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MX-909 500 in 1
Book #1
HARDWARE- Entry Course
CONTENTS
1. LIGHT –CONTROLLED BIRD 18
2. A TRANSISTOR RADIO 19
3. SOUND SCOOPER 20
4. AMERICAN PATROL CAR SEREN 21
5. DIGITAL ROULETTE 22
6. IC ORGAN 22
2) Back to the Basics
7. LIGHT TELEGRAPH 23
8. INTRODUCING THE RESISTOR 23
9. PARALLEL RESISTOR 24
10. MEET THE DIODE 24
11. THE LED - A SPECIAL DIODE 25
12. THE ELECTRONIC GAS TANK 25
13. CAPACITORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL 26
14. MEET THE TRANSISTOR 27
14. MEETTHE TRANSISTOR 27
15. TRANSISTORS AS SWITCHES 28
16. PNP TRANSISTOR SWITCH 28
17. NPN TRANSISTOR SWITCH 29
18. DELAYLIGHT 29
19. NIGHT LIGHT 30
20. ELECTRONIC TIMER 30
21. CAPITAL LETTER DISPLAY 31
22. SMALL LETTER DISPLAY 31
23. NUMBER DISPLAY 32
3) Electronic Building Blocks
24. AN INVERTER CIRCUIT 32
25. MEET THE OR GATE 33
26. INTRODUCING THE AND GATE 33
27. USING THE NOR GATE 34
28. MEET THE NAND GATE 34
29. HOWAMULTIVIBRATORWORKS 35
30. A “ONE SHOT” MULTIVIBRATOR 35
31. AN R-S FLIP -FLOP 36
32. MEET~HEOSCILLATOR 36
33. CHANGING OSCILLATION WITH CAPACITOR 37
34. CHANGING OSCILLATION WITH FOREIGN SUBSTANCE 37
35. MORE ABOUT OSCILLATOR 38
36. A PUSH-PULL OSCILLATOR 38
37. LOW DISTORTION SINEWAVE OSCILLATOR 39
4) Putting Electronics to Work
38. STROBE LIGHT
39. CdS-CONTROLLED OSCLLATOR 40
40. FREQUENCY SHIFT CSCIL.LATOR 40
41. ELECTRONIC GRANDFATHER CLOCK 41
42. ELECTRONIC METRONOME 41
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43. MOTION DETECTOR 42
44. DOOR ALARM 42
45. RAPID LED DISPLAY SWITCING 43
46 CODE PRACTICE 43
47. TWIN-T AUDIO OSCILLATOR 44
48 CURRENT SWITCH 44
49. SHOT IN THE DARK 45
50. VARIABLE OSCILLATOR 45
51. TWO-TONE BUZZER 46
52. SAWTOOTH WAVE OSCILLATOR 46
53. ASTABLE MULTIVIBPATOR 47
54. MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 47
55. CODE PRACTICE UNIT 48
56. THE NOISY LIGHT 48
57. HEARING AID AMPL’FIER 49
58. LIGHT/SOUND CODE PRACTICE UNIT 49
59. LIGHT CONTROLLED BURGLAR ALARM 50
60. DC-DC CONVERTER 50
61. COUNT DOWN TIMER 51
5) Radio Circuit
62. “CRYSTAL SET” RADIO 51
63. “FUNNY TRANSISTOR” RADIO 52
64. WIRELESS CODE TRANSMITTER 52
65. REMOTE WATER LEVEL DETECTOR 53
66. IC RADIO 53
6) Sonic Zoo and Sound Factory
67. TWO-TONE PATROL CAR SIREN 54
68. PLANT GROWTH STIMULATER 54
69. ELECTRONIC WOODPECKER 55
70. FISH CALLER 55
71. ELECTRONIC RAINDROPS 56
72. PENCIL LEAD ORGAN 56
73. ELECTRONIC MOTORCYCLE 57
74. MACHINE GUN PULSE DETECTOR 57
75. ELECTRONIC SIREN 58
76. CHIRPING BIRD 58
77. ELECTRONIC CAT 59
78. ELECTRONIC BIRD 59
79. “HORROR MOVIE” SOUND EFFECT 60
80. ELECTRONIC ORGAN 60
81. SOUNDMACHINEI 61
82. SOUND MACHINE II 61
7) Electronic Decision-Makers
83. MAJORITY LOGIC GATE 62
84. ELECTRONIC COIN TOSS 62
85. ELECTRONIC COIN TOSS II 63
86. ELECTRONIC COIN TOSS III 63
87. EVEN OR ODD 64
88. QUICKDRAWGAME 64
89. CLOSE-IN 65
90. ESP TESTER 65
91. THELIGHTFANTASTIC 66
92. SHOOTING GAME 66
93. MARCHING LEDS 67
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94. ELECTRONIC DICE 68
95. ELECTRONIC ROULETTE 68
8) Operational Amplifier IC Can Do Many Things
96. MEET THE VCO 69
97. SILICON DIODE SOLAR CELL 69
98. INTEGRATING CIRCUIT 70
99. ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING OP AMPLIFIER 70
100. PULSE GENERATOR 71
101. COMPARATOR 71
102. EXPERIMENT OF COMPARATOR 72
103. COMPARATOR WITH HYSTERESIS 72
104. CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE BY OP AMPLIFIER 73
105. NON-INVERTING ADDER 73
106. SCHMITT TRIGGER CIRCUIT 74
107. DELAYEDTIMER 74
108. PULSE FREQUENCY DOUBLER 75
109. PITCH DOUBLING CIRCUIT 75
110. PITCH DOUBLING CIRCUIT II 76
111. TOUCH SWITCH USING OP AMPLIFIER 76
112. EARLY BIRD 77
113. DC-DC CONVERTER BY OP AMPLIFIER 77
114. INVERTING AMPLIFIER 78
115. NON-INVERTINGAMPLIFIE 78
116. DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER 79
117. DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT AMPLIFIER 79
118. POWER AMPLIFIER USING OP AMPLIFIER 80
119. BALANCEDTRANSFORMERLESSAMPLIFIER 80
120. THREE-STAGE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER 81
121. VCO USING OP AMPLIFIER 70
9) Introducing the Power Amplifier IC
122. IC POWER AMPLIFIER 82
123 IC POWER AMPLIFIER II 82
124. OSCILLATOR USING POWER AMPLIFIER IC 83
125. CdS CONTROLLED IC OSCILLATOR 83
10) A Trip to Digital Land
126. SWIITCHING CIRCUIT 84.
127. RTLINVERTER 84
128. RTL BUFFER 85
129. RTL OR GATE 85
130. RTL AND GATE 86
131. TRANSISTOR OR GATE 86
132. TRANSISTOR AND GATE 87
133. TRANSISTOR XOR GATE 87
134. SPECIAL NAND GATE 88
135 DTL OR GATE 88
136. DTL AND GATE 89
137 DTL NOR GATE 89
138 DTL NAND GATE 90
139 DTL EXCLUSIVE OR GATE 90
140. C-MOS INVERTER 91
141. C-MOS BUFFER 91
142. C-MOS OR GATE 92
143. C-MOS AND GATE 92
144. C-MOS3-INPUTANDGATE 93
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145. C-MOSNORGATE 93
146. C-MOS 4-INPUT NOR GATE 94
147. C-MOS 4-INPUT NOR GATE II 94
148. DEMORGANSTHEOREM 95
149. EXPERIMENT OF THRESHOLD VOLTAGE 95
150. NAND/NOR AND TRANSISTOR SWITCH 96
11) More Adventures in Digital Land
151. C-MOS XOR GATE 96
152. C-MOS NAND ENABLE CIRCUIT 97
153. C-MOS AND ENABLE CIRCUIT 97
154. C-MOS OR ENABLE CIRCUIT 98
155. A ONE -SHOT NAND GATE 98
156. C-MOS LINE SELECTOR 99
157. C-MOS DATA SELECTOR 99
158. C-MOS R-S FLIP FLOP 100
159. C~MOS R-S FLIP -FLOP II 100
160. SET/RESET BUZZER 101
161. SET/RESET BUZZERII 101
162. SET/RESET BUZZER III 102
163. TRANSISTORIZED TOGGLE FLIP -FLOP 102
164. NAND TOGGLE FLIP -FLOP 103
165. J-K TOGGLE FLIP -FLOP 103
166. C-MOS ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 104
167. C-MOS J-K FLIP -FLOP 104
168. C-MOS D FLIP -FLOP 105
169. C-MOS D FLIP FLOP II 105
170. R-S-T FLIP FLOP 106
171. T TYPE FLIP -FLOP 106
172. C-MOS LATCH 107
173. SHIFT REGISTER 107
174. TOUCH SWITCH USING NAND GATE 108
175. HALF ADDER 108
176. U-LATCH 109
177. 2-LINE TO 4-LINE DECODED 109
178. MULTIPLIER 110
179. DUAL 2-INPUT MULTIPLEXER 110
180. TWO-STAGE FREQUENCY DIVIDER 111
12) Circuits That Counts
181. BASIC COUNTER 112
182. SYNCHRONOUS COUNTER 112
183. ASYCHRONCUS COUNTER 113
184. COUNTER WITH LINE DECODER 113
185.. DIVIDE BY 4 COUNTER 114
186. DIVIDE BY 4 COUNTER WITH LINE DECODER 114
187. HOW A DECODER WORKS 115
188. MULPLE COUNTER 115
189. BINARY COUNTER WITH DISPLAY 116
190. DIVIDE BY 3 COUNTER WITH DISPLAY 116
190. DIVIDE BY 4 COUNTER WITH DISPLAY 117
192 UP/DOWNCOUNTER 117
193. DOWN COUNTER 118
194. DECADE DOWN COUNTER 118
195. DECADE DOWN COUNTER WITH DISPLAY 119
196. PRESETTABLE COUNTER 119
197. HEXADECIMAL COUNTER 120
198. OCTAL COUNTER 120
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199. RANDOM ACCESS DISPLAY 121
200. DECADE COUNTER 121
201. BCD COUNTER WITH DISPLAY 122
202. OCTAL COUNTER WITH LINE DECODER 122
203. OCTAL COUNTER WITH DISPLAY 123
204. DECADE COUNTER WITH DISPLAY 123
205. DECADE COUNTER WITH DISPLAY II 124
206. BCD TO 7-SEGMENT DECODER 124
13) Amusement in Digital Land
207. VCO BY NOR GATE 125
208. PULSE-DELAYED CIRCUIT 125
209. NAND GATET ONE GENERATQR 126
210. TRANSISTOR TIMER 126
211. NOISE-SIGNAL DISCRIMINATOR 127
212. PULSE STRETCHER 127
213. BIDIRECTIONAL BUFFER 128
214. VARIOUS INVERTERS 128
215. ELECTRONIC SWITCH 129
216. TONE BURST GENERATOR 129
217. DIGITALTIMER 130
218. DIGITAL TIMER II 130
219. TEN COUNT BUZZER 131
220. PRESS FIRST 131
221. TARGETRANGE 132
222. CATCH THE EIGHT 132
223. SOS ALERT 133
224. WHEEL OF FORTUNE 133
225. LEAPIN LEDS 134
14) Surprise and Fun Revisited
226. EXPERIMENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 134
227. ELECTRONIC CANDLE 135
228. CONSTANT CURRENT CIRCUIT 125
229. A PHONY COUNTER 136
230. ALPHABET FLASHER 136
231. WINKING LEDS 137
233. DELAYED TIMER II 137
234. VOICE LEVEL METER 138
225 CROSSING SIGNAL 139
236 OCTAVE GENERATOR 139
237. BUZZIN LED 140
238. SON OF BUZZIN LED 140
239. SOUND OUT TIMER 141
240. SOUND STOP 141
241. BIG MOUTH! 142
242. LIGHT OR SOUND 142
243. BE YOUR OWN MULTIVIBRATOR 143
244. ANTICIPATION 143
245. SET/RESET MATCH 144
15) Testing and Measuring Circuits
246. CIRCUIT CONTINUITY CHECKER 144
247. ACOUSTIC OHMMETER 145
248. AUDIO SIGNALTRACER 145
249. AUDIO SIGNAL GENERATOR 146
250. METAL DETECTOR 146
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251. RAIN DETECTOR 147
252. BURGLARALARM 147
253. TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE AUDIO AMPLIFIER 148
254. WATER LEVEL DETECTOR 148
Book #2
HARDWARE - Advance Course
CONTENTS
I ) Learn Basics More
255. A BASIC OF CONTROL VOLUME 4
256. EMITTER FOLLOWER 4
257. BASIC OPERATION OF ZENER DIODE 5
258. ZENER VOLTAGE CHECKER 5
259. ZENER VOLTAGE CHECKERII 6
260. BASIC PHOTO -TRANSISTOR OPERATION 6
261. VOLTAGE DROP CIRCUIT BY MEANS OF DIODES 7
262. EXPERIMENTATION OF CAPACITOR TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC 7
263. DARLINGTON CIRCUIT (TOUCH SENSOR) 8
264. EDGE-TRIGGER CIRCUIT 8
265. RC TYPE DIFFERENTIATING CIRCUIT 9
266. SWITCH MATRIX CIRCUIT 9
267. MEMORY BACKUP CIRCUIT 10
268. POWER ON RESET CIRCUIT 10
269. CONSTANT -VOLTAGE CIRCUIT (FIXED OUTPUT) 11
270. CONSTANT -VOLTAGE CIRCUIT (VARIABLE OUTPUT) 11
271. A RECTIFIER CIRCUIT BY DIODE BRIDGE 12
272. AGC CIRCUIT USING A SINGLE TRANSISTOR 12
273. UPPER/LOWER LIMITER CIRCUIT USING OP AMPLIFIER 13
274. ABSOLUTE VALUE AMPLIFIER 13
275. WINDOW COMPARATOR 14
276. WINDOW COMPARATOR II 14
2) Amusement on Sound
277. MULTI-TONE SIREN 15
278. DIGITAL RHYTHM 16
279. TWO-IC ELECTRIC ORGAN 16
280. A WATER SERVICE PIPE SOUND 17
281. ELECTRONIC KLAXON 17
262. SOUNDMACHINE III 18
283. SOUND WAVE VARYING WITH LIGHT INTENSITY 18
284. PLAYER ORGAN 19
285. SOUND OF PASSING SIREN 19
286. LIGHT SOURCE SENSING CIRCUIT BY SOUND 20
287. ELECTRONIC PIANO CIRCUIT 20
288. WHISTLE GENERATING CIRCUIT 21
289. SPACE GUN 21
290. CAR HORN 22
3) More Radio Circuits
291. MORSE CODE TRANSMITTER 22
292. BROADCASTING ORGAN 23
293. FM TRANSMITTER (FM WIRELESS MICROPHONE) 23
4) To the Game World
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294. QUIZ WINNER DETECTOR 24
295. REFLEX NERVE TEST GAME 24
296. SHOOTING GAME II 25
297. SHOT IN THE DARK II 25
298. SOUND QUIZ 26
299. STOP THE SEVEN 26
300. HIGH-POWER SWITCH 27
301. “LOCKOUT MR. BL.ACKBEARD!” GAME 27
302. RUSSIAN ROULEUE 28
303. MOLE HITTING GAME 28
304. “JANKEN” GAME 29
305. PING-POND GAME 29
5) More Adventure in OP Amplifier Circuits
306. VOLTAGE CONTROLLED AMPLIFIER 30
307. V-F CONVERTER 30
308. F-V CONVERTER 31
309. F-V CONVERTER II 31
310. WHITE NOISE GENERATOR 32
311. SWEEP GENERATOR 32
312. MULTIPLE FUNCTION IC PROJECT 33
313. SOUND ALARM 33
314. A SOUND OF RIPPLES 34
315. PHOTO ORGAN 34
316. VIBRATO ORGAN 35
6) More About Oscillation
317. PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR 35
318. WIDE RANGE AUDIO FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR 36
319. SAWTOOTH WAVE OSCILLATOR II 36
320. THREE PHASE OSCILLATOR 37
321. WIEN-BRIDGE OSCILLATOR 37
322. RAMP WAVE GENERATOR 38
323. DIGITAL SINE WAVE GENERATOR 38
324. FREQUENCY.VARIABLE SINE WAVE GENERATOR 39
325. SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR USING D-A CONVERTER 39
326. RC PHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR 40
327. TWO SINE WAVES WITH DIFFERENT PHASES 40
328. ONE-SHOT MULTIVIBRATOR USING IC 555 41
329. ONE-SHOT MULTIVIBRATOR USING J-K FLIP -FLOP 41
330. ONE-SHOT MULTIVIBRATOR USING OP AMPLIFIER 42
7) Shakehands of Analog and Digital
331. PULSE NUMBER MODULATION LIGHT DIMMER 42
332. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION LIGHT DIMMER 43
333. DC-DC CONVERTER USING THE C-MOS OSCILLATOR 43
334. DIGITAL LIGHT DIMMER 44
335. A-D CONVERTER 44
336. D-A CONVERTER 45
337. PHOTOMETER WITH DIGITAL DISPLAY 45
338. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION LIGHT DIMMER II 46
339. VOLTMETER 46
8) Getting Closer to Computer
340. FULL ADDER 47
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341 DECIMAL TO BINARY ENCODER 47
342. BINARY TO BCD 48
343. OCTAL TO BCD 48
344. HEXADECIMAL TO BCD 49
345. 3-SIT SHIFT REGISTER 49
346. SOD-TO-DECIMAL DECODER 50
9) More Digital circuits
347. 4-INPUT DATA SELECTOR 51
348. AND/OR CIRCUIT USING OP AMPLIFIER 51
349. XOR USING OP AMPLIFIER 52
350. TIME SHARING DISPLAY OF LEDS 52
351. LED LIGHTING -DUTY VARYING CIRCUIT USING ONE-SHOT MULTIVIBRATOR 53
352. LED BLINKING -CYCLE VARYING CIRCUIT USING ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 53
353. LCD STATIC DRIVE CIRCUIT 54
354. LCD DYNAMIC DRIVE CIRCUIT 54
355. TESTING LCD DISPLAY RESPONSE 55
356. LED DRIVE BY 4 SWITCHES 55
357. FLASHING LED BY PRESET NUMBER 56
358. DIGITAL TIMER (1 TO 7 MINUTES) 56
359. SOUND TIMER 57
360. PROGRAMMABLE TIMER WITH DOWN COUNTER 57
10) Amusement in Electronic Circuits
361. REVOLVING LIGHT 58
362. PHOTO SWITCH 58
363. DOOR CHIME 59
364. VISITOR SENSING CHIME USING PHOTO -TRANSISTOR 59
365. TOUCH VCO 60
366. SOUND TUNING CIRCUIT 60
367. CROSSING-BELL SOUND GENERATOR 61
368. TURN INDICATOR 61
369. STAIRCASE LIGHT SWITCHING CONTROL CIRCUIT 62
370. PSEUDO CANDLE CIRCUIT 62
371. LIE DETECTOR 63
372. LIGHT SENSING CIRCUIT 63
373. AUTOMATIC LIGHTING LED 64
374. SOUND SENSING LED 64
375. ILLUMINATION LAMP 65
376. INTERCOM 65
377. PIP SOUND INTERPHONE 66
378. ELECTRONIC VOLUME 66
379. PEDESTRIAN SIGNAL 67
380. TIME COUNTER 67
381. LED DISPLAY COUNTING UP/DOWN CIRCUIT 68
382. AN ELECTRONIC PENDULUM 68
383. STAIRCASE LIGHT SWITCHING CONTROL CIRCUIT-Il 69
384. LAMP BRIGHTNESS CONTROL CIRCUIT 69
385. ILLUMINATION CIRCUIT WITH 4-LEDs 70
386. A SIMULATED CAR WINKERS 70
11) Testing and Measuring Circuits
387. BATTERY CHECKER 71
388. CONDUCTITY TESTER 71
389, IC OSCILLATOR/COMPONENT TESTER 72
390. VOLTAGE DROP ALARM 72
391. TRANSISTOR CHECKER 73
392. CURRENT SHUT-DOWN CIRCUIT 73
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393. LOGIC CHECKER 74
394. LOGIC CHECKER II 74
395. THREE-STEP WATER LEVEL INDICATOR 75
396. TEMPERATURE ALARM 75
397. FUNCTION GENERATOR 76
398. TACHOMETER 76
399. BATTERY CHECKER H 77
400. DIGITAL ILLUMINOMETER 77
Book #3
SOFTWARE – Programming Course
CONTENTS
Welcome to the World of Computer! 5
Functions of Each Component 5
Memory 5
Accumulator and Registers 5
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) 5
Keyboard and LCD Display 5
Input and Output Ports 5
Microprocessor’s Instructions and Programming 5
Instruction Format 5
Outlook of the LCD Display 5
Line Number 6
Instruction 6
Operand(s) 6
Comments 6
Hexadecimal Numbering System 6
What is Flow-chart 7
How To Read Flow-chart 7
Keyboard and Operation 7
How To Run The Program 8
Initial Menu 8
Selecting a Mode of Operation 8
Program Mode (PGM) 8
To Enter An Instruction Code 8
Other Types of Move Instructions 9
Steps To Enter Type2/Type3 Instructions 9
Editing Instruction Lines 10
To Correct or Remove an Instruction Code 10
To Insert a New Instruction Code 10
Debug Mode 11
To Display the Contents of Zero-Flag and Carry -Flag 12
Game Mode 12
References:
Instructions Set 13
Carry-flag and Zero-flag 13
Input/Output Instructions 13
Move Instruction 14
Arithmetic Instructions 14
Shift Instructions 17
Increment/Decrement Instructions 18
Jump Instructions 19
Comparison Instruction 20
Beep Instructions 21
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Time Control Instructions 22
Other Instructions 22
About Project-401 to Project-500 23
Software Projects
401 Light LEDs 24
402 Liaht On/Off LEDs 26
403. A Binary Counter - Increment Value by ADD lnstruction 27
404. B~ar Counter - Decrement Value by SUB Instruction 29
405. Ds Sequentially with AND Instruction 31
406. Light LEDs Sequentially with OR Instruction 33
407. Turn On and Off LEDs Sequentially with XOR Instruction 35
408. Moving LEDs Light with AOL Instruction 37
409. Moving LEDs Light with ROR instruction 38
410. Night Riders LEDs with ROL/ROR Instructions (1) 39
411. Night Riders LEDs with ROL/ROR Instructions (2) 40
412. Binary Counter with INC Instruction 41
413. Binary Counter with DEC Instruction 42
414. Sound Do as Do, Re, Mi 43
415. Sound a Series of Musical Scale 44
416. Lets Input Data to Program 45
417. Hidden Key Triggers Sound and Turns All LEDs On 46
418. Stacked MOV Instructions 47
419. Changing Order of LEDs by Switch 49
420. A Musical Scale Sound by S1 Key 51
421. Arithmetic addition of two binary values 52
422. Arithmetic subtraction of two binary v alues 54
423. Arithmetic Multiplication of Two Binary Values 55
424, Arithmetic Division of Two Binary Values 57
425. Displays Number 0 To 9 on 7-segment LED (1) 59
426. Change Order of Numbers Display on 7-segment LED (2) 61
427. Switches S1-S4 Light Hex Number On 7-Seg LED 62
428. 8-Key Organ 64
429. Lighting Spade, Diamond, Heart, and Club on the LCDs Display (Basic) 65
430. Lighting Spade/Heart and Diamond/Club on the LCDs Display 66
431. Lighting Spade, Diamond, Heart, and Club by Static Drive Circuit 67
432. Lighting Spade, Diamond, Heart, and Club by 1/2 Duty-1/2 Bias Circuit 69
433. Lighting Spade/Diamond and Heart/Club by 1/2 Duty-1/2 Bias Circuit 71
434. Lighting Spade/Diamond and Heart/Club Alternately by 1/2 Duty -1/2 Bias Circuit 73
435. Lighting Spade, Diamond, Heart, and Club by 1/2 Duty-1/2 Bias Circuit 75
436. Results of Logical Operations AND, NAND, OR, and NOR 76
437. Results of Logical Operations XOR and XNOR 77
438. Results of Logical Operations AND/NAND with 4-Switch Entry 78
439. Results of Logical Operations OR/NOR with 4-Switch Entry 79
440. Results of Logical Operations XOR/XNOR with 4-Switch Entry 80
441. Logical AND/NAND Gate for Driving External Circuit 81
442. Logical OR/NOR Gate for Driving External Circuit 82
443. Logical XOR/XNOR Gate for Driving External Circuit 83
444. Find a Leading Edge of Input Pulse 84
445. Finding a trailing Edge of Input Pulse 85
446. Finding a leading and trailing Edges of Input Pulse 86
447. A Pulse Stretcher 87
448. Starting a Delayed Pulse 88
449. Pulse Stretcher By Counting a Clock 89
450. Counting External Pulse To Advance Decimal Counter 90
451. Displays Number 0 To 9 on 7-segment LED (1) 91
452. Change Order of Numbers Display on 7-segment LED (2) 92
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453. Counts an External Clock (1) 93
454. Counts an External Clock (2) 94
455. Counts an External Clock (3) 95
456. Counts an External Clock (4) 96
457. Counts an External Clock (5) 97
458. Counts an External Clock (6) 98
459. 3-Minute Timer 99
460. Multi-Function Timer (1) 100
461. 15-Minute Timer with 7-segment Display 101
462. Multi-Function Timer (2) 102
463. Digital Organ with PHOTO -TRANSISTOR (1) 103
464. Digital Organ with PHOTO-TRANSISTOR (2) 104
465. Digital Volume Changer (1) 105
466. Digital Volume Changer (2) 106
467. Digital Volume Changer (3) 107
468. Digital Volume Changer (4) 108
469. Digital Volume Changer (5) 109
470. Illumination Controlled by PHOTO-TRANSISTOR (1) 110
471. Illumination Controlled by PHOTO-TRANSISTOR (2) 111
472. Illumination Controlled by Oscillator and PHOTO-TRANSISTOR (1) 112
473. Illumination Controlled by Oscillator and PHOTO-TRANSISTOR (2) 113
474. Illumination with Speed Control (1) 114
475. Illumination with Speed Control (2) 115
476. Sawtooth Waveform Generator 116
477. Triangular Pulse Generator 117
478. Digital Level Indicator 118
479. Digital Lux Meter (Display in Binary) 119
480. 4-Bit ND Converter (Display in Binary) 120
481. 4-Bit ND Converter (Display in Hexadecimal On 7-Segment LED) 121
482. Digital Lux Meter (Display In Hexadecimal) 122
483. Audio Level Meter 123
484. Audio Level Meter With Peak-Holding Capability 124
485. Lighting Sign Board 125
486. Digital Dice 126
487. Digital Roulette 127
488. Digital Slot Machine 128
489. Up/Down Counter 129
490. Digital Metronome 130
491. Frequency Counter 131
492. Dynamic Lighting of 7-segment LED 132
493. Lighting LED with Pulse Width Modulation 133
494. Majority Logic Gate (2) 134
495. Lighting LCD Segments by Static Drive 135
496. Digital Buzzer 136
497. Rhythm Box (1) 137
498. Rhythm Box (2) 138
499. Rhythm Box (3) 139
500. Rhythm Box (3) 140
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