Elenco 500-in-1 Electronic Project Lab User Manual

MX-909 500 in 1

Book #1
HARDWARE- Entry Course

CONTENTS

1. LIGHT –CONTROLLED BIRD 18

2. A TRANSISTOR RADIO 19

3. SOUND SCOOPER 20

4. AMERICAN PATROL CAR SEREN 21

5. DIGITAL ROULETTE 22

6. IC ORGAN 22

2) Back to the Basics

7. LIGHT TELEGRAPH 23

8. INTRODUCING THE RESISTOR 23

9. PARALLEL RESISTOR 24

10. MEET THE DIODE 24

11. THE LED - A SPECIAL DIODE 25

12. THE ELECTRONIC GAS TANK 25

13. CAPACITORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL 26

14. MEET THE TRANSISTOR 27

14. MEETTHE TRANSISTOR 27

15. TRANSISTORS AS SWITCHES 28

16. PNP TRANSISTOR SWITCH 28

17. NPN TRANSISTOR SWITCH 29

18. DELAYLIGHT 29

19. NIGHT LIGHT 30

20. ELECTRONIC TIMER 30

21. CAPITAL LETTER DISPLAY 31

22. SMALL LETTER DISPLAY 31

23. NUMBER DISPLAY 32

3) Electronic Building Blocks

24. AN INVERTER CIRCUIT 32

25. MEET THE OR GATE 33

26. INTRODUCING THE AND GATE 33

27. USING THE NOR GATE 34

28. MEET THE NAND GATE 34

29. HOWAMULTIVIBRATORWORKS 35

30. A “ONE SHOT” MULTIVIBRATOR 35

31. AN R-S FLIP -FLOP 36

32. MEET~HEOSCILLATOR 36

33. CHANGING OSCILLATION WITH CAPACITOR 37

34. CHANGING OSCILLATION WITH FOREIGN SUBSTANCE 37

35. MORE ABOUT OSCILLATOR 38

36. A PUSH-PULL OSCILLATOR 38

37. LOW DISTORTION SINEWAVE OSCILLATOR 39

4) Putting Electronics to Work

38. STROBE LIGHT

39. CdS-CONTROLLED OSCLLATOR 40

40. FREQUENCY SHIFT CSCIL.LATOR 40

41. ELECTRONIC GRANDFATHER CLOCK 41

42. ELECTRONIC METRONOME 41

43. MOTION DETECTOR 42

44. DOOR ALARM 42

45. RAPID LED DISPLAY SWITCING 43
46 CODE PRACTICE 43

47. TWIN-T AUDIO OSCILLATOR 44
48 CURRENT SWITCH 44

49. SHOT IN THE DARK 45

50. VARIABLE OSCILLATOR 45

51. TWO-TONE BUZZER 46

52. SAWTOOTH WAVE OSCILLATOR 46

53. ASTABLE MULTIVIBPATOR 47

54. MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 47

55. CODE PRACTICE UNIT 48

56. THE NOISY LIGHT 48

57. HEARING AID AMPL’FIER 49

58. LIGHT/SOUND CODE PRACTICE UNIT 49

59. LIGHT CONTROLLED BURGLAR ALARM 50

60. DC-DC CONVERTER 50

61. COUNT DOWN TIMER 51

5) Radio Circuit

62. “CRYSTAL SET” RADIO 51

63. “FUNNY TRANSISTOR” RADIO 52

64. WIRELESS CODE TRANSMITTER 52

65. REMOTE WATER LEVEL DETECTOR 53

66. IC RADIO 53

6) Sonic Zoo and Sound Factory

67. TWO-TONE PATROL CAR SIREN 54

68. PLANT GROWTH STIMULATER 54

69. ELECTRONIC WOODPECKER 55

70. FISH CALLER 55

71. ELECTRONIC RAINDROPS 56

72. PENCIL LEAD ORGAN 56

73. ELECTRONIC MOTORCYCLE 57

74. MACHINE GUN PULSE DETECTOR 57

75. ELECTRONIC SIREN 58

76. CHIRPING BIRD 58

77. ELECTRONIC CAT 59

78. ELECTRONIC BIRD 59

79. “HORROR MOVIE” SOUND EFFECT 60

80. ELECTRONIC ORGAN 60

81. SOUNDMACHINEI 61

82. SOUND MACHINE II 61

7) Electronic Decision-Makers

83. MAJORITY LOGIC GATE 62

84. ELECTRONIC COIN TOSS 62

85. ELECTRONIC COIN TOSS II 63

86. ELECTRONIC COIN TOSS III 63

87. EVEN OR ODD 64

88. QUICKDRAWGAME 64

89. CLOSE-IN 65

90. ESP TESTER 65

91. THELIGHTFANTASTIC 66

92. SHOOTING GAME 66

93. MARCHING LEDS 67

94. ELECTRONIC DICE 68

95. ELECTRONIC ROULETTE 68

8) Operational Amplifier IC Can Do Many Things

96. MEET THE VCO 69

97. SILICON DIODE SOLAR CELL 69

98. INTEGRATING CIRCUIT 70

99. ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING OP AMPLIFIER 70

100. PULSE GENERATOR 71

101. COMPARATOR 71

102. EXPERIMENT OF COMPARATOR 72

103. COMPARATOR WITH HYSTERESIS 72

104. CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE BY OP AMPLIFIER 73

105. NON-INVERTING ADDER 73

106. SCHMITT TRIGGER CIRCUIT 74

107. DELAYEDTIMER 74

108. PULSE FREQUENCY DOUBLER 75

109. PITCH DOUBLING CIRCUIT 75

110. PITCH DOUBLING CIRCUIT II 76

111. TOUCH SWITCH USING OP AMPLIFIER 76

112. EARLY BIRD 77

113. DC-DC CONVERTER BY OP AMPLIFIER 77

114. INVERTING AMPLIFIER 78

115. NON-INVERTINGAMPLIFIE 78

116. DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER 79

117. DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT AMPLIFIER 79

118. POWER AMPLIFIER USING OP AMPLIFIER 80

119. BALANCEDTRANSFORMERLESSAMPLIFIER 80

120. THREE-STAGE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER 81

121. VCO USING OP AMPLIFIER 70

9) Introducing the Power Amplifier IC

122. IC POWER AMPLIFIER 82
123 IC POWER AMPLIFIER II 82

124. OSCILLATOR USING POWER AMPLIFIER IC 83

125. CdS CONTROLLED IC OSCILLATOR 83

10) A Trip to Digital Land

126. SWIITCHING CIRCUIT 84.

127. RTLINVERTER 84

128. RTL BUFFER 85

129. RTL OR GATE 85

130. RTL AND GATE 86

131. TRANSISTOR OR GATE 86

132. TRANSISTOR AND GATE 87

133. TRANSISTOR XOR GATE 87

134. SPECIAL NAND GATE 88
135 DTL OR GATE 88

136. DTL AND GATE 89
137 DTL NOR GATE 89
138 DTL NAND GATE 90
139 DTL EXCLUSIVE OR GATE 90

140. C-MOS INVERTER 91

141. C-MOS BUFFER 91

142. C-MOS OR GATE 92

143. C-MOS AND GATE 92

144. C-MOS3-INPUTANDGATE 93

145. C-MOSNORGATE 93

146. C-MOS 4-INPUT NOR GATE 94

147. C-MOS 4-INPUT NOR GATE II 94

148. DEMORGANSTHEOREM 95

149. EXPERIMENT OF THRESHOLD VOLTAGE 95

150. NAND/NOR AND TRANSISTOR SWITCH 96

11) More Adventures in Digital Land

151. C-MOS XOR GATE 96

152. C-MOS NAND ENABLE CIRCUIT 97

153. C-MOS AND ENABLE CIRCUIT 97

154. C-MOS OR ENABLE CIRCUIT 98

155. A ONE -SHOT NAND GATE 98

156. C-MOS LINE SELECTOR 99

157. C-MOS DATA SELECTOR 99

158. C-MOS R-S FLIP FLOP 100

159. C~MOS R-S FLIP -FLOP II 100

160. SET/RESET BUZZER 101

161. SET/RESET BUZZERII 101

162. SET/RESET BUZZER III 102

163. TRANSISTORIZED TOGGLE FLIP -FLOP 102

164. NAND TOGGLE FLIP -FLOP 103

165. J-K TOGGLE FLIP -FLOP 103

166. C-MOS ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 104

167. C-MOS J-K FLIP -FLOP 104

168. C-MOS D FLIP -FLOP 105

169. C-MOS D FLIP FLOP II 105

170. R-S-T FLIP FLOP 106

171. T TYPE FLIP -FLOP 106

172. C-MOS LATCH 107

173. SHIFT REGISTER 107

174. TOUCH SWITCH USING NAND GATE 108

175. HALF ADDER 108

176. U-LATCH 109

177. 2-LINE TO 4-LINE DECODED 109

178. MULTIPLIER 110

179. DUAL 2-INPUT MULTIPLEXER 110

180. TWO-STAGE FREQUENCY DIVIDER 111

12) Circuits That Counts

181. BASIC COUNTER 112

182. SYNCHRONOUS COUNTER 112

183. ASYCHRONCUS COUNTER 113

184. COUNTER WITH LINE DECODER 113

185.. DIVIDE BY 4 COUNTER 114

186. DIVIDE BY 4 COUNTER WITH LINE DECODER 114

187. HOW A DECODER WORKS 115

188. MULPLE COUNTER 115

189. BINARY COUNTER WITH DISPLAY 116

190. DIVIDE BY 3 COUNTER WITH DISPLAY 116

190. DIVIDE BY 4 COUNTER WITH DISPLAY 117
192 UP/DOWNCOUNTER 117

193. DOWN COUNTER 118

194. DECADE DOWN COUNTER 118

195. DECADE DOWN COUNTER WITH DISPLAY 119

196. PRESETTABLE COUNTER 119

197. HEXADECIMAL COUNTER 120

198. OCTAL COUNTER 120

199. RANDOM ACCESS DISPLAY 121

200. DECADE COUNTER 121

201. BCD COUNTER WITH DISPLAY 122

202. OCTAL COUNTER WITH LINE DECODER 122

203. OCTAL COUNTER WITH DISPLAY 123

204. DECADE COUNTER WITH DISPLAY 123

205. DECADE COUNTER WITH DISPLAY II 124

206. BCD TO 7-SEGMENT DECODER 124

13) Amusement in Digital Land

207. VCO BY NOR GATE 125

208. PULSE-DELAYED CIRCUIT 125

209. NAND GATET ONE GENERATQR 126

210. TRANSISTOR TIMER 126

211. NOISE-SIGNAL DISCRIMINATOR 127

212. PULSE STRETCHER 127

213. BIDIRECTIONAL BUFFER 128

214. VARIOUS INVERTERS 128

215. ELECTRONIC SWITCH 129

216. TONE BURST GENERATOR 129

217. DIGITALTIMER 130

218. DIGITAL TIMER II 130

219. TEN COUNT BUZZER 131

220. PRESS FIRST 131

221. TARGETRANGE 132

222. CATCH THE EIGHT 132

223. SOS ALERT 133

224. WHEEL OF FORTUNE 133

225. LEAPIN LEDS 134

14) Surprise and Fun Revisited

226. EXPERIMENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 134

227. ELECTRONIC CANDLE 135

228. CONSTANT CURRENT CIRCUIT 125

229. A PHONY COUNTER 136

230. ALPHABET FLASHER 136

231. WINKING LEDS 137

233. DELAYED TIMER II 137

234. VOICE LEVEL METER 138
225 CROSSING SIGNAL 139
236 OCTAVE GENERATOR 139

237. BUZZIN LED 140

238. SON OF BUZZIN LED 140

239. SOUND OUT TIMER 141

240. SOUND STOP 141

241. BIG MOUTH! 142

242. LIGHT OR SOUND 142

243. BE YOUR OWN MULTIVIBRATOR 143

244. ANTICIPATION 143

245. SET/RESET MATCH 144

15) Testing and Measuring Circuits

246. CIRCUIT CONTINUITY CHECKER 144

247. ACOUSTIC OHMMETER 145

248. AUDIO SIGNALTRACER 145

249. AUDIO SIGNAL GENERATOR 146

250. METAL DETECTOR 146

251. RAIN DETECTOR 147

252. BURGLARALARM 147

253. TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE AUDIO AMPLIFIER 148

254. WATER LEVEL DETECTOR 148

Book #2
HARDWARE - Advance Course

CONTENTS

I ) Learn Basics More

255. A BASIC OF CONTROL VOLUME 4

256. EMITTER FOLLOWER 4

257. BASIC OPERATION OF ZENER DIODE 5

258. ZENER VOLTAGE CHECKER 5

259. ZENER VOLTAGE CHECKERII 6

260. BASIC PHOTO -TRANSISTOR OPERATION 6

261. VOLTAGE DROP CIRCUIT BY MEANS OF DIODES 7

262. EXPERIMENTATION OF CAPACITOR TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC 7

263. DARLINGTON CIRCUIT (TOUCH SENSOR) 8

264. EDGE-TRIGGER CIRCUIT 8

265. RC TYPE DIFFERENTIATING CIRCUIT 9

266. SWITCH MATRIX CIRCUIT 9

267. MEMORY BACKUP CIRCUIT 10

268. POWER ON RESET CIRCUIT 10

269. CONSTANT -VOLTAGE CIRCUIT (FIXED OUTPUT) 11

270. CONSTANT -VOLTAGE CIRCUIT (VARIABLE OUTPUT) 11

271. A RECTIFIER CIRCUIT BY DIODE BRIDGE 12

272. AGC CIRCUIT USING A SINGLE TRANSISTOR 12

273. UPPER/LOWER LIMITER CIRCUIT USING OP AMPLIFIER 13

274. ABSOLUTE VALUE AMPLIFIER 13

275. WINDOW COMPARATOR 14

276. WINDOW COMPARATOR II 14

2) Amusement on Sound

277. MULTI-TONE SIREN 15

278. DIGITAL RHYTHM 16

279. TWO-IC ELECTRIC ORGAN 16

280. A WATER SERVICE PIPE SOUND 17

281. ELECTRONIC KLAXON 17

262. SOUNDMACHINE III 18

283. SOUND WAVE VARYING WITH LIGHT INTENSITY 18

284. PLAYER ORGAN 19

285. SOUND OF PASSING SIREN 19

286. LIGHT SOURCE SENSING CIRCUIT BY SOUND 20

287. ELECTRONIC PIANO CIRCUIT 20

288. WHISTLE GENERATING CIRCUIT 21

289. SPACE GUN 21

290. CAR HORN 22

3) More Radio Circuits

291. MORSE CODE TRANSMITTER 22

292. BROADCASTING ORGAN 23

293. FM TRANSMITTER (FM WIRELESS MICROPHONE) 23

4) To the Game World

294. QUIZ WINNER DETECTOR 24

295. REFLEX NERVE TEST GAME 24

296. SHOOTING GAME II 25

297. SHOT IN THE DARK II 25

298. SOUND QUIZ 26

299. STOP THE SEVEN 26

300. HIGH-POWER SWITCH 27

301. “LOCKOUT MR. BL.ACKBEARD!” GAME 27

302. RUSSIAN ROULEUE 28

303. MOLE HITTING GAME 28

304. “JANKEN” GAME 29

305. PING-POND GAME 29

5) More Adventure in OP Amplifier Circuits

306. VOLTAGE CONTROLLED AMPLIFIER 30

307. V-F CONVERTER 30

308. F-V CONVERTER 31

309. F-V CONVERTER II 31

310. WHITE NOISE GENERATOR 32

311. SWEEP GENERATOR 32

312. MULTIPLE FUNCTION IC PROJECT 33

313. SOUND ALARM 33

314. A SOUND OF RIPPLES 34

315. PHOTO ORGAN 34

316. VIBRATO ORGAN 35

6) More About Oscillation

317. PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR 35

318. WIDE RANGE AUDIO FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR 36

319. SAWTOOTH WAVE OSCILLATOR II 36

320. THREE PHASE OSCILLATOR 37

321. WIEN-BRIDGE OSCILLATOR 37

322. RAMP WAVE GENERATOR 38

323. DIGITAL SINE WAVE GENERATOR 38

324. FREQUENCY.VARIABLE SINE WAVE GENERATOR 39

325. SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR USING D-A CONVERTER 39

326. RC PHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR 40

327. TWO SINE WAVES WITH DIFFERENT PHASES 40

328. ONE-SHOT MULTIVIBRATOR USING IC 555 41

329. ONE-SHOT MULTIVIBRATOR USING J-K FLIP -FLOP 41

330. ONE-SHOT MULTIVIBRATOR USING OP AMPLIFIER 42

7) Shakehands of Analog and Digital

331. PULSE NUMBER MODULATION LIGHT DIMMER 42

332. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION LIGHT DIMMER 43

333. DC-DC CONVERTER USING THE C-MOS OSCILLATOR 43

334. DIGITAL LIGHT DIMMER 44

335. A-D CONVERTER 44

336. D-A CONVERTER 45

337. PHOTOMETER WITH DIGITAL DISPLAY 45

338. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION LIGHT DIMMER II 46

339. VOLTMETER 46

8) Getting Closer to Computer

340. FULL ADDER 47

341 DECIMAL TO BINARY ENCODER 47

342. BINARY TO BCD 48

343. OCTAL TO BCD 48

344. HEXADECIMAL TO BCD 49

345. 3-SIT SHIFT REGISTER 49

346. SOD-TO-DECIMAL DECODER 50

9) More Digital circuits

347. 4-INPUT DATA SELECTOR 51

348. AND/OR CIRCUIT USING OP AMPLIFIER 51

349. XOR USING OP AMPLIFIER 52

350. TIME SHARING DISPLAY OF LEDS 52

351. LED LIGHTING -DUTY VARYING CIRCUIT USING ONE-SHOT MULTIVIBRATOR 53

352. LED BLINKING -CYCLE VARYING CIRCUIT USING ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 53

353. LCD STATIC DRIVE CIRCUIT 54

354. LCD DYNAMIC DRIVE CIRCUIT 54

355. TESTING LCD DISPLAY RESPONSE 55

356. LED DRIVE BY 4 SWITCHES 55

357. FLASHING LED BY PRESET NUMBER 56

358. DIGITAL TIMER (1 TO 7 MINUTES) 56

359. SOUND TIMER 57

360. PROGRAMMABLE TIMER WITH DOWN COUNTER 57

10) Amusement in Electronic Circuits

361. REVOLVING LIGHT 58

362. PHOTO SWITCH 58

363. DOOR CHIME 59

364. VISITOR SENSING CHIME USING PHOTO -TRANSISTOR 59

365. TOUCH VCO 60

366. SOUND TUNING CIRCUIT 60

367. CROSSING-BELL SOUND GENERATOR 61

368. TURN INDICATOR 61

369. STAIRCASE LIGHT SWITCHING CONTROL CIRCUIT 62

370. PSEUDO CANDLE CIRCUIT 62

371. LIE DETECTOR 63

372. LIGHT SENSING CIRCUIT 63

373. AUTOMATIC LIGHTING LED 64

374. SOUND SENSING LED 64

375. ILLUMINATION LAMP 65

376. INTERCOM 65

377. PIP SOUND INTERPHONE 66

378. ELECTRONIC VOLUME 66

379. PEDESTRIAN SIGNAL 67

380. TIME COUNTER 67

381. LED DISPLAY COUNTING UP/DOWN CIRCUIT 68

382. AN ELECTRONIC PENDULUM 68

383. STAIRCASE LIGHT SWITCHING CONTROL CIRCUIT-Il 69

384. LAMP BRIGHTNESS CONTROL CIRCUIT 69

385. ILLUMINATION CIRCUIT WITH 4-LEDs 70

386. A SIMULATED CAR WINKERS 70

11) Testing and Measuring Circuits

387. BATTERY CHECKER 71

388. CONDUCTITY TESTER 71
389, IC OSCILLATOR/COMPONENT TESTER 72

390. VOLTAGE DROP ALARM 72

391. TRANSISTOR CHECKER 73

392. CURRENT SHUT-DOWN CIRCUIT 73

393. LOGIC CHECKER 74

394. LOGIC CHECKER II 74

395. THREE-STEP WATER LEVEL INDICATOR 75

396. TEMPERATURE ALARM 75

397. FUNCTION GENERATOR 76

398. TACHOMETER 76

399. BATTERY CHECKER H 77

400. DIGITAL ILLUMINOMETER 77

Book #3
SOFTWARE – Programming Course

CONTENTS

Welcome to the World of Computer! 5
Functions of Each Component 5
Memory 5
Accumulator and Registers 5
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) 5
Keyboard and LCD Display 5
Input and Output Ports 5
Microprocessor’s Instructions and Programming 5
Instruction Format 5
Outlook of the LCD Display 5
Line Number 6
Instruction 6
Operand(s) 6
Comments 6
Hexadecimal Numbering System 6
What is Flow-chart 7
How To Read Flow-chart 7
Keyboard and Operation 7
How To Run The Program 8
Initial Menu 8
Selecting a Mode of Operation 8
Program Mode (PGM) 8
To Enter An Instruction Code 8
Other Types of Move Instructions 9
Steps To Enter Type2/Type3 Instructions 9
Editing Instruction Lines 10
To Correct or Remove an Instruction Code 10
To Insert a New Instruction Code 10
Debug Mode 11
To Display the Contents of Zero-Flag and Carry -Flag 12
Game Mode 12

References:

Instructions Set 13
Carry-flag and Zero-flag 13
Input/Output Instructions 13
Move Instruction 14
Arithmetic Instructions 14
Shift Instructions 17
Increment/Decrement Instructions 18
Jump Instructions 19
Comparison Instruction 20
Beep Instructions 21

Time Control Instructions 22
Other Instructions 22
About Project-401 to Project-500 23

Software Projects

401 Light LEDs 24
402 Liaht On/Off LEDs 26

403. A Binary Counter - Increment Value by ADD lnstruction 27

404. B~ar Counter - Decrement Value by SUB Instruction 29

405. Ds Sequentially with AND Instruction 31

406. Light LEDs Sequentially with OR Instruction 33

407. Turn On and Off LEDs Sequentially with XOR Instruction 35

408. Moving LEDs Light with AOL Instruction 37

409. Moving LEDs Light with ROR instruction 38

410. Night Riders LEDs with ROL/ROR Instructions (1) 39

411. Night Riders LEDs with ROL/ROR Instructions (2) 40

412. Binary Counter with INC Instruction 41

413. Binary Counter with DEC Instruction 42

414. Sound Do as Do, Re, Mi 43

415. Sound a Series of Musical Scale 44

416. Lets Input Data to Program 45

417. Hidden Key Triggers Sound and Turns All LEDs On 46

418. Stacked MOV Instructions 47

419. Changing Order of LEDs by Switch 49

420. A Musical Scale Sound by S1 Key 51

421. Arithmetic addition of two binary values 52

422. Arithmetic subtraction of two binary v alues 54

423. Arithmetic Multiplication of Two Binary Values 55
424, Arithmetic Division of Two Binary Values 57

425. Displays Number 0 To 9 on 7-segment LED (1) 59

426. Change Order of Numbers Display on 7-segment LED (2) 61

427. Switches S1-S4 Light Hex Number On 7-Seg LED 62

428. 8-Key Organ 64

429. Lighting Spade, Diamond, Heart, and Club on the LCDs Display (Basic) 65

430. Lighting Spade/Heart and Diamond/Club on the LCDs Display 66

431. Lighting Spade, Diamond, Heart, and Club by Static Drive Circuit 67

432. Lighting Spade, Diamond, Heart, and Club by 1/2 Duty-1/2 Bias Circuit 69

433. Lighting Spade/Diamond and Heart/Club by 1/2 Duty-1/2 Bias Circuit 71

434. Lighting Spade/Diamond and Heart/Club Alternately by 1/2 Duty -1/2 Bias Circuit 73

435. Lighting Spade, Diamond, Heart, and Club by 1/2 Duty-1/2 Bias Circuit 75

436. Results of Logical Operations AND, NAND, OR, and NOR 76

437. Results of Logical Operations XOR and XNOR 77

438. Results of Logical Operations AND/NAND with 4-Switch Entry 78

439. Results of Logical Operations OR/NOR with 4-Switch Entry 79

440. Results of Logical Operations XOR/XNOR with 4-Switch Entry 80

441. Logical AND/NAND Gate for Driving External Circuit 81

442. Logical OR/NOR Gate for Driving External Circuit 82

443. Logical XOR/XNOR Gate for Driving External Circuit 83

444. Find a Leading Edge of Input Pulse 84

445. Finding a trailing Edge of Input Pulse 85

446. Finding a leading and trailing Edges of Input Pulse 86

447. A Pulse Stretcher 87

448. Starting a Delayed Pulse 88

449. Pulse Stretcher By Counting a Clock 89

450. Counting External Pulse To Advance Decimal Counter 90

451. Displays Number 0 To 9 on 7-segment LED (1) 91

452. Change Order of Numbers Display on 7-segment LED (2) 92

453. Counts an External Clock (1) 93

454. Counts an External Clock (2) 94

455. Counts an External Clock (3) 95

456. Counts an External Clock (4) 96

457. Counts an External Clock (5) 97

458. Counts an External Clock (6) 98

459. 3-Minute Timer 99

460. Multi-Function Timer (1) 100

461. 15-Minute Timer with 7-segment Display 101

462. Multi-Function Timer (2) 102

463. Digital Organ with PHOTO -TRANSISTOR (1) 103

464. Digital Organ with PHOTO-TRANSISTOR (2) 104

465. Digital Volume Changer (1) 105

466. Digital Volume Changer (2) 106

467. Digital Volume Changer (3) 107

468. Digital Volume Changer (4) 108

469. Digital Volume Changer (5) 109

470. Illumination Controlled by PHOTO-TRANSISTOR (1) 110

471. Illumination Controlled by PHOTO-TRANSISTOR (2) 111

472. Illumination Controlled by Oscillator and PHOTO-TRANSISTOR (1) 112

473. Illumination Controlled by Oscillator and PHOTO-TRANSISTOR (2) 113

474. Illumination with Speed Control (1) 114

475. Illumination with Speed Control (2) 115

476. Sawtooth Waveform Generator 116

477. Triangular Pulse Generator 117

478. Digital Level Indicator 118

479. Digital Lux Meter (Display in Binary) 119

480. 4-Bit ND Converter (Display in Binary) 120

481. 4-Bit ND Converter (Display in Hexadecimal On 7-Segment LED) 121

482. Digital Lux Meter (Display In Hexadecimal) 122

483. Audio Level Meter 123

484. Audio Level Meter With Peak-Holding Capability 124

485. Lighting Sign Board 125

486. Digital Dice 126

487. Digital Roulette 127

488. Digital Slot Machine 128

489. Up/Down Counter 129

490. Digital Metronome 130

491. Frequency Counter 131

492. Dynamic Lighting of 7-segment LED 132

493. Lighting LED with Pulse Width Modulation 133

494. Majority Logic Gate (2) 134

495. Lighting LCD Segments by Static Drive 135

496. Digital Buzzer 136

497. Rhythm Box (1) 137

498. Rhythm Box (2) 138

499. Rhythm Box (3) 139

500. Rhythm Box (3) 140