Dell PowerEdge 6400 User Manual

Dell™PowerEdge™6400SystemsUser'sGuide

Model SML

Information in this document is subject to change without notice.

©1999 Dell Computer Corporation. All rights reserved.

Reproduction in any manner whatsoever without the written permission of Dell Computer Corporation is strictly forbidden.

Trademarks used in this text: Dell, the DELL logo, PowerEdge, and DellWare are trademarks of Dell Computer Corporation; Intel and Pentium are registered trademarks and

MMX, Xeon, and Intel386 are trademarks of Intel Corporation; Microsoft, Windows, MS-DOS, and Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation; Novell and
NetWare are registered trademarks of Novell, Inc.; ASPI is a registered trademark of Adaptec, Inc.; VESA is a registered trademark and VL-Bus is a trademark of Video

Electronics Standards Association.

Other trademarks and trade names may be used in this document to refer to either the entities claiming the marks and names or their products. Dell Computer Corporation
disclaims any proprietary interest in trademarks and trade names other than its own.

Initial release: 14 Sep 1999
Last revised: 2 Dec 1999



Safety Instructions

Preface

Introduction

Using the Dell OpenManage Server Assistant CD

Installing and Configuring SCSI Drivers

Using the System Setup Program

Using the Resource Configuration Utility

Technical Specifications

I/O Ports and Connectors

Maintaining the System

Regulatory Notices

Warranty, Return Policy, and Year 2000 Statement of Compliance

Glossary

Back to Contents Page

Using the Dell OpenManage Server AssistantCD:Dell™PowerEdge™6400Systems
User's Guide

Overview

The Dell OpenManage Server Assistant CD contains utilities, diagnostics, documentation, drivers, and other items that can help you configure a
PowerEdge 6400 system to best meet your needs. Some of the functions available on the Dell OpenManage Server Assistant CD are also
available on a bootable utility partition that is installed on your hard-diskdrive.ThissectiondescribeshowtousetheDell OpenManage Server
Assistant CD. It also describes the utility partition and its options and provides instructions for reinstalling the partition (if necessary).

Starting the Dell OpenManage Server Assistant CD

TheDellOpenManage™ServerAssistant application program has two modes of operation: a setup mode for setting up and configuring the
PowerEdge6400system,creatingdiskettes,andviewinginformationanddocuments,andaservice mode for creating diskettes and viewing

information and documents.
In both setup mode and service mode, the Dell OpenManage Server Assistant main page gives you the option to choose one of the supported

languages as the language for the screen text and online documentation. You can choose a language at any time from the main screen.

Setup Mode

To set up your system, as well as access the utilities, drivers, and other items available on the Dell OpenManage Server Assistant CD, insert the
Dell OpenManage Server Assistant CD into your CD-ROM drive, and turn on or reboot the system. The Dell OpenManage Server Assistant

main page appears.
If the CD does not boot, verify that the Boot Device Priority is set to CD-ROM Drive in the System Setup program.

Service Mode

You can access the online system documents, system setup instructions, frequently asked questions, and server product information on any
system that has Microsoft®Internet Explorer 4.0 (or later). When you insert the CD in a system that uses the Microsoft Windows NT®operating
system, the system automatically starts the browser software and displays the Dell OpenManage Server Assistant main page.

Navigating the CD

The Dell OpenManage Server Assistant CD utilizes a standard Web browser interface. Navigating the CD is accomplished by clicking the mouse
on the various icons and text hyperlinks.

Click the Back icon to return to the previous page. Click the Exit icon to exit the program. Exiting the program causes the system to reboot to the
standard operating-system boot partition.

Using the Setup Modes

If you purchase a system that does not have an operating system preinstalled by Dell, or if you reinstall an operating system at a later date, you
should use either the Express Setup or Custom Setup option to configure your system.

Express Setup

Dell recommends Express Setup for most situations. The Dell OpenManage Server Assistant CD guides you through the operating system
setup and configuration process. If a Dell PowerEdge Expandable RAID Controller host adapter is installed, the Dell redundant arrays of
independent disks (RAID) utility configures the drives. If the drive does not have a utility partition, one is created. The program prompts you to
select the operating system used on the drive and leads you through a step-by-step process to install the operating system.

To start Express Setup, perform the following steps:

1. Click the SETUP icon at the top of the screen.

Overview

Utility Partition

Starting the Dell OpenManage Server Assistant CD

Video Drivers

Navigating the CD

Asset Tag Utility

Using the Setup Modes

2. Click Express Setup.

After you start Express Setup,followthedirectionsonthescreentocompletetheinstallationandconfigurationprocess.TheExpress Setup
mode takes you through the following tasks:

l Creating an Express Setup diskette
l Entering operating system and hard-disk drive information
l Entering operating system configuration
l Performing setup

Custom Setup

Use Custom Setup if your system has special configuration requirements.
To start Custom Setup, perform the following steps:

1. Click the SETUP icon at the top of the screen.

2. Click Custom Setup. Follow the directions on the screen to complete the installation and configuration process.

Utility Partition

The utility partition is a bootable partition on the hard-disk drive that provides some of the functions available on the Dell OpenManage Server
Assistant CD. Most of the application programs found on the CD are contained in the utility partition. When implemented, the partition boots and

provides an executable environment for the partition's utilities. When the utility partition is not booted, it is designated as a non–MS-DOS®
partition.

To start the utility partition, turn on or reboot the system. During the power-on self-test (POST), the following message appears:
Press <F10> to enter Utility Mode
The utility partition provides a text-based interface from which you invoke the partition's utilities. Menu options and the associated help are

displayed in the currently selected language (specified via a menu option). To select a menu option, you can either use the arrow keys to highlight
the option and press <Enter>, or type the number of the menu option. To return to the previous menu, press <Esc> or select the Back menu option.
To exit the utility partition, press <Esc> from the Main Menu. Exiting the utility from setup mode causes the system to reboot to the standard
operating-system boot partition.

Table 1 provides a sample list and explanation of the options that appear on the utility partition menu even when the Dell OpenManage Server

Assistant CD is not in the CD-ROM drive. The options displayed on your system may vary depending on the configuration.

Table 1.UtilityPartitionMainMenuOptions

NOTE: The utility partition provides only limited MS-DOS functionality and cannot be used as a general-purpose MS-DOS partition.

NOTE: Although most options are available from both the Dell OpenManage Server Assistant CD and the utility partition, some options
or features, such as those for accessing online documentation, are available only from the CD.

Option

Description

Choose a Language:

German,English,Spanish,French

Allows you to select the language in which menus and messages are displayed.
Run System and Configuration Utilities:

Run Resource Configuration Utility

Runs the RCU.

Run Dell System Diagnostics

Runs the system hardware diagnostics.

Run RAID Configuration Utility

Runs the RAID controller configuration utility if a RAID controller card is present on your
system.

Create Diskettes:

Create Blank, Formatted diskette

Creates a blank, formatted diskette.

Create Utility and Diagnostics

Running the System Diagnostics

You can run the system diagnostics from the utility partition or from a diskette, but not from the Dell OpenManage Server Assistant CD. From the
Utility Partition menu, select Run System Utilities and then select Run Dell System Diagnostics. To run the diagnostics from a set of
diskettes, select Create Diagnostics Diskettes from the Utility Partition menu.

The system hardware diagnostics are described in "Running the Dell Diagnostics" in your Installation and Troubleshooting Guide.

Video Drivers

You need to install the video drivers for the operating system you install on your system unless they were installed by Dell.

InstallingVideoDriversforWindowsNTServer4.0

To create a drivers diskette, perform the following steps:

1. Select Create Diskettes from the Dell OpenManage Server Assistant setup page.

2. Select the system for which to create the drivers diskette.

3. Create the video controller drivers diskette for Windows NT 4.0.

To install the video drivers, perform the following steps:

1. Start Windows NT.

2. Log in as the administrator or as a user with administrative privileges.
For information on system administration, see the reference documentation for Windows NT.

3. Click the Start button, point to Settings, and click Control Panel.

4. Double-click the Display icon.
The Display Settings window appears.

diskettes:

Create Resource
Configuration Utility
diskette

Creates a bootable diskette for running the RCU. The RCU detects expansion cards and
slots, enabling automatic configuration.

Create PERC2/SC
Configuration Utility
diskette

Creates a bootable diskette for running the RAID controller configuration utility for the
specified Dell RAID host adapter card. The RAID configuration utility provides an
alternative method for configuring the card.

Create PERC2
Configuration Utility
diskette

Creates a bootable diskette for running the RAID controller configuration utility for the
specified Dell RAID host adapter card. The RAID configuration utility provides an
alternative method for configuring the card.

Create Diagnostics
diskettes

Creates a set of diskettes from which the hardware diagnostics can be run. The first
diskette in the set is bootable.

Create Asset Tag diskette
with CD-ROM

Creates a bootable diskette with CD-ROM support from which utilities, such as the Asset
Tag utility, can be run.

NOTES: The options displayed on your system are dependent on your system configuration and may not include all of those listed here.
For the full name of an abbreviation or acronym used in this table, see the Glossary.

NOTE: The video display for the Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0 operating system must be set up with a resolution of 640 x 480 pixels
at installation. Windows NT Server 4.0 Service Pack 4 must be installed before you can use the updated video drivers for the ATI Rage
video.

NOTE:VideodriversmustbereinstalledaftereveryinstallationofWindowsNTServer4.0ServicePack3(orlaterversions).Usethis

procedure only if you do not use Express Setup to install your operating system.

5. Select the Settings tab.

6. Click Display Type and then click Change in the Adapter box.
A list of available video drivers appears.

7. Click Have Disk.

8. Insert the video drivers installation diskette into the diskette drive.

9. In the Copy Manufacturer's Files From field, type a:\ati.

10. Click OK.

11. Make sure that ATI Technologies Inc. 3D Rage IIc is selected in the video drivers list, and click Install.
The Installing Drivers dialog box appears.

12. Click Yes to proceed.
After the files are copied from the diskette, Windows NT prompts you to restart your system. Click OK and close all open windows.

13. RemovethevideodriversdiskettefromthediskettedriveandrestartWindowsNT.

14. Click the Start button, point to Settings, and click Control Panel.

15. Click the Display icon.
The Display Settings window appears.

16. Set the desired resolution, number of colors, and refresh rate.

Asset Tag Utility

The Asset Tag utility allows you to enter an asset tag number for your system.

Using the Asset Tag Utility

To create the Asset Tag utility diskette and boot the system, perform the following steps:

1. If you have not already done so, create a bootable Asset Tag Utilities with CD-ROM diskette from the Dell OpenManage Server Assistant
CD using the Create Diskettes option under Setup.

2. Insert the diskette into the diskette drive and reboot the system.

After you boot the system with the Asset Tag utility diskette, you can use the Asset Tag utility to enter an asset tag number that you or your
organization assigns to the system. You can also use the Asset Tag utility to reenter the system's service tag number if that becomes necessary.

Assigning and Deleting an Asset Tag Number

An asset tag number can have up to ten characters; any combination of characters, excluding spaces, is valid.
To assign or change an asset tag number, perform the following steps:

1. Perform the steps in "Using the Asset Tag Utility."

2. Type asset and a space followed by the new number.
For example, type the following command:

asset 1234567890

3. Press <Enter>.

4. When you are prompted to verify the asset tag number, type y and press <Enter>.
The system then displays the new or modified asset tag number and the service tag number.

NOTE: The Asset Tag utility works only on systems running MS-DOS.

NOTE: The Asset Tag utility diskette contains CD-ROM drivers that provide access to the CD-ROM drive when you boot from the
diskette.

To delete the asset tag number without assigning a new one, type asset /d and press <Enter>.
Table 2 lists the command-line options you can use with the Asset Tag utility. To use one of these options, type asset and a space followed by

the option.
Table 2. Asset Tag Command-Line Options

Back to Contents Page

Asset Tag Option

Description

/d

Deletes the asset tag number

/?

Displays the Asset Tag utility help screen

Back to Contents Page

UsingtheResourceConfigurationUtility:Dell™PowerEdge™6400SystemsUser's

Guide

Overview

The Resource Configuration Utility (RCU) is used to tell the system what expansion cards are installed and which expansion slots they occupy.
With this information, the system automatically configures Plug and Play expansion cards and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) expansion
cards. Before your system was shipped from Dell, a technician used the RCU to enter the correct information for the expansion cards initially
installed in your computer.

The RCU also monitors the resources required by any installed PCI expansion card. After installing or moving a PCI expansion card, you should
run the RCU to update the system's database of available system resources stored in nonvolatile random-access memory (NVRAM).

NOTICE: Whenever you make changes to the System Setup program or change settings for integrated devices, you must run the
RCU, make any necessary changes, and save the system configuration information. Failure to do so may cause resource conflicts
between PCI devices (such as PCI expansion cards, the integrated video controller, or the integrated small computer system
interface [SCSI] host adapter). See "Configuring PCI Expansion Cards" for more information about how PCI devices are configured
based on settings in the RCU.

Configuring PCI Expansion Cards

The RCU is PCI-aware and can be used to configure PCI expansion cards. Configuration information for PCI expansion cards is contained within
the card, so no additional .cfg file is required. You should run the RCU after installing or moving a PCI expansion card to keep the system's
database of available resources accurate.

How to Run the RCU

The RCU is included on the Dell OpenManage Server Assistant CD shipped with your system.
You can run the RCU directly from the CD or from a diskette that you create using the CD's main menu. Dell recommends that you run the RCU

from a diskette because it is not compatible with all operating systems. Also, using a diskette to run the utility allows you to copy any system
configuration changes to the diskette for safekeeping. See "Using the Dell OpenManage Server Assistant CD" for instructions on creating an
RCU diskette.

PCI expansion cards do not require a configuration file. The PCI configuration utility in read-only memory (ROM) automatically uses the information
maintained by the RCU to assign resources for PCI expansion cards.

When to Run the RCU

After the RCU has configured all your Plug and Play and PCI expansion cards, you can use the utility to lock the configuration of your Plug and Play
and PCI expansion cards so that they are always assigned the same resources.

Making Selections in the RCU

The RCU uses menus to guide you through the configuration process. The menus and their options are accessed through keyboard commands.
To make a menu selection, press the up- or down-arrow key to highlight the desired option, and then press <Enter>. In the Help menu or

Advanced menu, you can also select an option by pressing the key that corresponds to the highlighted letter in the selection list.
To scroll up or down a screen, press the <Page Up> or <Page Down> key, respectively.

Using Online Instructions

Overview

Starting the RCU

Configuring PCI Expansion Cards

Main Menu

How to Run the RCU

Advanced Menu

When to Run the RCU

Resolving Resource Conflicts

NOTE: If your system detects a card configuration problem during operation, you receive a warning message directing you to run the RCU
to correct the problem.

The RCU has online instructions for each of its procedures. If you need help at any time, press <F1> to see a help screen that offers more details
about the task you are doing.

Starting the RCU

If you are running the RCU from your hard-disk drive, remove any terminate-and-stay-resident (TSR) programs from memory before starting the
utility. These programs take up space in system memory even when they are not running, thus reducing the amount of memory available to the
RCU. See the documentation that came with these programs for instructions on removing them from memory.

If you start the utility and there is not enough memory to run it, a message is displayed. If you receive such a message, run the utility from a diskette.
Follow these steps the first time you use the RCU.
To run the program from a diskette, insert into drive A the RCU diskette that you created from the Dell OpenManage Server Assistant CD. Then

either turn on your computer or reboot it by pressing <Ctrl><Alt><Del>.

1. To run the program from your hard-disk drive, switch to the c:\rcu subdirectory, type sd at the operating system prompt, and press <Enter>.
To run the program from the Dell OpenManage Server Assistant CD, restart the system from the CD. Click Configure System and then

click Run RCU from the CD's main menu.

2. When the Welcome screen appears, read the information on the screen and press <Enter>.
The Main Menu appears as follows:

Main Menu

Learn about configuring your computer
Configure computer
Set date
Set time
Maintain resource configuration diskette
Exit from this utility

The first option in the menu is already highlighted.

3. Press <Enter> to read the online overview of the RCU.
After reading the online overview, you are ready to use the program to configure your computer for any PCI expansion cards currently

installed in your computer's expansion slots.

Main Menu

The following four sections describe each of the menu options in the Main Menu and the submenus for those options.

Learn About Configuring Your Computer

The Learn about configuring your computer option presents an overview of the configuration process. As you finish reading a screen, press
<Enter> to view the next screen. Press <F10> to return to the Main Menu.

Configure Computer

The Configure computer option takes you through the configuration process step by step. Use this option the first time you configure your system
and every time you change your hardware configuration through the RCU.

When you select Configure computer, the following menu appears on the screen:

Steps in configuring your computer

Step 1: Important Resource Configuration Information
Step 2: Add or remove boards
Step 3: View or edit details
Step 4: Examine switches or print report
Step 5: Save and exit

Step 1: Important Resource Configuration Information
The Step 1: Important Resource Configuration Information option uses seven information screens to explain the configuration process. After

reading the first screen, press <Enter> to see the next one. When you have finished reading all seven screens, press <Esc> to return to the Steps
in configuring your computer menu.

To review the information screens at any time while you are in the RCU, press <F1> and select Resource Configuration from the Help menu.

Step 2: Add or Remove Boards
This step is not used on PCI-only systems.
Step 3: View or Edit Details
The RCU lets you set a variety of system options through the .sci file. Through this file, you can notify the system of changes to your hardware and

memory configuration, manage input/output (I/O) ports, and set other system operating parameters.
Some of the categories do not offer options, but reflect installed hardware detected by the system. These items are displayed for your information

only; you cannot change them through the utility.
To display the list of system board options, perform the following steps:

1. Start the RCU.

2. At the Main Menu, click Configure computer.

3. At the Steps in configuring your computer menu, click Step 3: View or edit details.
A list of system board options appears on the screen. Figure 1 shows settings typical for your system.

To select a category on the list of system board options, press the up- or down-arrow key to highlight the category and press <Enter>. A pop-up
menu appears, listing the options for that category. To select an option, press the up- or down-arrow key to highlight the option and press <Enter>.

When you have finished making changes, save the new system configuration information and exit the utility as follows:

1. Press <F10> and click Step 5: Save and exit from the Steps in configuring your computer menu.

2. Select Save the Configuration and Restart the Computer from the menu that appears.

Figure 1. View or Edit Details Screen (Example)


Step 4: Examine Switches or Print Report
The Step 4: Examine switches or print report option lists the required switch and jumper settings for each expansion card in your computer. To

view the settings, highlight the card and press <Enter>. Press <F7> to make a copy of or print the settings. If your computer is attached to a printer,

NOTE: Whenever you add an expansion card to the computer, its presence is reflected by changes to the System Board Options screen.

NOTES: Several system board categories allow you to edit such resources as memory address, I/O ports, interrupt requests (IRQs), and
direct memory access (DMA) channels. It may be necessary to edit these resources to resolve a configuration conflict. To view the
resource screen for any device, highlight the option and press <F6>.

The edit resources feature is intended for users who are technically knowledgeable. Do not change resource settings from their defaults if
you do not understand how such a change will affect system performance.

To enable or disable the embedded controllers (Enable only), use the System Setup program.
While in the Step 3: View or Edit Details menu, you can press <F7> to enter the Advancedmenu.

you can print out the information or copy it to a file.
Step 5: Save and Exit
The Step 5: Save and exit option allows you to save or cancel the configuration changes you have made. When you select this option, follow the

directions on the menu that appears.
If you save your changes, the utility saves the new configuration in your system's NVRAM and in a file on your RCU diskette. Then the utility

automatically reboots your system.
If you cancel your changes, you can remain in the utility to make other changes or exit the utility without saving any changes.

Maintain System Configuration Diskette

Using the Maintain system configuration diskette option, you can create a backup copy of the .sci file or use a previously saved .sci file to
reconfigure your system or to identically configure many other systems. You can also delete .sci files from your RCU diskette or the configuration
diskette(s) for any hardware option.

Exit From This Utility
The Exit from this utility option allows you to exit from the RCU and reboot your computer system.

Advanced Menu

The Advanced menu lets you lock or unlock cards in a configuration, view detailed information about the system, and maintain .sci files.
To see the Advanced menu, press <F7> while in the Step 3: View or edit details menu. The following menu appears:

Advanced menu

Lock/unlock boards
View additional system information menu
Set verification mode menu
Maintain SCI files menu

Highlight the menu category you want, and press <Enter>. Then follow the online instructions.
The following subsections describe each category.

Lock/Unlock Boards

When you lock an expansion card, the RCU cannot change the resources allocated to that card. Unlocking the card allows the system to change
the resources automatically as new cards are added. The default for the Lock/unlock boards category is Unlocked. Dell recommends that you
keep your cards unlocked so that the RCU can do its job properly.

View Additional System Information Menu
The RCU contains detailed information about the system board and the used and available resources. The options for the View additional

system information menu category are:

l Board Specifications
l System Specifications
l Used Resources
l Available Resources

The Used Resources and Available Resources options contain detailed information about resources such as IRQs, DMA channels, and I/O
ports, which may be useful if you need to resolve a resource conflict.

Set Verification Mode Menu

The settings for the Set verification mode menu category are Automatic (the default) and Manual. When this category is set to Automatic, the
RCU automatically checks for resource conflicts and tries to resolve them. Unless you are technically knowledgeable, leave this category set to

Automatic.

Maintain SCI Files Menu

Each time you use the RCU to configure your system, the system configuration information is saved in a .sci file and in system memory. You should
save the system configuration information to a backup file that can be used to restore the information if the .sci file is damaged or lost. The options
for the Maintain SCI files menu category are Open (the default) and Save As.

The Open option creates a backup file that overwrites the existing configuration. The Save As option allows you to select the filename under which

NOTE: If changes are made to the hardware or System Setup configuration, locks may not be maintained.

you want the .sci file saved.

Resolving Resource Conflicts

The RCU automatically resolves resource conflicts between two PCI expansion cards. It is extremely unusual for the RCU to fail in resolving a
resource conflict between two PCI expansion cards. If the RCU fails to resolve the conflict, see "Getting Help" in your Installation and
Troubleshooting Guide for information on obtaining technical assistance. If the Set verification mode menu category is set to Automatic, the
RCU tries to resolve the conflict. If the utility cannot resolve the conflict, some devices installed in the system are deactivated and the following
message is displayed:

Caution

The last board added caused an un-resolvable conflict in your computer's configuration. This board
has a 'De-activated' status. You must remove this board or the one(s) it is in conflict with in
order to save a correct configuration.

If the caution message appears, press <Enter> to display a list of all cards installed in your computer. The deactivated card is enclosed by < >
symbols.

You can remove the card(s) with which it is in conflict, or change the resources on one or more cards.
If you remove the card(s) with which the new card is in conflict, or if you want to change the resources of one or more cards, use the procedure

described in the next subsection.

To unlock a card, perform the following steps:

1. Press <F7> in the Step 3: View or edit details menu (from the Steps in configuring your computer menu).

2. Click Lock/unlock boards and press <Enter>.

3. Select the card(s) you want to unlock, and press <Enter>.

4. Press <F10> to exit the Advanced menu.

Back to Contents Page

NOTE: Locked cards may cause resource conflicts.

Back to Contents Page

Glossary:Dell™PowerEdge™6400SystemsUser'sGuide

A•B•C•D•E•F•G•H•I•J•K•L•M•N•O•P•Q•R•S•T•U•V•W•X•Y •Z

A
A
ampere(s)
AC
alternating current
adapter card
An expansion card that plugs into an expansion-card connector on the computer's system board. An adapter card adds some specialized function

to the computer by providing an interface between the expansion bus and a peripheral device. Examples of adapter cards include network cards,
sound cards, and SCSI adapters.

ADC
analog-to-digital converter
ADI
Autodesk Device Interface
AI
artificial intelligence
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
application program
Software designed to help you perform a specific task, such as a spreadsheet or word processor. Application programs are distinct from

operating system and utility software.
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange. A text file containing only characters from the ASCII character set (usually created with a text

editor, such as MS-DOS Editor or Notepad in Windows®), is called an ASCII file.
ASIC
application-specific integrated circuit
ASPI®
Advanced SCSI Programming Interface
autoexec.bat file
When you boot your computer, MS-DOS runs any commands contained in the text file, autoexec.bat (after running any commands in the

config.sys file). An autoexec.bat file is not required to boot MS-DOS, but provides a convenient place to run commands that are essential for
setting up a consistent computing environment—such as loading mouse or network software.

B
backup
A copy of a program or data file. As a precaution, you should back up your computer's hard-disk drive on a regular basis. Before making a change

to the configuration of your computer, you should back up important start-up files, such as autoexec.bat and config.sys for MS-DOS or win.ini
and system.ini for Windows.

base memory
Synonym for conventional memory. See also conventional memory.
BASIC
Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, a programming language. MS-DOS includes a version of BASIC.
batch file
An ASCII text file containing a list of commands that run in sequence. Batch files must have a filename extension of bat.
baud rate
Data transmission speed. For example, modems are designed to transmit data at one or more specified baud rate(s) through the COM (serial)

port of a computer.
BBS
Bulletin board service. A computer system that serves as a central location for accessing data or relaying messages by modem. For example,

Dell's TechConnect BBS contains the latest version of software such as video drivers and the Dell Directory. If your system has a modem, you can
access the BBS and download the most recent version of this software.

beep code
A diagnostic system message in the form of a series of beeps from your computer's speaker. Refer to your Diagnostics and Troubleshooting

Guide for a complete discussion of system beep codes.
BIOS

Acronym for basic input/output system. Your computer's BIOS contains programs stored on a ROM chip. The BIOS controls the following:

l Communications between the microprocessor and peripheral devices, such as the keyboard and the video adapter
l Miscellaneous functions, such as system messages

bit
The smallest unit of information interpreted by your computer.
block
A typical unit of disk storage consisting of a small number of sectors. This term usually refers to the fundamental unit of storage provided by an

operating system. See also block size and striping.
block size
The size of a block. See also block and striping.
boot routine
When you start your computer, it clears all memory, initializes devices, and loads the operating system. Unless the operating system fails to

respond, you can reboot (also called warm boot) your computer by pressing <Ctrl><Alt><Del>; otherwise, you must perform a cold boot by
pressing the reset button (if your computer has one) or by turning the computer off and then back on.

bootable diskette
You can start your computer from a diskette in drive A. To make a bootable diskette, insert a diskette in drive A, type sys a: at the command line

prompt, and then press <Enter>. Use this bootable diskette if your computer will not boot from the hard-disk drive.
bpi
bits per inch
bps
bits per second
BTU
British thermal unit
bus
A bus forms an information pathway between the components of a computer. Your computer contains an expansion bus that allows the

microprocessor to communicate with controllers for all the various peripheral devices connected to the computer. Your computer also contains an
address bus and a data bus for communications between the microprocessor and RAM.

byte
Eight contiguous bits of information, the basic data unit used by your computer.
BZT
Bundesamt fur Zulassungen in der Telekommunikation

C
C
Celsius
cache
To facilitate quicker data retrieval, a storage area for keeping a copy of data or instructions. For example, your computer's BIOS may cache ROM

code in faster RAM. Or a disk-cache utility may reserve RAM in which to store frequently accessed information from your computer's disk drives;
when a program makes a request to a disk drive for data that is in the cache, the disk-cache utility can retrieve the data from RAM faster than from
the disk drive.

card-edge connector
On the bottom of an expansion card, the metal-contact section that plugs into an expansion-card connector.
CCFT
cold cathode fluorescent tube
CD-ROM
Compact disc read-only memory. CD-ROM drives use optical technology to read data from compact discs. Compact discs are read-only storage

devices; you cannot write new data to a compact disc with standard CD-ROM drives.
CGA
color graphics adapter
cm
centimeter(s)
CMOS
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor. In computers, CMOS memory chips are often used for NVRAM storage.
COMn
The MS-DOS device names for the first through fourth serial ports on your computer are COM1, COM2, COM3, and COM4. MS-DOS supports up

to four serial ports. However, the default interrupt for COM1 and COM3 is IRQ4, and the default interrupt for COM2 and COM4 is IRQ3. Therefore,
you must be careful when configuring software that runs a serial device so that you do not create an interrupt conflict.

CON
The MS-DOS device name for the console, which includes your computer's keyboard and text displayed on the screen.
config.sys file
When you boot your computer, MS-DOS runs any commands contained in the text file, config.sys (before running any commands in the

autoexec.bat file). A config.sys file is not required to boot MS-DOS, but provides a convenient place to run commands that are essential for
setting up a consistent computing environment—such as loading device drivers with a device= statement.

controller
A chip or expansion card that controls the transfer of data between the microprocessor and a peripheral, such as a disk drive or the keyboard.
conventional memory
The first 640 KB of RAM. Unless they are specially designed, MS-DOS programs are limited to running in conventional memory. See also EMM,

expanded memory, extended memory, HMA, memory manager, upper memory area, and XMM.

coprocessor
A coprocessor relieves the computer's microprocessor of specific processing tasks. A math coprocessor, for example, handles numeric

processing. A graphics coprocessor handles video rendering. The Intel®Pentium®microprocessor includes an integrated math coprocessor.
cpi
characters per inch
CPU
Central processing unit. See also microprocessor.
cursor
In character-based MS-DOS programs, the cursor is usually a block or an underscore (possibly blinking) that represents the position at which the

next character typed will appear. Windows programs can design their own cursors—common cursor symbols include the pointer arrow and the
text-insertion I-beam.

D
DAC
digital-to-analog converter
DAT
digital audio tape
dB
decibel(s)
dBA
adjusted decibel(s)
DC
direct current
device driver
A device driver allows the operating system or a program to interface correctly with a peripheral, such as a printer or network card. Some device

drivers—such as network drivers—must be loaded from the config.sys file (with a device= statement) or as memory-resident programs (usually,
from the autoexec.bat file). Others—such as video drivers—must load when you start the program for which they were designed.

diagnostics
See diskette-based diagnostics.
DIMM
dual in-line memory module
DIN
Deutsche Industrie Norm
DIP
Dual in-line package. A circuit board, such as a system board or expansion card, may contain DIP switches for configuring the circuit board. DIP

switches are always toggle switches, with an ON position and an OFF position.
directory
Directories help keep related files organized on a disk in a hierarchical, "inverted tree" structure. Each disk has a "root" directory; for example, a

C:\> prompt normally indicates that you are at the root directory of hard-disk drive C. Additional directories that branch off of the root directory are
called subdirectories. Subdirectories may contain additional directories branching off of them.

diskette-based diagnostics
A comprehensive set of diagnostic tests for your Dell computer. To use the diskette-based diagnostics, you must boot your computer from the Dell

Diagnostics Diskette. See your Installation and Troubleshooting Guide for a complete discussion about how to use the diskette-based
diagnostics.

display adapter
See video adapter.
DMA
Direct memory access. A DMA channel allows certain types of data transfer between RAM and a device to bypass the microprocessor.
DOC
Department of Communications (in Canada)
dpi
dots per inch
DPMS
Display Power Management Signaling. A standard developed by the Video Electronics Standards Association that defines the hardware signals

sent by a video controller to activate power management states in a video display or monitor. A monitor is said to be DPMS-compliant when it is
designed to enter a power management state after receiving the appropriate signal from a computer's video controller.

DRAC
Dell Remote Assistant Card
DRAM
Dynamic random-access memory. A computer's RAM is usually made up entirely of DRAM chips. Because DRAM chips cannot store an electrical

charge indefinitely, your computer continually refreshes each DRAM chip in the computer.
drive-type number
Your computer can recognize a number of specific hard-disk drives. Each is assigned a drive-type number that is stored in NVRAM. The hard-disk

drive(s) specified in your computer's System Setup program must match the actual drive(s) installed in the computer. The System Setup program
also allows you to specify physical parameters (cylinders, heads, write precomp, landing zone, and capacity) for drives not included in the table of
drive types stored in NVRAM.

DS/DD
double-sided/double-density
DS/HD
double-sided/high-density
DTE
Data terminal equipment. Any device (such as a computer system) that can send data in digital form by means of a cable or communications line.

The DTE is connected to the cable or communications line through a data communications equipment (DCE) device, such as a modem.

E
ECC
error checking and correction
ECP
Extended Capabilities Port

EDO
Extended-data output. A type of RAM chip that holds data on the chip's output data lines for a longer period of time than fast-page mode RAM

chips. The EDO RAM chips are also faster than fast-page mode RAM chips.
EEPROM
electrically erasable programmable read-only memory
EGA
enhanced graphics adapter
EISA
Extended Industry-Standard Architecture, a 32-bit expansion-bus design. The expansion-card connectors in an EISA computer are also

compatible with 8- or 16-bit ISA expansion cards.
To avoid a configuration conflict when installing an EISA expansion card, you must use the EISA Configuration Utility. This utility allows you to

specify which expansion slot contains the card and obtains information about the card's required system resources from a corresponding EISA
configuration file.

EMC
Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMI
electromagnetic interference
EMM

Expandedmemorymanager.AsoftwareutilitythatusesextendedmemorytoemulateexpandedmemoryoncomputerswithanIntel386™or

higher microprocessor. See also conventional memory, expanded memory, extended memory, memory manager, and XMM.
EMS
Expanded Memory Specification. See also expanded memory, memory manager, and XMS.
EPROM
erasable programmable read-only memory
ESD
Electrostatic discharge. See "Safety Instructions" for a complete discussion of ESD.
ESDI
enhanced small-device interface
expanded memory

AtechniqueforaccessingRAMabove1MB.Toenableexpandedmemoryonyourcomputer,youmustuseanEMM.Youshouldconfigureyour

system to support expanded memory only if you run application programs that can use (or require) expanded memory. See also conventional

memory, EMM, extended memory, and memory manager.

expansion bus
Your computer contains an expansion bus that allows the microprocessor to communicate with controllers for peripheral devices, such as a

network card or an internal modem.
expansion-card connector
A connector on the computer's system board for plugging in an expansion card.
extended memory
RAM above 1 MB. Most software that can use it, such as the Windows operating system, requires that extended memory be under the control of an

XMM. See also conventional memory, expanded memory, memory manager, and XMM.
external cache memory
A RAM cache using SRAM chips. Because SRAM chips operate at several times the speed of DRAM chips, the microprocessor can retrieve data

and instructions faster from external cache memory than from RAM.

F
F
Fahrenheit
FAT
Acronym for file allocation table. The file system structure used by MS-DOS to organize and keep track of file storage. The Microsoft Windows

NT®operating system can optionally use a FAT file system structure.
FCC
Federal Communications Commission
flash memory
A type of EEPROM chip that can be reprogrammed from a utility on diskette while still installed in a computer; most EEPROM chips can only be

rewritten with special programming equipment.
format
To prepare a hard-disk drive or diskette for storing files. An unconditional format deletes all data stored on the disk. The format command in MS-

DOS 5.0 or higher includes an option that allows you to unformat a disk, if you have not yet used the disk for file storage.
ft
feet
FTP
File Transfer Protocol

G
g
gram(s)
G
gravities
GB
Gigabyte(s). A gigabyte equals 1,024 megabytes or 1,073,741,824 bytes.
graphics coprocessor
See coprocessor.
graphics mode
See video mode.
guarding
A type of data redundancy that uses a set of physical drives to store data and a single, additional drive to store parity data. Using guarding, the

user's data is protected from the loss of a single drive. Guarding is sometimes preferred over mirroring because it is more cost effective in
systems with a very high storage capacity. However, guarded configurations are significantly slower for applications that frequently write to the
array, because each attempt to write to the array requires multiple read and write commands to maintain the parity information. If this is a problem,
mirroring or duplexing is a better choice. See also mirroring, RAID 4, and RAID 5.

GUI
graphical user interface

H

h
Hexadecimal. A base-16 numbering system, often used in programming to identify addresses in the computer's RAM and I/O memory addresses

for devices. The sequence of decimal numbers from 0 through 16, for example, is expressed in hexadecimal notation as: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
A, B, C, D, E, F, 10. In text, hexadecimal numbers are often followed by h or preceded by 0x. MS-DOS conventional memory—the first 640 KB of
memory addresses—is from 00000h to 9FFFFh; the MS-DOS upper memory area—memory addresses between 640 KB and 1 MB—is from
A0000h to FFFFFh.

heat sink
Ametalplatewithmetalpegsorribsthathelpdissipateheat.Somemicroprocessorsincludeaheatsink.
HMA

Highmemoryarea.Thefirst64KBofextendedmemoryabove1MB.AmemorymanagerthatconformstotheXMScanmaketheHMAadirect

extension of conventional memory. See also conventional memory, memory manager, upper memory area, and XMM.
host adapter
A host adapter implements communication between the computer's bus and the controller for a peripheral. (Hard-disk drive controller subsystems

include integrated host adapter circuitry.) To add a SCSI expansion bus to your system, you must install the appropriate host adapter.
HPFS
High Performance File System option in the Windows NT operating system.
Hz
hertz

I
I/O
Input/output. The keyboard and a printer, for example, are I/O devices. In general, I/O activity can be differentiated from computational activity. For

example, when a program sends a document to the printer, it is engaging in I/O activity; when the program sorts a list of terms, it is engaging in
computational activity.

ID
identification
interlacing
A technique for increasing video resolution by only updating alternate horizontal lines on the screen. Because interlacing can result in noticeable

screen flicker, most users prefer noninterlaced video adapter resolutions.
internal microprocessor cache
An instruction and data cache built into the microprocessor. The Pentium microprocessor, for example, includes a 16-KB internal cache, which is

set up as an 8-KB read-only instruction cache and an 8-KB read/write data cache.
IP
Internet Protocol
IPX
Internetwork Packet eXchange
IRQ
Interrupt request. A signal that data is about to be sent to or received by a peripheral travels by an IRQ line to the microprocessor. Each peripheral

connection must be assigned an IRQ number. For example, the first serial port in your computer (COM1) is assigned to IRQ4 by default. Two
devices can share the same IRQ assignment, but you cannot operate both devices simultaneously.

ISA
Industry-Standard Architecture. A 16-bit expansion bus design. The expansion-card connectors in an ISA computer are also compatible with 8-bit

ISA expansion cards.
ITE
information technology equipment

J
JEIDA
Japanese Electronic Industry Development Association

K
K
kilo-, indicating 1,000.
KB
kilobyte(s), 1,024 bytes.
KB/sec
kilobyte(s) per second
Kb(s)
kilobit(s), 1,024 bits.
Kbps
kilobit(s) per second
key combination
A command requiring that you press multiple keys at the same time. For example, you can reboot your computer by pressing the <Ctrl><Alt><Del>

key combination.
kg
kilogram(s), 1,000 grams.
kHz
kilohertz, 1,000 hertz.

L
LAN
Local area network. A LAN system is usually confined to the same building or a few nearby buildings, with all equipment linked by wiring dedicated

specifically to the LAN.
lb
pound(s)
LCD
Liquid crystal display. A low-power display often used for notebook computers. An LCD consists of a liquid crystal solution between two sheets of

polarizing material. An electric current causes each crystal to act like a shutter that can open to allow light past or close to block the light.
LED
Light-emitting diode. An electronic device that lights up when a current is passed through it.
LIF
Low insertion force. Some computers use LIF sockets and connectors to allow devices such as the microprocessor chip to be installed or

removed with minimal stress to the device.
LIM
Lotus/Intel/Microsoft. LIM usually refers to version 4.0 of the EMS.

LN
load number
local bus
On a computer with local-bus expansion capability, certain peripheral devices (such as the video adapter circuitry) can be designed to run much

faster than they would with a traditional expansion bus. Some local-bus designs allow peripherals to run at the same speed and with the same
width data path as the computer's microprocessor.

LPTn
The MS-DOS device names for the first through third parallel printer ports on your computer are LPT1, LPT2, and LPT3.
LUN
logical unit number
LVD
low voltage differential

M
m
meter(s)
mA
milliampere(s)
mAh
milliampere-hour(s)
math coprocessor
See coprocessor.
MB
Megabyte(s). The term megabyte means 1,048,576 bytes; however, when referring to hard-disk drive storage, the term is often rounded to mean

1,000,000 bytes.
MBR
master boot record
MDA
monochrome display adapter
memory
A computer can contain several different forms of memory, such as RAM, ROM, and video memory. Frequently, the word memory is used as a

synonym for RAM; for example, an unqualified statement such as "a computer with 8 MB of memory" refers to a computer with 8 MB of RAM.
memory address
A specific location, usually expressed as a hexadecimal number, in the computer's RAM.
memory manager
A utility that controls the implementation of memory in addition to conventional memory, such as extended or expanded memory. See also

conventional memory, EMM, expanded memory, extended memory, HMA, upper memory area, and XMM.

MGA
monochrome graphics adapter
MHz

megahertz
microprocessor
Because it is the primary computational chip inside the computer, it is customary to refer to the microprocessor as "the computer's brain." The

microprocessor contains an arithmetic processing unit and a control unit. Software written for one microprocessor must usually be revised to run
on another microprocessor. CPU is a synonym for microprocessor.

min
minute(s)
mirroring
A type of data redundancy that uses a set of physical drives to store data and one or more sets of additional drives to store duplicate copies of the

data. Mirroring is the preferred data redundancy technique in lower-capacity systems and in systems where performance is extremely important.
See also guarding, RAID 1, and RAID10.

mm
millimeter(s)
MMX
The microprocessors for this system include media enhancement technology that is designed to handle complex multimedia and communications

software.
mouse
A pointing device that controls the movement of the cursor on a screen. Mouse-aware software allows you to activate commands by clicking a

mouse button while pointing at objects displayed on the screen.
ms
millisecond(s)
MS-DOS®
Microsoft Disk Operating System
MTBF
mean time between failures
multifrequency monitor
A monitor that supports several video standards. A multifrequency monitor can adjust to the frequency range of the signal from a variety of video

adapters.
mV
millivolt(s)

N
NiCad
nickel cadmium
NiMH
nickel-metal hydride
NLM
NetWare®Loadable Module
NMI
Nonmaskable interrupt. A device sends an NMI to signal the microprocessor about hardware errors, such as a parity error.
noninterlaced
A technique for decreasing screen flicker by sequentially refreshing each horizontal line on the screen.

ns
Nanosecond(s), one billionth of a second.
NTFS
NT File System option in the Windows NT operating system.
NVRAM
Nonvolatile random-access memory. Memory that does not lose its contents when you turn off your computer. NVRAM is used for maintaining the

date, time, and system setup options.

O
OTP
one-time programmable

P
parallel port
An I/O port used most often to connect a parallel printer to your computer. You can usually identify a parallel port on your computer by its 25-hole

connector.
parameter
A value or option that you specify to a program. A parameter is sometimes called a switch or an argument.
partition
You can divide a hard-disk drive into multiple physical sections called partitions with the fdisk command. Each partition can contain multiple

logical drives. For example, you could partition a 200-MB hard-disk drive into two physically separate partitions with three logical drive
assignments, as shown in the following table.

Partitioning the Hard-Disk Drive

After partitioning the hard-disk drive, you must format each logical drive with the format command.
PC Card
Slightly larger than a credit card, a PC Card is a removable I/O card—such as a modem, LAN, SRAM, or flash memory card—that adheres to the

PCMCIA standards. See also PCMCIA.
PCI
Peripheral Component Interconnect. A standard for local-bus implementation developed by Intel Corporation.
PCMCIA
Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. See also PC Card.
peripheral device
An internal or external device—such as a printer, a disk drive, or a keyboard—connected to a computer.
PGA
Pin grid array, a type of microprocessor socket that allows you to remove the microprocessor chip.
pixel

Physical Partitions and Sizes

Partition 1 120 MB; Partition 2 80 MB

Logical Drive Assignments and Sizes

Drive C 120 MB; Drive D 50 MB; Drive E 30 MB

Arranged in rows and columns, a pixel is a single point on a video display. Video resolution—640 x 480, for example—is expressed as the
number of pixels across by the number of pixels up and down.

POST
Power-on self-test. Before the operating system loads when you turn on your computer, the POST tests various system components such as RAM,

the disk drives, and the keyboard.
ppm
pages per minute
PQFP
Plastic quad flat pack, a type of microprocessor socket in which the microprocessor chip is permanently mounted.
PRN
A synonym for the MS-DOS device name LPT1.
program diskette set
The set of diskettes from which you can perform a complete installation of an application program. When you reconfigure a program, you often

need its program diskette set.
protected mode
An operating mode supported by 80286 or higher microprocessors, protected mode allows operating systems to implement:

l A memory address space of 16 MB (80286 microprocessor) to 4 GB (Intel386 or higher microprocessor)
l Multitasking
l Virtual memory, a method for increasing addressable memory by using the hard-disk drive

The Windows NT 32-bit operating system runs in protected mode. MS-DOS cannot run in protected mode; however, some programs that you can
start from MS-DOS—such as Windows—are able to put the computer into protected mode.

PS/2
Personal System/2
PSPB
power-supply paralleling board
PVC
polyvinyl chloride

Q
QIC
quarter-inch cartridge

R
RAM
Random-access memory. The computer's primary temporary storage area for program instructions and data. Each location in RAM is identified by

a number called a memory address. Any information stored in RAM is lost when you turn off your computer.
RAID
Redundant arrays of independent disks. This phrase was introduced by David Patterson, Garth Gibson, and Randy Katz at the University of

California at Berkeley in 1987. The goal of RAID is to use multiple small, inexpensive disk drives to provide high storage capacity and
performance while maintaining or improving the reliability of the disk subsystem.

Patterson, Gibson, and Katz described five different methods, which are known as RAID levels 1 through 5. Each level uses one or more extra
drives to provide a means of recovering data lost when a disk fails, so that the effective failure rate of the whole disk subsystem becomes very low.

Recently, Katz has defined a sixth method, RAID 6, which improves reliability even further, and a configuration that provides no data recovery has
popularly become known as RAID 0.

RAID 0
RAID 0 is commonly called striping. This was not originally defined as a RAID level but has since come into popular use. In this array configuration,

data is written sequentially across the available disks and no redundancy is provided. RAID 0 configurations provide very high performance but
relatively low reliability. RAID 0 is the best choice when DSA controller cards are duplexed. See also striping.

RAID 1
RAID 1 is commonly called mirroring. RAID 1 also uses striping, so RAID 1 may be regarded as the mirroring of RAID 0 configurations. RAID 1 is

the best choice in high-availability applications that require high performance or relatively low data capacity. See also mirroring, RAID 10, striping.
RAID 4
RAID 4 is commonly called guarding. It uses data striping, like RAID 0, but adds a single, dedicated parity drive. The parity data stored on this

drive can be used to recover data lost from a single failed drive. RAID 4 configurations write data slowly because parity data has to be generated
and written to the parity drive, and the generation of the parity data frequently requires reading data from multiple physical drives. See also

guarding and striping.

RAID 5

RAID5,likeRAID4,iscommonlycalledguarding.RAID5isidenticaltoRAID4,exceptthattheparitydataisdistributedevenlyacrossallphysical

drives instead of a parity drive. In configurations using a large number of physical drives in which a large number of simultaneous small write
operations are being performed, RAID 5 offers potentially higher performance than RAID 4. RAID 4 and RAID 5 configurations are appropriate in
high-availability applications where performance is less critical or where high data capacity is required. See also guarding.

RAID 10
RAID 10 is a mirroring technique in which data is duplicated across two identical RAID 0 arrays or hard-disk drives. All data on a physical drive in

one array is duplicated, or mirrored, on a drive in the second array. Mirroring offers complete redundancy of data for greater data security. See
also mirroring, RAID 1, and striping.

RAMDAC
random-access memory digital-to-analog converter
read-only file
A read-only file is one that you are prohibited from editing or deleting. A file can have read-only status if:

l Its read-only attribute is enabled.
l It resides on a physically write-protected diskette.
l It is located on a network in a directory to which the system administrator has assigned read-only rights to you.

real mode
An operating mode supported by 80286 or higher microprocessors, real mode imitates the architecture of an 8086 microprocessor. Designed to

run in real mode, MS-DOS (unassisted by additional software techniques) can address only 640 KB of conventional memory.
refresh rate
The frequency, measured in Hz, at which the screen's horizontal lines are recharged. A monitor's refresh rate is also referred to as its vertical

frequency.
REN
ringer equivalence number
RFI
radio frequency interference
RGB
red/green/blue
ROM
Read-only memory. Your computer contains some programs essential to its operation in ROM code. Unlike RAM, a ROM chip retains its contents

even after you turn off your computer. Examples of code in ROM include the program that initiates your computer's boot routine and the POST.
rpm
revolutions per minute

RTC
Real-time clock. Battery-powered clock circuitry inside the computer that keeps the date and time after you turn off the computer.

S
SCSI
Small computer system interface. An I/O bus interface with faster data transmission rates than standard ports. You can connect up to seven

devices to one SCSI interface.
SDMS
SCSI device management system
SDRAM
synchronous dynamic random-access memory
SEC
single-edge connector cartridge
sec
second(s)
serial port
An I/O port used most often to connect a modem or a mouse to your computer. You can usually identify a serial port on your computer by its 9-pin

connector.
shadowing
A computer's system and video BIOS code is usually stored on ROM chips. Shadowing refers to the performance-enhancement technique that

copiesBIOScodetofasterRAMchipsintheuppermemoryarea(above640KB)duringthebootroutine.
SMP
Symmetric multiprocess. Two or more processors connected via a high-bandwidth link and managed by an operating system, where each

processor has equal access to I/O devices. This is in contrast to the server kind of parallel processor where a front-end processor handles all I/O to
disks, terminals and local area network, and so on.

SRAM
Static random-access memory. Because SRAM chips do not require continual refreshing, they are substantially faster than DRAM chips. SRAM is

used mostly for external cache memory.
striping
In composite drivers with two or more physical drives, the drive array subsystem uses a method of data storage called striping. With this method,

data is divided into a series of pieces called blocks and each data block is stored on a different physical drive. When each drive contains a block
of data, the process starts over with the first physical drive. By carefully selecting the size of the data block, the chance that the information needed
can be read from or written to multiple physical drives at once is increased, greatly increasing the performance of the composite drive. See also

block, block size, and RAID.

SVGA
Super video graphics array. See also VGA.
switch
See parameter.
sync negotiation
Sync negotiation is a SCSI feature that allows the host adapter and its attached SCSI devices to transfer data in synchronous mode. Synchronous

data transfer is faster than asynchronous data transfer.
syntax
The rules that dictate how you must type a command or instruction so that the computer will understand it.