Fluke 433, 434 User Manual

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Fluke 433/434

Three Phase Power Quality Analyzer

Users Manual

EN August 2004

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Chapter Title Page

General Aspects.............................................................................................. 1-1

Introduction........................................................................................................1-1

Limited Warranty & Limitation of Liability......................................................1-2

Declaration of Conformity.................................................................................1-3

Shipment Note ...................................................................................................1-4

Contacting a Service Center...............................................................................1-5

Safety Information: Read First...........................................................................1-5

About This Manual .......................................................................................... 2-1

Introduction........................................................................................................2-1

Users Manual Contents......................................................................................2-1

Features Of Fluke 433/434.............................................................................. 3-1

Introduction........................................................................................................3-1

General Measurements ......................................................................................3-1

Measuring modes to investigate details .............................................................3-2

Basic Operations and Menu Navigation ....................................................... 4-1

Introduction........................................................................................................4-1

Tilt Stand and Hang Strap..................................................................................4-1

Powering the Analyzer.......................................................................................4-2

Display Brightness.............................................................................................4-3

Locking the keyboard ........................................................................................4-3

Menu Navigation ...............................................................................................4-4

Display Contrast ................................................................................................4-4

Reset to Factory Defaults...................................................................................4-4

Display Information......................................................................................... 5-1

Introduction........................................................................................................5-1

Phase Colors ......................................................................................................5-2

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Screen Types......................................................................................................5-2

Screen information common for all screen types...............................................5-2

Input Connections........................................................................................... 6-1

Introduction........................................................................................................6-1

Input Connections ..............................................................................................6-1

Scope Waveform and Phasor ........................................................................ 7-1

Introduction........................................................................................................7-1

Scope Waveform................................................................................................7-1

Scope Phasor......................................................................................................7-2

Tips and Hints....................................................................................................7-2

Volts/Amps/Hertz ............................................................................................ 8-1

Introduction........................................................................................................8-1

Table ..................................................................................................................8-1

Trend..................................................................................................................8-2

Tips and Hints....................................................................................................8-3

Dips & Swells................................................................................................... 9-1

Introduction........................................................................................................9-1

Trend..................................................................................................................9-3

Events Tables.....................................................................................................9-4

Tips and Hints....................................................................................................9-5

Harmonics........................................................................................................ 10-1

Introduction........................................................................................................10-1

Bar Graph Screen...............................................................................................10-1

Table ..................................................................................................................10-3

Trend..................................................................................................................10-3

Tips and Hints....................................................................................................10-4

Power & Energy............................................................................................... 11-1

Introduction........................................................................................................11-1

Table ..................................................................................................................11-1

Trend..................................................................................................................11-3

Tips and Hints....................................................................................................11-4

Flicker 12-1

Introduction........................................................................................................12-1

Table ..................................................................................................................12-1

Trend..................................................................................................................12-3

Tips and Hints....................................................................................................12-4

Unbalance ........................................................................................................ 13-1

Introduction........................................................................................................13-1

Table ..................................................................................................................13-1

Trend..................................................................................................................13-2

Phasor ................................................................................................................13-3

Tips and Hints....................................................................................................13-3

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Contents (continued)

Transients ........................................................................................................ 14-1

Introduction........................................................................................................14-1

Waveform Display.............................................................................................14-1

Tips and Hints....................................................................................................14-3

Inrush Currents ............................................................................................... 15-1

Introduction........................................................................................................15-1

Inrush Trend Display .........................................................................................15-1

Tips and Hints....................................................................................................15-4

Power Quality Monitoring............................................................................... 16-1

Introduction........................................................................................................16-1

Power Quality Main Screen ...............................................................................16-4

Events Table ......................................................................................................16-5

Trend Display ....................................................................................................16-6

Bar Graph Screen...............................................................................................16-7

Cursor and Zoom ............................................................................................ 17-1

Introduction........................................................................................................17-1

Cursor on Waveform Displays...........................................................................17-1

Cursor on Trend Displays ..................................................................................17-2

From Events Table to Trend Display with Cursor On. ......................................17-3

Cursor on Bar graph Displays............................................................................17-4

Setting up the Analyzer .................................................................................. 18-1

Introduction........................................................................................................18-1

General Settings.................................................................................................18-3

FUNCTION PREFerences.................................................................................18-7

USER PREFerences...........................................................................................18-11

Limits Adjustments............................................................................................18-13

Using Memory, Printer, and PC ..................................................................... 19-1

Introduction........................................................................................................19-1

Using memory....................................................................................................19-1

Use of Printer and PC ........................................................................................19-3

Tips and Maintenance..................................................................................... 20-1

Introduction........................................................................................................20-1

Cleaning the Analyzer and its Accessories ........................................................20-1

Storing the Analyzer ..........................................................................................20-1

Keeping the Battery in Good Condition ............................................................20-1

Installation of Options in Fluke 433 ..................................................................20-1

Parts and Accessories.........................................................................................20-2

Troubleshooting.................................................................................................20-3

Specifications.................................................................................................. 21-1

Introduction........................................................................................................21-1

Electrical Measurements....................................................................................21-2

Trend Recording ................................................................................................21-11

Wiring Combinations.........................................................................................21-12

Display...............................................................................................................21-13

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Memory..............................................................................................................21-13

Printers and Interface .........................................................................................21-14

Power Supply and Battery Charger....................................................................21-14

Mechanical.........................................................................................................21-15

Environmental....................................................................................................21-15

Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) ............................................................21-16

Safety .................................................................................................................21-16

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Introduction

This chapter informs you about a number of general and important aspects concerning the Fluke 433/434 Three Phase Power Quality Analyzer (hereafter referred to as ‘Analyzer’).

This concerns:

• Warranty and Liability Conditions.

• Declaration of Conformity.

• Shipment Note: Survey of items that should be included in your Analyzer Kit.

• Contacting a Service Center.

• Safety Information: Read First!

Chapter 1

General Aspects

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Limited Warranty & Limitation of Liability

Each Fluke product is warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship under normal use and service. The warranty period is three years for the Analyzer and one year for its accessories. The warranty period begins on the date of shipment. Parts, product repairs and services are warranted for 90 days. This warranty extends only to the original buyer or end-user customer of a Fluke authorized reseller, and does not apply to fuses, disposable batteries or to any product which, in Fluke's opinion, has been misused, altered, neglected or damaged by accident or abnormal conditions of operation or handling. Fluke warrants that software will operate substantially in accordance with its functional specifications for 90 days and that it has been properly recorded on nondefective media. Fluke does not warrant that software will be error free or operate without interruption.

Fluke authorized resellers shall extend this warranty on new and unused products to enduser customers only but have no authority to extend a greater or different warranty on behalf of Fluke. Warranty support is available if product is purchased through a Fluke authorized sales outlet or Buyer has paid the applicable international price. Fluke reserves the right to invoice Buyer for importation costs of repair/replacement parts when product purchased in one country is submitted for repair in another country.

Fluke's warranty obligation is limited, at Fluke's option, to refund of the purchase price, free of charge repair, or replacement of a defective product which is returned to a Fluke authorized service center within the warranty period.

To obtain warranty service, contact your nearest Fluke authorized service center or send the product, with a description of the difficulty, postage and insurance prepaid (FOB Destination), to the nearest Fluke authorized service center. Fluke assumes no risk for damage in transit. Following warranty repair, the product will be returned to Buyer, transportation prepaid (FOB Destination). If Fluke determines that the failure was caused by misuse, alteration, accident or abnormal condition of operation or handling, Fluke will provide an estimate of repair costs and obtain authorization before commencing the work. Following repair, the product will be returned to the Buyer transportation prepaid and the Buyer will be billed for the repair and return transportation charges (FOB Shipping Point).

THIS WARRANTY IS BUYER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY AND IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. FLUKE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSSES, INCLUDING LOSS OF DATA, WHETHER ARISING FROM BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, RELIANCE OR ANY OTHER THEORY.

Since some countries or states do not allow limitation of the term of an implied warranty, or exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, the limitations and exclusions of this warranty may not apply to every buyer. If any provision of this Warranty is held invalid or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, such holding will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision.

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Fluke Corporation, P.O. Box 9090, Everett, WA 98206-9090 USA, or Fluke Industrial B.V., P.O. Box 90, 7600 AB, Almelo, The Netherlands

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General Aspects

Declaration of Conformity 1

Declaration of Conformity

for

Fluke 433/434

Three Phase Power Quality Analyzers

Manufacturer

Fluke Industrial B.V.

Lelyweg 1

7602 EA Almelo

The Netherlands

Statement of Conformity

Based on test results using appropriate standards,

the product is in conformity with

Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive 89/336/EEC

Low Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC

Sample tests

Standards used:

EN 61010-1 2nd edition

Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control,

and Laboratory Use

EN 61326 – 2002

Electrical equipment for

Measurement Control and Laboratory use

EMC requirements

The tests have been performed in a typical configuration.

This Conformity is indicated by the symbol

, i.e. “Conformité Européenne”.

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Shipment Note

The following items are included in your Analyzer Kit:

Note:

When new, the Analyzer’s rechargeable NiMH battery is not charged. Refer to Chapter 4 – Powering the Analyzer.

(5x)

Fluke 434

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(4x)

Figure 1-1. Contents of Analyzer Kit

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General Aspects

Contacting a Service Center 1

# Description

1 Power Quality Analyzer

2 Decal Set for Input Sockets

3 Hang Strap

4 Alligator Clips. Set of 5

5 Test Leads, 2.5 m. Set of 5

6 AC Current Clamps 400 A (1 mV/A) and 40 A (10 mV/A) switcheable. Set of 4

7 Battery Charger / Power Adapter

8 Line Plug Adapter (country dependent)

9 Getting Started Manual

10 CD ROM with Users Manual and Getting Started Manual (multi-language)

11 Hard Case

12 CD ROM with FlukeView® Software for Windows®, standard for Fluke 434. Optional for Fluke 433

13 Optical Cable for USB, standard for Fluke 434. Optional for Fluke 433

Contacting a Service Center

To locate a Fluke authorized service center, visit us on the World Wide Web at:

www.fluke.com

or call Fluke using any of the phone numbers listed below:

+1-888-993-5853 in the U.S. and Canada +31-40-2675200 in Europe +1-425-446-5500 from other countries

Safety Information: Read First

The Fluke 433/434 Three Phase Power Quality Analyzer complies with:

• ANSI/ISA S82.01-1994.

• EN/IEC61010-1 2

Cat IV, Pollution Degree 2.

• CAN/CSA-C22.2 No.61010-1-04 (including approval).

Use the Analyzer and its accessories only as specified in the Users Manual. Otherwise, the protection provided by the Analyzer and its accessories might be impaired.

edition 1000 V Measurement Category III, 600 V Measurement

A Warning identifies conditions and actions that pose hazard(s) to the user.

A Caution identifies conditions and actions that may damage the Analyzer.

The following international symbols are used on the Analyzer and in this manual:

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See explanation in manual

Earth

Alternating Current

Direct Current

Double Insulation (Protection Class)

Recycling information

Safety Approval

Conformité Européenne

Disposal information

Warning

To avoid electrical shock or fire:

• Review the entire manual before use of the Analyzer and its

accessories.

• Avoid working alone.

• Do not operate the Analyzer around explosive gas or vapor.

• Use only insulated current probes, test leads and adapters as

supplied with the Analyzer, or indicated as suitable for the Fluke 433/434 Analyzer.

• Before use, inspect the Analyzer, voltage probes, test leads

and accessories for mechanical damage and replace when damaged. Look for cracks or missing plastic. Pay special attention to the insulation surrounding the connectors.

• Remove all probes, test leads and accessories that are not in

use.

• Always connect the Battery Charger / Power Adapter first to

the AC outlet before connecting it to the Analyzer.

• Use the ground input only to ground the Analyzer and do not

apply any voltage.

• Do not apply input voltages above the rating of the instrument.

• Do not apply voltages in excess of the marked ratings of the

voltage probes or current clamps.

• Do not use exposed metal BNC or banana plug connectors.

• Do not insert metal objects into connectors.

• Use only the power supply, Model BC430 (Battery Charger /

Power Adapter).

• Before use check that the selected/indicated voltage range on

the BC430 matches the local line power voltage and frequency (refer to figure below). If necessary set the slider switch of the BC430 to the correct voltage.

• For the BC430 use only AC line plug adapters or AC line cords

that comply with local safety regulations.

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General Aspects

Safety Information: Read First 1

Slider switch on BC430 Battery Charger / Power Adapter to select line power voltage:

115V 230V

Max. Input Voltage at Voltage Banana Inputs to Ground:

Input A (L1), B (L2), C (L3), N to Ground: 1000 V Cat III, 600 V Cat IV.

Max. Voltage at Current BNC Inputs (See marking):

Input A (L1), B (L2), C (L3), N to Ground: 42 V peak.

Voltage ratings are given as “working voltage”. They should be read as V ac rms (50-60 Hz) for AC sinewave applications and as V dc for DC applications.

Measurement Category IV refers to the overhead or underground utility service of an installation. Cat III refers to distribution level and fixed installation circuits inside a building.

If Safety Features are Impaired

If the Analyzer is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the protection provided by the Analyzer may be impaired.

Before use, inspect the test leads for mechanical damage and replace damaged test leads!

If the Analyzer or its accessories appear to be impaired or not functioning properly, do not use it and send it in for repair.

Note

To accommodate connection to various line power sockets, the BC430 Battery Charger / Power Adapter is equipped with a male plug that must be connected to a line plug adapter appropriate for local use. Since the Charger is isolated, you can use line plug adapters with or without a protective ground terminal. The 230 V rating of the BC430 is not for use in North America. A line plug adapter complying with the applicable National Requirements may be provided to alter the blade configurations for a specific country.

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Introduction

This Users Manual gives full and comprehensive information on how to use the Fluke 433 and 434 Three Phase Power Quality Analyzers effectively and in a safe manner. Read it carefully to learn about safe use of the Analyzer and its accessories and to take full advantage of all measuring modes.

The Analyzer is also supplied with a printed Getting Started Guide which provides basic information and can be used as a quick reference.

Users Manual Contents

• Introduction: Title, Table of Contents.

• Chapter 1. General Aspects: Warranty and Liability, Declaration of Conformity,

Shipment Note, Contacting a Service Center, Safety information.

• Chapter 2. Overview of manual contents.

Chapter 2

About This Manual

• Chapter 3. Summary of measuring modes and how to use them in a logical order.

• Chapter 4. Basic operations: Tilt Stand and Hang Strap, Powering, Display

adjustment, Keyboard Locking, Reset, Menu Navigation.

• Chapter 5. Display information: Screen types, General Screen Information, Screen

Symbols.

• Chapter 6. Input Connections: Use of voltage and current probes.

• Chapter 7 ... 16. Explanation of measuring functions with tips & hints:

- Scope Waveform & Phasor (7),

- Volts/Amps/Hertz (8),

- Dips & Swells (9),

- Harmonics (10),

- Power & Energy (11),

- Flicker (12),

- Unbalance (13),

- Transients (14),

- Inrush Currents (15),

- Power Quality Monitoring (16).

• Chapter 17. Cursor and Zoom: how to investigate measurement details.

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• Chapter 18. Setting up the Analyzer: a comprehensive explanation of adjustments to

customize measurements.

• Chapter 19. Using Memory, printer and PC: how to save, recall and delete

screenshots and data formats. How to make hard copies of measurement results and setup of communication with PC.

• Chapter 20. Tips and Maintenance: Cleaning, Storage, Batteries, Replaceable parts,

Troubleshooting.

• Chapter 21. Specifications: Electrical, Mechanical, and Safety characteristics.

• Index.

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Features Of Fluke 433/434

Introduction

The Analyzer offers an extensive and powerful set of measurements to check power distribution systems. Some give a general impression of power system performance. Others are used to investigate specific details. This chapter gives an overview on how to perform measurements in a logical order.

The measuring modes are described in detail in Chapter 7 to 16. Each measuring mode is explained in a separate chapter.

Fluke 434 has additional features such as Interharmonics, Transients, Energy Usage, extra memory to store Screens and Data, FlukeView software, and an optical isolated interface cable. In Fluke 433 these functions can be installed optionally. If not installed, they are shown in the menus in grey color.

General Measurements

To check if voltage leads and current clamps are connected correctly, use Scope Waveform and Scope Phasor. The clamps are marked with an arrow to facilitate proper signal polarity. Chapter 6 Input Connections explains how to make connections.

Chapter 3

To get a general impression of the quality of a power system use MONITOR. The MONITOR key displays a screen with Bar Graphs that show quality aspects of the phase voltages. A Bar Graph changes from green to red if the related aspect does not meet the limits. Six different sets of limits can be chosen: a number of them are user programmable. One of these sets are the limits according to the EN50160 norm. For each quality aspect submenus with detailed information are attainable via the function keys F1 ... F5.

Numerical data is shown by Volts/Amps/Hertz. For this press the MENU key. Then select Volts/Amps/Hertz and press F5 – OK to display a table with the present values of voltages (rms and peak), currents (rms and peak), frequency and Crest Factors per phase. Press F5 – TREND so display the course over time of these values.

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Measuring modes to investigate details

Phase voltages. Should be close to the nominal value. Voltage waveforms must be a sine wave that is smooth and free from distortion. Use Scope Waveform to check the waveform shape. Use Dips & Swells to record sudden voltage changes. Use Transients mode to capture voltage anomalies.

Phase currents. Use Volts/Amps/Hertz and Dips & Swells to check current/voltage relations. Use Inrush Current to record sudden current increases like motor inrush.

Crest Factor. A CF of 1.8 or higher means high waveform distortion. Use Scope Waveform to see waveform distortion. Use Harmonics mode to identify harmonics and THD (Total Harmonic Distortion).

Harmonics. Use Harmonics mode to check for voltage and current harmonics and THD per phase. Use Trend to record harmonics over time.

Flicker. Use Flicker to check short and long term voltage flicker and related data per phase. Use Trend to record these values over time.

Dips & Swells. Use Dips & Swells to record sudden voltage changes as short as half a cycle.

Frequency. Should be close to nominal value. Frequency is normally very stable. Select Volts/Amps/Hertz to display frequency. The course of frequency over time is recorded in the Trend screen.

Unbalance. Each phase voltage should not differ more than 1 % from the average of the three. Current unbalance should not exceed 10 %. Use Scope Phasor or Unbalance mode to investigate unbalances.

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Chapter 4

Basic Operations and Menu Navigation

Introduction

This chapter deals with a number of general aspects of the Analyzer’s operation:

• Tilt Stand and Hang Strap

• Powering the Analyzer

• Display Brightness

• Locking the keyboard

• Menu navigation

• Display Contrast

• Reset to Factory Defaults

Tilt Stand and Hang Strap

The Analyzer has a tilt stand that allows viewing the screen at an angle when placed on a flat surface. With the tilt stand folded out, the optical RS-232 port can be accessed at the right side of the Analyzer as shown in the figure.

Figure 4-1. Tilt stand and location of RS-232 interface

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A hang strap is supplied with the Analyzer. The figure below shows how to attach the strap correctly to the Analyzer.

Figure 4-2. Fixing the hang strap

Powering the Analyzer

The Analyzer has a built-in rechargeable NiMH battery that can power it for more than 6 hours when fully charged. When powered by the battery, the battery condition symbol in the screen header indicates the charge condition. This symbol ranges from fully charged to empty:

When empty allow the batteries to fully charge with the Battery Charger/Power Adapter model BC430. A full charge takes about 4 hours with the Analyzer turned off. When turned-on charging takes much longer.

No damage will occur if the charger is connected for long periods, e.g. over the weekend. The Analyzer automatically switches to trickle charging. At delivery the battery may be empty and it is recommended to charge it before use.

Concerning the use of the Battery Charger/Power Adapter bear the following in mind:

• Use only the supplied Battery Charger/Power Adapter model BC430.

• Before use check that the BC430 voltage and frequency match the local line power

range. If necessary set the slider switch of BC430 to the correct voltage.

• Connect the Battery Charger to the ac outlet.

4-2

• Connect the battery charger to the POWER ADAPTER input on the top side of the

Analyzer.

• To avoid overheating of the battery during charging, do not exceed the allowable

ambient temperature as given in the specifications.

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Basic Operations and Menu Navigation

Caution

To prevent decrease of battery capacity, charge it at least twice a year.

Power On/Off:

Display Brightness 4

To save battery power, the Analyzer display turns off automatically when no keys are operated during a certain time. This time is adjustable.

When a key is operated, the display turns on again.

For the adjustment of Auto-off time see Chapter 18, USER PREFerences.

Press to power up or down with the last setup configuration. The welcome screen shows what Analyzer settings are currently in use. At power on a single beep can be heard.

Display Brightness

Press repeatedly to dim/brighten the backlight. Keep pressed during 5 seconds for extra brightness for better visibility in strong sunlight. Low brightness saves battery power.

Locking the keyboard

The keyboard can be locked to prevent unwanted operation during unattended measurements:

ENTER

Press for 5 seconds to lock or unlock the keyboard.

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Menu Navigation

Most of the Analyzer functions are menu operated. Arrow keys are used to navigate through menus. The Function keys F1 ... F5 and the ENTER key are used to make selections. Active Function key selections are highlighted with a black background.

How to use the menus is illustrated in the example below on how to adjust the Analyzer for use with a certain printer type.

SETUP

ENTER

The SETUP menu pops up.

Submenu SETUP USER PREF appears.

Highlight Printer: .

The PRINTER submenu appears. In this menu you can adjust printer type and baudrate.

Highlight baudrate: .

Adjust the required transmission speed.

Highlight the Printer type you want to use: .

Press to confirm the selection.

Press to return to the next higher menu SETUP USER PREF. This menu is the starting point for many adjustments such as Display Contrast Adjustment and Reset to Factory Defaults.

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Display Contrast

Use submenu SETUP USER PREF as a starting point. How to get there is explained above under Menu Navigation:

Adjust the Display Contrast to your personal taste.

Reset to Factory Defaults

Proceed as follows to reset the Analyzer to factory default settings. Bear in mind that recorded data and adjustments will be lost.

Use submenu SETUP USER PREF as a starting point. How to get there is explained above under Menu Navigation:

Press to start the reset to default settings. Because of the risk of unwanted erasure of data, a confirm menu pops up.

Press to confirm the reset.

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Introduction

The Analyzer uses five different screen types to present measuring results in the most effective way. The features these screens have in common are explained in this chapter. Details that are specific for a certain measuring mode are presented in the chapter explaining that mode. The figure below gives an overview of the screen types 1 .. 5; common features are explained under A ... F.

Chapter 5

Display Information

Figure 5-1. Survey of Display Types

5-1

F2 F3 F4 F5

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Phase Colors

Screen Types

Measuring results belonging to different phases are presented with individual colors. If for a certain phase voltage and current are displayed simultaneously, the voltage color has a dark tone and the current has a light tone. The set of phase colors can be chosen via the SETUP key and function key F4 – USER PREF. For detailed information see Chapter 18.

Below you will find a brief description of each screen type and its purpose. The measuring mode it is used for is given as well as the manual chapter with detailed information. Bear in mind that the amount of screen information depends on the number of phases and the wiring configuration. Refer to Figure 5-1, item 1 ... 5.

Table screen: gives an instantaneous overview of a big number of

important numerical measuring values. Used for: Volts/Amps/Hertz (Chapter 8), Dips & Swells (Chapter 9), Harmonics (Chapter 10), Power & Energy (Chapter 11), Flicker (Chapter 12), Unbalance (Chapter 13), and Power Quality Monitoring (Chapter 16).

Trend screen: this type of screen is related to a table screen. Trend

shows the course over time of measuring values from the table. After selection of a measuring mode, the Analyzer starts recording all readings in the table. Used for: Volts/Amps/Hertz (Chapter 8), Dips & Swells (Chapter 9), Power & Energy (Chapter 11), Flicker (Chapter

12), and Inrush Currents (Chapter 15).

Waveform screen: shows voltage and current waveforms as displayed

on an oscilloscope. Channel A (L1) is reference channel and 2 complete cycles starting at 0 volt are displayed. The nominal voltage and frequency determine the measuring grid size. Used for: Scope Waveform (Chapter 7) and Transients (Chapter 14).

Phasor screen: shows the phase relation between voltages and currents

in a vector diagram. The vector of reference channel A (L1) points to the positive horizontal direction. The A (L1) amplitude is also reference for the measuring grid size. Used for: Scope Phasor (Chapter 7) and Unbalance (Chapter 13).

Bar Graph screen: shows the density of each measuring parameter as a

percentage by means of a Bar Graph. Used for: Harmonics (Chapter 10) and Power Quality Monitor (Chapter 16).

Screen information common for all screen types

Refer to Figure 5-1, item A ... F.

Measuring mode: the active measuring mode is shown in the screen header.

Measuring values: main numerical measuring values. Background

colors differ per phase and for voltage or current. If Cursor is on, the values at the Cursor are shown.

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Display Information

Screen information common for all screen types 5

Status indicators. The following symbols may appear on the screen to

show the state of Analyzer and measurements:

Time that a measurement has been going on. Format: hours, minutes, seconds. When waiting for a timed start, time counts down with prefix -.

Horizontal ZOOM on.

Measurement may be unstable. E.g. applicable for frequency

readout during absence of voltage at reference phase A (L1).

Indicates according to IEC61000-4-30 flagging convention that a dip, swell or interruption has occurred during the displayed aggregation interval. Indicates that an aggregated value may not be reliable.

Recording of measurement data is on.

Battery/Line power indication. During battery operation the

battery charge condition is displayed.

Keyboard locked. Press ENTER 5 seconds to unlock/unlock.

Main area with measuring data: features are explained under 1 ... 5.

Status line: following information appears on the screen. How to adjust

these items is explained in Chapter 18 – General Settings. Following information is given:

Date of Analyzer’s real time clock. Date format may be

month-day-year or day-month-year.

Time of day or cursor time.

Nominal line voltage and frequency: are a reference for

the measurements.

Number of phases and wiring configuration for the

measurement.

Name of the limits used for the power quality MONITOR,

dips, swells, interruptions, rapid voltage changes.

Softkey text area: softkey functions that can be selected with F1 ... F5

are indicated in white. Functions currently not available are indicated in gray. Active Function key selections are highlighted with a black background.

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Introduction

This chapter explains how to make connection to the power distribution system under test and how to adjust the Analyzer settings.

Check that the Analyzer setup meets the characteristics of the system under test and the accessories that are used. This concerns:

• wiring configuration

• nominal frequency

• nominal voltage

• properties of voltage leads and current clamps

The actual setup is shown in the welcome screen that appears after power up. To change the setup, refer to Chapter 18.

Chapter 6

Input Connections

The Analyzer has 4 BNC-inputs for current clamps and 5 banana-inputs for voltages.

Self-adhesive decals are supplied corresponding to wiring color codes used in the USA, Continental Europe, the UK, and China. Stick the decals that fit to your local wiring codes around the current and voltage inputs as shown in Figure 6-1.

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Figure 6-1. Mounting the decals for voltage and current inputs

De-energize power systems before making connections whenever possible. Avoid working alone and work according to the warnings listed in Chapter 1, Safety Information.

For a 3-phase system make the connections as shown in Figure 6-2.

Figure 6-2. Connection of Analyzer to 3-phase distribution system

First put the current clamps around the conductors of phase A (L1), B (L2), C (L3), and N(eutral). The clamps are marked with an arrow indicating the correct signal polarity.

Next make the voltage connections: start with Ground and then in succession N, A (L1), B (L2), and C (L3). For correct measuring results, always connect the Ground input. Always double-check the connections. Make sure that current clamps are secured and completely closed around the conductors.

6-2

For single phase measurements, use current input A (L1) and the voltage inputs Ground, N(eutral), and phase A (L1).

A (L1) is the reference phase for all measurements.

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Input Connections

Input Connections 6

Before making any measurements, set the Analyzer up for the line voltage, frequency, and wiring configuration of the power system you want to measure. This is explained in Chapter 18, General Settings.

Scope Waveform and Phasor display are useful to check if voltage leads and current clamps are connected correctly. In the vector diagram the phase voltages and currents A (L1), B (L2), and C (L3) should appear in sequence when observing them in clockwise direction as shown in the example in Figure 6-3.

Figure 6-3. Vector diagram for correctly connected Analyzer

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Scope mode shows voltages and currents in the power system under test by means of waveforms or vector diagram. Also numerical values are shown such as phase voltages, phase currents, frequency, and phase angles between voltages and currents.

Scope Waveform

To access the Scope Waveform screen:

Chapter 7

Scope Waveform and Phasor

The Scope Waveform screen offers an oscilloscope style of display of voltage and/or current waveforms with a fast update rate. The screen header shows the related rms voltage/current values (12 or 10 cycle rms acc. to IEC61000-4-30). As a default 2 waveform periods are displayed. Channel A (L1) is the reference channel and 2 complete cycles starting at 0 volt are displayed.

Available function keys:

SCOPE

Selection of waveform set to be displayed: V displays all voltages, A displays all currents. A (L1), B (L2), C (L3), N (neutral) give simultaneous display of phase voltage and current for the selected phase.

Access to submenu for Cursor and Zoom operation.

Access to the Phasor screen. For description see below.

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Cursor. When the Cursor is on, the waveform values at the Cursor are displayed in the screen header. Positioning the Cursor across the left or right screen end brings the next screen out of a maximum of 6 within viewing area.

Zoom. Allows you to expand or shrink the display vertically and horizontally to view details or to see the complete graph within the screen area. Zoom and Cursor are operated by the arrow keys and are explained in Chapter 17.

Offset and Span of waveforms are preadjusted for a good display in almost all cases. This is based upon Nominal Voltage (Vnom) and Current range (A Range). If desired, you can change them. The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key and function key F3 - FUNCTION PREF. See Chapter 18, FUNCTION PREFerences.

Scope Phasor

To access the Phasor screen:

PERSISTence ON memorizes all waveform variations on screen.

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.

The Phasor screen displays the phase relation between voltages and currents in a vector diagram. The vector of reference channel A (L1) points in the positive horizontal direction. Additional numerical values are fundamental phase voltage, frequency, and phase angles. The screen header shows rms voltage and/or current values.

Available function keys:

Tips and Hints

Scope Waveform gives a clear view of current and voltage waveform shapes. Voltage waveforms in particular should be smooth and sinusoidal. If you see voltage distortion, it is a good idea to check the harmonics display. The rms voltages and frequency should be close to their nominal values.

Waveform and Phasor display are also useful to check if voltage leads and current clamps are connected correctly. In the vector diagram the phase voltages and currents L1 (A), L2 (B), and L3 (C) should appear in sequence when observing them in clockwise direction.

Selection of additional data to be displayed: all voltages, all currents, or voltage and current phase by phase.

Return to the Scope Waveform.

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.

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Introduction

Volts/Amps/Hertz displays a table with important numerical measuring values. The related Trend screen shows the changes over time of all values in the table.

Table

To access the VOLTS/AMPS/HERTZ Table screen:

Chapter 8

Volts/Amps/Hertz

ENTER

The table gives an overview of voltages and currents in all phases. Also frequency and Crest Factors are shown. The Crest Factor CF indicates the amount of distortion: a CF of 1 means no distortion and higher than 1.8 means high distortion. Use this screen to get a first impression of power system performance before examining the system in detail with other measuring modes. The number of columns in the table depends on the power system configuration.

The figures in the table are present values that may update constantly. Changes in these values over time are recorded as soon as the measurement is turned on. The recording is visible in the Trend screen.

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Available function keys:

Access to the Trend screen. For description see below.

Trend

To access the VOLTS/AMPS/HERTZ Trend screen:

All values in the table are recorded, but the Trends from each row in the table are displayed one at a time. Press Function key F1 to assign the up/down arrow keys to row selection.

The traces build up from the right side. Readings in the header correspond to the most recent values plotted on the right.

Available function keys:

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update. Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you to define start and duration of the measurement.

Assign up/down arrow keys to select a row from the table for Trend display.

8-2

Cursor on/off.

Assign the arrow keys to Cursor or Zoom operation.

Return to table screen.

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update. Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you to define start and duration of the measurement.

Cursor. When the Cursor is on, the Trend values at the Cursor are displayed in the screen header. Moving the Cursor off the left or right side of the screen brings the next of six screens into the viewing area.

Zoom. Allows you to expand or shrink the display vertically or horizontally to view details or to fit a complete graph within the screen area. Zoom and Cursor are operated by the arrow keys and explained in Chapter 17.

Offset and Span of the Trends are preset for a good display in most cases, but they are adjustable. The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key and function key F3 FUNCTION PREF. See Chapter 18, FUNCTION PREFerences.

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Volts/Amps/Hertz

Tips and Hints 8

Tips and Hints

Voltage and frequency should be close to the nominal values of for example 120 V, 230 V, 480 V, 60 Hz, or 50 Hz.

The voltages and currents in the table can e.g. be used to check if power applied to a 3phase induction motor is in balance. Voltage unbalance causes high unbalanced currents in stator windings resulting in overheating and reduced motor life. Each of the phase voltages should not differ more than 1 % from the average of the three. Current unbalance should not exceed 10 %. In case of too high unbalance, use other measuring modes to further analyze the power system.

A Crest Factor close to 2.0 indicates high distortion. CF = 2.0 can e.g. be found if you measure the current drawn by rectifiers that only conduct at the sine wave top.

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Introduction

Dips & Swells records Dips, Interruptions, Rapid Voltage Changes, and Swells.

Dips (Sags) and Swells are fast deviations from the normal voltage. Magnitude may be ten up to hundreds of volts. Duration may vary from a half cycle to a few seconds as defined in EN61000-4-30. The Analyzer allows you to choose nominal or sliding reference voltage. A sliding reference voltage uses measured values filtered with a 1minute time constant.

During a dip the voltage drops; during a swell the voltage rises. In three phase systems a dip begins when the voltage on one or more phases drops below the dip threshold and ends when all phases are equal to or above the dip threshold plus hysteresis. The trigger conditions for dips and swells are threshold and hysteresis. Dips and swells are characterized by duration, magnitude, and time of occurrence. Figure 9-1 and 9-2 explain this.

Chapter 9

Dips & Swells

Figure 9-1. Characteristics of a voltage dip

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Figure 9-2. Characteristics of a voltage swell

During an Interruption the voltage sinks well below its nominal value. In three phase systems an interruption begins when the voltage on all phases are below threshold and ends when one phase is equal to or above the interruption threshold plus hysteresis. The trigger conditions for interruptions are threshold and hysteresis. Interruptions are characterized by duration, magnitude and time of occurrence. Figure 9-3 explains this.

INTERRUPTION-INT-

NOMINAL VOLTAGE

HYSTERESIS

THRESHOLD

duration

time

0 VOLT

Figure 9-3. Characteristics of a voltage interruption

magnitude

Rapid voltage changes are quick transitions of the RMS voltage between two steadystates. Rapid voltage changes are captured based on steady voltage tolerance, steady time, minimum step detected, and minimum rate (%/s). Figure 9-4 explains this.

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Dips & Swells

RAPID VOLTAGE CHANGE - CHG-

VOLTAGE

TOLERANCE

VOLTAGE STEP

VOLTAGE

TOLERANCE

STEADY TIME

VOLTAGE STEP

TRANSITION TIME

Trend 9

In addition to the voltage, current is also recorded. This allows you to see cause and effect of deviations. Function key F4 – EVENTS accesses event tables where voltage events are listed in sequence.

Trend

To access to the Dips & Swells Trend screen:

STEADY TIME

Figure 9-4. Characteristics of a rapid voltage change

TIME

TRANSITION

TIME

ENTER

For the main screen all configured voltage and current channels are recorded to allow viewing of cause and effect of deviations. Not all channels are displayed simultaneously. Press function key F1 to assign the arrow keys to select the set of trends to be displayed.

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The screen builds up from the right side of the screen and the corresponding values are displayed in the screen header.

Available function keys:

Assign up/down arrow keys to select the voltage or current channels to be displayed.

Cursor on/off.

Assign the arrow keys to Cursor or Zoom operation.

Access to Events tables.

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update. Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you to define start and duration of the measurement.

Offset and Span of the Trends are preset for a good display in most cases. This is based upon Nominal Voltage (Vnom) and Current range (A range). If desired, you can adjust Offset and Span. The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key and function key F3 - FUNCTION PREF. See Chapter 18, FUNCTION PREFerences.

Event criteria such as threshold, hysteresis and others are preset, but they may be adjusted. The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key and limits setup. See Chapter 18, Limits Adjustments.

Events Tables

To access the Dips & Swells Events Tables:

The Events table lists all threshold crossings of phase voltages. Thresholds according to international standards or user-definable thresholds can be used. Threshold adjustment is reached via the SETUP key and Limits. For detailed information see Chapter 18, Limits Adjustments.

In Normal mode major event characteristics are listed: start time, duration, and voltage magnitude. Detail shows details of threshold crossings per phase.

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Dips & Swells

Tips and Hints 9

The following Abbreviations and Symbols are used in the tables:

Abbreviation Description Symbol Description

CHG Rapid Voltage Change Rising voltage edge

DIP Voltage Dip Falling voltage edge

INT Voltage Interruption

SWL Voltage Swell

Available function keys:

Switch between NORMAL and DETAILED event table.

Tips and Hints

The occurrence of Dips (Sags) and Swells may indicate a weak power distribution system. In such a system voltage will change considerably when a big motor or a welding machine is switched on or off. This may cause lights to flicker or even show visible dimming. It may cause reset and loss of data in computer systems and process controllers.

By monitoring the voltage and current trend at the power service entrance, you can find out if the cause of the voltage dip is inside or outside the building. The cause is inside the building (downstream) when voltage drops while current rises; it is outside (upstream) when both voltage and current drop.

Return to Trend screen.

Access Trend screen with Cursor on and positioned on the highlighted event. This event can be selected with the up/down arrow keys

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Introduction

Harmonics measures and records harmonics and interharmonics (Fluke 434) up to the

. Related data such as DC components, THD (Total Harmonic Distortion), and K-

50 factor are measured. Harmonics are periodic distortions of voltage, current, or power sinewaves. A waveform can be considered as a combination of various sinewaves with different frequencies and magnitudes. The contribution of each of these components to the full signal is measured. Readings can be given as a percentage of the fundamental, or as a percentage of all harmonics combined. Results may be viewed in a Bar Graph display, a table, or a Trend display. Harmonics are often caused by non-linear loads such as DC power supplies in computers, TV’s and adjustable speed motor drives. Harmonics can cause transformers, conductors, and motors to overheat.

Bar Graph Screen

To access to the Harmonics Bar Graph screen:

Chapter 10

Harmonics

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ENTER

The Bar Graph display shows the percentage contribution of each of the components related to the full signal. A signal without distortion should show a 1 fundamental) at 100 % while the others are at zero: in practice this will not occur because there always is a certain amount of distortion resulting in higher harmonics.

A pure sinewave becomes distorted when higher frequency components are added to it. Distortion is represented by the THD percentage. The display can also show the percentage of the DC component and the K-factor. The K-factor is a number that quantifies potential losses in transformers due to harmonic currents. Higher order harmonics influence the K-factor more than low order harmonics.

The table below shows the number of Bar Graphs displayed simultaneously in one screen:

Harmonics Harmonics & Interharmonics

All phase display 1 ... 12 1 ... 6

harmonic (= the

Single phase display 1 ... 50 1 ... 25

The left/right arrow keys are used to position the Cursor on a particular bar. The screen header will show for that bar phase identifier, harmonic number, frequency, and phase angle. If not all bars are shown on the screen, you can bring the next set within the viewing area by moving the Cursor off the left or right end of the screen. The up/down arrow keys are used for vertical zoom: 100 %, 50 %, 20 %, 10 %, or 5 % at full scale can be selected. Using the SETUP key and function key F3 - FUNCTION PREF you can choose harmonics display as a percentage of the fundamental voltage (%f) or the total of harmonic voltages (%r). For detailed information see Chapter 18, FUNCTION PREFerences.

Available function keys:

Selection of harmonics type: Voltage, Current, or Real Power (Watt). Power harmonics can have positive and negative polarity.

Selection of waveform set to be used: A (L1), B (L2), C (L3), N (neutral) or ALL

Access the table screen.

Interharmonics display on/off (Fluke 434 only).

10-2

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update. Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you to define start and duration of the measurement.

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Harmonics

Table10

Table

To access the Harmonics Table screen:

The table display shows 8 measurements per phase. Using the SETUP key and function key F3 - FUNCTION PREF you can choose the table contents. For detailed information see Chapter 18, FUNCTION PREFerences.

Available function keys:

Return to Bar Graph screen.

Trend

To access the Harmonics Trend screen:

Trend shows how harmonics vary over time: Cursor and Zoom can be used to investigate details. All values in the table are recorded, but the Trends from each row in the table are displayed one at a time. Press function key F1 to assign the arrow keys to row selection.

Using the SETUP key and function key F3 - FUNCTION PREF you can choose harmonics display as a percentage of fundamental voltage (%f) or of the total of harmonic voltages (%r, total Vrms). Also the table contents can be selected in this menu. For detailed information see Chapter 18, FUNCTION PREFerences.

Access the Trend screen. For description see below.

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update. Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you to define start and duration of the measurement.

Available function keys:

Assign up/down arrow keys to select a row from the table for Trend display.

Cursor on/off.

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Assign arrow keys to Cursor or vertical Zoom operation.

Return to table screen.

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update. Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you to define start and duration of the measurement.

Tips and Hints

The harmonic number indicates the harmonic frequency: the first harmonic is the fundamental frequency (60 or 50 Hz), the second harmonic is the component with two times the fundamental frequency (120 or 100 Hz), and so on. The harmonics sequence can be positive (+), zero (0), or negative (-). The table below gives an overview.

Order 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

Frequency

60 Hz

50 Hz

Sequence + - 0 + - 0

Order 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th ...

Frequency

420 Hz

350 Hz

120 Hz

100 Hz

480 Hz

400 Hz

180 Hz

150 Hz

540 Hz

450 Hz

240 Hz

200 Hz

600 Hz

500 Hz

300 Hz

250 Hz

660 Hz

550 Hz

360 Hz

300 Hz

...

Sequence + - 0 + -

Positive sequence harmonics try to make a motor run faster than the fundamental; negative sequence harmonics try to make the motor run slower than the fundamental. In both cases the motor looses torque and heats up. Harmonics can also cause transformers to overheat. Even harmonics disappear if waveforms are symmetrical, i.e. as equally positive and negative.

Zero sequence current harmonics add in Neutral conductors. This can cause overheating of these conductors.

Distortion. Current distortion is to be expected in a system with non-linear loads like DC power supplies. When the current distortion starts to cause voltage distortion (THD) of more than 5 %, this signals a potential problem.

K-factor: this is an indication of the amount of harmonic currents and can help in selecting transformers. Use the K-factor along with KVA to select a replacement transformer to handle non-linear, harmonics-rich loads.

...

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Introduction

Power & Energy displays a table with all important power parameters. The related Trend screen shows the changes over time of all measuring values in the table.

Fluke 434 can also display energy usage and offers verification of energy meters with a pulse contact. For power calculations you can choose Fundamental or Full. FUNDamental considers voltage and current only at the fundamental frequency (60 or 50 Hz) for power calculations; FULL uses the full frequency spectrum (True rms voltage and current). Selection is made using the SETUP key and function key F3 - FUNCTION PREF. For detailed information see Chapter 18, FUNCTION PREFerences.

Table

To access the Power & Energy table screen:

Chapter 11

Power & Energy

11-1

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ENTER

The table displays power data for each phase and in total: real or active power (kW), apparent power (kVA, the product of rms voltage and current), reactive power (kVAR, the reactive component of apparent power caused by phase shift between AC current and voltage in inductors and capacitors), power factor (PF, the ratio of real power to apparent power for the total rms including harmonics), displacement power factor (DPF or cos ϕ, the ratio of real power to apparent power for fundamental), and the 12 or 10 cycle rms values of current and voltage.

Symbols indicate if a load is capacitive (

) or inductive ( ).

A popup table with energy usage by phase and in total can be activated on the Fluke 434 by pressing the F3 – ENERGY softkey. The table shows real energy (kWh), apparent energy (kVAh), and reactive energy (kVARh) The energy measurement starts when Power & Energy is started. The readout can be reset with function key F5.

By a using TIMED start of the measurement, the Fluke 434 can be used to measure energy usage during a predefined period of time. TIMED start can be adjusted when switching from HOLD to RUN with function key F5. Temporarily Close ENERGY to make function key F5 available for HOLD/RUN operation.

Pulse count mode counts pulses like those available at the pulse output of certain types of energy meters. This can be used to as a quick test for revenue meter error. The pulse output is measured by means of an Optical Isolated Trigger Probe that is connected between the pulse output and the Analyzer’s optical RS-232 interface. Figure 11-1 shows the measuring setup. The energy usage (kWh) per pulse must be set in advance. The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key and function key F3 – FUNCTION PREF. See Chapter 18, FUNCTION PREFerences.

11-2

Figure 11-1. Verification of an energy meter with pulse output

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Power & Energy

Trend11

To access the Energy popup table:

Available function keys:

Pulse count mode on/off.

Trend

To access the Power & Energy Trend screen:

Switch Energy screen on/off.

Access Trend screen. For description see below.

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update. Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you to define start and duration of the measurement. If Energy is displayed, the readout can be reset with F5.

The figures in the table are instantaneous values that update constantly. Changes in these values over time are recorded whenever the measurement is active. All values in the table are recorded, but the Trends from each row in the table are displayed one at a time. Press function key F1 to assign the arrow keys to row selection.

The traces build up from the right side. The readings in the header correspond to the most recent measurements plotted on the right.

In addition to TIMED start of energy usage measurement, the Analyzer can measure average power during an adjustable time window. Electricity suppliers often bill industrial customers upon the highest average energy usage during a specified time window. For this demand interval a period of 15 minutes is common. For any setting besides OFF horizontal scaling of the trend is fixed so that each data point corresponds with Max, Min, and Average usage during the interval. The demand interval can be adjusted between 1 ... 60 minutes or to OFF. The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key and function key F3 – FUNCTION PREF. See Chapter 18, FUNCTION

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PREFerences. With the demand interval set to OFF the Trend functions as usual with automatic horizontal scaling.

Available function keys:

Assign up/down arrow keys to select a row from the table for Trend display. The selected row is displayed in the screen header.

Offset and Span are preset for a good display in most cases. This is based upon Nominal Voltage (Vnom) and Current range (A range). If desired, you can adjust Offset and Span. The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key and function key F3 - FUNCTION PREF. See Chapter 18, FUNCTION PREFerences.

Tips and Hints

Power mode can be used to record apparent power (kVA) of a transformer over several hours. Look at the Trend and find out if there are times that the transformer is overloaded. You can transfer loads to other transformers, stagger the timing of loads, or if necessary replace the transformer with a larger one.

Cursor on/off.

Assign the arrow keys to Cursor or Zoom operation.

Return to table screen.

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update. Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you to define start and duration of the measurement.

11-4

Interpretation of Power Factor when measured at a device:

• PF = 0 to 1: not all supplied power is consumed, a certain amount of reactive power

is present. Current leads (capacitive load) or lags (inductive load).

• PF = 1: all supplied power is consumed by the device. Voltage and current are in

phase.

• PF = -1: device generates power. Current and voltage are in phase.

• PF = -1 to 0: device is generating power. Current leads or lags.

If you see negative power or power factor readings and you are connected to a load, check to make sure the arrows on your current clamps are pointing towards the load.

Reactive power (VAR) is most often due to inductive loads such as motors, inductors, and transformers. Installation of correction capacitors can correct for inductive VAR’s. Be sure to check with a qualified engineer before adding PF-correction capacitors, especially if you measure current harmonics in your system.

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Introduction

Flicker quantifies the luminance fluctuation of lamps caused by supply voltage variations. The algorithm behind the measurement meets EN61000-4-15 and is based on a perceptual model of the human eye / brain sensory system. The Analyzer converts duration and magnitude of voltage variations into an ‘annoyance factor’ caused by the resulting flicker of a 60 W lamp. A high flicker reading means that most people would find the luminance changes irritating. The voltage variation can be relatively small. The measurement is optimized to lamps powered by 120 V / 60 Hz or 230 V / 60 Hz. Flicker is characterized per phase by the parameters shown in a table. The related Trend screen shows the changes in all measuring values in the table.

After you have switched to Flicker, a settling time of about 10 seconds will pass before the measurement is started. During this time the U (Unstable) symbol shows in the screen header. Moreover the timer counts down from – 10 seconds. Flicker measurement has no unstable period when used with a timed start.

Chapter 12

Flicker

Note

Table

To access the Flicker table screen:

12-1

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ENTER

Flicker is characterized by: short term severity Pst (measured over 1 min for fast feedback), short term severity Pst (measured over 10 min) and a long term severity Plt (measured over 2 hours). This data and also the related D-parameters Dc, Dmax, and TD (acc. to EN61000-3-3) are displayed in the table.

A popup table can be switched on to show the peak values of the D-parameters that occurred during the measurement. You can reset the stored D-parameters to zero with Function key F5.

To access the popup table with peak D-parameters:

Pst and Plt are parameters showing flicker over a certain period of time. Momentary flicker is shown in the PF5 submenu and is reached via Function key F3. Flicker PF5 is displayed as a fast Trend plot.

Available function keys (popup table must be off):

Activate the popup screen with maximum D-parameters.

Access PF5 Trend screen.

Access Trend screen. For description see below.

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update. Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you to define start and duration of the measurement.

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Flicker

Trend12

Trend

To access Flicker Trend screen:

The parameters in the table update over time. They are recorded whenever the measurement is on. Trend displays the changes in these values over time. All values in the table are recorded, but the Trends from each row in the table are displayed one at a time. Press function key F1 to assign the arrow keys to row selection. The Trend display may consist of 6 screens.

PF5 displays a fast Trend plot in one screen and is reached via a menu to define expected measurement duration and Immediate or Timed measurement start. Two vertical marker lines are used to indicate a Pst period on the PF5 trend.

Available function keys:

Assign up/down arrow keys to select a row from the table for Trend display. The selected row is displayed in the screen header.

Cursor on/off.

Assign the arrow keys to Cursor or Zoom operation.

Return to table screen.

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update. Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you to define start and duration of the measurement.

Offset and Span are preset for a good display in most cases, but they are adjustable. Dparameter settings are also adjustable. The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key and function key F3 - FUNCTION PREF. See Chapter 18, FUNCTION PREFerences.

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Tips and Hints

Use the PF5 flicker trend and half-cycle voltage or current trends to find the source of flicker. Press function key F1 to assign the arrow keys to selection of flicker, voltage, and current trends.

The 10 min (Pst) uses a longer measuring period to eliminate the influence of random voltage variations. It is also long enough to detect interference from a single source with a long working cycle such as electrical household appliances, and heat pumps.

A measuring period of 2 hours (Plt) is useful when there may be more than one interference source with irregular working cycles and for equipment such as welding machines, and rolling mills.

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Introduction

Unbalance displays phase relations between voltages and currents. Measuring results are based upon the fundamental frequency component (60 or 50 Hz). In a 3-phase power system, the phase shift between voltages and between currents should be close to 120°. Unbalance mode offers a measurement table, a related Trend display, and a Phasor display.

Table

To access the Unbalance table screen:

Chapter 13

Unbalance

ENTER

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The table screen shows all relevant numerical values: negative voltage unbalance percentage, zero sequence voltage unbalance percentage (in 4-wire systems), negative current unbalance percentage, zero sequence current unbalance percentage (in 4-wire systems), fundamental phase voltage, frequency, fundamental phase current, angle between phase-neutral voltages relative to the reference phase A/L1 and angles between voltage and current for each phase. The number of readings depends on the selected wiring configuration.

Available function keys:

Access Phasor screen. For description see below.

Trend

To access the Unbalance trend screen:

Access Trend screen. For description see below.

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update. Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you to define start and duration of the measurement.

13-2

Available function keys:

Assign up/down arrow keys to select a row from the table for Trend display. The selected row is displayed in the screen header.

Cursor on/off.

Assign the arrow keys to Cursor or Zoom operation.

Return to table screen.

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update. Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you to define start and duration of the measurement.

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Unbalance

Phasor13

Offset and Span are preset for a good display in most cases, but they are adjustable. The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key and function key F3 - FUNCTION PREF. See Chapter 18, FUNCTION PREFerences.

Phasor

To access the Unbalance Phasor screen:

Shows the phase relation between voltages and currents in a vector diagram divided in 30 degree sections. The vector of the reference channel A (L1) points to the positive horizontal direction. A similar vector diagram is displayed under Scope Phasor. Additional numerical values are given: negative voltage or current unbalance percentage, zero sequence voltage or current unbalance percentage, fundamental phase voltage or current, frequency, phase angles. With function key F1 you can choose readings of all phase voltages, all phase currents, or voltage and current in one phase.

Available function keys:

Selection of signals to be displayed: V displays all voltages, A displays all currents. A (L1), B (L2), C (L3), N (neutral) give simultaneous display of phase voltage and current.

Return to table screen.

Access to trend screen.

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update. Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you to define start and duration of the measurement.

Tips and Hints

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unbalance should not exceed 10 %. In case of too high unbalance, use other measuring modes to further analyze the power system.

Each phase voltage or current can be split-up into three components: positive sequence, negative sequence, and zero sequence.

The positive sequence component is the normal component such as present in balanced 3phase systems. The negative sequence component results from unbalanced phase-tophase currents and voltages. This component for instance causes a ‘braking’ effect in 3phase motors: this will result in overheating and life reduction.

Zero sequence components may appear in an unbalanced load in 4 wire power systems and represent the current in the N (Neutral) wire. Unbalance exceeding 2 % is considered as too high.

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Introduction

The Fluke 434 Analyzer can capture waveforms at high-resolution during a variety of disturbances. The Analyzer will give a snapshot of the voltage and current waveforms at the precise time of the disturbance. This allows you to see the waveforms during dips, swells, interruptions, current swells and transients.

Transients are fast spikes on the voltage (or current) waveform. Transients can have so much energy that sensitive electronic equipment can be affected or even damaged. The Transients screen looks similar to that of Scope Waveform, but its vertical span is enlarged to make voltage spikes visible that are superimposed on the 60 or 50 Hz sinewave. A waveform is captured each time that the voltage (or rms current) exceeds adjustable limits. A maximum of 40 events can be captured. The sample rate is 200 kS/s.

Waveform Display

To access the Transients Waveform screen:

Chapter 14

Transients

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ENTER

In the Start menu you can choose a trigger event or a combination of trigger events, transients (Volt) and current (AMP) trigger level, and Immediate or Timed start of the measurement.

The Analyzer may be set up to capture waveforms each time it sees: Voltage Transient, Voltage Swell, Voltage Dip, Voltage Interruption, or Current swell. Dips (sags) and swells are fast deviations from the nominal voltage. Duration is between one cycle to a few seconds. During a dip the voltage sinks, and during a swell the voltage rises. During an interruption the voltage falls to only a few percent of its nominal value. A current swell is a current increase from one cycle to several seconds in duration.

Trigger criteria such as threshold and hysteresis are adjustable. These criteria are also used for Power Quality Monitor: Adjustment is reached via the SETUP key, ‘limits’ selection, and then Function key F3 - EDIT. How to proceed is explained in Chapter 18 Setup.

Cursor and Zoom can be used to investigate details of captured waveforms. Via the SETUP key and function key F3 - FUNCTION PREFerence you can adjust the limits associated with each type of trigger event. For detailed information see Chapter 18, FUNCTION PREFerences.

Available function keys:

Selection of waveform set to be displayed: V displays all voltages, A displays all currents. A (L1), B (L2), C (L3), N (neutral) give simultaneous display of phase voltage and current.

14-2

Access submenu for Cursor and Zoom operation.

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Transients

Tips and Hints14

Tips and Hints

Disturbances such as transients in a power distribution system can cause malfunctions in many types of equipment. For example, computers may reset and equipment subjected to repeated transients can eventually fail. Events occur intermittently, making it necessary to monitor the system for a period of time to find them. Look for voltage transients when electronic power supplies are failing repeatedly or if computers reset spontaneously.

Assign up/down arrow keys to browse through all captured screens.

Persistence on memorizes all waveform variations.

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update. Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you to define start and duration of the measurement.

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Introduction

Inrush Currents can be captured by Fluke 434. Inrush Currents are surge currents that occur when a large, or low-impedance load comes on line. Normally the current will stabilize after some time when the load has reached normal working condition. For example the start-up current in induction motors can be ten times the normal working current. Inrush is a ‘single shot’ mode that records current and voltage Trends after a current event (the trigger) has occurred. An event occurs when the current waveform exceeds adjustable limits. The display builds up from the right of the screen. Pretrigger information allows you to see what occurred in advance of the inrush.

Inrush Trend Display

To access the Inrush Trend screen:

Chapter 15

Inrush Currents

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ENTER

Use the arrow keys in the Start menu to adjust the trigger limits: expected inrush time, maximum current, nominal current, threshold, and hysteresis. The maximum current determines the vertical height of the current display windows. Threshold is the current level that triggers the trend capture. The inrush time is the time between trigger and the time that the current falls to the value indicated by Hysteresis and is indicated on the trend display between two vertical markers. The screen header displays the rms of all rms values during the inrush time. If the Cursor is on, the rms measuring values at the Cursor are displayed.

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Inrush Currents

MAXIMUM AMPS

DURATION

THRESHOLD (= TRIGGER)

pretrigger

}

HYSTERESIS

zero

Inrush Trend Display15

inrush time

rms during inrush

Figure 15-1. Inrush characteristics and relation with start menu

12.3 A

1.5 A

35 s

Use Cursor and Zoom to investigate details of the recorded Trends. Selection of channels to be displayed is done with the up/down arrow keys. Press function key F1 to assign the arrow keys to this.

Via the SETUP key and function key F3 - FUNCTION PREF you can set up the default values of the trigger limits (expected inrush time, maximum current, nominal current, threshold, hysteresis) and Offset and Span of the Trend display. For detailed information see Chapter 18, FUNCTION PREFerences.

Available function keys:

Assign up/down arrow keys to select a set of trends for display.

Cursor on/off.

Assign arrow keys to Cursor or Zoom operation.

Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update. Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you to define start and duration of the measurement.

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Tips and Hints

Check the peak currents and their duration. Use the Cursor for readout of momentary values. Check if fuses, circuit breakers, and conductors in the power distribution system can withstand the inrush current during this period. Check also if phase voltages stay stable enough.

High peak currents can cause circuit breakers to trip unexpectedly. Measuring Inrush Current can help in setting trip levels. Since the Analyzer simultaneously captures Inrush Current and Voltage Trends you can use this measurement to check voltage stability as large loads come on line.

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Introduction

Power Quality Monitoring or System Monitor displays a Bar graph screen. This screen shows whether important Power Quality parameters meet requirements. Parameters include:

1. RMS voltages

2. Harmonics

3. Flicker

4. Dips/Interruptions/Rapid Voltage Changes/Swells

5. Unbalance/Frequency.

Figure 16-1 shows the screen and its properties.

Chapter 16

Power Quality Monitoring

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ALL PHASES

PER PHASE

A / L1

B / L2

C / L3

A / L1

B / L2

C / L3

A / L1

B / L2

C / L3

DIPS

INTERRUPTIONS

RAPID VOLTAGE CHANGES

SWEELS

UNBALANCE

FREQUENCY

Figure 16-1. Power Quality Monitor Main Screen

The length of a bar increases if the related parameter is further away from its nominal value. The bar turns from green to red if an allowed tolerance requirement is violated.

Use the left/right arrow keys to position the cursor on a particular bar and measuring data belonging to that bar is displayed in the screen header.

Power Quality Monitoring is usually done during a long observation period. The function is entered via the MONITOR key and a start menu to define immediate or timed start of the measurement. Minimum duration of the measurement is 2 hours. An usual measuring period is 1 week.

The Power Quality parameters RMS voltages, Harmonics, and Flicker have a bar for each phase. From left to right these three bars are related to the phases A (L1), B (L2), and C (L3). The parameters Dips/Interruptions/Rapid Voltage Changes/Swells and Balance/Frequency have a single bar for each parameter representing performance across three phases.

Most of the Bar Graphs have a wide base indicating adjustable time related limits (for instance 95 % of time within limit) and a narrow top indicating a fixed 100 % limit. If one of both limits is violated, the related bar changes from green to red. Dotted horizontal lines on the display indicate the 100% limit and the adjustable limit.

The meaning of the bar graphs with a wide base and a narrow top is explained below. By way of example this is done for the RMS voltage. This voltage for instance has a nominal value of 120 V with a tolerance of + and – 15% (tolerance range between 102 … 138 V). The momentary RMS voltage is constantly monitored by the Analyzer. It calculates an

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Power Quality Monitoring

Introduction16

average from these measuring values across 10-minute observation periods. The 10minute averages are compared against the tolerance range (in this example 102 ... 138 V).

The 100 % limit means that the 10-minute averages must always (i.e. 100 % of time or with 100 % probability) be within range. The bar graph will turn to red if a 10-minute average crosses the tolerance range. The adjustable limit of for instance 95 % (i.e. 95 % probability) means that 95 % of the 10-minute averages must be within tolerance. The 95 % limit is less stringent than the 100 % limit. Therefore the related tolerance range usually is tighter. For 120 V this for instance can be + or – 10 % (a tolerance range between 108 ... 132 V).

The bars for Dips/Interruptions/Rapid Voltage Changes/Swells are narrow and indicate the number of limits violations that occurred during the observation period. The allowed number is adjustable (for instance to 20 Dips/week). The bar turns to red if the adjusted limit is violated.

You can use a pre-defined set of limits or define your own. An example of a pre-defined set is that according to the EN50160 standard. A maximum of 6 sets can be chosen: 2 factory installed sets, 2 sets only definable by the administrator via FlukeView SW43W software, and 2 sets that can be changed on the Analyzer. Selection and definition of limits is accessible via the SETUP key, ‘limits’ selection and then Function key F3 – EDIT.

The table below gives a survey of the aspects of Power Quality Monitoring:

Parameter Available Bar Graphs Limits Averaging Interval

V rms 3, one for each phase Probability 100 %: upper

& lower limit Probability x %: upper & lower limit

Harmonics 3, one for each phase Probability 100 %: upper

limit Probability x %: upper limit

Flicker 3, one for each phase Probability 100 %: upper

limit Probability x %: upper limit

Dips/Interruptions/Rapid Voltage Changes/Swells

Unbalance 1, covering all 3 phases Probability 100 %: upper

4, one for each parameter covering all 3 phases

allowed number of events per week

limit Probability x %: upper limit

10 minutes

2 Hrs.

½ cycle rms based

10 minutes

Frequency 1, covering all 3 phases

Measured on Reference Voltage Input A/L1

* Probability 100 %: upper & lower limit Probability x %: upper & lower limit

10 sec.

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Power Quality Main Screen

To access the Power Quality Main screen:

MONITOR

Power Quality Monitoring is reached via the MONITOR key and a menu for Immediate or Timed start. With the left/right arrow keys you can position the Cursor on a particular Bar Graph. Measuring data belonging to the bar is shown in the screen header.

Detailed measurement data is available under the Function keys:

RMS voltage: events table, trends.

Harmonics: bar graphs, events table, trends.

Flicker: events table, trends.

Dips, Interruptions, Rapid voltage changes, and Swells: events table, trends.

Unbalance and Frequency: events table, trends.

The measurement data available under the Function keys is explained in the following sections. Data is presented in the formats Events Table, Trend Display, and Bar Graph Screen.

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Power Quality Monitoring

Events Table16

Events Table

Figure 16-2. Events Table

The events table shows the events that occurred during the measurement with date/time of start, phase, and duration. The amount of information in the table can be selected with the Function keys F2 and F3:

• Selected gives a table with events as selected: Only V rms, Harmonics, Flicker,

Dips/Interruptions/Rapid Voltage Changes/Swells, or Unbalance/Frequency. All gives a table with all events. This allows you to see cause and effect of events.

• Normal lists the major event characteristics: start date/time, duration, event type, and

magnitude. Detail gives information on threshold crossings for each phase of an event.

The following Abbreviations and Symbols are used in the tables:

Abbreviation Meaning Symbol Meaning

CHG Rapid Voltage Change High value of 100 % limit

has been violated

DIP Voltage Dip Low value of 100 % limit

has been violated

INT Voltage Interruption High value of x % limit

has been violated

SWL Voltage Swell Low value of x % limit

has been violated

Hx Number of the harmonic

that violated its limits

Unbalance event

Available function keys:

Switch between Selected events or All events.

Switch between Normal and Detailed events table.

Access to Trend screen. Two ways to access Trend are explained below.

Return to next higher menu.

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Two ways to access Trend:

1. Use the up/down arrow keys to highlight an event in the table. To access Trend press

the ENTER key. The Cursor is on, in the mid of screen and located on the selected event. Zoom is set to 4.

2. Press Function key F4 to view the Trend part showing the most recent measuring

values. Cursor and Zoom can be switched on afterwards when required.

Measurement specific features:

• V rms events: an event is recorded each time that a 10 minute aggregated RMS value

violates its limits.

• Harmonics events: an event is recorded each time a 10 minute aggregated harmonic

or THD violates its limit.

• Flicker events: an event is recorded each time Plt (long term severity) violates its

limit.

• Dips/Interruptions/Rapid Voltage Changes/Swells events: an event is recorded each

time one of the items violates its limits.

• Unbalance, Frequency events: an event is recorded each time that a 10 minute

aggregated RMS value violates its limits.

Trend Display

The Trend screen shows the changes over time of values in the table. Zoom and Cursor are available to examine Trend details. Zoom and Cursor are operated by the arrow keys and explained in Chapter 17.

Available function keys:

Figure 16-3. Trend Display

Assign up/down arrow keys to select a set of Trends for display. The selected set is shown in the screen header.

Cursor on/off.

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Assign the arrow keys to Cursor or Zoom operation.

Return to events table.

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Power Quality Monitoring

Bar Graph Screen16

Bar Graph Screen

Figure 16-4. Bar Graph Screen

The main system monitor display shows the worst harmonic for each of the three phases. Function key F2 brings up a screen with Bar Graphs showing the percentage of time each phase spent within limits for 25 harmonics and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Each Bar Graph has a wide base (representing an adjustable limit of e.g. 95 %) and a narrow top (representing the limit of 100 %). A Bar Graph changes from green to red if the limits for that harmonic are violated.

Cursor: with the left/right arrow keys you can position the Cursor on a particular Bar Graph and measuring data belonging to that bar is shown in the screen header.

Available function keys:

Selection of Bar Graphs belonging to phase A (L1), B (L2), or C (L3).

Access to events table.

Access to Trend screen.

Return to main menu.

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16-8 17-1

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Introduction

This chapter explains how to use Cursor and Zoom to display and investigate details of Waveform, Trend, and Bar Graph displays. Cursor and Zoom have a certain amount of interaction and are both operated by the arrow keys.

The Cursor is a vertical line that can be positioned on a point on a Waveform, Trend, or Bar Graph. The measured values at that point are displayed in the screen header.

Zoom allows you to stretch and shrink the graph to get a better view of details. Horizontal Zoom is available for Waveform and Trend.

Cursor on Waveform Displays

As an example the Scope Waveform display is used. Cursor and Zoom for the Transients screen function in the same way.

Figure 17.1 shows the Scope Waveform display with Cursor and Zoom switched off. The screen header shows the RMS values of the displayed waveforms.

Chapter 17

Cursor and Zoom

Figure 17-1. Waveform display, no cursor

Figure 17-2. Waveform display, cursor on

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Figure 17-3. Waveform display with cursor and zoom on

Press Function key F2 to obtain a subset with keys to control Cursor and Zoom:

• Press F3 to switch the Cursor on. Use the left/right arrow keys to move the Cursor

horizontally along the waveforms. The value of the waveforms at the Cursor is displayed in the screen header as shown in Figure 17.2.

• Press F4 to assign the arrow keys to Zoom operation as shown in Figure 17.3. The

left/right arrow keys can be used now to stretch or shrink the waveforms horizontally. The up/down arrow keys do this in vertical direction. If the Cursor is on, horizontal zoom operates symmetrically around the Cursor. When off, horizontal zoom operates around the screen center. Vertical zoom operates around the screen center.

• Press F4 again to assign the arrow keys to Cursor operation.

• With F2 you can return to the previous menu.

Cursor on Trend Displays

As an example the Volts/Amps/Hertz Trend display is used. Cursor and Zoom for other Trend displays function in the same way.

Figure 17.4 shows the Trend screen with Cursor and Zoom switched off. The screen header displays RMS values of the Trends at the right screen side. This is the screen side with the most recent measuring values.

Figure 17-4. Trend display, no cursor

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Figure 17-5. Trend display, cursor on

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Cursor and Zoom

Figure 17-6. Trend display with cursor and zoom on

From Events Table to Trend Display with Cursor On.17

The Function keys F1, F2, and F3 and the arrow keys are used to operate Cursor and Zoom:

• Operate F2 to switch the Cursor on. Use the left/right arrow keys to move the Cursor

horizontally along the trends. The value of the trends at the Cursor is displayed in the screen header as shown in Figure 17.5. Observe that the screen update stops now (recording of data continues!). Trend can record a maximum of six screens of which one is displayed at a time. Positioning the Cursor across the left or right screen end brings the next screen within the viewing area.

• Press F3 to assign the arrow keys to Zoom operation. The left/right arrow keys can be

used now to stretch and shrink the trends horizontally as shown in figure 17.6. The up/down arrow keys do this in vertical direction. If the Cursor is on, horizontal zoom operates symmetrically around the Cursor; when off horizontal zoom operates from the right screen side. Vertical zoom operates around the screen center.

• Press F1 to assign the arrow keys to select the Trend line(s) to be displayed.

• Press F3 again to assign the arrow keys to Cursor operation.

From Events Table to Trend Display with Cursor On.

Within an events table, you can highlight a certain event with the up/down arrow keys. Next press the ENTER key. As a result a Trend display is shown with the Cursor on and positioned on the highlighted event. The steps in this process are shown below.

The example below shows the transition from Dips & Swells events table to trend display with cursor on:

Use the arrow keys to highlight an event of interest.

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Press F5 to obtain trend display with the cursor on and positioned on the highlighted event in the table.

Cursor on Bar graph Displays

As an example the Three-phase Voltage Harmonics display as shown in Figure 17.7 is used. Cursor and Zoom for other Bar Graph displays function identically.

Figure 17-7. Cursor on bar graphs

On Bar Graph displays the Cursor is always on. Cursor and Zoom are operated with the arrow keys:

• Use the left/right arrow keys to position the Cursor on a certain bar. The header

shows relevant measuring data belonging to the bar. In certain cases there are more bars available than can be displayed in one screen. In the figure for instance 17 harmonics out of a total of 51 are displayed. Positioning the Cursor across the left or right screen end brings the next screen within the viewing area.

• Use the up/down arrow keys to stretch (or shrink) the Bar Graphs vertically.

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Chapter 18

Setting up the Analyzer

Introduction

The SETUP key accesses menus to view and change Analyzer settings. At delivery the Analyzer is adjusted to settings that match your local situation and the supplied accessories. The table below gives an overview:

Setting Preset Value

Nominal Voltage 120 V or 230 V

Nominal Frequency 60 Hz or 50 Hz

Displacement Power Factor DPF or Cos φ

Phase Identification A,B,C or L1,L2,L3

Phase Colors A/L1-B/L2-C/L3-N-Ground Black-Red-Blue-Gray-Green or

Black-Red-Gray-Blue-Green/Yellow or Red-Yellow-Blue-Black-Green/Yellow or Black-Black-Black-Blue-Green/Yellow

Date Format Month/Day/Year or Day/Month/Year

If desired the settings in the table can be changed by the user.

Also other settings such as offset and span of trend and waveform displays are set to Factory Default values. This will give good readings in almost all situations and allows you to start measurements almost immediately.

At power-on a welcome screen is displayed that shows settings currently in use. Check if Date and Time of the system clock are correct. Also the wiring Configuration must match the configuration of the power system to be checked. The wiring Configuration is available under Function key F1.

If necessary adjust Date, Time, and Config. How to do this is explained in section ‘General Settings’. The welcome screen is shown in the Figure below.

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Figure 18-1. Welcome screen at power-on

The Settings are grouped in four functional sections and are explained accordingly in four sections of this manual chapter:

• General Settings: Date, Time, wiring Configuration, nominal Voltage, nominal

Frequency, current and voltage probe type, information language, survey and installation of options.

• FUNCTION PREFerences: adjustment of Offset and Span of Trend and Waveform

displays, contents of harmonics table and harmonics settings, power settings, flicker D-parameter settings, Inrush defaults, and Transient settings. Function key F4 in these menus gives a reset to factory default settings. Default settings usually give a good display.

• USER PREFerences: adjustment of Phase Identification and Colors, Printer and RS-

232 settings, Auto shut-off, definition of User name (as shown in entry screen), and display contrast. Many menus have a function key for reset to factory default settings.

• Limits Settings: for save, recall, and definition of the limits for power quality

monitoring.

The figure below shows the entry menu present under the SETUP key.

Entering the Setup menu:

SETUP

Menu navigation and selections:

Selection of the item to be adjusted.

ENTER

Press to access the selected settings menu.

18-2

To select (up/down) and adjust (left/right) items in a settings menu.

Confirm the selection and return to previous menu.

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General Settings18

General Settings

To access the General Settings menus:

SETUPSETUP

ENTER

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5

109 11 12

The actual settings are shown in the SETUP entry screen. Use the key operations described above to change an item.

Read below how to make adjustments:

User name/address: see section USER PREFerences.

Date: Use the up/down arrow keys to adjust the date and its

representation MM/DD/YY (Month/Day/Year) or DD/MM/YY (Day/Month/Year). Press ENTER to confirm the selection and Function key F5 – OK to return to the previous menu.

Time: Use the up/down arrow keys to select Hours (24 hour system),

Minutes, Seconds and the left/right arrow keys to adjust each item. Press Function key F5 – OK to confirm.

Config: selection of 4 wiring configurations. Function key F1 – MORE

accesses the next menu with 4 other configurations. Press Function key F5 – OK to confirm and to enter a screen showing how to connect the Analyzer to the power system. When ready press Function key F5 to return to the SETUP entry screen.

Vnom: adjustment of Nominal Voltage. Use the arrow keys to select

100 V, 120 V, 230 V, 400 V or any desired value. Press Function key F5 – OK to confirm.

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Freq: adjustment of Nominal Frequency. Use the up/down arrow keys

to select 60 or 50 Hz. Press Function key F5 – OK to confirm.

Limits: see section Limits Settings.

Clamp, A range, V scale: adjustment of the Analyzer to the

characteristics of current clamps and voltage leads. The default selection is valid for the accessories as supplied with the Analyzer. The supplied voltage leads are 1:1 types; when using attenuating leads or a voltage transformer you must adapt the voltage scale accordingly (e.g. 10:1 for 10 times attenuation). There are separate selection tables for the Phases and Neutral: Function key F3 is used for selection.

F1 – LANGUAGE: use the up/down arrow keys to select the desired

information language. Press Function key F5 – OK to confirm.

F2 – VERSION & CAL: access to a read-only menu showing Model

Number, Serial Number, Calibration Number, Calibration Date, and a survey of installed Options. The submenu under F1 is used to activate options. Chapter 20 Tips and Maintenance explains how to do this.

F3 – FUNCTION PREF.: see section FUNCTION PREFerence.

F4 – USER PREF.: see section USER PREFerence.

F5 – BACK: return to last active measuring mode.

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General Settings18

Below you will find a step-by-step example on how to change wiring configuration to 3phase Wye IT (IT = Interrupted Terra = Interrupted Ground).

SETUP

The active configuration is indicated behind Config. Config is highlighted indicating that this item can be adjusted when you press the ENTER key. The belonging configuration symbol is shown on the right side of the screen.

ENTER

The screen shows 4 wiring configurations; 3phase Wye IT configuration is not among them. Press F1 to access a second screen with 4 other configurations.

The second screen incorporates 3-phase Wye IT (3φ IT) configuration.

Use the arrow keys to highlight 3φ IT. Press F5 to confirm the selection.

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An information screen shows up that informs you on how to connect the Analyzer to the power system under test. When done press F5.

Return to Setup entry screen. The new configuration is indicated behind Config. and the belonging configuration symbol is shown on the right side of the screen.

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Setting up the Analyzer

FUNCTION PREFerences18

FUNCTION PREFerences

To access the FUNCTION PREFerences menus:

SETUPSETUP

2 3

ENTER

F1 F3 F4

11 12 13

FUNCTION PREFerences allows you to customize data presentation of measuring functions. This concerns for instance Offset and Span of Trend and Waveform displays. The table below gives a survey adjustable items for each function. A measuring function stays active while you adjust its settings. This allows you to directly judge the result of the adjustment.

Some items have separate adjustments for Phase and Neutral. Function key F3 is used to switch Phase and Neutral adjustments.

For each measuring function a set of default settings is available giving good data presentation under most circumstances. Press F4 – DEFAULT to restore this set.

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Measuring Function/

Screen Type

1. Scope Waveform Volt, Amp (separate for Phase

2. Volts/Amps/Hertz Trend Volt (Peak), Amp (Peak), CF,

3. Dips & Swells Trend

4. Harmonics Table Harmonics to be displayed, THD,

Trend Harmonics, THD, DC Offset + Span

5. Power & Energy Trend W, VA, VAR, PF, DPF/cosΦ,

Demand Interval, kWh/pulse,

6. Flicker Trend Pst, Plt, Dc, Dmax, Td<%, PF5 Offset + Span Function D-parameter Settings Steady time, Steady Tolerance,

7. Unbalance Trend Unbal V, Unbal A, V, A, Hz, ΦV-V,

8. Transients Waveform V, A (separate for Phase and

Function Trigger conditions V/A level + type of trigger

9. Inrush Trend A, V(separate for Phase and

Function Trigger conditions Current characteristics

10. Monitor Trend Vrms V, A (separate for Phase and

Trend Harmonic Number Offset + Span Flicker Trend Pst, Plt Offset + Span Unbalance Trend Percentage Offset + Span Frequency Trend Hz Offset + Span

Measuring Data to be adjusted Settings Type

Range

and Neutral)

Offset + Span (separate for Phase and Neutral), Hz Volt, Amp (separate for Phase and Neutral)

DC, V, A, W, V&A, %r (of rms) / %f (of fundamental)

Vrms, Arms (separate for Phase and Neutral)

DPF/cos ϕ, FULL/FUNDamental

ΦV-A (separate for Phase and Neutral)

Neutral)

(2 screens)

Offset + Span

Harmonic order

Offset + Span

(2 screens)

To customize measurements

Threshold

Offset + Span (2 screens)

Span

Offset + Span

(2 screens)

Offset + Span

18-8

Available function keys:

F1 - DEMO mode: the input sensitivities are increased to 2 V for use

with a demo generator. The generator is capable to generate 3-phase voltages and currents with various interference types.

F4 - ALL DEFAULT: resets all settings in this menu to factory default.

F5 - BACK: return to SETUP entry menu.

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Setting up the Analyzer

FUNCTION PREFerences18

The example below shows stepwise how to adjust offset and span of a Volts/Amps/Hertz trend after a voltage change has occurred.

Trends are outside their window.

SETUP

Press SETUP to access setup entry screen.

Press function key F3 to access select function screen.

Select Volts/Amps/Hertz with the up/down arrow keys.

ENTER

Press the ENTER key to access trend scaling.

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Use the left/right arrow keys to decrease the Voltage offset.

Use the up/down arrow keys to select Volt span adjustment. Use the left/right arrow keys to increase the Voltage span.

Press function key F5 three times to return to the Volts/Amps/Hertz trend screen with new offset and span. The trends are inside their window now.

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Setting up the Analyzer

USER PREFerences18

USER PREFerences

To access the USER PREFerences menus:

SETUPSETUP

ENTER

F1 F3 F4

6 7 8 9

USER PREFerences allows you to customize Phase Identification and Colors, Printer and RS-232 settings, Auto shut-off, definition of User name/address (as shown in entry screen), and display contrast. Many menus have a function key to reset to factory default settings.

Read below how to make adjustments:

Phase Identification: Use the up/down arrow keys to select A, B, C or

L1, L2, L3. Press Function key F5 – OK to confirm.

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Phase Colors: use the function keys F1 ... F4 to choose colors as used in

the USA, EU, UK, or according to IEC. Or define your own set of colors: use the up/down arrow keys to select a phase and use the left/right arrow keys to select a color. Press function key F5 – OK to confirm.

Printer: Use the arrow keys to select and adjust baudrate for use with a

printer. Use the up/down arrow keys to select the printer type. Press function key F5 – OK to confirm.

RS-232: Use the left/right arrow keys to adjust communication baudrate

(for communication with a PC).

Battery save/Auto-OFF: Use the up/down arrow keys to select the time

after which the Display switches off when no keys are operated.

F1 – FACTORY DEFAULTS: resets all settings in this menu to factory

default.

F2 – USER ID: access to a menu to define 3 lines with user

programmable text (e.g. the owner’s name and address). This text appears in the power-on and SETUP entry screens. Use Function key F3 to insert spaces. Press function key F5 – OK to confirm.

F3 – CONTRAST: Use left/right arrow keys to adjust the display

contrast.

F5 – BACK: return to SETUP entry menu.

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Setting up the Analyzer

Limits Adjustments18

Limits Adjustments

To navigate the Limits Setup menus:

SETUPSETUP

ENTER

0...9 A...Z

F1 F3 F4 F5

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Limits Adjustments is used to save, recall, and define sets of limits for:

• Power Quality Monitoring.

• Dips/Interruptions/Rapid Voltage Changes/Swells.

Read below how to do this:

Adjust Monitor Limits is the entry menu. It shows the main settings of

the active set of limits: name, creation date, and a summary of limits data. If required, use the arrow keys to define a name for a set of limits that you want to save.

Recall Monitor Limits menu is used to recall a set of power quality

limits. A maximum of six sets can be recalled:

- Default 1 and 2 are factory installed read-only sets: one of them is the set of limits according to the EN50160 standard.

- Admin 1 and 2 are sets definable by an administrator by means of PCsoftware: for the user these sets are read-only.

- User 1 and 2 can be defined and saved by the user. Use the up/down arrow keys to select a set of limits you want to recall. Then press Function key F5 to recall and to use them. Press Function key F1 to leave the menu without further actions.

Edit Monitor Limits menu is used to modify limits. Setups are grouped

per power quality item in separate submenus for voltage, harmonics, flicker, etc. Use the up/down arrow keys to select an item to be adjusted. Then press the ENTER key F5 to enter the adjustment submenu. All adjustment items are listed in the table below.

Use the arrow keys to select and edit limits.

Press Function key F5 to confirm selections and return to the Edit Limits menu. Use Function keys F1 – PREVious or F2 – NEXT to move directly to an adjacent submenu. When ready with editing the limits, Press Function key F5 – OK twice to return to the Adjust Monitor Limits menu. Arrow keys can be used here to define a name for the new set of limits. Then press Function key F2 – SAVE to enter the Save Monitor Limits menu.

Save Monitor Limits menu is used to save sets of limits in User 1 or 2.

Use the up/down arrow keys to select User 1 or User 2. When available save the set of limits in an empty location; saving into a location already filled will overwrite the existing set. Press Function key F5 – SAVE to do the save action. Press F1 – CANCEL to return to the Adjust Monitor Limits menu without saving limits. In this menu you can also define a name for a set of limits to be saved.

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Setting up the Analyzer

View Monitor Limits menu. This menu has the same structure as the

Limits Adjustments18

Edit Monitor Limits menu and can be used to view limits without the risk of changing them.

Press Function key F5 – BACK to return to the SETUP entry menu.

Setup of Monitor Limits, a survey of adjustments.

Limits Adjustments

Voltage 2 Probability percentages (100 % and adjustable):

each with adjustable upper and lower limit.

Harmonics For each harmonic 2 Probability percentages (100

% and adjustable): each with adjustable upper limit.

Flicker Weighing curve (lamp type). 2 Probability

percentages (100 % and adjustable): adjustable percentage with adjustable upper limit.

Dips (*) Reference voltage (Nominal or Sliding). Threshold,

hysteresis, allowed number of dips/week.

Swells (*) Reference voltage (Nominal or Sliding). Threshold,

hysteresis, allowed number of swells/week.

Interruptions (*) Threshold, hysteresis, allowed number of

interruptions/week. Reference voltage is Nominal.

Rapid Voltage Changes (*) Voltage tolerance, Steady time, Minimum step,

Minimum rate (V/s), allowed number of events/week.

Unbalance For each harmonic 2 Probability percentages (100

% and adjustable): adjustable percentage with adjustable upper limit.

Frequency 2 Probability percentages (100 % and adjustable):

each with adjustable upper and lower limit.

(*): setups that are also valid for measuring mode Dips & Swells. Events per week is used for Monitor only.

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Introduction

This chapter explains how to save screens and data into the Analyzer’s memory and how to view, rename and delete them.

The second part of the chapter explains how to setup the Analyzer for communication with a PC, laptop, and printer.

Note: the Analyzer also has memories to store setups. How to change, save, and recall setups is explained in Chapter 17 Setup.

Using memory

The Analyzer has two ways of storing measuring results into memory:

1. A copy of the current screen can be stored. A maximum of 50 screenshots can be

saved in Fluke 434 and 25 in Fluke 433. Symbol for screenshots:

Chapter 19

Using Memory, Printer, and PC

2. The complete dataset belonging to the current measurement can be saved. A dataset

includes all data belonging to the measurement. This allows you to view and analyze all screens belonging to the measurement, and to use Cursor and Zoom. A maximum of 10 datasets can be saved in Fluke 434 and 5 in Fluke 433. Symbol for datasets:

Making a Screenshot

SAVE

SCREEN

Making a screenshot is a quick and easy way to store measuring results. However post processing is not possible. A screenshot is saved each time you press this button. A screenshot is saved as a file with date and time when saved. This occurs via a menu to define a name for the file to be saved.

Name definition is done with the arrow keys: the up/down keys for character selection and the left/right keys for character position. Spaces are inserted with Function key F3. How to recall, print, and delete screenshots and how to rename them is explained in the next section ‘Memory Operations’.

Press this key to make a screenshot.

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Memory Operations

The MEMORY button accesses menus to save, recall, view, delete and print datasets and screenshots. When you press the MEMORY button, the current measurement screen is frozen.

MEMORY

Available function keys (in the sequence they are normally used):

SAVE. All data belonging to the measurement is saved in memory. This occurs via a menu to define a name for the file to be saved. Name definition is done with the arrow keys: the up/down keys for character selection and the left/right keys for character position. Spaces are inserted with Function key F3. Date and time of the save action are derived from Analyzer’s real time clock.

PRINT. Press to print the current screen. Section ‘Using Printer and PC’ explains the Analyzer setup.

BACK. Press to resume the measurement.

RECALL / DELETE. Accesses the submenu to view, delete, rename files and to use datasets. The submenu is shown in the figure below: it lists all screen shots and data sets in the sequence of date and time. The type column indicates screen shots with a small symbol ( )and datasets with a larger symbol ( ). You can use the up/down arrow keys to highlight a particular to be viewed.

Recalling and deleting Screenshots and Datasets:

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Using Memory, Printer, and PC

Use of Printer and PC19

Available function keys for recall and delete:

Return to main menu.

Access to the menu where you can view the highlighted screen shots and data sets. Use the Function keys PREVious or NEXT to view other files. Files are grouped in sequence of date and time. For data sets the entry screen is shown. Complete data within a data set becomes available for investigation after you have pressed USE.

To delete the file highlighted with the up/down arrow keys.

To rename the file highlighted with the up/down arrow keys. Renaming occurs via a menu to define a new name. Name definition is done with the arrow keys: the up/down keys for character selection and the left/right keys for character position. Spaces are inserted with Function key F3. The selection is confirmed with Function key F5.

Is only available for datasets to view their complete contents.

Use of Printer and PC

The Analyzer is equipped with an optical RS-232 interface for communication with a PC or printer. To make the connection with the USB port of modern PC’s an optical interface cable model OC4USB is supplied with Fluke 434. With the FlukeView software as supplied with Fluke 434 you can upload waveform data and screenshots in bitmap format to your PC or laptop. The information supplied with FlukeView software informs you about its features. The interface connection is located at the right Analyzer side and attainable if the tilt stand is folded out. For Fluke 433 the interface cable and FlukeView software can be ordered as an option.

Figure 19-1. Location of optical interface

When started, FlukeView software scans the PC ports to find the connected Analyzer. It is not necessary to adjust baudrate of PC and Analyzer.

For other applications communication baudrate can be adjusted as follows: press the SETUP key, then Function key F4 – USER PREFerence, and then select RS-232 using

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the up/down arrow keys and ENTER. Then adjust the baudrate with the left/right arrow keys and leave the menu with F5 - BACK. Baudrate and COM port number in FlukeView must be adjusted correctly.

F 2

F 4

Figure 19-2. Analyzer and laptop PC

For correct communication with a printer it is necessary that baudrate and printer type of Analyzer match with the hard copy device. The Analyzer baudrate and printer type are adjustable as follows: press the SETUP key, then Function key F4 – USER PREFerence, and then select Printer using the up/down arrow keys and ENTER. Then adjust the baudrate with the left/right arrow keys, adjust the printer type with the up/down arrow keys and confirm with ENTER. Leave the menu with F5 - BACK.

The figure below shows a typical setup with printer DPU-414 and printer adapter cable PAC91. This setup requires an Analyzer baudrate of 9600 baud.

Figure 19-3. Analyzer, printer DPU-414, and printer adapter cable PAC91

Note

The Analyzer is adjustable to different baudrates for PC and printer.

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Tips and Maintenance

Introduction

This chapter covers basic maintenance procedures that can be performed by the user. For complete service, disassembly, repair, and calibration information, see the Service Manual. You will find the part number of the Service Manual in section ‘Parts and Accessories’ in this chapter.

Cleaning the Analyzer and its Accessories

Clean the Analyzer and accessories with a damp cloth and a mild soap. Do not use abrasives, solvents, or alcohol. These may damage the text.

Additional to this it is recommended to open the jaws of the Current Clamp and to wipe the magnetic pole pieces with a lightly oiled cloth. This in order to avoid rust or corrosion to form on the magnetic poles.

Chapter 20

Storing the Analyzer

Before storing the Analyzer for an extended period of time, fully charge the NiMH battery.

Keeping the Battery in Good Condition

When the Analyzer is powered by the battery, the battery condition symbol in the screen header informs you about the charge condition. This symbol ranges from fully charged to empty:

To keep the battery in optimal condition, you must let it discharge fully and then charge it. A full charge takes 4 hours with the Analyzer turned off. Repeat this at least twice a year.

Installation of Options in Fluke 433

The Advanced Functions Interharmonics, Transients, Energy Usage, Inrush Currents, and extra memory as available in Fluke 434, can be activated in an existing Fluke 433. Activation can be done by the user done via a pin-code that is unique for the serial number of your Analyzer. The code is supplied by Fluke. Contact your Fluke sales representative for details on how to obtain your pin-code.

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Proceed as follows to activate the Advanced Functions:

• Press the SETUP key to enter the SETUP entry menu.

• Press Function key F2 to enter the VERSION & CALIBRATION menu. This read-

only menu indicates the options already activated. Also the date of the last instrument calibration is indicated in the menu.

• Press Function key F1 to enter the INSTALL OPTION menu.

• Enter the pin-code with the arrow keys: use left/right keys to select the position and

the up/down keys to define the number.

• Press ENTER to confirm the selection and to activate the option. The menu now will

show INSTALLED behind the option just activated.

For your Fluke 433 you can also order an Upgrade Kit. The kit includes access to install the Advanced Functions and also FlukeView software and an optical interface cable.

Note:

The VERSION & CALIBRATION menu indicates the last calibration date. For this Analyzer a calibration interval of 1 year is recommended. Contact your authorized Fluke Service Center if the calibration interval has been expired.

Parts and Accessories

Standard Accessories.

The following tables list the user-replaceable parts. For additional optional accessories, see the ScopeMeter Accessories brochure.To order replacement parts or additional accessories, contact your nearest Fluke Service Center.

Item Ordering Code

Battery Charger / Power Adapter BC430

Test Lead Set 2.5 m incl. Alligator Clips (5 pieces). TLS430

AC Current Clamp Set (4 pieces): 400 A (1 mV/A) and 40 A (10 mV/A) switcheable.

Set with Color Coding Clips for Test Leads 0040 244 00071

Decal Set for Input Sockets, Colored 0040 241 00411

Decal Set for Input Sockets, Black & White 0040 241 00401

Optical Cable for USB OC4USB

Hard Case C430

Hang Strap 946769

i400s

20-2

CD-ROM with Users Manuals and Getting Started Manuals (multi-language) 0040 247 00021

Getting Started Manual (printed versions):

- English, French, Spanish, Portuguese

- English

- English, French, German, Spanish, Italian

- English, Russian, Japanese, Chinese, Korean

4822 872 30755 4822 872 30756 4822 872 30757 4822 872 30758

Fluke 433, 434 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Table of Contents

General Aspects

Shipment Note

Safety Information: Read First

About This Manual

Features Of Fluke 433/434

• Menu navigation

Display Information

Input Connections

Scope Waveform and Phasor

Volts/Amps/Hertz

Dips & Swells

Harmonics

Power & Energy

Flicker

Unbalance

Transients

Inrush Currents

Power Quality Monitoring

Cursor and Zoom

Setting up the Analyzer

Using Memory, Printer, and PC

Tips and Maintenance