prepaid and the Buyer will be billed for the repair and return transportation
charges (FOB Shipping Point).
THIS WARRANTY IS BUYER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY AND IS IN LIEU OF
ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMI TED
TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. FLUKE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES O R LOSSES, I NCLUDING
LOSS OF DATA, WHETHER ARISING FROM BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BASED
ON CONTRACT, TORT, RELIANCE OR ANY OTHER THEORY.
Since some countries or states do not allow limitation of the term of an implied warranty,
or exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, the limitations and
exclusions of this warranty may not apply to every buyer. If any provision of this
Warranty is held invalid or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, such
holding will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision.
Fluke Corporation Fluke Europe B.V.
P.O. Box 9090 P.O. Box 1186
Everett, WA 98206-9090 5602 BD Eindhoven
U.S.A. The Netherlands
5/94
Safety Class
This is an IEC safety class 1 (grounded enclosure) product. For safety, the ground wire
in the line cord must be connected when operating from AC power.
When operated from the optional battery pack, this product meets the safety
requirements for a safety class 2 (reinforced insulation) product and does not require
grounding for safety.
Interference Information
This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and used
in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, may cause interference to radio
and television reception. It has been type tested and found to comply with the limits for a
Class B computing device in accordance with the specifications of Part 15 of FCC Rules,
which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a
residential installation.
Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
• This device may not cause harmful interference.
• This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may
cause undesired operation.
There is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this
equipment does cause interference to radio or television reception, which can be
determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct
the interference by one of more of the following measures:
• Reorient the receiving antenna
• Relocate the equipment with respect to the receiver
• Move the equipment away from the receiver
• Plug the equipment into a different outlet so that the computer and receiver are on
diffe rent branch circuits
If necessary, the user should consult the dealer or an experienced radio/television
technician for additional suggestions. The user may find the following booklet prepared
by the Federal Communications Commission helpful: How to Identify and Resolve
Radio-TV Interference Problems. This booklet is available from the U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Stock No. 004-000-00345-4.
Declaration of the Manufacturer or Importer
We hereby certify that the Fluke Model 45 Dual Display MultiMeter is in compliance with
BMPT Vfg 243/1991 and is RFI suppressed. The normal operation of some equipment (e.g.
signal generators) may be subject to specific restrictions. Please observe the notices in the
users manual. The marketing and sales of the equipment was reported to the Central Office
for Telecommunication Permits (BZT). The right to retest this equipment to verify compliance
with the regulation was given to the BZT.
Table of Contents
Chapter Title Page
1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 1-1
Introducing the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter........................................... 1-1
Options and Accessories.................................................................................... 1-2
Where to go from Here...................................................................................... 1-2
2 Getting Started ................................................................................... 2-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 2-1
Getting Started................................................................................................... 2-1
Unpacking and Inspecting the Meter............................................................. 2-1
Front Panel and Rear Panel ........................................................................... 2-1
Adjusting the Handle..................................................................................... 2-1
Line Power..................................................................................................... 2-1
Turning the Meter on......................................................................................... 2-3
Using the Pushbuttons........................................................................................ 2-3
Selecting a Measurement Range........................................................................ 2-5
Automatic Input Terminal Selection.................................................................. 2-5
Taking Some Basic Measurements.................................................................... 2-5
Measuring Voltage, Resistance, or Frequency.............................................. 2-6
Measuring Current......................................................................................... 2-6
Diode/Continuity Testing.............................................................................. 2-6
Operating the Meter Under Battery Power (Optional)....................................... 2-9
Rack Mounting................................................................................................... 2-9
3 Operating the Meter From the Front Panel....................................... 3-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 3-1
Front Panel Operations ...................................................................................... 3-1
Display............................................................................................................... 3-2
Primary Display............................................................................................. 3-2
Secondary Display......................................................................................... 3-2
Input Terminals.................................................................................................. 3-4
Selecting a Measurement Function.................................................................... 3-5
Ranging.............................................................................................................. 3-5
Autoranging................................................................................................... 3-5
Manual Ranging ............................................................................................ 3-8
i
45
Users Manual
Measuring Frequency......................................................................................... 3-8
Frequency Ranging........................................................................................ 3-8
Frequency Measurement Rates...................................................................... 3-9
Measuring Frequency of Current (100 mA and 10A) Inputs......................... 3-9
Frequency Sensitivity Selection .................................................................... 3-9
Selecting A Function Modifier.......................................................................... 3-10
REL (Relative Readings) Modifier................................................................ 3-11
dB (Decibels and Audio Power) Modifier..................................................... 3-12
HOLD (Touch Hold) Modifier...................................................................... 3-13
MN MX (Minimum Maximum) Modifier..................................................... 3-13
Using Function Modifiers in Combination.................................................... 3-13
Selecting A Measurement Rate (Rate) .......................................................... 3-14
Using the S Button.................................................................................... 3-14
Using The Compare (Comp) Function............................................................... 3-16
The List and Number Editors........................................................................ 3-16
Using the List Editor ..................................................................................... 3-17
Using the Number Editor............................................................................... 3-18
Power-Up Configuration.................................................................................... 3-19
Factory Settings of Power-Up Configuration................................................ 3-19
Changing the Power-Up Configuration......................................................... 3-19
Calibration ......................................................................................................... 3-20
4 Applications........................................................................................ 4-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 4-1
Using the Dual Display...................................................................................... 4-1
Using Measurement Functions in Combination............................................ 4-2
Taking Voltage and Current Measurements Using the Dual Display ........... 4-2
Response Times................................................................................................. 4-4
How the Meter Makes Dual Display Measurements......................................... 4-5
Updating the Primary and Secondary Displays with a Single Measurement 4-5
Updating the Primary and Secondary Displays with Separate Measurements4-5
Update Rate in the Dual Display Mode......................................................... 4-7
External Trigger................................................................................................. 4-7
Thermal Voltages............................................................................................... 4-8
When Measuring Resistance.............................................................................. 4-9
Two-Wire Configuration............................................................................... 4-9
Correcting for Test Lead Resistance ............................................................. 4-9
True RMS Measurements.................................................................................. 4-9
Effects of Internal Noise in AC Measurements............................................. 4-10
Calculated (AC + DC) RMS Measurements ................................................. 4-10
Waveform Comparison (True RMS vs. Average-Responding Meters) ........ 4-10
5 Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface ......................... 5-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 5-1
Local and Remote Operations....................................................................... 5-1
Preparing the Meter for Operations via the RS-232 Interface........................... 5-2
Setting Communication Parameters (RS-232)............................................... 5-2
RS-232 Print-Only Mode............................................................................... 5-3
Cabling the Meter to a Host or Printer (RS-232)........................................... 5-4
Character Echoing and Deletion.................................................................... 5-4
Device Clear Using ^C (CNTRL C).............................................................. 5-4
RS-232 Prompts............................................................................................. 5-4
Preparing the Meter to be Operated via IEEE-488 Interface............................. 5-5
IEEE-488 Operating Limitations................................................................... 5-5
ii
Contents (continued)
Installing the IEEE-488 Interface.................................................................. 5-5
Enabling the IEEE-488 Interface................................................................... 5-5
Addressing the Meter..................................................................................... 5-5
Cabling the Meter to a Host........................................................................... 5-6
Getting Started With An Installation Test.......................................................... 5-6
Installation Test for RS-232 Operations........................................................ 5-6
Installation Test for IEEE-488 Operations.................................................... 5-6
If Test Fails.................................................................................................... 5-7
How the Meter Processes Input......................................................................... 5-7
Input Strings.................................................................................................. 5-7
Input Terminators.......................................................................................... 5-7
Typical IEEE-488 Input Strings .................................................................... 5-8
Sending Numeric Values to the Meter .......................................................... 5-8
Sending Command Strings to the Meter........................................................ 5-8
How the Meter Processes Output....................................................................... 5-11
Triggering Output.............................................................................................. 5-11
External Triggering from the Front Panel ..................................................... 5-11
Setting the Trigger Type Configuration........................................................ 5-12
External Triggering via the Computer Interface............................................ 5-12
Service Requests (IEEE-488 Only and Status Registers ................................... 5-13
Event Status and Event Status Enable Registers ........................................... 5-16
Status Byte Register ...................................................................................... 5-17
Reading the Status Byte Register .................................................................. 5-17
Service Request Enable Register................................................................... 5-18
Computer Interface Command Set..................................................................... 5-19
IEEE-488 Capabilities and Common Commands ......................................... 5-19
Function Commands and Queries.................................................................. 5-22
Function Modifier Commands and Queries .................................................. 5-22
Range and Measurement Rate Commands and Queries................................ 5-25
Measurement Queries.................................................................................... 5-26
Compare Commands and Queries................................................................. 5-27
Trigger Configuration Commands................................................................. 5-27
Miscellaneous Commands and Queries......................................................... 5-28
RS-232 Remote/Local Configurations .......................................................... 5-29
Sample Program Using the RS-232 Computer Interface................................... 5-30
Sample Programs Using the IEEE-488 Computer Interface.............................. 5-31
6 Maintenance........................................................................................ 6-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 6-1
Cleaning............................................................................................................. 6-1
Line Fuse............................................................................................................ 6-1
Current Input Fuses............................................................................................ 6-2
Testing Current Input Fuses.......................................................................... 6-2
Replacing the 100 mA Input Fuse................................................................. 6-3
Replacing the 10 A Input Fuse...................................................................... 6-3
Self-Test Diagnostics and Error Codes.............................................................. 6-4
Performance Tests.............................................................................................. 6-4
Service ............................................................................................................... 6-5
Replacement Parts.............................................................................................. 6-7
Appendices
A Specifications .............................................................................................. A-1
B ASCII/IEEE-488 Bus Codes....................................................................... B-1
C IEEE-488.2 Device Documentation Requirements..................................... C-1
iii
List of Tables
Table Title Page
1-1. Accessories............................................................................................................. 1-2
3-2. Voltage Ranges and Full Scale Values................................................................... 3-6
3-3. Current Ranges and Full Scale Values................................................................... 3-7
3-4. Ohms Ranges and Full Scale Values...................................................................... 3-7
3-5. Frequency Ranges and Full Scale Values (Slow and Medium*) ........................... 3-7
3-6. Frequency Measurement Rates .............................................................................. 3-9
3-7. Maximum Sinewave Inputs for Frequency Measurements.................................... 3-10
3-8. Reference Impedances in Ohms............................................................................. 3-12
3-9. Display Measurement Rates for Single Function Measurements........................... 3-14
3-10. S Button Operations........................................................................................... 3-15
3-11. Options Available Through List Editor.................................................................. 3-18
3-12. Number Editor Options.......................................................................................... 3-18
3-13. Power-Up Configuration Set at Factory................................................................. 3-20
4-1. Sample Dual Display Applications........................................................................ 4-3
4-2. Typical Single Measurement Response Times (in Seconds)................................. 4-6
4-3. Typical Settling Delays (in Seconds)..................................................................... 4-6
4-4. Typical Measurement Intervals (in Seconds) for Dual Display Measurements..... 4-8
4-5. Ohms Test Voltage................................................................................................. 4-9
5-1. Factory Settings of RS-232 Communication Parameters....................................... 5-2
5-2. Approximate Print Rates in RS-232 Print-Only Mode........................................... 5-3
5-5. Status Register Summary....................................................................................... 5-14
5-6. Description of Bits in ESR and ESE...................................................................... 5-17
5-7. Description of Bits in the Status Byte Register*.................................................... 5-18
5-8. IEEE-488 Interface Function Subsets .................................................................... 5-20
5-9. IEEE-488 Common Commands............................................................................. 5-20
5-11. Function Commands and Queries .......................................................................... 5-22
5-12. Function Modifier Commands and Queries........................................................... 5-23
5-13. Range and Measurement Rate Commands and Queries......................................... 5-25
5-14. Measurement Queries............................................................................................. 5-26
5-15. Compare Commands and Queries.......................................................................... 5-27
5-16. Trigger Configuration Commands......................................................................... 5-27
5-17. Miscellaneous Commands and Queries ................................................................. 5-28
5-18. Remote/Local Configuration Commands............................................................... 5-29
6-1. Self-Test Error Codes............................................................................................. 6-4
6-2. Performance Tests for Volts, Diode Test, Ohms, and Frequency, Functions........ 6-5
v
45
Users Manual
6-3. Performance Tests for mA Current Functions ....................................................... 6-7
6-4. Performance Tests for A Current Functions........................................................... 6-7
6-5. Replacement Parts.................................................................................................. 6-7
vi
List of Figures
Figure Title Page
2-1. Front Panel............................................................................................................. 2-2
2-2. Rear Panel .............................................................................................................. 2-2
2-3. Adjusting Handle.................................................................................................... 2-3
2-4. Summary of Basic Pushbutton Operations............................................................. 2-4
2-5. Measuring Voltage, Resistance, or Frequency....................................................... 2-7
2-6. Measuring Current or Frequency........................................................................... 2-7
2-7. Continuity Testing.................................................................................................. 2-8
2-8. Diode Testing......................................................................................................... 2-8
3-1. Primary Display...................................................................................................... 3-2
3-2. Display Annunciators............................................................................................. 3-3
3-3. Secondary Display.................................................................................................. 3-3
3-4. Input Terminals...................................................................................................... 3-4
3-5. Function Selection Buttons.................................................................................... 3-6
3-6. Range Selection Buttons........................................................................................ 3-8
3-7. Function Modifier Selection Buttons..................................................................... 3-11
4-1. Dual Display Showing Volts AC and Frequency................................................... 4-2
4-2. DC Voltage and DC Current Measurement on Input Signal.................................. 4-4
4-3. Waveform Comparison Chart................................................................................ 4-11
5-1. Typical IEEE-488 Input Strings............................................................................. 5-10
5-2. External Trigger Using Receive Pin (RX) of RS-232 Interface............................. 5-13
5-3. Overview of Status Data Structures ....................................................................... 5-15
5-4. Event Status and Event Status Enable Registers.................................................... 5-16
5-5. Sample Program for RS-232 Computer Interface.................................................. 5-31
5-6. Sample Programs for IEEE-488 Computer Interface............................................. 5-32
6-1. Replacing the Line Fuse......................................................................................... 6-2
6-2. Replacing the 100mA Input Fuse........................................................................... 6-3
vii
Introduction
Introducing the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter
Note
This manual contains information and warnings that must be followed to
ensure safe operation and retain the meter in safe condition.
W Warning
To avoid electric shock or injury, read the "multimeter safety"
sheet preceding Chapter 2 before using the meter.
The Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter (also referred to as "the meter") is a 4/2-digit
(30,000 count) meter with a 5-digit (100,000 count) high resolution mode. The meter is
designed for bench-top, field service, and system applications. Complete specifications
are provided in Appendix A.
With the (optional) IEEE-488 computer interface installed, the meter is fully
programmable for use on the IEEE Standard 488.1 interface bus(1987). The meter is also
designed in compliance with supplemental standard IEEE-488.2 (1987).
Chapter 1
Some features provided by the meter are:
• A dual, vacuum fluorescent, display that allows two properties of an input signal to
be displayed at the same time. (e.g., ac voltage in one display and frequency in the
other).
• Remote operation via the RS-232 interface (included) or the IEEE-488 interface
(optional).
• True rms ac
• (AC + DC) rms, calculated
• Frequency measurements to greater than 1 MHz
• I µV sensitivity in volts dc
• Decibels with variable reference impeda nce and audio power me asu re men t
capability.
• A compare mode to determine if a measurement is within, above, or below a
designated range.
1-1
45
Users Manual
• 100,000, 30,000, and 3,000 selectable count resolution, with display reading speeds
of 2.5, 5, and 20 readings per second (rps), respectively.
• Built-in self-tests with closed-case calibration (no intern al cal ibrat ion adjustments).
Options and Accessories
Two options are available. These options can be installed in the meter at the factory or by
the customer on site:
• The IEEE-488 Interface (Option -O5K) provides full programmability, and
automated calibration. The IEEE-488 computer interface command set is identical to
the RS-232 interface commands wherever possible.
• The Battery Kit (Option -01 K) consists of a rechargeable, 8 V, lead-acid battery,
with battery bracket and charger assembly. The battery has a typical operating time
of eight hours and is fully operable at ambient temperatures between 0 and 50 °C. For
complete battery specifications, refer to Appendix A.
Available accessories are listed and described in Table 1-1.
Table 1-1. Accessories
Model Description
C40 Soft carrying case. Provides padded protection for the meter. Includes a pocket for the
manual and pouch for the test leads and line cord.
M00-200-634 Rackmount Kit. Allows meter to be mounted on either the right or left side of a standard
19-inch rack.
RS40 RS-232 terminal interface cable. Connects the Fluke 45 to any terminal or printer with
properly configured DTE connector (DB-25 socket), including an IBM PC
or IBM PS/2 (models 25, 30, 5O, P60, 70, and 80).
®
, IBM PC/XT
RS41 RS-232 modem cable. Connects the Fluke 45 to a modem with properly configured DB-25
male pin connector.
S45 QuickStart ™, a PC software package, simplifies operation of the Fluke 45 when using the
RS-232 computer interface. Readings are recorded in files that can be accessed by Lotus
®
1-2-3
, dBase lll® and other graphics packages.
Y8021 Shielded IEEE-488 one-meter (39.4 inches) cable, with plug and jack at each end.
Y8022 Shielded IEEE-488 two-meter (78.8 inches) cable, with plug and jack at each end.
Y8023 Shielded IEEE-488 four-meter (13 feet) cable, with plug and jack at each end.
Where to go from Here
This manual has been organized to assist you in getting started quickly. It is not necessary
for you to read the entire manual before using the meter effectively. However, we recommend that you do so in order to use your meter to its full advantage.
®
1-2
Begin by scanning the Table of Contents to familiarize yourself with the organization of
the manual. Then, read Chapter 2, "GETTING STARTED". Refer to the appropriate
chapter of the manual as needed. The contents of each chapter are summarized below.
Chapter 1: Introduction
Introduces the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter, describing its features, options, acces-
sories, and users manual.
Chapter 2: Getting started
Explains how to prepare the meter for operation and get started quickly taking basic
measurements from the front panel.
Chapter 3: Operating the meter from the front panel
Provides a complete description of each operation that can be performed using the push-
buttons on the front panel. Chapter 3 is organized so that related operations and functions
are grouped together.
Chapter 4: Applications
Describes how to use the meter in more advanced operations and sophisticated applica-
tions. Assumes a basic knowledge of the meter and front panel operations.
Chapter 5: Operating the Meter using the Computer Interface
Describes how to connect the meter to a terminal or host and operate it via the RS-232-C
or (optional) IEEE-488 interface. Assumes a basic knowledge of the meter and front
panel operations.
Introduction
Where to go from Here
1
Chapter 6: Maintenance
Describes how to perform basic maintenance and repairs (e.g., replacing fuses) and how
to order replacement parts. Complete serv ice and repa ir procedures are contained in the
"Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter Service Manual" (P/N 856042).
Appendices
A. Specifications
B. ASCII/ IEEE-488 Bus Codes
C. IEEE-488.2 Device Documentation Requirements
1-3
45
Users Manual
1-4
MULTIMETER SAFETY
The Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter has been designed and tested according to IEC
Publication 348, Safety Requirements for Electronic Measuring Apparatus. This manual
contains information and warnings which must be followed to ensure safe operation and
retain the meter in safe condition. Use of this equipment in a manner not specified herein
may impair the protection provided by the equipment.
The meter is designed for IEC 664, Installation Category II use. It is designed for use in
circuits with a VA rating of <4800 VA.
Some common international electrical symbols used in this manual are shown below.
B
F
D
I
AC - ALTERNATING
CURRENT
DC - DIRECT
CURRENT
EITHER AC OR DC
CURRENT
FUSE
DANGEROUS
Y
VOLTAGE
EARTH GROUND
J
SEE EXPLANATION
W
IN MANUAL
DOUBLE INSULATION
T
FOR PROTECTION
AGAINST ELECTRIC
SHOCK
Before using the meter, read the following safety information carefully. In this manual,
"WARNING," is reserved for conditions and actions that pose hazard(s) to the user;
"CAUTION," is reserved for conditions and actions that may damage your meter.
W WARNING
TO AVOID ELECTRICAL SHOCK OR OTHER INJURY:
• Avoid working alone
• Follow all safety procedures for equipment being tested.
• Inspect the test leads for damaged insulation or exposed metal. Check test lead
continuity. Damaged leads should be replaced.
• Be sure the meter is in good operating condition.
• Select the proper function for your measurement.
• To avoid electrical shock, use caution when working above 60V dc or 30V ac RMS.
• Disconnect the live test lead before disconnecting the common test lead.
• Disconnect the power and discharge high-voltage capacitors before testing in Ω and
LR.
• When making a current measurement, turn the circuit power off before connecting
the meter in the circui t.
• Check meter fuses before measuring transformer secondary or motor winding
current. (See Section 6, MAINTENANCE.") An open fuse may allow high voltage
build-up, which is potentially hazardous.
• Use clamp-on probes when measuring circuits exceeding 10 amps.
• When servicing the meter, use only the replacement parts specified.
• Do not allow meter to be used if it is damaged or if its safety is impaired.
Introduction
Chapter 2 explains how to prepare the meter for operation, discusses general operating
features, and walks you through the basics of taking some common measurements.
Getting Started
Unpacking and Inspecting the Meter
Carefully remove the meter from its sh ipp ing conta ine r and inspec t it for poss ib le dama ge
or missing items. If the meter is damaged or something is missing, contact the place of
purchase immediately. Save the container and packing material in case you have to return
the meter.
Front Panel and Rear Panel
The front panel (shown in Figure 2-1.) has three main elements: the input terminals on
the left, the primary and secondary displays, and the pushbuttons. The pushbuttons are
used to select major functions, ranging oper ations , and function modi fi ers . These
elements are described in detail in Chapter 3.
Chapter 2
Getting Started
The rear panel (shown in Figure 2-2) contains the power-line cord connector, an RS-232
interface connector, a cutout for the (opti ona l) IEEE-4 88 int erfac e connec tor, a seri al
number label, and a line fuse. (For fuse testing and replace men t proce dur es, ref er to
Chapter 6.) Rotate the rear feet 180 degrees before using the meter.
Adjusting the Handle
For bench-top use, the handle can be positioned to provide two viewing angles. To adjust
its position, pull the ends out to a hard stop (about 1/4-inch on each side) and rotate it to
one of the four stop positions shown in Figure 2-3. To remove the handle, adjust it to the
vertical stop position and pull the ends all the way out.
Line Power
To avoid shock hazard, connect the instrument power cord to a
power receptacle with earth ground. A protective ground
connection by way of the grounding conductor in the power
cord is essential for safe operation.
WWarning
2-1
45
Users Manual
Receptacle
Input
Terminals
mA Fuse
V
600V CAT I
1000V CAT I
COM
FUSED
!
FUSE F1
500 mA
F 250V
10A
100
mA
Primary
Display
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
45
SMF MAX
V
V
REMOTE
EXT TRG
A
A
MINdBHOLD
FREQ
Function
Buttons
Figure 2-1. Front Panel
AUTO
COMP
REL
AUTO
mA
mVDCAC
Hz
Mk
HI
mA
UNCAL
REF# LOCAL
HOLD
LO
THRESH ADDR BAUD
POWER
Ranging
Buttons
mV
REL
Secondary
Display
DC AC
Hz
Mk
dB
REF
MN MX
Modifier
Buttons
CAL
ENABLE
2ND
RATE
Shift
Key
Reading
Rate
aam01f.eps
RS-232 Connector
*Available with IEEE-488
Interface Option only. Otherwise,
covered with insert
IEEE-488 Interface Connector*
IEEE STD 488 PORT
SH1, AH1, T5, L4, SR1, RL1,
DC1, DT1, PPO, CO ,E1
RX
DTR
GND
TX
IIII
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9
RS-232C
Power-Line Cord Connector
Figure 2-2. Rear Panel
CAUTION:
FOR FIRE PROTECTION
REPLACE ONLY WITH
T 1/8A 250V (SLOW) FUSE
90-264V
50/60 Hz
20VA
R
CUS
LISTED
950 Z
WARNING:
TO AVOID ELECTRIC SHOCK DISCONNECT
MEASURING TERMINALS BEFORE OPENING
CASE
WARNING:
TO AVOID DAMAGE OR INJURY USE ONLY
IN CIRCUITS LESS THAN 4800VA
FLUKE CORPORATION
MADE IN USA
PAT. 4,217,543 4,556,867 4,532,470 4,825,392
4,857,878 5,332,963 5,418,464 DES 311,700
Line Power Fuse Housing
Serial Number Label
aam02f.eps
2-2
Getting Started
Turning the Meter on
2
1. Viewing Position
3. Carrying Position
If you have not already done so, plug the line cord into the connector on the rear of the
meter. The meter will operate on any line voltage between 90 V ac and 264 V ac without
adjustment, and any frequency between 45 and 440 Hz. However, it is only warranted to
meet published specifications at 50/60 Hz.
Turning the Meter on
To turn the meter on, press in the green, POWER button located on the lower-right of the
front panel. If the meter is being operated under battery power and you turn the meter off,
you must wait five seconds before turning the meter back on. If you do not, the meter will
not power-up.
2. Alternate Viewing Position
Pull End Out and Towards You.
Then Slide to Left.
4. Removal Position
(to Remove, Pull Ends Out)
aam03f.eps
Figure 2-3. Adjusting Handle
When the meter is turned on, the primary and secondary displays light for about 4
seconds while the instrument per forms an inte rnal self-test of its digital ci rcu it ry. These
tests check RAM, ROM, A/ D, calibration, and the display. The meter has passed all tests
and is ready for normal operation if an error code is not displayed. However, if an error is
detected, the meter will still attempt to operate. (Refer to "Self-Test Diagnostics and
Error Codes" in Chapter 6.)
If any front panel button other than E is held down while the power-up sequence is in
progress, the entire display stays on until another button is pressed. Then, the powerup
sequence continues.
After the meter completes the power-up sequence, it assumes the power-up measurement
configuration stored in non-volatile memory. The power-up configuration set at the
factory is shown in Table 3-13. (To change the power-up configuration, refer to
"Changing the Power-Up Configuration" in Chapter 3.)
Using the Pushbuttons
The pushbuttons on the front panel select meter functions and operations. A summary of
basic pushbutton operations is shown in Figure 2-4.
Pushbuttons can be used in three ways. You can:
• Press a single button to select a function or operation.
EXAMPLE: Press Z to select volts ac for the prim ary display.
Press a combination of buttons, one after the other.
2-3
45
Users Manual
2ND (SHIFT BUTTON):
-Press then a FUNCTION BUTTON to Select Function for
2ND
Secondary Display. (Refer to Section 3 for other uses of .)
-Press to Toggle In and Out of Decibels
-Press to Toggle In and Out of Relative Mode
FUNCTION MODIFIER BUTTONS
FUNCTION BUTTONS:
-Press to Select a Function
V
V
A
A
FREQ
AUTO
COMP
2ND
REL
REF# LOCAL
HOLD
HI
LO
THRESH ADDR
dB
REF
MN MX
2ND
RATE
BAUD
RANGE BUTTONS:
-Press to Toggle In and Out of Manual Ranging;
AUTO
-Press or to Up Range or Down Range
-Press to Select Touch Hold;
-Press to Force Update;
-Press and Hold Down for 2 Seconds to Exit.
-Press to Select the MN MX Modifier;
-Press to Toggle Between Minimum and Maximum Reading;
-Press and Hold Down for 2 Seconds to Exit MN MX Mode.
POWER
-Press to Step Through
Measurement Rate
(Slow, Medium, Fast)
-Press in to Power-Up
2-4
Figure 2-4. Summary of Basic Pushbutton Operations
aam04f.eps
EXAMPLE: Press Z to select volts ac for the primary display, then press I to
select the decibels modifier.
• Press multiple buttons simultaneously.
EXAMPLE: Press Z and Ysimultaneously to sel ect true rms volts ac + volts dc
(calculated) in the primary display.
For more details on the uses of each button, refer to Chapter 3, "OPERATING THE
METER FROM THE FRONT PANEL."
Selecting a Measurem ent Range
Measurement ranges can be selected automatically by the meter in "autorange" or
manually by the user. In the autorange mode, the meter selects the appropriate range for
the measurement reading.
To manually select a range, press E to toggle in (and out) of the manual ranging mode,
or press U or T . In the manual range mode, press U or T to up range or down
range to the desired range. For more details on ranging, refer to "Ranging’’ in Chapter 3.
Automatic Input Terminal Se lection
If current (ac or dc) is being measured in the autorange mode and there is no input on the
100 mA terminal, the meter switches automatically between the 100 mA and 10 A input
terminals looking for a signal. A front panel annunciator indicates that the meter is in the
mA range while the meter attemp ts to select the correct input termin al.
Getting Started
Selecting a Measurement Range
2
When a signal is detected at either input terminal, the display updates with the
measurement results. If an input sign al is no t found on eith er inpu t ter min al, a
measurement is taken on the mA terminal.
Automatic input terminal selection is disabled when the meter is in the manual ranging
mode. Use the Uand T buttons to select the appropriate current input terminal and
range.
Taking Some Basic Measurements
W Warning
Read “Multimeter Safety” before operating this meter.
The following procedures describe the basics of taking common measurements from the
front panel. These procedures are provided for the user who needs to get started quickly,
but does not want to read the rest of the manual at this time. However, in order to take
full advantage of your meter, you should read the remainder of this manual carefully and
completely.
W Warning
To avoid electrical shock or damage to the meter, do not apply
more than the rated voltage between any terminal and earth
ground. The meter is protected against overloads up to the
limits shown in Table 3-1. Exceeding these limits poses a
hazard to the meter and operator.
2-5
45
Users Manual
Measuring Voltage, Resistance, or Frequency
To measure voltage, resistance, or frequency, press the desired function button and
connect the test leads as shown in Figure 2-5. The meter will select the appropriate range
in the autorange mode, and an annunciator on the display will indicate measurement
units.
Note
After measuring high voltage to 1000 V dc, errors may occur when making
measurements with 1 to 10 µV resolution. Allow up to two minutes prior to
making low-level measurements.
Measuring Current
To measure current, insert the test leads in the 100 mA input terminal for currents up to
100 mA or in the 10 A input terminal for higher current. Press C or D and connect
the test leads as shown in Figure 2-6 and described in the following procedure:
1. Turn off power in the circuit to be measured.
2. Break the circuit (on the ground side to minimize the common mode voltage), and
place the meter in series at that point. (To measure current without breaking the
circuit, use a current clamp.)
3. Turn on power to the circuit, and read the display. The meter will select the
appropriate range automatically, and an annunciator on the display will indicate the
units of the measurement value shown.
4. Turn off power to the circuit and disconnect the meter from the tested circuit.
After measuring high current using the 10 A input, thermal voltages are
generated that may create errors when making low-level (high sensitivity)
dc measurements of volts, current, or ohms. To make the most accurate
measurements, allow up to ten minutes for the thermals to settle out.
Diode/Continuity Testing
Diode and continuity tests are performed by a diode test function with a continuity beeper
that can be turned on and off.
The continuity test determines whether a circuit is intact (i.e., has a resistance less than
about 30 Ω). The meter detects continuity for intervals as brief as 50 µs. The continuity
test function cannot be selected for the secondary display.
To perform a continuity test, press G , and connect the test leads as shown in Figure
2-7. The beeper emits a single beep when the input drops below +0.8 V (approximately
1 kΩ), and emits a continuous tone when the input goes below +25 mV (approximately
30 Ω).
The diode test measures the forward voltage of a semiconductor junction (or junctions) at
approximately 0.7 mA. Readings are displayed in the 3 V range at the medium and fast
measurement rates. "OL" is displayed for voltages above +2.5 V. If the diode test is
performed at the slow reading rate, readings are displayed in millivolts on the 1000 mV
(1 V) range.
Note
2-6
VOLTAGE
SOURCE
Getting Started
Taking Some Basic Mea sur e ment s
DUALDISPLAY MULTIMETER
+
V
600V CATI
1000V CATI
-
COM
FUSED
!
FUSE F1
500 mA
F 250V
10A
100
mA
45
CAL
ENABLE
2ND
dB
V
A
FREQ
AUTO
COMP
HI
A
V
REL
REF# LOCAL
HOLD
LO
THRESH ADDR BAUD
POWER
REF
MN MX
RATE
2
CURRENT
SOURCE
V
FREQ
V
Figure 2-5. Measuring Voltage, Resistance, or Frequency
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
45
V
COM
600V CAT I
1000V CAT I
FUSED
!
FUSE F1
500 mA
F 250V
10A
100
mA
V
A
FREQ
AUTO
COMP
HI
A
V
REL
REF# LOCAL
HOLD
LO
THRESH ADDR BAUD
POWER
REF
MN MX
aam05f.eps
CAL
ENABLE
dB
2ND
RATE
Note:
Measurement can be also made using
current clamp without breaking circuit.
Figure 2-6. Measuring Current or Frequency
A
A
FREQ
aam06f.eps
2-7
45
Users Manual
TEST
+
CIRCUIT
-
Note: This is a Diode Test Function
with a Continuity Beeper.
V
COM
600V CAT I
1000V CAT I
FUSED
!
FUSE F1
500 mA
F 250V
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
45
10A
CAL
REF
MN MX
ENABLE
2ND
dB
RATE
100
mA
V
A
FREQ
AUTO
COMP
HI
A
V
REL
REF# LOCAL
HOLD
LO
THRESH ADDR BAUD
POWER
Figure 2-7. Continuity Testing
V
COM
600V CAT I
1000V CAT I
FUSED
!
FUSE F1
500 mA
F 250V
10A
100
mA
V
V
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
45
A
A
FREQ
AUTO
COMP
HI
REL
REF# LOCAL
HOLD
LO
THRESH ADDR BAUD
POWER
REF
MN MX
aam07f.eps
CAL
ENABLE
2ND
dB
RATE
2-8
Figure 2-8. Diode Testing
aam08f.eps
Operating the Meter Under Battery Power (Optional)
To perform a diode or transistor junction test, press G to select the diode/continuity
function. (Each press of G turns the continuity beeper on and off.) Then connect the
test leads across the diode as shown in Figure 2-8. Notice how the test leads are placed.
Reversing the polarity will reverse-bi as the dio de.
Operating the Meter Under Battery Power (Optional)
The meter can be powered by an 8 V, lead-acid battery. The battery module consists of a
battery, battery bracket, and battery charger circuit assembly. The battery is rechargeable,
requires no maintenance, and is fully operable at ambient temperatures between 0 and
50 °C. Refer to Appendix A for specifications.
The battery has a typical operating time of eight hours. When less than 1/2-hour of
battery life remains, N turns on. If you turn the meter off when it is being operated
under battery power, you must wait five seconds before turning the meter back on.
Otherwise the meter will not power-up.
To maintain a fully charged battery (and maximize battery life), always recharge the
battery after the meter has been operated on battery power. To recharge the battery, plug
the meter into line power and turn the meter off. It will take approximately 16 hours to
fully recharge a discharged battery with the meter turned off.
Getting Started
2
The battery remains fully charged as long as the meter is connected to line power. You
need not be concerned about over-charging the battery. Do not store the battery for
extended periods in a discharged state. Always fully charge the battery before storage and
at least once every six months during storage. If the meter has been stored for a long
period with the battery installed, fully recharge the battery before using the meter on
battery power.
Rack Mounting
You can mount the meter in a standard 19-inch rack using the M00-200-634 Rack Mount
Kit. The rear feet can be rotated to clear a narrow rack space.
To install the rack mount kit, refer to the instructions provided with it.
2-9
45
Users Manual
2-10
Operating the Meter From the Front
Introduction
Chapter 3 explains how to operate the meter from the front panel. Refer to Chapter 4 for
information concerning specific applications. Chapter 5 provides instructions on how to
operate the meter using the computer interface (RS-232 or IEEE-488).
Front Panel Operations
The following operations can be performed from the front panel:
• Select a measurement function (volts dc, volts ac, current dc, current ac, resistance,
frequency, and diode/continuity test) for the primary and secondary display.
• Take a measurement and display a reading.
• Select the manual or autorange mode (AUTO).
Chapter 3
Panel
• Manually select a measurement range for the primary display.
• Select function modifiers that cause the meter to display relative readings (REL),
minimum or maximum values (MN MX), or decibels (dB), or to enter the Touch
Hold mode (HOLD) to hold a reading on the primary display.
• Change the measurement rate (slow, medium, fast).
• Set the dB reference resistance (REF Ω).
• Take a measurement and compare (COMP) it against a tolerance range (HI, LO, or
PASS).
• Use the "editor" to select from option lists, to enter a relative base, or to enter a HILO
range for the compare (COMP) mode.
• Configure the computer interface (RS-232 or IEEE-488).
• Take an audio power reading.
• Send measurements directly to a printer or terminal through the RS-232 interface
(RS-232 print-only mode).
These and other front panel operations are described in the remainder of Chapter 3.
3-1
45
Users Manual
Display
The meter has a 5-digit, vacuum-fluorescent, dual display. This display shows measurement readings, annunciators, and messages. The annunciators indicate measurement units
and the meters operating configuration.
The dual display allows you to see two properties (e.g., volts ac and frequency) of the
input signal you are measuring. Readings are taken and displayed in an alternating
fashion. That is, a reading is taken of one property of the input and sent to a display; then
a reading of the other property is taken and sent to the other display. (For more detail, see
"How the Meter makes Dual Display Measurements" in Chapter 4.)
The display flashes when a measurement exceeds 1000 V dc or 750 V ac, the maximum
rated input level. If an input exceeds the full scale value of the selec ted rang e, the
overload annunciator (OL) is displayed.
Primary Display
The primary display (shown in Figure 3-1) consists of the larger digits and annunciators
(see Figure 3-2) and is located on the left side of the front panel. Readings using the relative (REL), minimum maximum (MN MX), Touch Hold (HOLD), or decibels (dB)
modifiers can be shown on the primary display only.
Secondary Display
The secondary display consists of a set of smaller digits on the right side of the dual display (see Figure 3-3).
Press S to turn the secondary display on and off. A series of five dashes is shown in
the secondary display when the secondary display has been turned on but a function has
not yet been selected.
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
45
SMF MAX
REMOTE
EXT TRG
Figure 3-1. Primary Display
MINdBHOLD
REL
AUTO
mA
mVDCAC
Hz
Mk
aam09f.eps
3-2
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel
Display
3
Remote State
with or without
Front Panel Lockout
(REMS or RWLS))
REMOTE
EXT TRG
External
Trigger
Enabled
1/2 Hour Battery
Power Remains
Reading Rate:
Slow, Medium, Fast
SMF MAX
Less Than
Relative
Modifier
Decibels
Modifier
Touch Hold
Modifier
REL
AUTO
MIN MAX
Modifier
MINdBHOLD
mVDCAC
Mk
Diode T est
Overload, Out of Limits.
(Placement of Decimal
Point Varies According
to Range.)
Figure 3-2. Display Annunciators
Autorange
mA
Hz
Continuity
Test
UNCAL
Calibration
Corrupted
mA
Function and Unit
Annunciators
DC AC
mV
Mk
W
Diode T est
Hz
aam10f.eps
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
45
DC AC
mV
mA
UNCAL
Hz
Mk
aam11f.eps
Figure 3-3. Secondary Display
If the secondary display has been turned on, press a function button (white) to select a
measurement function for the secondary display. The reading in the primary display will
not be affected. When the secondary display is active, pressing any function button turns
off the secondary display and selects that function on the primary display. To turn the
secondary display off without affecting the primary display, press S twice.
Note
If you press G, only a diode test voltage reading will be shown in the
secondary display; continuity is restricted to the primary display.
3-3
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