Comtech EF Data is an ISO 9001
Registered Company
CMR-5950
Digicast Media Router Inline Scrambler (IS)
Installation and Operation Manual
Comtech EF Data, 2114 West 7th Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281 USA, (480) 333-2200, FAX: (480) 333-2161
Part Number MN/INLNSCRDC.IOM
Revision A
May 10, 2007
Copyright © Comtech EF Data, 2007. All rights reserved. Printed in the USA.
Table of Contents
PREFACE.......................................................................................................................V
Customer Support..........................................................................................................................v
About this Manual ....................................................................................................................... vi
Reporting Comments or Suggestions Concerning this Manual................................................. vi
Conventions and References....................................................................................................... vi
Cautions and Warnings.............................................................................................................. vi
Metric Conversion ....................................................................................................................vii
Recommended Standard Designations .....................................................................................vii
Trademarks ............................................................................................................................... vii
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Compliance............................................................... vii
Emissions Compliance.............................................................................................................. vii
EN61000 Compliance............................................................................................................... vii
Safety Compliance .....................................................................................................................viii
EN60950.................................................................................................................................. viii
Low Voltage Directive (LVD).................................................................................................viii
Warranty Policy........................................................................................................................... ix
Limitations of Warranty............................................................................................................. ix
Exclusive Remedies.....................................................................................................................x
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................ 1–1
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1–1
1.2 Standard Features..........................................................................................................1–2
1.3 Performance ...................................................................................................................1–2
1.4 Configuration .................................................................................................................1–2
1.5 Specifications..................................................................................................................1–3
1.6 Terminology....................................................................................................................1–5
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CHAPTER 2. INSTALLATION & INITIAL CONFIGURATION.....................................2-1
2.1 Major Assembly.............................................................................................................2-1
2.2 Unpacking.......................................................................................................................2-1
2.3 Installation...................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.4 Initial Configuration......................................................................................................2-3
CHAPTER 3. INTERFACE PINOUTS ..........................................................................3-1
3.1 Pinout Overview............................................................................................................. 3-1
3.2 DC Power........................................................................................................................3-1
3.3 RJ-45 Ethernet...............................................................................................................3-1
3.4 RJ-12 Redundancy......................................................................................................... 3-2
3.5 RJ-12 Terminal .............................................................................................................. 3-2
3.1 BNC.................................................................................................................................3-2
3.6 ASI (Typical RX and TX)..............................................................................................3-2
3.7 RS-422.............................................................................................................................3-2
CHAPTER 4. DEVICE MANAGEMENT VIA USER INTERFACES..........................4-1
4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................4-1
4.2 Web Interface................................................................................................................. 4-1
4.2.1 Administrative Configuration..................................................................................4-2
4.2.2 Syslog Configuration............................................................................................... 4-4
4.2.3 Network Configuration............................................................................................4-5
4.2.4 ASI Egress Configuration........................................................................................ 4-6
4.2.5 Service Filter Route Configuration..........................................................................4-7
4.2.6 Inline Scrambler Configuration ............................................................................... 4-8
4.2.6.1 Inline Scrambler ! (CAT Generator) BISS Remote Control Configuration.. 4-9
4.2.6.2 Inline Scrambler ! BISS Remote Control Configuration ............................ 4-10
4.2.6.3 Inline Scrambler ! BISS Service Configuration.......................................... 4-11
4.2.7 Service Filter Statistics ..........................................................................................4-13
4.3 Terminal Interface....................................................................................................... 4-14
4.3.1 Main Menu.............................................................................................................4-15
4.3.2 Administration Menu............................................................................................. 4-15
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4.3.2.1 Port Number Configuration ........................................................................... 4-15
4.3.3 Egress Configuration Menu...................................................................................4-16
4.3.4 Stats Menu .............................................................................................................4-16
4.3.4.1 Ethernet Stats Menu.......................................................................................4-17
4.3.4.2 Service Filter Stats Menu............................................................................... 4-17
4.3.5 Network Configuration Menu................................................................................4-18
4.3.6 Service Filter Configuration Menu........................................................................4-18
4.3.7 Inline Scrambler Configuration Menu................................................................... 4-19
4.3.7.1 BISS Configuration Menu .............................................................................4-19
4.3.7.2 CAT Generator Configuration Menu.............................................................4-20
4.3.7.3 BISS Service Menu........................................................................................ 4-20
4.4 Telnet Interface............................................................................................................4-21
4.5 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP).......................................................................4-22
4.6 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) (Future).......................................4-23
APPENDIX A. SOFTWARE UPGRADE ................................................................. A–1
A.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................A–1
A.2 Web Interface................................................................................................................A–2
A.3 Telnet or Terminal Interface.......................................................................................A–3
APPENDIX B. BISS E CONTROL VIA SIMULCRYPT INTERFACE...................... B–1
B.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................B–1
B.2 Message Header Configuration ...................................................................................B–1
B.3 Parameter Semantics....................................................................................................B–3
APPENDIX C. SYSTEM LOG CONFIGURATION.................................................. C–1
C.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................C–1
C.2 Enabling a System Logger............................................................................................C–1
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Tables
Table 1-1. CMR-5950 Digicast Inline Scrambler (IS) Specifications......................................................1–4
Table 2-1. CMR-5950 Digicast Inline Scrambler (IS) – Standalone Configuration..................................2-1
Figures
Figure 1-1. CMR-5950 Digicast Inline Scrambler (IS) – Front Panel......................................................1–1
Figure 1-2. CMR-5950 Digicast Inline Scrambler (IS) ............................................................................1–3
Figure 1-3. CMR-5950 Digicast Inline Scrambler (IS) – Rear Panel.......................................................1–3
Figure 3-1. CMR-5950 Digicast Inline Scrambler (IS) – Rear Panel........................................................3-1
Figure 4-1. Connecting to the IS................................................................................................................4-1
Figure 4-2. Home (“Splash”) page.............................................................................................................4-2
Figure 4-3. Administrative Configuration page.........................................................................................4-2
Figure 4-4. Syslog Configuration page......................................................................................................4-4
Figure 4-5. Network Configuration page...................................................................................................4-5
Figure 4-6. ASI Egress Configuration page...............................................................................................4-6
Figure 4-7. Service Filter Route Configuration page.................................................................................4-7
Figure 4-8. Inline Scrambler Configuration page......................................................................................4-8
Figure 4-9. (CAT Generator) BISS Remote Control Configuration page.................................................4-9
Figure 4-10. BISS Remote Control Configuration page..........................................................................4-10
Figure 4-11. BISS Service Configuration page .......................................................................................4-11
Figure 4-12. Service Filter Statistics page...............................................................................................4-13
Figure 4-13. Menu Hierarchy (via Terminal Interface) ...........................................................................4-14
Figure 4-14. Main Menu..........................................................................................................................4-15
Figure 4-15. Administration Menu ..........................................................................................................4-15
Figure 4-16. Egress Configuration Menu ................................................................................................4-16
Figure 4-17. Stats Menu...........................................................................................................................4-16
Figure 4-18. Ethernet Stats Menu............................................................................................................4-17
Figure 4-19. Service Filter Stats Menu....................................................................................................4-17
Figure 4-20. Network Configuration Menu.............................................................................................4-18
Figure 4-21. Service Filter Menu.............................................................................................................4-18
Figure 4-22. Inline Scrambler Configuration Menu ................................................................................4-19
Figure 4-23. BISS Configuration Menu...................................................................................................4-19
Figure 4-24. CAT Generator Configuration Menu..................................................................................4-20
Figure 4-25. BISS Service Menu.............................................................................................................4-20
Figure 4-26. Starting Telnet Session ........................................................................................................4-21
Figure 4-27. Main Menu via Telnet.........................................................................................................4-21
Figure A-1. TFTP Download (via Web Interface)...................................................................................A–2
Figure A-2. Sample TFTP (Telnet shown) ..............................................................................................A–3
Figure A-3. TFTP Download (Telnet shown)..........................................................................................A–4
iv
Customer Support
Contact the Comtech EF Data Customer Support Department for:
• Product support or training
• Reporting comments or suggestions concerning manuals
• Information on upgrading or returning a product
A Customer Support representative may be reached at:
Comtech EF Data
Attention: Customer Support Department
2114 West 7th Street
Tempe, Arizona 85281 USA
480.333.2200 (Main Comtech EF Data number)
480.333.4357 (Customer Support Desk)
To return a Comtech EF Data product (in-warranty and out-of-warranty) for repair or replaceme nt:
For Online Customer Support:
An RMA number request can be requested electronically by contacting the Customer Support
Department through the online support page at
For information regarding this product’s warranty policy, refer to the Warranty Policy, p. ix.
480.333.2161 FAX
• Contact the Comtech EF Data Customer Support Department. Be prepared to supply the
Customer Support representative with the model number, serial number, and a description
of the problem.
• Request a Return Material Authorization (RMA) number from the Comtech EF Data
Customer Support representative.
• Pack the product in its original shipping carton/packaging to ensure that the product is not
damaged during shipping.
• Ship the product back to Comtech EF Data. (Shipping charges should be prepaid.)
• Click on “Return Material Authorization” for detailed instructions on our return
procedures.
• Click on the “RMA Request Form” hyperlink, then fill out the form completely before
sending.
• Send e-mail to the Customer Support Department at service@comtechefdata.com.
Preface
www.comtechefdata.com/support.asp:
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Preface MN/INLNSCRDC.IOM
About this Manual
This manual provides installation and operation information, functional capabilities,
and performance specifications for the Comtech EF Data (CEFD) CMR-5950 Digicast
Inline Scrambler (IS). This publication additionally provides information on how to
connect the CMR-5950 – referred to throughout this manual as “the IS” – to other data
transport equipment.
This is a technical document intended for earth station engineers, technicians, and
operators responsible for the operation and maintenance of the IS.
Reporting Comments or Suggestions Concerning this Manual
Comments and suggestions regarding the content and design of this manual are
appreciated. To submit comments, please e-mail the Comtech EF Data Technical
Publications Department at
techpub@comtechefdata.com.
Conventions and References
Cautions and Warnings
IMPORTANT or NOTE indicates a statement that is associated with the task
being performed or information critical for proper equipment function.
CAUTION indicates a hazardous situation that, if not avoided, may result in
minor or moderate injury. CAUTION may also be used to indicate other
unsafe practices or risks of property damage.
WARNING indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not avoided,
could result in death or serious injury.
IMPORTANT
\
Examples of
Multi-Hazard Formats
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Metric Conversion
Metric conversion information is located on the inside back cover of this manual. This
information is provided to assist the operator in cross-referencing non-Metric to Metric
conversions.
Recommended Standard Designations
Recommended Standard (RS) Designations are interchangeable with the designation of
the Electronic Industries Association (EIA).
Trademarks
Windows is a trademark of the Microsoft Corporation.
Other product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective companies and are hereby acknowledged. Comtech EF
Data neither endorses nor otherwise sponsors any such production or services referred
herein.
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Compliance
This is a Class B product. In a domestic environment, it may cause radio interference that
requires the user to take adequate protection measures.
Emissions Compliance
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital
device, pursuant to Part 15 of the Federal Communications Commision (FCC) rules, and
EN55022 Class B requirements (pending).
These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference
when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment.
EN61000 Compliance
This equipment meets the EMC/immunity characteristics for the limits and methods of
measurement for information technology equipment as per EN61000-4-2, EN61000-4-3,
EN61000-4-4, EN61000-4-5 and EN61000-4-11 (pending).
This equipment meets the EMC/immunity characteristics for the limits and methods of
measurement of mains harmonics & flicker for information technology equipment as per
EN61000-3-2 and EN61000-3-3 (pending).
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Safety Compliance
EN60950
Applicable testing is routinely performed as a condition of manufacturing on all units to
ensure compliance with safety requirements of EN60950. This equipment meets the
Safety of Information Technology Equipment specification as defined in EN60950.
Low Voltage Directive (LVD)
The following information is applicable for the European Low Voltage Directive
(EN60950):
<HAR> Type of power cord required for use in the European Community.
!
International Symbols:
Symbol Definition Symbol Definition
~
NOTE
CAUTION: Double-pole/Neutral Fusing
ACHTUNG: Zweipolige bzw. Neutralleiter-Sicherung
Alternating Current
For additional symbols, refer to Cautions and Warnings listed
earlier in this Preface.
Fuse
Protective Earth /
Safety Ground
Chassis Ground
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Warrant y Policy
Comtech EF Data products are warranted against defects in material and
workmanship for a period of two years from the date of shipment. During the
warranty period, Comtech EF Data will, at its option, repair or replace products
that prove to be defective.
For equipment under warranty, the owner is responsible for freight to Comtech EF
Data and all related customs, taxes, tariffs, insurance, etc. Comtech EF Data is
responsible for the freight charges only for return of the equipment from the factory
to the owner. Comtech EF Data will return the equipment by the same method (i.e.,
Air, Express, Surface) as the equipment was sent to Comtech EF Data.
All equipment returned for warranty repair must have a valid RMA number issued
prior to return and be marked clearly on the return packaging. Comtech EF Data
strongly recommends all equipment be returned in its original packaging.
Comtech EF Data Corporation’s obligations under this warranty are limited to
repair or replacement of failed parts, and the return shipment to the buyer of the
repaired or replaced parts.
Limitations of Warranty
The warranty does not apply to any part of a product that has been installed,
altered, repaired, or misused in any way that, in the opinion of Comtech EF Data
Corporation, would affect the reliability or detracts from the performance of any
part of the product, or is damaged as the result of use in a way or with equipment
that had not been previously approved by Comtech EF Data Corporation.
The warranty does not apply to any produ ct or parts thereof where the serial number
or the serial number of any of its parts has been altered, defaced, or removed.
The warranty does not cover damage or loss incurred in transportation of the product.
The warranty does not cover replacement or repair necessitated by loss or damage
from any cause beyond the control of Comtech EF Data Corporation, such as
lightning or other natural and weather related events or wartime environments.
The warranty does not cover any labor involved in the removal and or
reinstallation of warranted equipment or parts on site, or any labor required to
diagnose the necessity for repair or replacement.
The warranty excludes any responsibility by Comtech EF Data Corporation for
incidental or consequential damages arising from the use of the equipment or
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products, or for any inability to use them either separate from or in combination
with any other equipment or products.
A fixed charge established for each product will be imposed for all equipment
returned for warranty repair where Comtech EF Data Corporation cannot identify
the cause of the reported failure.
Exclusive Remedies
Comtech EF Data Corporation’s warranty, as stated is in lieu of all other
warranties, expressed, implied, or statutory, including those of merchantability
and fitness for a particular purpose. The buyer shall pass on to any purchaser,
lessee, or other user of Comtech EF Data Corporation’s products, the
aforementioned warranty, and shall indemnify and hold harmless Comtech EF
Data Corporation from any claims or liability of such purchaser, lessee, or user
based upon allegations that the buyer, its agents, or employees have made
additional warranties or representations as to product preference or use.
The remedies provided herein are the buyer’s sole and exclusive remedies.
Comtech EF Data shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or
consequential damages, whether based on contract
x
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION
Figure 1-1. CMR-5950 Digicast Inline Scrambler (IS) – Front Panel
1.1 Introduction
The Comtech EF Data (CEFD) CMR-5950 Digicast Inline Scrambler – referred to
throughout this manual as “the IS” – receives both encrypted and non-encrypted
content over an Asynchronous Serial Interface (ASI) to be scrambled using the
Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) Common Scrambling Algorithm (CSA) with
support for the ETSI TS 103 197 SimulCrypt Interface.
The IS provides unparalleled price versus performance, and is the most economical
ASI to ASI CSA scrambler for use with many commercially available Conditional
Access (CA) systems and provides support for Basic Interoperable Scrambling
Systems (BISS).
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1.2 Standard Features
Based on an embedded architecture, utilizing a FreeScale MPC859 CPU and
eCOS Operating System, the IS provides the following features:
• High Reliability
• ASI Input at rates as high as 213 Mbps
• Scrambling rates as high as 60 Mbps
• Support for BISS 0/1/E operation
• Ethernet SimulCrypt Interface for interfacing to an ECMG and
EMMG
• Support for all valid PIDs in 8192 range
• MPEG-2 188/204-byte operation
• Configurable Telnet and HTTP ports for security
• Color LEDs for status monitoring and rapid fault isolation
• Management (monitor, control and configuration):
o Web Interface
o Terminal Interface
o Telnet
TFTP for remote field software/firmware upgrade
o
o
SNMP V2 (Private and MIB II) Support (Future)
1.3 Performance
The IS provides the following performance characteristics:
Item Value
Maximum Ingress (ASI Input) 213 Mbps 188-Byte Mode
Maximum Aggregate Scrambling rate (output) 60 Mbps
Maximum Egress Rate (ASI Output) 213 Mbps 213 Mbps 188-Byte Mode
1.4 Configuration
The IS enables MPEG-2-based content (video, audio and data) to be scrambled using the
Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) Common Scrambling Algorithm (CSA) over an
Asynchronous Serial Interface (ASI) carrying transport streams while removing
unwanted programs.
The IS is designed for integration with any Conditional Access (CA) system supporting
an Ethernet SimulCrypt Interface. The capabilities of the IS are depicted in
Figure 1-2.
1–2
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Figure 1-2. CMR-5950 Digicast Inline Scrambler (IS)
1.5 Specifications
Figure 1-3. CMR-5950 Digicast Inline Scrambler (IS) – Rear Panel
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Table 1-1. CMR-5950 Digicast Inline Scrambler (IS) Specifications
Parameter Specification
Dimensions 7.125” L x 8.125” W x 1.72” H (18.1L x 20.6W x 4.4H cm)
Weight < 6 lbs (2.7 kg)
Power 2.5 mm with screw type connector
Physical
Electrical
Environmental
ASI Copper Input
ASI Copper Output
Ethernet
(10/100BaseT)
Terminal RJ-12
Redundancy RJ-12
Blue PWR
Green RED
Red ALARM
Green SYNC
LEDs
Power Input /
Consumption
ASI (Copper) EN50083-9
Ethernet
(10/100BaseT)
Console RS-232
Redundancy RS-232
Temperature
Operating
Storage
(Non-operating)
Humidity
Operating 10 to 75% Non-condensing
Storage
(Non-operating)
Altitude
Operating Up to 10,000 feet (3048 m) above sea level
Storage
(Non-operating)
Green E-SPD
Amber E-COL
Green E-RX
Green E-TX
Green E-LINK
BNC (75Ω)
RJ-45
48 to 248 VAC 50/60 Hz converted to +5VDC @ 2.5A / < 7W
IEEE 802.3u
32° to 104° Farenheit (0° to 40° Celsius)
-22° to 150° Farenheit (-30° to 65° Celsius)
Relative humidity to 95% with temperature ≤ 95° Farenheit (35° Celsius)
Survival up to 50,000 feet (15240 m) above sea level for up to 15 hours
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1.6 Terminology
The following table defines the acronyms referred to throughout this manual:
Acronym Definition
ASI
ARP
CEFD
CSA
DVB
DVB-S
DVB-S2
EBU
ECMG
EMMG
ETS
FTP
HTML
HTTP
IANA
IGMP
IP
IRD
LAN
MAC
Mbps
MIB
MPE
MPEG
MPEGTS
Msps
MUX
PID
RS
SNMP
SYSLOG
TCP
TERM
TFTP
TSD
UDP
VLAN
Asynchronous Serial Interface
Address Resolution Protocol
Comtech EF Data
Common Scrambling Algorithm
Digital Video Broadcasting
Digital Video Broadcasting – Satellite
Digital Video Broadcasting – Satellite (Second Generation)
European Broadcasting Union
Entitlement Control Message Generator
Entitlement Management Message Generator
European Telecommunications Standard
File Transfer Protocol
HyperText Markup Language
HyperText Transport Protocol
Internet Assigned Number Authority
Internet Gateway Messaging Protocol
Internet Protocol
Integrated Receiver Decoder
Local Area Network
Media Access Control
Mega bits per second
Management Information Base
Multi-Protocol Encapsulation
Moving Pictures Expert Group
Moving Pictures Expert Group Transport System
Million samples per second
Multiplexer
Packet Identifier
Reed-Solomon
Simple Network Management Protocol
System Log
Transmission Control Protocol
Terminal
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
Transport Stream Demultiplexer
User Datagram Protocol
Virtual Local Area Network
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Notes:
1–6
Chapter 2. INSTALLATION &
INITIAL CONFIGURATION
2.1 Major Assembly
The IS is available in a standalone configuration. Table 2-1 lists the components provided
with a standard configuration. In the event any listed item is missing, please contact
Comtech EF Data Customer Support:
Table 2-1. CMR-5950 Digicast Inline Scrambler (IS) – Standalone Configuration
Quantity Description
1 CMR-5950 Digicast Inline Scrambler (IS)
1 SPU24-102 Power Supply
1 IEC Power Cable
1 CA-TERMINAL Terminal Cable
1 CD (includes this manual and Quick Start reference)
1 Quick Start sheet
2.2 Unpacking
The shipping container and packing materials should be retained for possible reshipment.
Perform a receiving inspection as follows:
• Inspect the shipping container for damage. If there is damage to the shipping
container,
• Check to determine that all parts, materials and documentation have been
shipped with the IS.
• Inspect the IS for possible physical damage.
• Test the IS for proper operation.
notify the carrier.
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• Contact Comtech EF Data Customer Support if the shipment is:
! Incomplete
! Physically damaged
! Inoperable
2.3 Installation
The IS is designed for ease of installation and configuration. Once the unit has been
removed from the packing container, follow these instructions:
Step Procedure
1 Place the IS on a flat surface with free-air flow where the LEDs can be clearly
observed with unrestricted access to the rear panel of the unit.
2 Connect the DC power connection to the connection labeled PWR on the back
of the unit and tighten the restraining nut to ensure secure operation.
3 Connect an RJ-45 Ethernet cable (patch cord) to the port labeled ETHERNET.
This cable should be connected to an Ethernet concentrator (hub) or switch.
4 Connect a terminal cable (supplied) to the port labeled TERM. This cable
should be connected to a PC’s serial port (DB-9) to initially configure the IS.
5 Connect the AC power cord between a standard wall outlet and the power
supply. The blue LED will illuminate.
6
IMPORTANT
7 Upon startup, the LEDs on the IS front panel become operational as follows:
LED Function Label Description
It is recommend that the ASI cables NOT be connected until the unit
has been completely configured.
Blue
Red
Green
Green
Amber
Green
Green
Green
PWR
ALARM
SYNC
RED
E-COL
E-RX
E-TX
E-LINK
2-2
LED illuminates if power is properly applied
LED may illuminate since the unit is not yet
configured
LED illuminates if the ASI in SYNC is detected
LED will not illuminate – reserved for future
redundancy functionality
LED flashes if there are collisions on the
Ethernet switch
LED flashes if there is activity on the switch
LED flashes if the unit is transmitting data to
the Ethernet
LED illuminates if the Ethernet connection to
the Hub/Switch is operational
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2.4 Initial Configuration
The initial configuration involves setting up the IP parameters via the terminal cable.
Once the IP parameters have been configured, the terminal cable can be removed. The
terminal cable should be stored in a known location, since it may be needed in the future.
To configure the IP parameters:
Step Procedure
1 Using a terminal emulator on a PC such as HyperTerminal™ or
TeraTerm™, set up the communication port as follows:
• 38,400 BAUD
• 8 Data Bits
• 1 Stop Bit
• No Parity
• No Flow Control
2 Press the <ENTER> key on the PC – the Main Menu should be displayed.
3 Press “N” for the Network Menu.
4 Press “I” for the IP Address. Enter the IP Address and press <ENTER>.
5 Press “M” for the Subnet Mask. Enter the Subnet Mask and press
<ENTER>.
6 Press “G” for the Default Gateway IP Address. Enter the Default Gateway
Address and press <ENTER>.
7 Press “S” to save the parameters.
8 Press “Y” to confirm the saving of parameters.
9 Press “X” to exit to the Main Menu.
10 Press “E” for the Egress Configuration Menu.
11 Press “3” to set the ASI Clock Mode. Enter 188 bytes (default) or 204
bytes per frame and press <ENTER>.
12 Press “4” to set the ASI Clock Rate in Mbps – the range is from
0.390 Mbps to 213 Mbps – and press <ENTER>.
13 Press “X” to exit to the Main Menu.
14 Press “S” to save the parameters.
15 Press “Y” to confirm the saving of parameters.
At this point, the unit has been configured for full operation and the terminal cable may
be removed. The ASI cable may now be safely attached to the ASI input port. For
continued operation, the unit may be managed via the Terminal Interface; however, it is
recommended to use the Web Interface for ease of management.
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Notes:
2-4
Chapter 3. INTERFACE PINOUTS
3.1 Pinout Overview
The rear panel interface (Figure 3-1) provides all necessary external connections between
the IS and other equipment.
Figure 3-1. CMR-5950 Digicast Inline Scrambler (IS) – Rear Panel
3.2 DC Power
Pin Definition
Center +5VDC
Outer Ring GND
3.3 RJ-45 Ethernet
Pin Definition
1 TXD+
2 TXD3 RXD+
4 N/C
5 N/C
6 RXD7 N/C
8 N/C
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3.4 RJ-12 Redundancy
Pin Definition
1 GND
2 TXD
3 RXD
4 GND
5 N/C
6 N/C
3.5 RJ-12 Terminal
Pin Definition
1 GND
2 TXD
3 RXD
4 GND
5 N/C
6 N/C
3.6 BNC ASI (Typical RX and TX)
Pin Definition
Center 8B/10B 270 Mbps
Outer Ring GND
3.7 RS-422
Pin Definition
1 GND
2 N/C
3 N/C
4 ETxCB(-)
5 TxCB(-)
6 TxDA(-)
7 RxCB(-)
8 RxDB(-)
9 Signal Ground
10 N/C
11 ETxCA(+)
12 TxCA(+)
13 TxDA(+)
14 RxCA(+)
15 RxDA(+)
3-2
Chapter 4. DEVICE MANAGEMENT
VIA USER INTERFACES
4.1 Introduction
Management of the IS is simple and intuitive. There are a variety of ways to configure
and manage the IS:
• Web Interface via a LAN-based desktop Web browser
• Terminal Interface via direct connection to a PC’s asynchronous serial port
• Telnet Interface via a LAN
• TFTP for remote terminal upgrades
• SNMP Private MIB and MIB II (Future)
4.2 Web Interface
The Web Interface, operating under standard HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP), is
used to communicate with and command the IS via a HyperText Markup Language-based
Graphical User Interface (GUI). To utilize the Web Interface, a LAN connection must
exist between a PC with a Web browser and the IS.
Once a valid IP Address, Subnet Mask and Default Gateway have been entered into the
IS, activate a Web browser on the desktop then enter the IP address for the IS into the
URL field as shown in the
from the standard 80 via the Terminal Interface, then the port number must be appended
with a colon to the IP address.
A successful connection between the PC and the IS will result in the display of the
“splash page” shown in the
4-1
Figure 4-1 example. If the port number has been modified
Figure 4-1. Connecting to the IS
Figure 4-2 example.
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Figure 4-2. Home (“Splash”) page
4.2.1 Administrative Configuration
IMPORTANT
Figure 4-3. Administrative Configuration page
Beginning with the Administrative Configuration page (Figure 4-3), all
es containing configurable parameters feature a Login dialog box at
the bottom of the page. Changes to the IS configuration will not be
accepted without a valid user name and password.
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The IS Administrative Configuration page contains the following configurable parameters:
Unit Name
The Unit Name assigned to the device.
User Name
The User Name is user configurable and is used for connecting to the unit via IP
management services.
The default user name is
comtech.
Password
The Password is user configurable and is used for authenticating a user when
connecting via IP management services.
The default password is
entered carefully.
When the password is changed, the user will be prompted to enter the password
twice to verify it is correct.
System Contact
Contact information of the system administrator for support.
System Location
The physical location where the unit has been installed.
SNMP server IP address
The IP Address where SNMP traps are to be directed.
Enable Telnet
Enables Telnet application on the IS.
Login Required
A user name and password are required to make any changes to the IS
configuration.
Update Firmware
Allows software/firmware changes to be made. User name and password is
required for security.
comtech. The password is case sensitive and must be
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4.2.2 Syslog Configuration
Figure 4-4. Syslog Configuration page
Syslog is a common feature of the Linux operating system. Syslog allows the events that
occur on the IS to be sent to a server where they can be logged. The events are delivered
to a configured server over Ethernet IP.
Enable
Enables or disables the Syslog feature.
IP Address
The IP address of the Syslog server to which the IS is logging events.
Port
The port number used by the IS for logging events. The default port number is
514.
Login Required
A user name and password are required to make any changes to the IS
configuration.
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4.2.3 Network Configuration
Figure 4-5. Network Configuration page
The Network Configuration page has the following configurable parameters:
IP Address
The IP Address assigned to the IS’s LAN interface. The IP Address is entered in
dotted decimal format.
Subnet Mask
The Subnet Mask assigned to the IS’s LAN interface. The Subnet Mask is
entered in dotted decimal format and is typically 255.0.0.0 for an A-Class mask,
255.255.0.0 for a B-Class mask, or 255.255.255.0 for a C-Class mask.
Default Gateway
The Default Gateway assigned to the IS’s LAN interface. The Default Gateway
is entered in dotted decimal format and must be within the subnet of the IP
Address assigned to the LAN interface. The Default Gateway is the address of a
local router to which all non-local subnet traffic will be directed.
Login Required
A user name and password are required to make any changes to the IS
configuration.
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4.2.4 ASI Egress Configuration
Figure 4-6. ASI Egress Configuration page
Framing Mode
Selects whether the IS operates with 188 bytes or 204 bytes per frame. The
default mode is
Clock Rate
Clock rate in Mbps. The range is from 0.390 Mbps to 213 Mbps.
Login Required
A user name and password are required to make any changes to the IS
configuration.
188 bytes per frame.
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4.2.5 Service Filter Route Configuration
Enable
Name
PID In
Figure 4-7. Service Filter Route Configuration page
Enables or disables route.
Name given to configured route.
Input PID number (range for 0 to 0x1FFF) in hexidecimal.
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PID Out
Output PID number (range for 0 to 0x1FFF) in hexidecimal. A different value
than the input PID results in the PID being remapped to a new PID value.
Add/Delete by Service Number
Provides the ability to add or delete services by service number.
Service List
Displays the service list as a pop-up window for the user to view the available
services.
Name to assign pids in service
Provides the ability to configure a name for the PIDs in the service.
Add Service
Adds the configured service.
Name of pid route to delete
Provides the ability to delete a PID route by name.
Delete Service
Provides the ability to delete a service.
Login Required
A user name and password are required to make any changes to the IS
configuration.
4.2.6 Inline Scrambler Configuration
Figure 4-8. Inline Scrambler Configuration page
The Inline Scrambler Configuration page provides configuration options for the CA and
BISS parameters.
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4.2.6.1 Inline Scrambler ! (CAT Generator) BISS Remote Control
Configuration
Figure 4-9. (CAT Generator) BISS Remote Control Configuration page
This page provides the configurat ion o ptions for t he BISS Remote Contr ol Conf iguration .
These parameters must be set if the CA keys are to be remotely modified by a control
program.
Enabled
Enables or Disables the CAT Generator.
Rate
Number of times per second the CAT is transmitted if CAT Generator is enabled.
Pass Inbound CAT
Enables the IS to pass the incoming CAT.
Add CA descriptor to inbound CAT
Enables the IS to add the BISS CA descriptor to the inband CAT if enabled.
Login Required
A user name and password are required to make any changes to the IS
configuration.
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4.2.6.2 Inline Scrambler ! BISS Remote Control Configuration
Figure 4-10. BISS Remote Control Configuration page
This page provides configuration options for the BISS Remote Control Configuration.
These parameters must be set if the CA keys are to be remotely modified by a control
program.
Enabled
Enables or Disables the remote control capability of the IS.
Mode
Selection of either UDP or TCP as the transport for the remote control
information.
Port
Selection of the desired Port for sending remote control information. The Port
address should be a value greater than 1024.
Keep alive in seconds (TCP only)
The number of seconds between keep alive messages when using TCP mode for
the remote control transport.
Login Required
A user name and password are required to make any changes to the IS
configuration.
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4.2.6.3 Inline Scrambler ! BISS Service Configuration
Figure 4-11. BISS Service Configuration page
This page allows the user to view and configure the valid services received by the IS.
The valid services appears as a pop-up window when the BISS Service Configuration
screen is selected.
Enable
Enables or disables a program.
Name
Name of the service to be scrambled.
Prog Num
Program number in decimal of the service to be scrambled.
Mode
Even or Odd Key.
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TSC Bits State
The Transport Scrambling Control Bits State can be configured to support the
following:
• BISS 0
• BISS 1
• BISS E w/Buried ID
• BISS E w/Injected ID
Key
The key entered into the CSA scrambler for each program:
• BISS 1 requires 12 hexadecimal characters to be entered for the key.
• BISS E requires 16 hexadecimal characters to be entered for the key.
Injected/Buried ID (BISSE Only)
Sets the Injected or Buried ID. This field is only supported in BISS E mode, and
requires 14 hexadecimal characters to be entered for the Injected or Buried ID.
CA Descriptor in PMT
Enables or disables the ability for the Inline Scrambler to insert the BISS CA
descriptor in the service's PMT.
Login Required
A user name and password are required to make any changes to the IS
configuration.
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4.2.7 Service Filter Statistics
Figure 4-12. Service Filter Statistics page
The Service Filter Statistics page provides the service filter statics for the entire IS.
Link Status
Shows the status of the incoming transport link as either 'Locked' or 'Not
Locked'.
Ingress Total Rate
The total ingress rate of the interface.
Ingress Filtered Rate
The rate after input filtering has been applied.
Egress Rate
The configured egress rate of Inline Scrambler.
Egress Framing
Displays the configured egress framing format as either 188- or 204-byte mode.
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4.3 Terminal Interface
The Terminal Interface provides the user with a textual configuration dialog for
configuring the IS. This method of configuration should be used for initial configuration
of the unit; i.e., configuring the network parameters for the unit but not for normal
operation. The Web (HTTP) Interface is recommended for operational management.
The Terminal Interface allows the entire unit to be configured and managed, but this
interface can only be used while a serial connection is present between the IS and a PC.
The same menu information is displayed via the Telnet interface as with the serial
interface – however, some specific features are available only via the the Terminal
Interface; these ‘serial interface only’ features are noted in this section. Detailed
information is provided about the menu features in Chapter 4.2 Web Interface.
Figure 4-13 shows the hierarchal structure of the Terminal Interface-based menus, and
the sections in this chapter which provide figures of these submenu pages.
Main Menu
(4.3.1)
Administration
Menu (4.3.2)
Egress Menu
(4.3.3)
Stats Menu
(4.3.4)
Networ k Menu
(4.3.5)
Service Filter Menu
(4.3.6)
Inline Scrambler Menu
(4.3.7)
Ethernet Stats Menu
(4.3.4.1)
Service Filter Stats
Menu (4.3.4.2)
BISS Config
(4.3.7.1)
CAT Generator
Config (4.3.7.2)
BISS Service
(4.3.7.3)
Figure 4-13. Menu Hierarchy (via Terminal Interface)
Once the terminal interface is connected, as described in Chapter 2.4 Initi al C onfigurat ion,
press the
4-14
<ENTER> key . The user should observe the the Main menu as shown in Figure
.
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4.3.1 Main Menu
Figure 4-14. Main Menu
4.3.2 Administration Menu
Figure 4-15. Administration Menu
4.3.2.1 Port Number Configuration
In addition to the features illustrated, one additional feature is available, for security
reasons, via the serial interface only. Modifying the port numbers prevents attacks on “well
known” ports by devices known as port scanners. This feature is configuration of the TCP
Port number for Telnet and HTTP protocols. Option
standard port numbers for Telnet (23) and HTTP (80) to prevent unauthorized access to the
device. Care should be taken not to use a reserved standard port number.
4-15
<M> allows the operator to modify the
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4.3.3 Egress Configuration Menu
Figure 4-16. Egress Configuration Menu
4.3.4 Stats Menu
Figure 4-17. Stats Menu
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4.3.4.1 Ethernet Stats Menu
Figure 4-18. Ethernet Stats Menu
4.3.4.2 Service Filter Stats Menu
Figure 4-19. Service Filter Stats Menu
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4.3.5 Network Configuration Menu
Figure 4-20. Network Configuration Menu
4.3.6 Service Filter Configuration Menu
Figure 4-21. Service Filter Menu
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4.3.7 Inline Scrambler Configuration Menu
Figure 4-22. Inline Scrambler Configuration Menu
4.3.7.1 BISS Configuration Menu
Figure 4-23. BISS Configuration Menu
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4.3.7.2 CAT Generator Configuration Menu
Figure 4-24. CAT Generator Configuration Menu
4.3.7.3 BISS Service Menu
Figure 4-25. BISS Service Menu
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4.4 Telnet Interface
Telnet provides a textual interface over a LAN. Most PCs have the capability to use
Telnet. To use Telnet on a Microsoft Windows
The Run dialog box is shown in
Figure 4-26. In the Open: text window, enter “telnet
®
product, click , then .
xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx,” where xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx is the IP address of the IS. If the port number
has been modified from the
standard 23 via the Terminal Interface, then the port number
must be appended with a colon to the IP address.
Figure 4-26. Starting Telnet Session
The user will be prompted to enter the user name and password to gain access to the
Telnet interface.
NOTE
The default username is comtech and the default password is
comtech, both of which are case sensitive.
Once the menu is started, press
Figure 4-27.
Figure 4-27. Main Menu via Telnet
<ENTER> and the IS Main Menu will display as shown in
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The user may navigate the menus in the same manner as the Terminal Interface. With
specific exceptions as noted in the Terminal Interface section, the menus available via
Telnet and Serial interfaces are identical.
4.5 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
The IS supports changes to the resident software and firmware by means of the Trivial
File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). This enables changes to be made remotely via the LAN
interface. It is recommended to use Solarwinds TFTP server application (available at
http://support.solarwinds.net/updates/SelectProgramFree.cfm).
To modify the software and/or firmware, use the following procedures:
Configure the server as follows:
File ! Configuration ! Select the ‘TFTP Root Directory’. Set up the location
a)
of the IS files.
b)
File ! Configuration ! Select the ‘Security’ tab and make sure ‘Transmit and
Receive
c) Save configuration.
The server is now configured for the file transfer process.
IMPORTAN
To modify code via Telnet:
’ are selected.
Because the IS stops processing data traffic during the download
process, it is recommended that this upgrade procedure be
performed during scheduled network down time.
Do NOT remove power from the unit during the download process.
Step Procedure
1 Start up Solarwinds TFTP server – Ensure configuration as described
previously
2 Ensure that the code provided by CEFD is located in the TFTP Root
directory
3 Start up Telnet client and initiate a session with the IS as described in
the Telnet Interface section
4 Select ‘A’ for Administration
5 Select ‘D’ for Download
6 Enter ‘1’ for Application code or ‘2’ for FPGA code (the user will be
directed to select Application or FPGA code in the download
instructions provided by CEFD when new code is provided)
7 Enter the IP address of the TFTP server and wait for the message
“Upgrade complete. Press any key to continue”
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This code modification process can also be conducted via the Web Interface, under the
Administration page, or the Terminal Interface under the Main Menu.
IMPORTAN
Under heavy traffic conditions, the TFTP transfer may take several
minutes. The transfer process reported by Solarwinds may show greater
than 100% transferred, but this is a normal condition. Be patient and
allow the transfer to take place.
4.6 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) (Future)
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) has not been enabled on this product and
is planned as a future release. However, when enabled, SNMP allows an SNMP Manager
such as OpenView or Castle Rock to be used to remotely manage the IS in an automated
fashion.
The IS supports SNMP versions 1 and 2 (SNMPv1 and SNMPv2). Two types of
Management Information Bases (MIBs) are supported: MIB II and private MIB.
MIB II is the default MIB that is used to gather generic information about the unit, such
as system ‘up’ time, packets sent or received on an interface, etc. MIB II is designed for
only read access, not write access. To read and write configuration parameters over
SNMP requires a private MIB. The IS’s private MIB allows parameters to be set on the
Web, Terminal, or Telnet interfaces.
The elements Object Identifiers (OIDs) of the MIB will be listed in the appendix of a
future revision of this manual. CEFD has been assigned an SNMP designator by the
IEEE, which will be found in all elements of the IS’s MIB.
NOTE
T
The assigned designator for CEFD (enterprise OID) is 1.3.6.4.1.18723.
The IS supports configurable community strings for added security. As a security
precaution, passwords cannot be remotely queried over SNMP.
For SNMP access from a remote network via the public Internet, a VPN connection to the
IS will need to be established using third-party VPN client/server access.
The default community string for the public elements is “
community string is “
private.”
public” and the private
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Notes:
4-24
A.1 Introduction
The IS is enabled to receive an upgrade via Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
transmission. It is recommended to use the Solarwinds TFTP server application (available
at
http://support.solarwinds.net/updates/SelectProgramFree.cfm) for upgrading the product.
Once the TFTP server is enabled and the new file (
copied to the TFTP server, the following procedures may be used to upgrade the unit.
NOTE
Appendix A. SOFTWARE
UPGRADE
The user will be instructed whether to select Application or FPGA
code in the download instructions provided by CEFD when new code is
provided.
Application or FPGA) has been
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A.2 Web Interface
Access the Administrative Configuration page (Figure A-1):
a) In the
b) Select
c) In the second
d) When the update is complete, the message “Press any key to continue”
e) When the unit has been upgraded, reset the unit by entering a valid username
Update Firmware section, enter the Unit TFTP Server IP Address.
Application or FPGA for the Image Type to be upgraded.
Login Required section, enter a valid username and password,
then select
IMPORTANT
will be displayed.
and password in the first
Update. The software update will begin to download.
Do NOT power the unit down during the upgrade process.
Login Required section and selecting Reset Unit.
Figure A-1. TFTP Download (via Web Interface)
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A.3 Telnet or Terminal Interface
Access the Administration Menu (Figure A-2):
a) Select
b) At the “Image type” prompt, enter
c) Enter the TFTP IP server address. Once the TFTP IP server address is
d) When the update is complete, the message “Press any key to continue”
e) When the unit has been upgraded, reset the unit by selecting (R) for Reset
(D) for Download Image.
1 for Application or 2 for FPGA.
entered, the software update will begin to download.
Do NOT power the unit down during the upgrade process.
IMPORTANT
will be displayed (Figure A-3).
and ‘
Y’ to confirm the reset.
Figure A-2. Sample TFTP (Telnet shown)
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Figure A-3. TFTP Download (Telnet shown)
A–4
Appendix B. BISS E CONTROL
VIA SimulCrypt INTERFACE
B.1 Introduction
All data transferred between the IS for BISS with the Common Scrambling Algorithm
(CSA) scrambler and the host is based on the protocol defined in the ETSI TS 103 197
V1.2.1 (2002-01) specification.
The host connects to the BISS scrambler via Ethernet and uses either a TCP or UDP
connection. The connection type is set on the BISS scrambler via the user interface.
The BISS scrambler listens on a user-defined port. There is no default port – the user m ust set
this via the BISS scrambler’s user interface. The port shall have a value of 1024-65535.
B.2 Message Header Configuration
All messages will begin with the following header:
generic_message
{
protocol_version 1 byte
message_type 2 bytes
message_length 2 bytes
for (i=0; i < n; i++)
{
parameter_type 2 bytes
parameter_length 2 bytes
parameter_value <parameter_length> bytes
}
}
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Where:
protocol_version: A 8-bit field identifying the protocol version. It shall have the value
0x02.
message_type: A 16- bit field identifying the type of the message. The list of message
type values is defined below. Unknown message types shall be ignored by the receiving
entity.
message_length: 16-bit field specifies the number of bytes in the message immediately
following the message_length field.
parameter_type: 16-bit field specifies the type of the following parameter. The list of
parameter type values is defined in the interface specific clauses of the present document.
Unknown parameters shall be ignored by the receiving entity. The data associated with
that parameter will be discarded and the remaining message processed.
parameter_length: 16-bit field specifies the number of bytes of the following
parameter_value field.
parameter_value: Variable-length field specifies the actual value of the parameter. Its
semantics are specific to the parameter type value.
NOTES:
1) For parameters with a size two or more bytes, the first byte to be transmitted will be
the most significant byte.
2) Parameters do not need to be ordered within the generic message.
The following table defines valid message type values accepted by the BISS scrambler:
Message type value Message type
0xC000 Connect
0xC001 Disconnect
0xC002 Set BISS mode
0xC003 Set key
0xC004 Select active key
0xC005 Keep alive
0xC006 Ack
0xC00F Error
The following table defines allowable parameter type values used in the messages:
Parameter type value Parameter type Type/units
0xC000 service_index uimsbf
0xC001 BISS_mode uimsbf
0xC002 key_select uimsbf
0xC003 sw uimsbf
0xC004 esw uimsbf
0xC005 injected_ID uimsbf
0xC006 buried_ID
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B.3 Parameter Semantics
service_index: service being controlled. The scrambler supports 15 services. The valid
range is 0-14.
BISS_mode: BISS mode. 0 = BISS0, 1=BISS1, 2=BISSE using buriedID, 3=BISSE
using injectedID.
key_select: select the key. 0=even, 1=odd.
sw: clear session word. Valid for BISS1 only.
esw: encrypted session word. Valid for BISSE only.
injected_ID: injected ID used to decrypt the encrypted session word. Only valid if BISS
mode is BISSE with injected ID.
buried_ID: buried ID used to decrypt the encrypted session word. Only valid if BISS
mode is BISSE with buried ID.
Connect Message: IS ! Host
The connect message is used to indicate the Host is starting. Only valid if the
inline scrambler remote connection mode is TCP.
Disconnect Message: IS ! Host
The disconnect message is used to indicate the Host is finished. Only valid if the
inline scrambler remote connection mode is TCP.
Set BISS mode: IS ! Host
Parameter Number of instances
service_index 1
BISS_mode 1
Used to set the operating mode of a BISS service.
Set Key: IS ! Host
Parameter Number of instances
service_index 1
key_select 1 or 2
sw or esw 1 or 2
Used to set the value of a key. Both the evan and odd keys may be set in one
message but key_select MUST proceed the sw/esw.
Example: <service_index><key_select><sw><key_select><sw>
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Select Active Key: IS ! Host
Parameter Number of instances
service_index 1
key_select 1
Used to select which key is being used to scramble the service.
Keep Alive: IS " Host
Used to keep the current connection alive. Used only in TCP mode.
Ack: IS ! Host
Used to acknowledge the Keep Alive message. Used only in TCP mode.
Error: IS " Host
Used to indicate and error was detected in the previous message. Used only in
TCP mode.
B–4
Appendix C. SYSTEM LOG
C.1 Introduction
The IS supports a feature known as system logging, more commonly called Syslog.
This section illustrates how a system logger can be set up on a Linux or Unix system
allowing the IS to report system events to a logger attached via an Ethernet connection.
C.2 Enabling a System Logger
To enable system logging, add the following command string to the bottom of the
/etc/syslog.conf file on the Logging Server:
CONFIGURATION
1
,
# log the mux messages to here
*.=info /var/log/mux.log
Where:
*.=info tells the logger to send all messages it receives from the Mux to the Dir/file
1
Note that this is merely a sample configuration. CEFD does not support the setup of a syslog
server, since it is assumed that one is already configured and operational for use.
C–1
CMR-5950 Digicast Media Router Inline Scrambler (IS) Revision A
System Log Configuration MN/INLNSCRDC.IOM
Looking in the top of file /etc/init.d/syslog2, the following is usually displayed:
#!/bin/bash
#
# syslog Starts syslogd/klogd.
#
#
# chkconfig: 2345 12 88
# description: Syslog is the facility by which many daemons use to log \
# messages to various system log files. It is a good idea to always \
# run syslog.
# Source function library.
. /etc/init.d/functions
[ -f /sbin/syslogd ] || exit 0
[ -f /sbin/klogd ] || exit 0
# Source config
if [ -f /etc/sysconfig/syslog ] ; then
. /etc/sysconfig/syslog
else
SYSLOGD_OPTIONS=”-m 0”
KLOGD_OPTIONS=”-2”
fi
Of specific interest is the following line:
SYSLOGD_OPTIONS=”-m 0”
By adding a –r suffix, this allows the server to accept messages from remote machines.
The edited line should read as follows:
SYSLOGD_OPTIONS=”-m 0 –r”
Check the services file, normally at /etc/services, to ensure that PORT 514 is defined.
By default this should be enabled on most machines.
NOTE
After making the changes you must restart syslogd.
On most machines, entering “service syslog restart” should complete the configuration.
2
This file may be in a different location.
C–2
METRIC CONVERSIONS
Units of Length
Unit
1 centimeter — 0.3937 0.03281 0.01094
Centimeter
Inch
Foot Yard Mile
6.214 x 10
Meter Kilometer Millimeter
-6
0.01 — —
—
-5
0.254 — 25.4
-4
0.3048 — —
-4
0.9144 — —
-4
— — —
1.609 x 103
1.609 —
1 inch 2.540 — 0.08333 0.2778
1 foot 30.480 12.0 — 0.3333
1 yard 91.44 36.0 3.0 —
1 meter 100.0 39.37 3.281 1.094
1 mile
1 mm — 0.03937 — — — — — —
1 kilometer — — — — 0.621 — — —
1.609 x 10
5
6.336 x 104 5.280 x 103 1.760 x 103
1.578 x 10
1.893 x 10
5.679 x 10
6.214 x 10
Temperature Conversions
Unit
32° Fahrenheit
212° Fahrenheit
-459.6° Fahrenheit
° Fahrenheit ° Centigrade
—
—
—
0
(water freezes)
100
(water boils)
273.1
(absolute 0)
Formulas
C = (F - 32) * 0.555
F = (C * 1.8) + 32
Units of Weight
Unit Gram
Ounce
Avoirdupois
Ounce
Troy
Pound
Avoirdupois
Pound
Troy
Kilogram
1 gram — 0.03527 0.03215 0.002205 0.002679 0.001
1 oz. avoir. 28.35 — 0.9115 0.0625 0.07595 0.02835
1 oz. troy 31.10 1.097 — 0.06857 0.08333 0.03110
1 lb. avoir. 453.6 16.0 14.58 — 1.215 0.4536
1 lb. Troy 373.2 13.17 12.0 0.8229 — 0.3732
1 kilogram
1.0 x 10
3
35.27 32.15 2.205 2.679 —
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