Elenco Motion Detector Kit User Manual

MOTION DETECTOR KIT

MODEL AK-510

Copyright © 2013, 1994 by ELENCO®Electronics, Inc. All rights reserved. Revised 2011 REV-P 753010

No part of this book shall be reproduced by any means; electronic, photocopying, or otherwise without written permission from the publisher.

ELENCO

®

Assembly and Instruction Manual

PARTS LIST

If you are a student, and any parts are missing or damaged, please see instructor or bookstore.
If you purchased this kit from a distributor, catalog, etc., please contact ELENCO®(address/phone/e-mail is at
the back of this manual) for additional assistance, if needed. DO NOT contact your place of purchase as they
will not be able to help you.

RESISTORS

Qty. Symbol Description Color Code Part #

! 1 R16 300Ω 5% 1/4W orange-black-brown-gold 133000
! 1 R15 5.6kΩ 5% 1/4W green-blue-red-gold 145600
! 1 R5 39kΩ 5% 1/4W orange-white-orange-gold 153900
! 4 R1, 2, 8, 9 47kΩ 5% 1/4W yellow-violet-orange-gold 154700
! 1 R3 75kΩ 5% 1/4W violet-green-orange-gold 157500
! 1 R6 120kΩ 5% 1/4W brown-red-yellow-gold 161200
! 1 R14 270kΩ 5% 1/4W red-violet-yellow-gold 162700
! 2 R11, R12 300kΩ 5% 1/4W orange-black-yellow-gold 163000
! 1 R13 470kΩ 5% 1/4W yellow-violet-yellow-gold 164700
! 1 R10 510kΩ 5% 1/4W green-brown-yellow-gold 165100
! 1 R7 1.2MΩ 5% 1/4W brown-red-green-gold 171200
! 1 R4 1.6MΩ 5% 1/4W brown-blue-green-gold 171600

CAPACITORS

Qty. Symbol Value Description Part #

! 1 C8 470pF (471) Discap 224717
! 1 C9 .01µF (103) Discap 241031
! 2 C2, C3 10µF 25V Electrolytic (lytic) 271045
! 2 C4, C5 22µF 25V Electrolytic (lytic) 272245
! 2 C1, C6 100µF 16V Electrolytic (lytic) 281044

SEMICONDUCTORS

Qty. Symbol Value Description Part #

! 1 D1 1N4148 Diode 314148
! 1 Q1 MPSA18 Transistor NPN 320018
! 1 IC1 LM324 Integrated circuit 330324
! 1 IC2 HT2812G Integrated circuit 332812
! 1 IC3 78L05 Integrated circuit 338L05
! 1 S1 LHI-954 / KDS245 Infrared detector 350954

MISCELLANEOUS

Qty. Description Part #

! 1 PC board 517019
! 1 Speaker w/ wires 520813
! 1 Switch key 540105
! 1 SW1 - slide switch 541007
! 1 Battery snap 590098
! 1 Front cover 623104
! 1 Back cover 623202
! 1 Mounting bracket 626004

Qty. Description Part #

! 1 Battery cover 626005
! 2 Screw #4 x 1/4” 642430
! 2 Screw #4 x 5/8” 643450
! 2 Washer #4 (fiber) 645404
! 1 Socket IC 8-Pin 664008
! 1 Socket IC 14-Pin 664014
! 1 Solder lead-free 9LF99

Note:

The text printed on
the LHI-954 Infrared
Detector is the date code.

Resistor Battery Snap

Capacitor

PARTS

IDENTIFICATION

Electrolytic

Transistor

Integrated Circuit

Discap

Diode

Infrared Detector

Integrated

Circuit

Socket

Speaker

Switch

-1-

-2-

Warning:

If the capacitor is
connected with
incorrect polarity, it
may heat up and
either leak, or
cause the capacitor
to explode.

IDENTIFYING RESISTOR VALUES

Use the following information as a guide in properly identifying the value of resistors.

BANDS

METRIC UNITS AND CONVERSIONS

Abbreviation Means Multiply Unit By Or

p Pico .000000000001 10

-12

n nano .000000001 10

-9

µ micro .000001 10

-6

m milli .001 10

-3

– unit 1 10

0

k kilo 1,000 10

3

M mega 1,000,000 10

6

1. 1,000 pico units = 1 nano unit

2. 1,000 nano units = 1 micro unit

3. 1,000 micro units = 1 milli unit

4. 1,000 milli units = 1 unit

5. 1,000 units = 1 kilo unit

6. 1,000 kilo units = 1 mega unit

IDENTIFYING CAPACITOR VALUES

Capacitors will be identified by their capacitance value in pF (picofarads), nF (nanofarads), or µF (microfarads).
Most capacitors will have their actual value printed on them. Some capacitors may have their value printed in
the following manner. The maximum operating voltage may also be printed on the capacitor.

Electrolytic capacitors have a positive
and a negative electrode. The
negative lead is indicated on the
packaging by a stripe with minus
signs and possibly arrowheads. Also,
the negative lead of a radial
electrolytic is shorter than the positive
one.

Polarity
marking

BAND 1

1st Digit

Color Digit

Black 0
Brown

1

Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9

BAND 2

2nd Digit

Color Digit

Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9

Multiplier

Color Multiplier

Black 1
Brown 10
Red 100
Orange 1,000
Yellow 10,000
Green 100,000
Blue 1,000,000
Silver 0.01
Gold 0.1

Resistance

Tole r ance

Color Toler ance

Silver ±10%
Gold ±5%
Brown ±1%
Red ±2%
Orange ±3%
Green ±0.5%
Blue ±0.25%
Violet ±0.1%

1

2 Multiplier Tolerance

Multiplier

For the No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 9

Multiply By 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k .01 0.1

(+)

(–)

(+)

(–)

Axial

Radial

Second digit

First digit

Multiplier

Tolerance*

Note: The letter “R” may be used at times
to signify a decimal point; as in 3R3 = 3.3

The letter M indicates a tolerance of +20%
The letter K indicates a tolerance of +10%
The letter J indicates a tolerance of +5%

Maximum working voltage

(may or may not appear
on the cap)

The value is 10 x 10 =
100pF, +10%, 50V

*

CERAMIC DISC MYLAR

First digit

Second digit

Multiplier

Tolerance*

2A222J

100V

The value is 22 x 100 =
2,200pF or .0022µF, +5%, 100V

101K

50V

-3-

CONSTRUCTION

Solder

Soldering Iron

Foil

Solder

Soldering Iron

Foil

Component Lead

Soldering Iron

Circuit Board

Foil

Rosin

Soldering iron positioned
incorrectly.

Solder

Gap

Component Lead

Solder

Soldering Iron

Drag

Foil

1. Solder all components from the
copper foil side only. Push the
soldering iron tip against both the
lead and the circuit board foil.

2. Apply a small amount of solder to
the iron tip. This allows the heat
to leave the iron and onto the foil.
Immediately apply solder to the
opposite side of the connection,
away from the iron. Allow the
heated component and the circuit
foil to melt the solder.

1. Insufficient heat - the solder will

not flow onto the lead as shown.

3. Allow the solder to flow around
the connection. Then, remove
the solder and the iron and let the
connection cool. The solder
should have flowed smoothly and
not lump around the wire lead.

4.

Here is what a good solder
connection looks like.

2. Insufficient solder - let the

solder flow over the connection
until it is covered.
Use just enough solder to cover
the connection.

3. Excessive solder - could make

connections that you did not
intend to between adjacent foil
areas or terminals.

4. Solder bridges - occur when

solder runs between circuit paths
and creates a short circuit. This is
usually caused by using too
much solder.
To correct this, simply drag your
soldering iron across the solder
bridge as shown.

What Good Soldering Looks Like

A good solder connection should be bright, shiny, smooth, and uniformly
flowed over all surfaces.

Types of Poor Soldering Connections

Introduction

The most important factor in assembling your AK-510 Motion Detector
Kit is good soldering techniques. Using the proper soldering iron is of
prime importance. A small pencil type soldering iron of 25 watts is
recommended. The tip of the iron must be kept clean at all times

and well-tinned.

Solder

For many years leaded solder was the most common type of solder
used by the electronics industry, but it is now being replaced by lead­free solder for health reasons. This kit contains lead-free solder, which
contains 99.3% tin, 0.7% copper, and has a rosin-flux core.

Lead-free solder is different from lead solder: It has a higher melting
point than lead solder, so you need higher temperature for the solder to
flow properly. Recommended tip temperature is approximately 700OF;
higher temperatures improve solder flow but accelerate tip decay. An
increase in soldering time may be required to achieve good results.
Soldering iron tips wear out faster since lead-free solders are more
corrosive and the higher soldering temperatures accelerate corrosion,
so proper tip care is important. The solder joint finish will look slightly
duller with lead-free solders.

Use these procedures to increase the life of your soldering iron tip when
using lead-free solder:

● Keep the iron tinned at all times.

● Use the correct tip size for best heat transfer. The conical tip is the

most commonly used.

● Turn off iron when not in use or reduce temperature setting when
using a soldering station.

●

Tips should be cleaned frequently to remove oxidation before it becomes
impossible to remove. Use Dry Tip Cleaner (Elenco®#SH-1025) or Tip
Cleaner (Elenco®#TTC1). If you use a sponge to clean your tip, then use
distilled water (tap water has impurities that accelerate corrosion).

Safety Procedures

● Always wear safety glasses or safety goggles to
protect your eyes when working with tools or
soldering iron, and during all phases of testing.

● Be sure there is adequate ventilation when soldering.

●

Locate soldering iron in an area where you do not have to go around
it or reach over it. Keep it in a safe area away from the reach of
children.

● Do not hold solder in your mouth. Solder is a toxic substance.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling solder.

Assemble Components

In all of the following assembly steps, the components must be installed
on the top side of the PC board unless otherwise indicated. The top
legend shows where each component goes. The leads pass through the
corresponding holes in the board and are soldered on the foil side.

Use only rosin core solder.

DO NOT USE ACID CORE SOLDER!

INTRODUCTION

The AK-510 is an infrared motion detector kit. The objective of the kit is to teach the operations of the four
sections that make up the kit. The four sections are shown in the block diagram below.

There are many applications for the use of the detector. The most common is in the alarm system industry.
Some of the new applications are automatic door openers, light switches in hallways, stairways and areas that
increase safety for the public. Further applications can be seen in automatic production lines, switching of
sanitary facilities, monitors and intercoms. With the ease of installation and the low suspectibility to interference
from other forms of radiation, such as heaters or windows, the IR detectors are ideal devices.

POWER SUPPLY (see page 16)

A 9 volt battery is used to supply the DC voltage to
the circuit. The battery voltage must be regulated
(held as close as possible) to 5 volts. This is done by
circuits called voltage regulators.

In order to see how this is accomplished, let’s
consider the analogy of a water tower. Voltage in
electronics can be compared to water pressure in
a water system. When water is pumped into a
water tower, the pressure at the bottom of the
tower can be quite high. In order to keep a
constant pressure in the water pipes that go to the
houses, the pressure must be lowered and held
constant.

Consider the system shown in Figure 1. As people
draw water into their homes, the pressure on the
low pressure side of the valve drops. The spring
pulls the valve arm inside the pipe up along
opening the valve and allowing more water into
the pipe. As the pressure on the low pressure side
increases, it pushes the valve arm inside the pipe
down closing the valve and stretching the spring.
By increasing the spring pressure on the arm, the
pressure on the low side will have to increase to
close the valve. The force or pressure of the
spring, therefore sets the value of the pressure on
the low pressure side of the system. The force of
the spring is called the reference pressure.

Voltage in electronics is the analogy to pressure in water pipes. A voltage greater than 7V is applied to the
input of high voltage side of the regulator. A fixed reference voltage inside the regulator will set the low voltage
output at 5 volts +5%. This is accomplished in a manner very similar to our water tower analogy. The output
voltage is filtered or made smooth (no ripples) by capacitor C6 (100µF).

POWER
SUPPLY

TONE

GENERATOR

INFRARED

DETECTOR

OPERATIONAL

AMPLIFIERS

FILTERS

-4-

Figure 1

INFRARED DETECTOR

Infrared light was first discovered back in 1801 by W.
Herschel. Infrared is a form of radiated energy in
which the wavelength is longer than the wavelength
of visible light. A wavelength can best be understood
by the physical analogy shown in Figure 2.

If you were standing at the beach watching the
waves come in to shore, you would be able to see
the peaks of each wave as they approached. If you
could measure the distance from one peak to the
next, you would know the “Wavelength” of those
waves. We will use the eleventh letter of the Greek
alphabet “λ” (lambda) to represent the distance
between valleys to determine the length of the wave
(see Figure 2). A wavelength can be defined as the
distance between any two exactly equal points on
identically repeating waves.

What would happen if we reduced the distance
between the peaks to 1/2 the original distance.
Would it not be true, the peaks would strike the
shore twice as often as before? The frequency of
the peaks reaching the shore would be twice that of
the longer wave. For people who like big words, we
would say “Frequency is inversely proportional to
the wavelength”. In simple words, “If the wavelength
goes up, the frequency goes down and if the
wavelength goes down, the frequency goes up”.
The mathematics of waves applies also to the
radiation of light. It is common practice, therefore,
to talk about light as lightwaves. The wavelength of
infrared light ranges from 0.78 micrometers (µm) to
100 (µm). A micrometer is one millionth of a meter.

Infrared can be thought of as heat radiation
because the radiant energy is transformed into heat

when it strikes a solid surface. All solid bodies at a
temperature above absolute zero emit thermal
radiation. As a body’s temperature rises, the shorter
the resulting wavelengths become. The human
body’s maximum thermal radiation is between 9µm
and 10µm in the infrared stage. Motion can be
detected by special elements which are highly
sensitive in the infrared range. Such devices are
called Pyroelectric Infrared Detectors.

PYROELECTRIC EFFECT

When certain materials change temperature, they
produce electricity. A Pyroelectric crystal is an
example of such a material. If a Pyroelectric crystal
has been at the same temperature for a period of
time, there will be no voltage across it’s electrodes.
When the crystal temperature changes, a voltage is
produced at the electrodes of the crystal element.
This type of crystal is used in this motion detector kit
inside the infrared (IR) detector.

INTERNAL DESIGN

The IR detector contains two crystals connected
with each other in opposite polarity and with a 1
millimeter (mm) optical spacing. These two crystals
are located behind an optical filter or lens (see
Figure 3). The output power of the crystals is very
low. A special device called the Field Effect
Transistor (FET) is used to increase the power
output. The FET can be compared to water pipes as
shown in Figure 4. The center of a small section of
pipe is made of thin, flexible rubber surrounded by
water from a third pipe called the gate. When
pressure (voltage) is applied to the gate, the rubber
tube closes and pinches off the flow of water
(current) from source to drain. In a similar manner,
as infrared radiation is detected, the crystals
produce a voltage at the gate

of the FET.

-5-

Figure 3

Figure 2

Infrared RaysOptical Filter

Gate

Drain

Source
Resistor
Ground

Crystals

Dual Element Detector Scheme