ZyXEL X550NHV2 User Manual

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PART III

Security

Firewall (153) Content Filtering (161) IPSec VPN (165)

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CHAPTER 13

Firewall

This chapter gives some background information on firewalls and explains how to get started with the NBG-460N’s firewall.

13.1 Introduction to ZyXEL’s Firewall

13.1.1 What is a Firewall?

Originally, the term “firewall” referred to a construction technique designed to prevent the spread of fire from one room to another. The networking term "firewall" is a system or group of systems that enforces an access-control policy between two networks. It may also be defined as a mechanism used to protect a trusted network from a network that is not trusted. Of course, firewalls cannot solve every security problem. A firewall is one of the mechanisms used to establish a network security perimeter in support of a network security policy. It should never be the only mechanism or method employed. For a firewall to guard effectively, you must design and deploy it appropriately. This requires integrating the firewall into a broad information-security policy. In addition, specific policies must be implemented within the firewall itself.

13.1.2 Stateful Inspection Firewall

Stateful inspection firewalls restrict access by screening data packets against defined access rules. They make access control decisions based on IP address and protocol. They also "inspect" the session data to assure the integrity of the connection and to adapt to dynamic protocols. These firewalls generally provide the best speed and transparency; however, they may lack the granular application level access control or caching that some proxies support. Firewalls, of one type or another, have become an integral part of standard security solutions for enterprises.

13.1.3 About the NBG-460N Firewall

The NBG-460N firewall is a stateful inspection firewall and is designed to protect against Denial of Service attacks when activated (click the General tab under Firewall and then click the Enable Firewall check box). The NBG-460N's purpose is to allow a private Local Area Network (LAN) to be securely connected to the Internet. The NBG-460N can be used to prevent theft, destruction and modification of data, as well as log events, which may be important to the security of your network.

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The NBG-460N is installed between the LAN and a broadband modem connecting to the Internet. This allows it to act as a secure gateway for all data passing between the Internet and the LAN.

The NBG-460N has one Ethernet WAN port and four Ethernet LAN ports, which are used to physically separate the network into two areas.The WAN (Wide Area Network) port attaches to the broadband (cable or DSL) modem to the Internet.

The LAN (Local Area Network) port attaches to a network of computers, which needs security from the outside world. These computers will have access to Internet services such as e-mail, FTP and the World Wide Web. However, "inbound access" is not allowed (by default) unless the remote host is authorized to use a specific service.

13.1.4 Guidelines For Enhancing Security With Your Firewall

1 Change the default password via web configurator. 2 Think about access control before you connect to the network in any way, including

attaching a modem to the port.

3 Limit who can access your router. 4 Don't enable any local service (such as SNMP or NTP) that you don't use. Any enabled

service could present a potential security risk. A determined hacker might be able to find creative ways to misuse the enabled services to access the firewall or the network.

5 For local services that are enabled, protect against misuse. Protect by configuring the

services to communicate only with specific peers, and protect by configuring rules to block packets for the services at specific interfaces.

6 Protect against IP spoofing by making sure the firewall is active. 7 Keep the firewall in a secured (locked) room.

13.2 Triangle Routes

If an alternate gateway on the LAN has an IP address in the same subnet as the NBG-460N’s LAN IP address, return traffic may not go through the NBG-460N. This is called an asymmetrical or “triangle” route. This causes the NBG-460N to reset the connection, as the connection has not been acknowledged.

You can have the NBG-460N permit the use of asymmetrical route topology on the network (not reset the connection).

Allowing asymmetrical routes may let traffic from the WAN go directly to the LAN without passing through the NBG-460N. A better solution is to use IP alias to put the NBG-460N and the backup gateway on separate subnets.

13.2.1 Triangle Routes and IP Alias

You can use IP alias instead of allowing triangle routes. IP Alias allow you to partition your network into logical sections over the same interface.

By putting your LAN and Gateway A in different subnets, all returning network traffic must pass through the NBG-460N to your LAN. The following steps describe such a scenario.

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1 A computer on the LAN initiates a connection by sending a SYN packet to a receiving

server on the WAN.

2 The NBG-460N reroutes the packet to Gateway A, which is in Subnet 2. 3 The reply from the WAN goes to the NBG-460N. 4 The NBG-460N then sends it to the computer on the LAN in Subnet 1.

Figure 96 Using IP Alias to Solve the Triangle Route Problem

13.3 General Firewall Screen

Click Security > Firewall to open the General screen. Use this screen to enable or disable the NBG-460N’s firewall, and set up firewall logs.

Figure 97 Security > Firewall > General l

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 57 Security > Firewall > General

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Enable Firewall Select this check box to activate the firewall. The NBG-460N performs access

Packet Direction This is the direction of travel of packets.

control and protects against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks when the firewall is activated.

Firewall rules are grouped based on the direction of travel of packets to which they apply.

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Table 57 Security > Firewall > General

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Log Select whether to create a log for packets that are traveling in the selected

Apply Click Apply to save the settings. Reset Click Reset to start configuring this screen again.

direction when the packets are blocked (Log All) or forwarded (Log Forward). Or select Not Log to not log any records.

To log packets related to firewall rules, make sure that Access Control under Log is selected in the Logs > Log Settings screen.

13.4 Services Screen

Click Security > Firewall > Services. The screen appears as shown next. If an outside user attempts to probe an unsupported port on your NBG-460N, an ICMP

response packet is automatically returned. This allows the outside user to know the NBG460N exists. Use this screen to prevent the ICMP response packet from being sent. This keeps outsiders from discovering your NBG-460N when unsupported ports are probed.

You can also use this screen to enable service blocking, enter/delete/modify the services you want to block and the date/time you want to block them.

Figure 98 Security > Firewall > Services

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 58 Security > Firewall > Services

LABEL DESCRIPTION

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol is a message control and error-reporting

Respond to Ping onThe NBG-460N will not respond to any incoming Ping requests when Disable is

protocol between a host server and a gateway to the Internet. ICMP uses Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams, but the messages are processed by the TCP/IP software and directly apparent to the application user.

selected. Select LAN to reply to incoming LAN Ping requests. Select WAN to reply to incoming WAN Ping requests. Otherwise select LAN & WAN to reply to all incoming LAN and WAN Ping requests.

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Table 58 Security > Firewall > Services

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Do not respond to requests for unauthorized services

Firewall Rule # This is your firewall rule number. The ordering of your rules is important as rules

Active This icon is green when the rule is turned on. The icon is grey when the rule is

Service Name This field displays the services and port numbers to which this firewall rule applies. IP This field displays the IP address(es) the rule applies to. Schedule This field displays the days the firewall rule is active. Log This field shows you whether a log will be created when packets match the rule

Modify Click the Edit icon to modify an existing rule setting in the fields under the Add

Add Click the Add button to display the screen where you can configure a new firewall

Move The Move button moves a rule to a different position. In the first text box enter the

Misc setting Bypass Triangle

Route Max NAT/Firewall

Session Per User Apply Click Apply to save the sett ings. Reset Click Reset to start configuring this screen again.

Select this option to prevent hackers from finding the NBG-460N by probing for unused ports. If you select this option, the NBG-460N will not respond to port request(s) for unused ports, thus leaving the unused ports and the NBG-460N unseen. By default this option is not selected and the NBG-460N will reply with an ICMP Port Unreachable packet for a port probe on its unused UDP ports, and a TCP Reset packet for a port probe on its unused TCP ports.

Note that the probing packets must first traverse the NBG-460N's firewall mechanism before reaching this anti-probing mechanism. Therefore if the firewall mechanism blocks a probing packet, the NBG-460N reacts based on the firewall policy, which by default, is to send a TCP reset packet for a blocked TCP packet. You can use the command "sys firewall tcprst rst [on|off]" to change this policy. When the firewall mechanism blocks a UDP packet, it drops the packet without sending a response packet.

are applied in turn. Use the Move button to rearrange the order of the rules.

turned off.

(Match) or not (No).

Firewall Rule screen. Click the Remove icon to delete a rule. Note that subsequent firewall rules move

up by one when you take this action.

rule. Modify the number in the textbox to add the rule before a specific rule number.

number of the rule you wish to move. In the second text box enter the number of the rule you wish to move the first rule to and click the Move button.

Select this check box to have the NBG-460N firewall ignore the use of triangle route topology on the network.

Type a number ranging from 1 to 2048 to limit the number of NAT/firewall sessions that a host can create.

13.4.1 The Add Firewall Rule Screen

If you click Add or the Modify icon on an existing rule, the Add Firewall Rule screen is displayed. Use this screen to add a firewall rule or to modify an existing one.

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Figure 99 Security > Firewall > Services > Adding a Rule

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 59 Security > Firewall > Services > Adding a Rule

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Active Select this check box to turn the rule on. Address Type Do you want your rule to apply to packets with a particular (single) IP, a range of

IP Address Enter the single IP address here. This field is only available when Single IP is

Start IP Address Enter the starting IP address in a range here. This field is only available when IP

End IP Address Enter the ending IP address in a range here. This field is only available when IP

IP Pool List Add an IP address from the IP Pool List to the Selected IP List by highlighting an

Service Setup

IP addresses (for example 192.168.1.10 to 192.169.1.50), a pool of IP address or any IP address? Select an option from the drop-down list box that includes: Any IP, Single IP, IP Range and IP Pool.

selected as the Address Type.

Range is selected as the Address Type.

IP address and clicking Add. To delete an IP address from the Selected IP List highlight an IP address and click the Remove button. These fields are only available when IP Pool is selected as the Address Type.

The IP Pool list gathers its IPs from entries in the ARP table. The ARP table contains the IP addresses and MAC addresses of the devices that have sent traffic to the NBG-460N.

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Table 59 Security > Firewall > Services > Adding a Rule

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Available Services

Blocked Services This is a list of services (ports) that will be inaccessible to computers on your LAN

Custom Port A custom port is a service that is not available in the pre-defined Available

Type Choose the IP port (TCP or UDP) that defines your customized port from the drop

Port Number Enter the port number range that defines the service. For example, if you want to

Add Select a service from the Available Services drop-down list and then click Add to

Delete Select a service from the Blocked Services list and then click Delete to remove

Clear All Click Clear All to empty the Blocked Services. Schedule to Block Day to Block: Select a check box to configure which days of the week (or everyday) you want

Time of Day to Block (24-Hour Format)

Log Active (Log

packets match this rule)

Misc setting Bypass Triangle

Route Max NAT/Firewall

Session Per User Apply Click Apply to save the sett ings. Reset Click Reset to start configuring this screen again. Cancel Click Cancel to return to the Services screen without saving any changes.

This is a list of pre-defined services (ports) you may prohibit your LAN computers from using. Select the port you want to block using the drop-down list and click Add to add the port to the Blocked Services field.

once you enable service blocking.

Services list and you must define using the next two fields.

down list box.

define the Gnutella service, then select TCP type and enter a port range from 6345 to 6349.

add a service to the Blocked Services

this service from the list.

service blocking to be active. Select the time of day you want service blocking to take effect. Configure blocking

to take effect all day by selecting All Day. You can also configure specific times by selecting From and entering the start time in the Start (hour) and Start (min) fields and the end time in the End (hour) and End (min) fields. Enter times in 24hour format, for example, "3:00pm" should be entered as "15:00".

Select this to log packets that match this rule. Go to the Log Settings page and select the Access Control logs category to have the NBG-460N record these logs.

Select this check box to have the NBG-460N firewall ignore the use of triangle route topology on the network.

Type a number ranging from 1 to 2048 to limit the number of NAT/firewall sessions that a host can create.

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CHAPTER 14

Content Filtering

This chapter provides a brief overview of content filtering using the embedded web GUI.

14.1 Introduction to Content Filtering

Internet content filtering allows you to create and enforce Internet access policies tailored to your needs. Content filtering is the ability to block certain web features or specific URL keywords.

14.2 Restrict Web Features

The NBG-460N can block web features such as ActiveX controls, Java applets, cookies and disable web proxies.

14.3 Days and Times

The NBG-460N also allows you to define time periods and days during which the NBG-460N performs content filtering.

14.4 Filter Screen

Click Security > Content Filter to open the Filter screen.

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Figure 100 Security > Content Filter > Filter

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 60 Security > Content Filter > Filter

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Trusted Computer IP Address

Restrict Web Features

ActiveX A tool for building dynamic and active Web pages and distributed object

Java A programming language and development environment for building

Cookies Used by Web servers to track usage and provide service based on ID. Web Proxy A server that acts as an intermediary between a user and the Internet to provide

Keyword Blocking Enable URL

Keyword Blocking

To enable this feature, type an IP address of any one of the computers in your network that you want to have as a trusted computer. This allows the trusted computer to have full access to all features that are configured to be blocked by content filtering.

Leave this field blank to have no trusted computers. Select the box(es) to restrict a feature. When you download a page containing a

restricted feature, that part of the web page will appear blank or grayed out.

applications. When you visit an ActiveX Web site, ActiveX controls are downloaded to your browser, where they remain in case you visit the site again.

downloadable Web components or Internet and intranet business applications of all kinds.

security, administrative control, and caching service. When a proxy server is located on the WAN it is possible for LAN users to circumvent content filtering by pointing to this proxy server.

The NBG-460N can block Web sites with URLs that contain certain keywords in the domain name or IP address. For example, if the keyword "bad" was enabled, all sites containing this keyword in the domain name or IP address will be blocked, e.g., URL http://www.website.com/bad.html would be blocked. Select this check box to enable this feature.

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Table 60 Security > Content Filter > Filter

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Keyword Type a keyword in this field. You may use any character (up to 64 characters).

Keyword List This list displays the keywords already added. Add Click Add after you have typed a keyword.

Delete Highlight a keyword in the lower box and click Delete to remove it. The keyword

Clear All Click this button to remove all of the listed keywords. Denied Access

Message Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh

14.5 Schedule

Chapter 14 Content Filtering

Wildcards are not allowed. You can also enter a numerical IP address.

Repeat this procedure to add other keywords. Up to 64 keywords are allowed. When you try to access a web page containing a keyword, you will get a

message telling you that the content filter is blocking this request.

disappears from the text box after you click Apply.

Enter a message to be displayed when a user tries to access a restricted web site. The default message is “Please contact your network administrator!!”

Use this screen to set the day(s) and time you want the NBG-460N to use content filtering. Click Security > Content Filter > Schedule. The following screen displays.

Figure 101 Security > Content Filter > Schedule

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 61 Security > Content Filter > Schedule

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Day to Block Select check boxes for the days that you want the NBG-460N to perform

Time of Day to Block (24-Hour Format)

content filtering. Select the Everyday check box to have content filtering turned on all days of the week.

Time of Day to Block allows the administrator to define during which time periods content filtering is enabled. Time of Day to Block restrictions only apply to the keywords (see above). Restrict web server data, such as ActiveX, Java, Cookies and Web Proxy are not affected.

Select All Day to have content filtering always active on the days selected in Day to Block with time of day limitations not enforced.

Select From and enter the time period, in 24-hour format, during which content filtering will be enforced.

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Table 61 Security > Content Filter > Schedule

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh

14.6 Customizing Keyword Blocking URL Checking

You can use commands to set how much of a website’s URL the content filter is to check for keyword blocking. See the appendices for information on how to access and use the command interpreter.

14.6.1 Domain Name or IP Address URL Checking

By default, the NBG-460N checks the URL’s domain name or IP address when performing keyword blocking.

This means that the NBG-460N checks the characters that come before the first slash in the URL.

For example, with the URL www.zyxel.com.tw/news/pressroom.php searches for keywords within www.zyxel.com.tw

14.6.2 Full Path URL Checking

Full path URL checking has the NBG-460N check the characters that come before the last slash in the URL.

For example, with the URL www.zyxel.com.tw/news/pressroom.php searches for keywords within www.zyxel.com.tw/news/

Use the ip urlfilter customize actionFlags 6 [disable | enable] command to extend (or not extend) the keyword blocking search to include the URL's full path.

14.6.3 File Name URL Checking

Filename URL checking has the NBG-460N check all of the characters in the URL. For example, filename URL checking searches for keywords within the URL

www.zyxel.com.tw/news/pressroom.php

Use the ip urlfilter customize actionFlags 8 [disable | enable] command to extend (or not extend) the keyword blocking search to include the URL's complete filename.

, content filtering only

, full path URL checking

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CHAPTER 15

IPSec VPN

15.1 IPSec VPN Overview

A virtual private network (VPN) provides secure communications between sites without the expense of leased site-to-site lines. A secure VPN is a combination of tunneling, encryption, authentication, access control and auditing. It is used to transport traffic over the Internet or any insecure network that uses TCP/IP for communication.

Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) is a standards-based VPN that offers flexible solutions for secure data communications across a public network like the Internet. IPSec is built around a number of standardized cryptographic techniques to provide confidentiality, data integrity and authentication at the IP layer.

The following figure provides one perspective of a VPN tunnel.

Figure 102 IPSec VPN: Overview

The VPN tunnel connects the NBG-460N (X) and the remote IPSec router (Y). These routers then connect the local network (A) and remote network (B).

15.1.1 What You Can Do in the IPSec VPN Screens

Use the General Screen (Section 15.2 on page 167) to display and manage the NBG-460N’s VPN rules (tunnels).

Use the SA Monitor Screen (Section 15.3 on page 184) to display and manage active VPN connections.

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15.1.2 What You Need To Know About IPSec VPN

A VPN tunnel is usually established in two phases. Each phase establishes a security association (SA), a contract indicating what security parameters the NBG-460N and the remote IPSec router will use. The first phase establishes an Internet Key Exchange (IKE) SA between the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router. The second phase uses the IKE SA to securely establish an IPSec SA through which the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router can send data between computers on the local network and remote network. The following figure illustrates this.

Figure 103 VPN: IKE SA and IPSec SA

In this example, a computer in network A is exchanging data with a computer in network B. Inside networks A and B, the data is transmitted the same way data is normally transmitted in the networks. Between routers X and Y, the data is protected by tunneling, encryption, authentication, and other security features of the IPSec SA. The IPSec SA is established securely using the IKE SA that routers X and Y established first.

15.1.3 IKE SA (IKE Phase 1) Overview

The IKE SA provides a secure connection between the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router. It takes several steps to establish an IKE SA. The negotiation mode determines the number of

steps to use. There are two negotiation modes--main mode and aggressive mode. Main mode provides better security, while aggressive mode is faster.

Note: Both routers must use the same negotiation mode.

These modes are discussed in more detail in Negotiation Mode on page 188. Main mode is used in various examples in the rest of this section.

15.1.3.1 IP Addresses of the NBG-460N and Remote IPSec Router

In the NBG-460N, you have to specify the IP addresses of the NBG-460N and the remote IPSec router to establish an IKE SA.

You can usually provide a static IP address or a domain name for the NBG-460N. Sometimes, your NBG-460N might also offer another alternative, such as using the IP address of a port or interface.

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You can usually provide a static IP address or a domain name for the remote IPSec router as well. Sometimes, you might not know the IP address of the remote IPSec router (for example, telecommuters). In this case, you can still set up the IKE SA, but only the remote IPSec router can initiate an IKE SA.

15.1.4 IPSec SA (IKE Phase 2) Overview

Once the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router have established the IKE SA, they can securely negotiate an IPSec SA through which to send data between computers on the networks.

Note: The IPSec SA stays connected even if the underlying IKE SA is not available

anymore.

This section introduces the key components of an IPSec SA.

15.1.4.1 Local Network and Remote Network

In an IPSec SA, the local network consists of devices connected to the NBG-460N and may be called the local policy. Similarly, the remote network consists of the devices connected to the remote IPSec router and may be called the remote policy.

Chapter 15 IPSec VPN

Note: It is not recommended to set a VPN rule’s local and remote network settings

both to 0.0.0.0 (any). This causes the NBG-460N to try to forward all access attempts (to the local network, the Internet or even the NBG-460N) to the remote IPSec router. In this case, you can no longer manage the NBG-460N.

15.2 The General Screen

Click Security > VPN to display the Summary screen. This is a read-only menu of your VPN rules (tunnels). Edit a VPN rule by clicking the Edit icon.

Figure 104 Security > VPN > General

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The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 62 Security > VPN > General

LABEL DESCRIPTION

# This is the VPN policy index number. Active This field displays whether the VPN policy is active or not.

Local Addr. This displays the beginning and ending (static) IP addresses or a (static) IP address

Remote Addr. This displays the beginning and ending (static) IP addresses or a (static) IP address

Encap. This field displays Tunnel or Transport mode (Tunnel is the default selection). Algorithm This field displays the security protocol, encrypti on algorithm and authentication

Gateway This is the static WAN IP address or URL of the remote IPSec router. This field

Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the VPN rule.

Windows Networking (NetBIOS over TCP/IP)

Allow NetBIOS Traffic Through IPSec Tunnel

Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-460N. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.

This icon is turned on when the rule is enabled.

and a subnet mask of computer(s) on your local network behind your NBG-460N.

and a subnet mask of computer(s) on the remote network behind the remote IPSec router.

This field displays 0.0.0.0 when the Secure Gateway Address field displays 0.0.0.0. In this case only the remote IPSec router can initiate the VPN.

algorithm used for an SA.

displays 0.0.0.0 when you configure the Secure Gateway Address field in the Rule Setup screen to 0.0.0.0.

Click the Remove icon to remove an existing VPN rule. NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) are TCP or UDP packets that enable

a computer to find other computers. It may sometimes be necessary to allow NetBIOS packets to pass through VPN tunnels in order to allow local computers to find computers on the remote network and vice versa.

Select this check box to send NetBIOS packets through the VPN connection.

15.2.1 VPN Rule Setup (Basic)

Click the Edit icon in the General screen to display the Rule Setup screen. This figure helps explain the main fields.

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Figure 105 IPSec Fields Summary

Use this screen to configure a VPN rule.

Figure 106 Security > VPN > General > Rule Setup: IKE (Basic)

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 63 SECURITY > VPN > Rule Setup: IKE (Basic)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Property Active Select this check box to activate this VPN policy. Keep Alive Select this check box to have the NBG-460N automatically reinitiate the SA after

NAT Traversal Select this check box to enable NAT traversal. NAT traversal allows you to set up

IPSec Keying Mode

DNS Server (for IPSec VPN)

Local Policy Local IP addresses must be static and correspond to the remote IPSec router's

Local Address For a single IP address, enter a (static) IP address on the LAN behind your NBG-

Local Address End /Mask

the SA lifetime times out, even if there is no traffic. The remote IPSec router must also have keep alive enabled in order for this feature to work.

a VPN connection when there are NAT routers between the two IPSec routers.

Note: The remote IPSec router must also have NAT traversal

enabled.

You can use NAT traversal with ESP protocol using Transport or Tunnel mode, but not with AH protocol nor with manual key management. In order for an IPSec router behind a NAT router to receive an initiating IPSec packet, set the NAT router to forward UDP ports 500 and 4500 to the IPSec router behind the NAT router.

Select IKE or Manual from the drop-down list box. IKE provides more protection so it is generally recommended. Manual is a useful option for troubleshooting if you have problems using IKE key management.

If there is a private DNS server that services the VPN, type its IP address here. The NBG-460N assigns this additional DNS server to the NBG-460N's DHCP clients that have IP addresses in this IPSec rule's range of local addresses.

A DNS server allows clients on the VPN to find other computers and servers on the VPN by their (private) domain names.

configured remote IP addresses. Two active SAs can have the same configured local or remote IP address, but not

both. You can configure multiple SAs between the same local and remote IP addresses, as long as only one is active at any time.

In order to have more than one active rule with the Secure Gateway Address field set to 0.0.0.0, the ranges of the local IP addresses cannot overlap between rules.

If you configure an active rule with 0.0.0.0 in the Secure Gateway Address field and the LAN’s full IP address range as the local IP address, then you cannot configure any other active rules with the Secure Gateway Address field set to

0.0.0.0.

460N. For a specific range of IP addresses, enter the beginning (static) IP address, in a

range of computers on your LAN behind your NBG-460N. To specify IP addresses on a network by their subnet mask, enter a (static) IP

address on the LAN behind your NBG-460N. When the local IP address is a single address, type it a second time here.

When the local IP address is a range, enter the end (static) IP address, in a range of computers on the LAN behind your NBG-460N.

When the local IP address is a subnet address, enter a subnet mask on the LAN behind your NBG-460N.

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Table 63 SECURITY > VPN > Rule Setup: IKE (Basic) (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Chapter 15 IPSec VPN

Remote Policy Remote IP addresses must be static and correspond to the remote IPSec router's

Remote Address For a single IP address, enter a (static) IP address on the network behind the

Remote Address End /Mask

Authentication Method

My IP Address Enter the NBG-460N's static WAN IP address (if it has one) or leave the field set

Local ID Type Select IP to identify this NBG-460N by its IP address.

Local Content When you select IP in the Local ID Type field, type the IP address of your

configured local IP addresses. The remote fields do not apply when the Secure Gateway IP Address field is configured to 0.0.0.0. In this case only the remote IPSec router can initiate the VPN.

Two active SAs cannot have the local and remote IP address(es) both the same. Two active SAs can have the same local or remote IP address, but not both. You can configure multiple SAs between the same local and remote IP addresses, as long as only one is active at any time.

remote IPSec router. For a specific range of IP addresses, enter the beginning (static) IP address, in a

range of computers on the network behind the remote IPSec router. To specify IP addresses on a network by their subnet mask, enter a (static) IP

address on the network behind the remote IPSec router. When the remote IP address is a single address, type it a second time here.

When the remote IP address is a range, enter the end (static) IP address, in a range of computers on the network behind the remote IPSec router.

When the remote IP address is a subnet address, enter a subnet mask on the network behind the remote IPSec router.

to 0.0.0.0. The NBG-460N uses its current WAN IP address (static or dynamic) in setting up

the VPN tunnel if you leave this field as 0.0.0.0. If the WAN connection goes down, the NBG-460N uses the dial backup IP address for the VPN tunnel when using dial backup or the LAN IP address when using traffic re dire ct.

Otherwise, you can enter one of the dynamic domain names that you have configured (in the DDNS screen) to have the NBG-460N use that dynamic domain name's IP address.

The VPN tunnel has to be rebuilt if My IP Address changes after setup.

Select Domain Name to identify this NBG-460N by a domain name. Select E-mail to identify this NBG-460N by an e-mail address.

computer in the Local Content field. The NBG-460N automatically uses the IP address in the My IP Address field (refer to the My IP Address field description) if you configure the Local Content field to 0.0.0.0 or leave it blank.

It is recommended that you type an IP address other than 0.0.0.0 in the Local Content field or use the Domain Name or E-mail ID type in the following situations.

• When there is a NAT router between the two IPSec routers.

• When you want the remote IPSec router to be able to distinguish between VPN connection requests that come in from IPSec routers with dynamic WAN IP addresses.

When you select Domain Name or E-mail in the Local ID Type field, type a domain name or e-mail address by which to identify this NBG-460N in the Local Content field. Use up to 31 ASCII characters including spaces, although tra iling spaces are truncated. The domain name or e-mail address is for identification purposes only and can be any string.

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Table 63 SECURITY > VPN > Rule Setup: IKE (Basic) (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Secure Gateway Address

Type the WAN IP address or the domain name (up to 31 characters) of the IPSec router with which you're making the VPN connection. Set this field to 0.0.0.0 if the remote IPSec router has a dynamic WAN IP address (the IPSec Keying Mode field must be set to IKE).

In order to have more than one active rule with the Secure Gateway Address field set to 0.0.0.0, the ranges of the local IP addresses cannot overlap between rules.

0.0.0.0.

Note: You can also enter a remote secure gateway’s domain

name in the Secure Gateway Address field if the remote secure gateway has a dynamic WAN IP address and is using DDNS. The NBG-460N has to rebuild the VPN tunnel each time the remote secure gateway’s WAN IP address changes (there may be a delay until the DDNS servers are updated with the remote gateway’s new WAN IP address).

Peer ID Type Select IP to identify the remote IPSec router by its IP address.

Select Domain Name to identify the remote IPSec router by a domain name. Select E-mail to identify the remote IPSec router by an e-mail address.

Peer Content The configuration of the peer content depends on the peer ID type.

For IP, type the IP address of the computer with which you will make the VPN connection. If you configure this field to 0.0.0.0 or leave it blank, the NBG-46 0N will use the address in the Secure Gateway Address field (refer to the Secure Gateway Address field description).

For Domain Name or E-mail, type a domain name or e-mail address by which to identify the remote IPSec router. Use up to 31 ASCII characters including spaces, although trailing spaces are truncated. The domain name or e-mail address is for identification purposes only and can be any string.

It is recommended that you type an IP address other than 0.0.0.0 or use the Domain Name or E-mail ID type in the following situations:

• When there is a NAT router between the two IPSec routers.

• When you want the NBG-460N to distinguish between VPN connection requests that come in from remote IPSec routers with dynamic WAN IP addresses.

IPSec Algorithm Encapsulation

Mode IPSec Protocol Select the security protocols used for an SA.

Select Tunnel mode or Transport mode from the drop-down list box.

Both AH and ESP increase processing requ irements and communications latency (delay).

If you select ESP here, you must select options from the Encryption Algorithm and Authentication Algorithm fields (described below).

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LABEL DESCRIPTION

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Pre-Shared Key Type your pre-shared key in this field. A pre-shared key identifies a

Encryption Algorithm

Authentication Algorithm

Advanced... Click Advanced... to configure more detailed settings of your IKE key

Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-460N. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh. Cancel Click Cancel to exit the screen without makin g any changes.

communicating party during a phase 1 IKE negotiation. It is called "pre-shared" because you have to share it with another party before you can communicate with them over a secure connection.

Type from 8 to 31 case-sensitive ASCII characters or from 16 to 62 hexadecimal ("0-9", "A-F") characters. You must precede a hexadecimal key with a "0x” (zero x), which is not counted as part of the 16 to 62 character range for the key. For example, in "0x0123456789ABCDEF", “0x” denotes that the key is hexadecimal and “0123456789ABCDEF” is the key itself.

Both ends of the VPN tunnel must use the same pre-shared key. You will receive a “PYLD_MALFORMED” (payload malformed) packet if the same pre-shared key is not used on both ends.

Select which key size and encryption algorithm to use for data communications. Choices are:

DES - a 56-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm 3DES - a 168-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm

The NBG-460N and the remote IPSec router must use the same algorithms and key , which can be used to encrypt and decrypt the message or to generate and verify a message authentication code. Longer keys require more processing power, resulting in increased latency and decreased throughput.

Select which hash algorithm to use to authenticate packet data. Choices are SHA1 and MD5. SHA1 is generally considered stronger than MD5, but it is also slower.

management.

15.2.2 VPN Rule Setup (Advanced)

Click the Advanced... button in the Rule Setup screen to open this screen. Use this screen to configure a VPN rule.

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Figure 107 Security > VPN > General > Rule Setup: IKE (Advanced)

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 64 Security > VPN > Rule Setup: IKE (Advanced)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Property Active Select this check box to activate this VPN policy. Keep Alive Select this check box to have the NBG-460N automatically reinitiate the SA

NAT Traversal Select this check box to enable NAT traversal. NAT traversal allows you to set

after the SA lifetime times out, even if there is no traffic. The remote IPSec router must also have keep alive enabled in order for this feature to work.

up a VPN connection when there are NAT routers between the two IPSec routers.

Note: The remote IPSec router must also have NAT traversal

enabled.

IPSec Keying Mode Select IKE or Manual from the drop-down list box. IKE provides more

Protocol Number Enter 1 for ICMP, 6 for TCP, 17 for UDP, etc. 0 is the default and signifies any

Enable Replay Detection

DNS Server (for IPSec VPN)

Local Policy Local IP addresses must be static and correspond to the remote IPSec router's

Local Address For a single IP address, enter a (static) IP address on the LAN behind your

protection so it is generally recommended. Manual is a useful option for troubleshooting if you have problems using IKE key management.

protocol. As a VPN setup is processing intensive, the system is vulnerable to Denial of

Service (DoS) attacks The IPSec receiver can detect and reject old or duplicate packets to protect against replay attacks. Select Yes from the drop-down menu to enable replay detection, or select No to disable it.

A DNS server allows clients on the VPN to find other computers and servers on the VPN by their (private) domain names.

configured remote IP addresses. Two active SAs can have the same configured local or remote IP address, but

not both. You can configure multiple SAs between the same local and remote IP addresses, as long as only one is active at any time.

In order to have more than one active rule with the Secure Gateway Address field set to 0.0.0.0, the ranges of the local IP addresses cannot overlap between rules.

NBG-460N. For a specific range of IP addresses, enter the beginning (static) IP address, in

a range of computers on your LAN behind your NBG-460N. To specify IP addresses on a network by their subnet mask, enter a (static) IP

address on the LAN behind your NBG-460N.

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Table 64 Security > VPN > Rule Setup: IKE (Advanced) (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Local Address End / Mask

Local Port Start 0 is the default and signifies any port. Type a port number from 0 to 65535.

Local Port End Enter a port number in this field to define a port range. This port number must

Remote Policy Remote IP addresses must be static and correspond to the remote IPSec

Remote Address For a single IP address, enter a (static) IP address on the network behind the

Remote Address End /Mask

Remote Port Start 0 is the default and signifies any port. Type a port number from 0 to 65535.

Remote Port End Enter a port numb er in this field to define a port range. This port number must

Authentication Method

My IP Address Enter the NBG-460N's static WAN IP address (if it has one) or leave the field

Local ID Type Select IP to identify this NBG-460N by its IP address.

When the local IP address is a single address, type it a second time here. When the local IP address is a range, enter the end (static) IP address, in a

range of computers on the LAN behind your NBG-460N. When the local IP address is a subnet address, enter a subnet mask on the

LAN behind your NBG-460N.

Some of the most common IP ports are: 21, FTP; 53, DNS; 23, Telnet; 80, HTTP; 25, SMTP; 110, POP3.

be greater than that specified in the previous field. If Local Port Start is left at 0, Local Port End will also remain at 0.

router's configured local IP addresses. The remote fields do not apply when the Secure Gateway IP Address field is configured to 0.0.0.0. In this case only the remote IPSec router can initiate the VPN.

remote IPSec router. For a specific range of IP addresses, enter the beginning (static) IP address, in

a range of computers on the network behind the remote IPSec router. To specify IP addresses on a network by their subnet mask, enter a (static) IP

address on the network behind the remote IPSec router. When the remote IP address is a single address, type it a second time here.

When the remote IP address is a range, enter the end (static) IP address, in a range of computers on the network behind the remote IPSec router.

When the remote IP address is a subnet address, enter a subnet mask on the network behind the remote IPSec router.

Some of the most common IP ports are: 21, FTP; 53, DNS; 23, Telnet; 80, HTTP; 25, SMTP; 110, POP3.

be greater than that specified in the previous field. If Remote Port Start is left at 0, Remote Port End will also remain at 0.

set to 0.0.0.0. The NBG-460N uses its current WAN IP address (static or dynamic) in setting

up the VPN tunnel if you leave this field as 0.0.0.0. If the WAN connection goes down, the NBG-460N uses the dial backup IP address for the VPN tunnel when using dial backup or the LAN IP address when using traffic redirect.

Otherwise, you can enter one of the dynamic domain names that you have configured (in the DDNS screen) to have the NBG-460N use that dynamic domain name's IP address.

The VPN tunnel has to be rebuilt if My IP Address changes after setup.

Select Domain Name to identify this NBG-460N by a domain name. Select E-mail to identify this NBG-460N by an e-mail address.

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Table 64 Security > VPN > Rule Setup: IKE (Advanced) (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Local Content When you select IP in the Local ID Type field, type the IP address of your

Secure Gateway Address

It is recommended that you type an IP address other than 0.0.0.0 in the Local Content field or use the Domain Name or E-mail ID type in the following situations.

• When there is a NAT router between the two IPSec routers.

• When you want the remote IPSec router to be able to distinguish between VPN connection requests that come in from IPSec routers with dynamic WAN IP addresses.

When you select Domain Name or E-mail in the Local ID Type field, type a domain name or e-mail address by which to identify this NBG-460N in the Local Content field. Use up to 31 ASCII characters including spaces, although trailing spaces are truncated. The domain name or e-mail address is for identification purposes only and can be any string.

Type the WAN IP address or the domain name (up to 31 characters) of the IPSec router with which you're making the VPN connection. Set this field to

0.0.0.0 if the remote IPSec router has a dynamic WAN IP address (the IPSec

Keying Mode field must be set to IKE).

In order to have more than one active rule with the Secure Gateway Address field set to 0.0.0.0, the ranges of the local IP addresses cannot overlap between rules.

Note: You can also enter a remote secure gateway’s domain

Peer ID Type Select IP to identify the remote IPSec router by its IP address.

Select Domain Name to identify the remote IPSec router by a domain name. Select E-mail to identify the remote IPSec router by an e-mail address.

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Table 64 Security > VPN > Rule Setup: IKE (Advanced) (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Peer Content The configuration of the peer content depends on the peer ID type.

IKE Phase 1 Negotiation Mode Select Main or Aggressive from the drop-down list box. Multiple SAs

Encryption Algorithm Select which key size and encryption algorithm to use in the IKE SA. Choices

Authentication Algorithm

SA Life Time (Seconds)

Key Group Select which Diffie-Hellman key group (DHx) you want to use for encryption

Pre-Shared Key Type your pre-shared key in this field. A pre-shared key identifies a

IKE Phase 2 Encapsulation Mode Select Tunnel mode or Transport mode.

For IP, type the IP address of the computer with which you will make the VPN connection. If you configure this field to 0.0.0.0 or leave it blank, the NBG-460N will use the address in the Secure Gateway Address field (refer to the Secure Gateway Address field description).

It is recommended that you type an IP address other than 0.0.0.0 or use the Domain Name or E-mail ID type in the following situations:

• When there is a NAT router between the two IPSec routers.

• When you want the NBG-460N to distinguish between VPN connection requests that come in from remote IPSec routers with dynamic WAN IP addresses.

connecting through a secure gateway must have the same negotiation mode.

are:

DES - a 56-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm 3DES - a 168-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm

The NBG-460N and the remote IPSec router must use the same algorithms and keys. Longer keys require more processing power, resulting in increased latency and decreased throughput.

Select which hash algorithm to use to authenticate packet data in the IKE SA. Choices are SHA1 and MD5. SHA1 is generally considered stronger than MD5, but it is also slower.

Define the length of time before an IKE SA automatically renegotiates in this field. It may range from 180 to 3,000,000 seconds (almost 35 days).

A short SA Life Time increases security by forcing the two VPN gateways to update the encryption and authentication keys. However, every time the VPN tunnel renegotiates, all users accessing remote resources are temporarily disconnected.

keys. Choices are:

DH1 - use a 768-bit random number DH2 - use a 1024-bit random number

communicating party during a phase 1 IKE negotiation. It is called "pre-shared" because you have to share it with another party before you can communicate with them over a secure connection.

Both ends of the VPN tunnel must use the same pre-shared key. You will receive a “PYLD_MALFORMED” (payload malformed) packet if the same preshared key is not used on both ends.

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Table 64 Security > VPN > Rule Setup: IKE (Advanced) (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

IPSec Protocol Select the security protocols used for an SA.

Both AH and ESP increase processing requirements and communications latency (delay).

If you select ESP here, you must select options from the Encryption Algorithm and Authentication Algorithm fields (described below).

Encryption Algorithm Select which key size and encryption algorithm to use in the IKE SA. Choices

Authentication Algorithm

SA Life Time Define the length of time before an IPSec SA automatically renegotiates in this

Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS)

Basic... Click Basic... to go to the previous VPN configuration screen. Apply Click Apply to save the changes. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh. Cancel Click Cancel to exit the screen without making any changes.

are:

DES - a 56-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm 3DES - a 168-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm

The NBG-460N and the remote IPSec router must use the same algorithms and keys. Longer keys require more processing power, resulting in increased latency and decreased throughput.

Select which hash algorithm to use to authenticate packet data in the IPSec SA. Choices are SHA1 and MD5. SHA1 is generally considered stronger than MD5, but it is also slower.

field. The minimum value is 180 seconds. A short SA Life Time increases security by forcing the two VPN gateways to

update the encryption and authentication keys. However, every time the VPN tunnel renegotiates, all users accessing remote resources are temporarily disconnected.

Select whether or not you want to enable Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) and, if you do, which Diffie-Hellman key group to use for encryption. Choices are:

None - disable PFS DH1 - enable PFS and use a 768-bit random number DH2 - enable PFS and use a 1024-bit random number

PFS changes the root key that is used to generate encryption keys for each IPSec SA. It is more secure but takes more time.

15.2.3 VPN Rule Setup (Manual)

Use this screen to configure VPN rules (tunnels) that use manual keys. Manual key management is useful if you have problems with IKE key management.

Select Manual in the IPSec Keying Mode field on the Rule Setup screen to open the screen as shown in Figure 108 on page 181.

15.2.3.1 IPSec SA Using Manual Keys

You might set up an IPSec SA using manual keys when you want to establish a VPN tunnel quickly, for example, for troubleshooting. You should only do this as a temporary solution, however, because it is not as secure as a regular IPSec SA.

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In IPSec SAs using manual keys, the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router do not establish an IKE SA. They only establish an IPSec SA. As a result, an IPSec SA using manual keys has some characteristics of IKE SA and some characteristics of IPSec SA. There are also some differences between IPSec SA using manual keys and other types of SA.

15.2.3.2 IPSec SA Proposal Using Manual Keys

In IPSec SA using manual keys, you can only specify one encryption algorithm and one authentication algorithm. There is no DH key exchange, so you have to provide the encryption key and the authentication key the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router use.

Note: The NBG-460N and remote IPSec router must use the same encryption key

and authentication key.

15.2.3.3 Authentication and the Security Parameter Index (SPI)

For authentication, the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router use the SPI, instead of pre-shared keys, ID type and content. The SPI is an identification number.

Note: The NBG-460N and remote IPSec router must use the same SPI.

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Figure 108 Security > VPN > General > Rule Setup: Manual

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 65 Security > VPN > Rule Setup: Manual

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Property Active Select this check box to activate this VPN policy. IPSec Keying

Mode

Protocol Number Enter 1 for ICMP, 6 for TCP, 17 for UDP, etc. 0 is the default and signifies any

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protocol.

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Table 65 Security > VPN > Rule Setup: Manual (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

DNS Server (for IPSec VPN)

Local Policy Local IP addresses must be static and correspond to the remote IPSec router's

Local Address For a single IP address, enter a (static) IP address on the LAN behind your NBG-

Local Address End /Mask

Local Port Start 0 is the default and signifies any port. Type a port number from 0 to 65535. Some

Local Port End Enter a port number in this field to define a port range. This port number must be

Remote Policy Remote IP addresses must be stati c and correspond to the remote IPSec router's

Remote Address For a single IP address, enter a (static) IP address on the network behind the

A DNS server allows clients on the VPN to find other computers and servers on the VPN by their (private) domain names.

configured remote IP addresses. Two active SAs can have the same configured local or remote IP address, but not

both. You can configure multiple SAs between the same local and remote IP addresses, as long as only one is active at any time.

In order to have more than one active rule with the Secure Gateway Address field set to 0.0.0.0, the ranges of the local IP addresses cannot overlap between rules.

0.0.0.0.

460N. For a specific range of IP addresses, enter the beginning (static) IP address, in a

range of computers on your LAN behind your NBG-460N. To specify IP addresses on a network by their subnet mask, enter a (static) IP

address on the LAN behind your NBG-460N. When the local IP address is a single address, type it a second time here.

When the local IP address is a range, enter the end (static) IP address, in a range of computers on the LAN behind your NBG-460N.

When the local IP address is a subnet address, enter a subnet mask on the LAN behind your NBG-460N.

of the most common IP ports are: 21, FTP; 53, DNS; 23, Telnet; 80, HTTP; 25, SMTP; 110, POP3.

greater than that specified in the previous field. If Local Port Start is left at 0, Local Port End will also remain at 0.

configured local IP addresses. The remote fields do not apply when the Secure Gateway IP Address field is configured to 0.0.0.0. In this case only the remote IPSec router can initiate the VPN.

remote IPSec router. For a specific range of IP addresses, enter the beginning (static) IP address, in a

range of computers on the network behind the remote IPSec router. To specify IP addresses on a network by their subnet mask, enter a (static) IP

address on the network behind the remote IPSec router.

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Table 65 Security > VPN > Rule Setup: Manual (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Remote Address End /Mask

Remote Port Start

Remote Port End Enter a port number in this field to define a port range. This port number must be

My IP Address Enter the NBG-460N's static WAN IP address (if it has one) or leave the field set to

Secure Gateway Address

When the remote IP address is a single address, type it a second time here. When the remote IP address is a range, enter the end (static) IP address, in a

range of computers on the network behind the remote IPSec router. When the remote IP address is a subnet address, enter a subnet mask on the

network behind the remote IPSec router. 0 is the default and signifies any port. Type a port number from 0 to 65535. Some

of the most common IP ports are: 21, FTP; 53, DNS; 23, Telnet; 80, HTTP; 25, SMTP; 110, POP3.

greater than that specified in the previous field. If Remote Port Start is left at 0,

Remote Port End will also remain at 0.

0.0.0.0.

The NBG-460N uses its current WAN IP address (static or dynamic) in setting up the VPN tunnel if you leave this field as 0.0.0.0. If the WAN connection goes down, the NBG-460N uses the dial backup IP address for the VPN tunnel when using dial backup or the LAN IP address when using traffic redirect.

Otherwise, you can enter one of the dynamic domain names that you have configured (in the DDNS screen) to have the NBG-460N use that dynamic domain name's IP address.

The VPN tunnel has to be rebuilt if My IP Address changes after setup. Type the WAN IP address or the domain name (up to 31 characters) of the IPSec

router with which you're making the VPN connection. Set this field to 0.0.0.0 if the remote IPSec router has a dynamic WAN IP address (the IPSec Keying Mode field must be set to IKE).

In order to have more than one active rule with the Secure Gateway Address field set to 0.0.0.0, the ranges of the local IP addresses cannot overlap between rules.

0.0.0.0.

SPI Typ e a unique SPI (Security Parameter Index) from one to four characters long.

Encapsulation Mode

Enable Replay Detection

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Note: You can also enter a remote secure gateway’s domain name

in the Secure Gateway Address field if the remote secure gateway has a dynamic WAN IP address and is using DDNS. The NBG-460N has to rebuild the VPN tunnel each time the remote secure gateway’s WAN IP address changes (there may be a delay until the DDNS servers are updated with the remote gateway’s new WAN IP address).

Valid Characters are "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9". Select Tunnel mode or Transport mode from the drop-down list box.

As a VPN setup is processing intensive, the system is vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks The IPSec receiver can detect and reject old or duplicate packets to protect against replay attacks. Select Yes from the drop-down menu to enable replay detection, or select No to disable it.

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Table 65 Security > VPN > Rule Setup: Manual (continued)

LABEL DESCRIPTION

IPSec Protocol Select the security protocols used for an SA.

Encryption Algorithm

Encryption Key This field is applicable when you select ESP in the IPSec Protocol field above.

Authentication Algorithm

Authentication Key

Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-460N. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh. Cancel Click Cancel to exit the screen without making any changes.

Both AH and ESP increase processing requirements and communications latency (delay).

If you select ESP here, you must select options from the Encryption Algorithm and Authentication Algorithm fields (described below).

Select which key size and encryption algorithm to use in the IKE SA. Choices are:

DES - a 56-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm 3DES - a 168-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm

The NBG-460N and the remote IPSec router must use the same algorithms and keys. Longer keys require more processing power, resulting in increased latency and decreased throughput.

With DES, type a unique key 8 characters long. With 3DES, type a unique key 24 characters long. Any characters may be used, including spaces, but trailing spaces are truncated.

Select which hash algorithm to use to authenticate packet data in the IPSec SA. Choices are SHA1 and MD5. SHA1 is generally considered stronger than MD5, but it is also slower.

Type a unique authentication key to be used by IPSec if applicable. Enter 16 characters for MD5 authentication or 20 characters for SHA-1 authentication. Any characters may be used, including spaces, but trailing spaces are truncated.

15.3 The SA Monitor Screen

In the web configurator, click Security > VPN > SA Monitor. Use this screen to display and manage active VPN connections.

A Security Association (SA) is the group of security settings related to a specific VPN tunnel. This screen displays active VPN connections. Use Refresh to display active VPN connections.

Figure 109 Security > VPN > SA Monitor

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 66 Security > VPN > SA Monitor

LABEL DESCRIPTION

# This is the security association index number. Name This field displays the identification name for this VPN policy. Encapsulation This field displays Tunnel or Transport mode. IPSec Algorithm This field displays the security protocols used for an SA.

Both AH and ESP increase NBG-460N processing requirements and communications latency (delay).

Refresh Click Refresh to display the current active VPN connection(s).

15.4 VPN and Remote Management

You can allow someone to use a service (like Telnet or HTTP) through a VPN tunnel to manage the NBG-460N. One of the NBG-460N’s ports must be part of the VPN rule’s local network. This can be the NBG-460N’s LAN port if you do not want to allow remote management on the WAN port. You also have to configure remote management (REMOTE MGMT) to allow management access for the service through the specific port.

Chapter 15 IPSec VPN

In the following example, the VPN rule’s local network (A) includes the NBG-460N’s LAN IP address of 192.168.1.7. Someone in the remote network (B) can use a service (like HTTP for example) through the VPN tunnel to access the NBG-460N’s LAN interface. Remote management must also be configured to allow HTTP access on the NBG-460N’s LAN interface.

Figure 110 VPN for Remote Management Example

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15.5 IPSec VPN Technical Reference

IKE SA Proposal

The IKE SA proposal is used to identify the encryption algorithm, authentication algorithm, and Diffie-Hellman (DH) key group that the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router use in the IKE SA. In main mode, this is done in steps 1 and 2, as illustrated below.

Figure 111 IKE SA: Main Negotiation Mode, Steps 1 - 2: IKE SA Proposal

The NBG-460N sends a proposal to the remote IPSec router. Each proposal consists of an encryption algorithm, authentication algorithm, and DH key group that the NBG-460N wants to use in the IKE SA. The remote IPSec router sends the accepted proposal back to the NBG460N. If the remote IPSec router rejects the proposal (for example, if the VPN tunnel is not configured correctly), the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router cannot establish an IKE SA.

Note: Both routers must use the same encryption algorithm, authentication algorithm,

and DH key group.

See the field descriptions for information about specific encryption algorithms, authentication algorithms, and DH key groups. See Diffie-Hellman (DH) Key Exchange on page 186 for more information about DH key groups.

Diffie-Hellman (DH) Key Exchange

The NBG-460N and the remote IPSec router use a DH key exchange to establish a shared secret, which is used to generate encryption keys for IKE SA and IPSec SA. In main mode, the DH key exchange is done in steps 3 and 4, as illustrated below.

Figure 112 IKE SA: Main Negotiation Mode, Steps 3 - 4: DH Key Exchange

The DH key exchange is based on DH key groups. Each key group is a fixed number of bits long. The longer the key, the more secure the encryption keys, but also the longer it takes to encrypt and decrypt information. For example, DH2 keys (1024 bits) are more secure than DH1 keys (768 bits), but DH2 encryption keys take longer to encrypt and decrypt.

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Authentication

Before the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router establish an IKE SA, they have to verify each other’s identity. This process is based on pre-shared keys and router identities.

In main mode, the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router authenticate each other in steps 5 and 6, as illustrated below. Their identities are encrypted using the encryption algorithm and encryption key the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router selected in previous steps.

Figure 113 IKE SA: Main Negotiation Mode, Steps 5 - 6: Authentication

The NBG-460N and remote IPSec router use a pre-shared key in the authentication process, though it is not actually transmitted or exchanged.

Note: The NBG-460N and the remote IPSec router must use the same pre-shared

key.

Chapter 15 IPSec VPN

Router identity consists of ID type and ID content. The ID type can be IP address, domain name, or e-mail address, and the ID content is a specific IP address, domain name, or e-mail address. The ID content is only used for identification; the IP address, domain name, or e-mail address that you enter does not have to actually exist.

The NBG-460N and the remote IPSec router each has its own identity, so each one must store two sets of information, one for itself and one for the other router. Local ID type and ID content refers to the ID type and ID content that applies to the router itself, and peer ID type and ID content refers to the ID type and ID content that applies to the other router in the IKE SA.

Note: The NBG-460N’s local and peer ID type and ID content must match the remote

IPSec router’s peer and local ID type and ID content, respectively.

In the following example, the ID type and content match so the NBG-460N and the remote IPSec router authenticate each other successfully.

Table 67 VPN Example: Matching ID Type and Content

NBG-460N REMOTE IPSEC ROUTER

Local ID type: E-mail Local ID type: IP Local ID content: tom@yourcompany.com Local ID content: 1.1.1.2 Peer ID type: IP Peer ID type: E-mail Peer ID content: 1.1.1.2 Peer ID content: tom@yourcompany.com

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In the following example, the ID type and content do not match so the authentication fails and the NBG-460N and the remote IPSec router cannot establish an IKE SA.

Table 68 VPN Example: Mismatching ID Type and Content

NBG-460N REMOTE IPSEC ROUTER

Local ID type: E-mail Local ID type: IP Local ID content: tom@yourcompany.com Local ID content: 1.1.1.2 Peer ID type: IP Peer ID type: E-mail Peer ID content: 1.1.1.15 Peer ID content: tom@yourcompany.com

Negotiation Mode

There are two negotiation modes: main mode and aggressive mode. Main mode provides better security, while aggressive mode is faster.

Main mode takes six steps to establish an IKE SA. Steps 1-2: The NBG-460N sends its proposals to the remote IPSec router. The remote IPSec

router selects an acceptable proposal and sends it back to the NBG-460N. Steps 3-4: The NBG-460N and the remote IPSec router participate in a Diffie-Hellman key

exchange, based on the accepted DH key group, to establish a shared secret. Steps 5-6: Finally, the NBG-460N and the remote IPSec router generate an encryption key

from the shared secret, encrypt their identities, and exchange their encrypted identity information for authentication.

In contrast, aggressive mode only takes three steps to establish an IKE SA. Step 1: The NBG-460N sends its proposals to the remote IPSec router. It also starts the Diffie-

Hellman key exchange and sends its (unencrypted) identity to the remote IPSec router for authentication.

Step 2: The remote IPSec router selects an acceptable proposal and sends it back to the NBG460N. It also finishes the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, authenticates the NBG-460N, and sends its (unencrypted) identity to the NBG-460N for authentication.

Step 3: The NBG-460N authenticates the remote IPSec router and confirms that the IKE SA is established.

Aggressive mode does not provide as much security as main mode because the identity of the NBG-460N and the identity of the remote IPSec router are not encrypted. It is usually used when the address of the initiator is not known by the responder and both parties want to use pre-shared keys for authentication (for example, telecommuters).

VPN, NAT, and NAT Traversal

In the following example, there is another router (A) between router X and router Y.

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Figure 114 VPN/NAT Example

If router A does NAT, it might change the IP addresses, port numbers, or both. If router X and router Y try to establish a VPN tunnel, the authentication fails because it depends on this information. The routers cannot establish a VPN tunnel.

Most routers like router A now have an IPSec pass-through feature. This feature helps router A recognize VPN packets and route them appropriately. If router A has this feature, router X and router Y can establish a VPN tunnel as long as the IPSec protocol is ESP. (See IPSec Protocol

on page 189 for more information about active protocols.)

If router A does not have an IPSec pass-through or if the IPSec protocol is AH, you can solve this problem by enabling NAT traversal. In NAT traversal, router X and router Y add an extra header to the IKE SA and IPSec SA packets. If you configure router A to forward these packets unchanged, router X and router Y can establish a VPN tunnel.

You have to do the following things to set up NAT traversal.

• Enable NAT traversal on the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router.

• Configure the NAT router to forward packets with the extra header unchanged.

The extra header may be UDP port 500 or UDP port 4500, depending on the standard(s) the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router support.

IPSec Protocol

The IPSec protocol controls the format of each packet. It also specifies how much of each packet is protected by the encryption and authentication algorithms. IPSec VPN includes two IPSec protocols, AH (Authentication Header, RFC 2402) and ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload, RFC 2406).

Note: The NBG-460N and remote IPSec router must use the same IPSec protocol.

Usually, you should select ESP. AH does not support encryption, and ESP is more suitable with NAT.

Encapsulation

There are two ways to encapsulate packets. Usually, you should use tunnel mode because it is more secure. Transport mode is only used when the IPSec SA is used for communication between the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router (for example, for remote management), not between computers on the local and remote networks.

Note: The NBG-460N and remote IPSec router must use the same encapsulation.

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These modes are illustrated below.

Figure 115 VPN: Transport and Tunnel Mode Encapsulation

Original Packet IP Header TCP

Header

Transport Mode Packet IP Header AH/ESP

Header

Tunnel Mode Packet IP Header AH/ESP

Header

Data

TCP Header

IP Header TCP

Data

Header

Data

In tunnel mode, the NBG-460N uses the IPSec protocol to encapsulate the entire IP packet. As a result, there are two IP headers:

• Outside header: The outside IP header contains the IP address of the NBG-460N or remote IPSec router, whichever is the destination.

• Inside header: The inside IP header contains the IP address of the computer behind the NBG-460N or remote IPSec router. The header for the IPSec protocol (AH or ESP) appears between the IP headers.

In transport mode, the encapsulation depends on the IPSec protocol. With AH, the NBG-460N includes part of the original IP header when it encapsulates the packet. With ESP, however, the NBG-460N does not include the IP header when it encapsulates the packet, so it is not possible to verify the integrity of the source IP address.

IPSec SA Proposal and Perfect Forward Secrecy

An IPSec SA proposal is similar to an IKE SA proposal (see IKE SA Proposal on page 186), except that you also have the choice whether or not the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router perform a new DH key exchange every time an IPSec SA is established. This is called Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS).

If you enable PFS, the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router perform a DH key exchange every time an IPSec SA is established, changing the root key from which encryption keys are generated. As a result, if one encryption key is compromised, other encryption keys remain secure.

If you do not enable PFS, the NBG-460N and remote IPSec router use the same root key that was generated when the IKE SA was established to generate encryption keys.

The DH key exchange is time-consuming and may be unnecessary for data that does not require such security.

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Additional IPSec VPN Topics

This section discusses other IPSec VPN topics that apply to either IKE SAs or IPSec SAs or both. Relationships between the topics are also highlighted.

SA Life Time

SAs have a lifetime that specifies how long the SA lasts until it times out. When an SA times out, the NBG-460N automatically renegotiates the SA in the following situations:

• There is traffic when the SA life time expires

• The IPSec SA is configured on the NBG-460N as nailed up (see below)

Otherwise, the NBG-460N must re-negotiate the SA the next time someone wants to send traffic.

Note: If the IKE SA times out while an IPSec SA is connected, the IPSec SA stays

connected.

An IPSec SA can be set to keep alive Normally, the NBG-460N drops the IPSec SA when the life time expires or after two minutes of outbound traffic with no inbound traffic. If you set the IPSec SA to keep alive , the NBG-460N automatically renegotiates the IPSec SA when the SA life time expires, and it does not drop the IPSec SA if there is no inbound traffic.

Chapter 15 IPSec VPN

Note: The SA life time and keep alive settings only apply if the rule identifies the

remote IPSec router by a static IP address or a domain name. If the Secure Gateway Address field is set to 0.0.0.0, the NBG-460N cannot initiate the tunnel (and cannot renegotiate the SA).

Encryption and Authentication Algorithms

In most NBG-460Ns, you can select one of the following encryption algorithms for each proposal. The encryption algorithms are listed here in order from weakest to strongest.

• Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a widely used (but breakable) method of data encryption. It applies a 56-bit key to each 64-bit block of data.

• Triple DES (3DES) is a variant of DES. It iterates three times with three separate keys, effectively tripling the strength of DES.

You can select one of the following authentication algorithms for each proposal. The algorithms are listed here in order from weakest to strongest.

• MD5 (Message Digest 5) produces a 128-bit digest to authenticate packet data.

• SHA1 (Secure Hash Algorithm) produces a 160-bit digest to authenticate packet data.

Private DNS Server

In cases where you want to use domain names to access Intranet servers on a remote private network that has a DNS server, you must identify that DNS server. You cannot use DNS servers on the LAN or from the ISP since these DNS servers cannot resolve domain names to private IP addresses on the remote private network.

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The following figure depicts an example where one VPN tunnel is created from an NBG-460N at branch office (B) to headquarters (HQ). In order to access computers that use private domain names on the HQ network, the NBG-460N at B uses the Intranet DNS server in headquarters.

Figure 116 Private DNS Server Example

LAN

DNS: 212.51.61.170

212.54.64.171

ISP

DNS Servers

212.54.64.170 212.54.64.171

10.1.1.1/200

Intranet DNS

10.1.1.10

" If you do not specify an Intranet DNS server on the remote network, then the

VPN host must use IP addresses to access the computers on the remote private network.

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PART IV

Management

Static Route Screens (195) Bandwidth Management (199) Remote Management (209) Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) (215)

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CHAPTER 16

Static Route Screens

This chapter shows you how to configure static routes for your NBG-460N.

16.1 Static Route Overview

The NBG-460N usually uses the default gateway to route outbound traffic from computers on the LAN to the Internet. To have the NBG-460N send data to devices not reachable through the default gateway, use static routes.

For example, the next figure shows a computer (A) connected to the NBG-460N’s LAN interface. The NBG-460N routes most traffic from A to the Internet through the NBG-460N’s default gateway (R1). You create one static route to connect to services offered by your ISP behind router R2. You create another static route to communicate with a separate network behind a router R3 connected to the LAN.

Figure 117 Example of Static Routing Topology

LAN

16.2 IP Static Route Screen

WAN

Click Management > Static Route to open the IP Static Route screen. The following screen displays.

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Figure 118 Management > Static Route > IP Static Route

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 69 Management > Static Route > IP Static Route

LABEL DESCRIPTION

# This is the index number of an individual static route. The first entry is for the

Name This is the name that describes or identifies this route. Active This icon is turned on when this static route is active.

Destination This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing

Gateway This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is an immediate neighbor of

Modify Click the Edit icon to open the static route setup screen. Modify a static route or

default route and not editable.

Click the Edit icon under Modify and select the Active checkbox in the Static Route Setup screen to enable the static route. Clear the checkbox to disable this static route without having to delete the entry.

is always based on network number.

your NBG-460N that will forward the packet to the destination. On the LAN, the gateway must be a router on the same segment as your NBG-460N; over the WAN, the gateway must be the IP address of one of the remote nodes.

create a new static route in the Static Route Setup screen. Click the Remove icon to delete a static route.

16.2.1 Static Route Setup Screen

To edit a static route, click the edit icon under Modify. The following screen displays. Fill in the required information for each static route.

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Figure 119 Management > Static Route > IP Static Route: Static Route Setup

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 70 Management > Static Route > IP Static Route: Static Route Setup

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Route Name Enter th e name of the IP static route. Leave this fi eld blank to delete this static

Active This field allows you to activate/deactivate this static route. Private This parameter determines if the NBG-460N will include this route to a remote

Destination IP Address

IP Subnet Mask Enter the IP subnet mask here. Gateway IP

Address

Metric Metric represents the “cost” of transmission for routing purposes. IP routing uses

Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-460N. Cancel Click Cancel to return to the previous screen and not save your changes.

route.

node in its RIP broadcasts. Select this check box to keep this route private and not included in RIP

broadcasts. Clear this checkbox to propagate this route to other hosts through RIP broadcasts.

This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. If you need to specify a route to a single host, use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.255 in the subnet mask field to force the network number to be identical to the host ID.

Enter the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is an immediate neighbor of your NBG-460N that will forward the packet to the destination. On the LAN, the gateway must be a router on the same segment as your NBG-460N; over the WAN, the gateway must be the IP address of one of the Remote Nodes.

hop count as the measurement of cost, with a minimum of 1 for directly connected networks. Enter a number that approximates the cost for this link. The number need not be precise, but it must be between 1 and 15. In practice, 2 or 3 is usually a good number.

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CHAPTER 17

Bandwidth Management

This chapter contains information about configuring bandwidth management, editing rules and viewing the NBG-460N’s bandwidth management logs.

17.1 Bandwidth Management Overview

ZyXEL’s Bandwidth Management allows you to specify bandwidth management rules based on an application and/or subnet. You can allocate specific amounts of bandwidth capacity (bandwidth budgets) to different bandwidth rules.

The NBG-460N applies bandwidth management to traffic that it forwards out through an interface. The NBG-460N does not control the bandwidth of traffic that comes into an interface.

Bandwidth management applies to all traffic flowing out of the router, regardless of the traffic's source.

Traffic redirect or IP alias may cause LAN-to-LAN traffic to pass through the NBG-460N and be managed by bandwidth management.

• The sum of the bandwidth allotments that apply to the WAN interface (LAN to WAN, WLAN to WAN, WAN to WAN / NBG-460N) must be less than or equal to the Upstream Bandwidth that you configure in the Bandwidth Management Advanced screen.

• The sum of the bandwidth allotments that apply to the LAN port (WAN to LAN, WLAN to LAN, LAN to LAN / NBG-460N) must be less than or equal to 100,000 kbps (you cannot configure the bandwidth budget for the LAN port).

• The sum of the bandwidth allotments that apply to the WLAN port (LAN to WLAN, WAN to WLAN, WLAN to WLAN / NBG-460N) must be less than or equal to 54,000 kbps (you cannot configure the bandwidth budget for the WLAN port).

17.2 Application-based Bandwidth Management

You can create bandwidth classes based on individual applications (like VoIP, Web, FTP, Email and Video for example).

17.3 Subnet-based Bandwidth Management

You can create bandwidth classes based on subnets.

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The following figure shows LAN subnets. You could configure one bandwidth class for subnet A and another for subnet B.

Figure 120 Subnet-based Bandwidth Management Example

17.4 Application and Subnet-based Bandwidth Management

You could also create bandwidth classes based on a combination of a subnet and an application. The following example table shows bandwidth allocations for application specific traffic from separate LAN subnets.

Table 71 Application and Subnet-based Bandwidth Management Example

TRAFFIC TYPE FROM SUBNET A FROM SUBNET B

VoIP 64 Kbps 64 Kbps Web 64 Kbps 64 Kbps FTP 64 Kbps 64 Kbps E-mail 64 Kbps 64 Kbps Video 64 Kbps 64 Kbps

17.5 Bandwidth Management Priorities

The following table describes the priorities that you can apply to traffic that the NBG-460N forwards out through an interface.

Table 72 Bandwidth Management Priorities

PRIORITY LEVELS: TRAFFIC WITH A HIGHER PRIORITY GETS THROUGH FASTER WHILE TRAFFIC WITH A LOWER PRIORITY IS DROPPED IF THE NETWORK IS CONGESTED.

High Typically used for voice traffic or video that is especially sensitive to jitter (jitter

is the variations in delay).

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Table 72 Bandwidth Management Priorities

PRIORITY LEVELS: TRAFFIC WITH A HIGHER PRIORITY GETS THROUGH FASTER WHILE TRAFFIC WITH A LOWER PRIORITY IS DROPPED IF THE NETWORK IS CONGESTED.

Mid Typically used for “excellent effort” or better than best effort and would include

Low This is typically used for non-critical “background” traffic such as bulk

important business traffic that can tolerate some delay.

transfers that are allowed but that should not affect other applications and users.

17.6 Predefined Bandwidth Management Services

The following is a description of the services that you can select and to which you can apply media bandwidth management using the wizard screens.

Table 73 Media Bandwidth Management Setup: Services

SERVICE DESCRIPTION

Xbox Live This is Microsoft’s online gaming service that lets you play multiplayer Xbox

VoIP (SIP) Sending voice signals over the Internet is called Voice over IP or VoIP. Session

FTP File Transfer Program enables fast transfer of files, including large files that may

E-Mail Electronic mail consists of messages sent through a computer network to specific

BitTorrent BitTorrent is a free P2P (peer-to-peer) sharing tool allowing you to distribute large

MSN Webcam MSN messenger allows you to chat online and send instant messages. If you use

WWW The World Wide Web (WWW) is an Internet system to distribute graphical, hyper-

games on the Internet via broadband technology. Xbox Live uses port 3074.

Initiated Protocol (SIP) is an internationally recognized standard for implementing VoIP. SIP is an application-layer control (signaling) protocol that handles the setting up, altering and tearing down of voice and multimedia sessions over the Internet.

SIP is transported primarily over UDP but can also be transported over TCP, using the default port number 5060.

not be possible by e-mail. FTP uses port number 21.

groups or individuals. Here are some default ports for e-mail: POP3 - port 110 IMAP - port 143 SMTP - port 25 HTTP - port 80

software and media files using ports 6881 to 6889. BitTorrent requires you to search for a file with a searching engine yourself. It distributes files by corporation and trading, that is, the client downloads the file in small pieces and share the pieces with other peers to get other half of the file.

MSN messenger and also have a webcam, you can send your image/photo in real-time along with messages

linked information, based on Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - a client/server protocol for the World Wide Web. The Web is not synonymous with the Internet; rather, it is just one service on the Internet. Other services on the Internet include Internet Relay Chat and Newsgroups. The Web is accessed through use of a browser.

17.6.1 Services and Port Numbers

See Appendix F on page 321 for commonly used services and port numbers.

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17.7 Default Bandwidth Management Classes and Priorities

If you enable bandwidth management but do not configure a rule for critical traffic like VoIP, the voice traffic may then get delayed due to insufficient bandwidth. With the automatic traffic classifier feature activated, the NBG-460N automatically assigns a default bandwidth management class and priority to traffic that does not match any of the user-defined rules. The traffic is classified based on the traffic type. Real-time traffic always gets higher priority over other traffic.

The following table shows you the priorities between the three default classes (AutoClass_H, AutoClass_M and Default Class) and user-defined rules. 6 is the highest priority.

Table 74 Bandwidth Management Priority with Default Classes

CLASS TYPE PRIORITY

User-defined with high priority 6 AutoClass_H 5 User-defined with medium priority 4 AutoClass_M 3 User-defined with low priority 2 Default Class 1

17.8 Bandwidth Management General Configuration

Click Management > Bandwidth MGMT to open the bandwidth management General screen.

Figure 121 Management > Bandwidth MGMT > General

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 75 Management > Bandwidth MGMT > Gene ra l

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Enable Bandwidth Management

Enable Automatic Traffic Classifier

Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.

Select this check box to have the NBG-460N apply bandwidth management. Enable bandwidth management to give traffic that matches a bandwidth rule

priority over traffic that does not match a bandwidth rule. Enabling bandwidth management also allows you to control the maximum or

minimum amounts of bandwidth that can be used by traffic that matches a bandwidth rule.

This field is only applicable when you select the Enable Bandwidth Management check box.

Select this check box to have the NBG-460N base on the default bandwidth classes to apply bandwidth management. Real-time packets, such as VoIP traffic always get higher priority.

17.9 Bandwidth Management Advanced Configuration

Click Management > Bandwidth MGMT > Advanced to open the bandwidth management Advanced screen.

Figure 122 Management > Bandwidth MGMT > Advanced

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 76 Management > Bandwidth MGMT > Advanced

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Check my upstream bandwidth

Upstream Bandwidth (kbps)

Application List Use this table to allocate specific amounts of bandwidth based on the pre-defined

# This is the number of an individual bandwidth management rule. Enable Select this check box to have the NBG-460N apply this bandwidth management

Service This is the name of the service. Priority Select a priority from the drop down list box. Choose High, Mid or Low. Advanced Setting Click the Edit icon to open the Rule Configuration screen where you can modify

User-defined Service

# This is the number of an individual bandwidth management rule. Enable Select this check box to have the NBG-460N apply this bandwidth management

Direction Select To LAN to apply bandwidth management to traffic that the NBG-460N

Service Name Enter a descriptive name of up to 19 alphanumeric characters, including spaces. Priority Select a priority from the drop down list box. Choose High, Mid or Low. Modify Click the Edit icon to open the Rule Configuration screen. Modify an existing rule

Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.

Click the Detection button to check the size of your upstream bandwidth.

Enter the amount of bandwidth in kbps (2 to 100,000) that you want to allocate for traffic. 20 kbps to 20,000 kbps is recommended.

The recommendation is to set this speed to be equal to or less than the speed of the broadband device connected to the WAN port. For example, set the speed to 1000 Kbps (or less) if the broadband device connected to the WAN port has an upstream speed of 1000 Kbps.

service.

rule.

the rule. Use this table to allocate specific amounts of bandwidth to specific applications

and/or subnets.

rule.

forwards to the LAN. Select To WAN to apply bandwidth management to traffic that the NBG-460N

forwards to the WAN. Select To WLAN to apply bandwidth management to traffic that the NBG-460N

forwards to the WLAN.

or create a new rule in the Rule Configuration screen. See Section 17.9.2 on

page 205 for more information.

Click the Remove icon to delete a rule.

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17.9.1 Rule Configuration with the Pre-defined Service

To edit a bandwidth management rule for the pre-defined service in the NBG-460N, click the Edit icon in the Application List table of the Advanced screen. The following screen displays.

Figure 123 Bandwidth Management Rule Configuration: Pre-defined Service

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 77 Bandwidth Management Rule Configuration: Pre-defined Service

LABEL DESCRIPTION

# This is the number of an individual bandwidth management rule. Enable Select an interface’s check box to enable bandwidth management on that

Direction These read-only labels represent the physical interfaces. Bandwidth management

Bandwidth Select Maximum Bandwidth or Minimum Bandwidth and specify the maximum

Destination Port This is the port number of the destination. See Appendix F on page 321 for some

Source Port This is the port number of the source. See Appendix F on page 321 for some

Protocol This is the protocol (TCP or UDP) used for the service. OK Click OK to save your customized settings. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

interface.

applies to all traffic flowing out of the router through the interface, regardless of the traffic’s source.

Traffic redirect or IP alias may cause LAN-to-LAN traffic to pass through the NBG460N and be managed by bandwidth management.

or minimum bandwidth allowed for the rule in kilobits per second.

common services and port numbers.

17.9.2 Rule Configuration: User Defined Service Rule Configuration

If you want to edit a bandwidth management rule for other applications and/or subnets, click the Edit icon in the User-defined Service table of the Advanced screen. The following screen displays.

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Figure 124 Management > Bandwidth MGMT > Advanced: User-defined Service Rule

Configuration

The following table describes the labels in this screen

Table 78 Management > Bandwidth MGMT > Advanced: User-defined Service Rule

Configuration

LABEL DESCRIPTION

BW Budget Select Maximum Bandwidth or Minimum Bandwidth and specify the maximum

Destination Address

Destination Subnet Netmask

Destination Port Enter the port number of the destination. See Appendix F on page 321 for some

Source Address Enter the source IP address in dotted decimal notation. Source Subnet

Netmask Source Port Enter the port number of the source. See Appendix F on page 321 for some

Protocol Select the protocol (TCP or UDP) or select User defined and enter the protocol

OK Click OK to save your customized settings. Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.

or minimum bandwidth allowed for the rule in kilobits per second. Enter the destination IP address in dotted decimal notation.

Enter the destination subnet mask. This field is N/A if you do not specify a Destination Address. Refer to the appendices for more information on IP subnetting.

common services and port numbers.

Enter the destination subnet mask. This field is N/A if you do not specify a Source Address. Refer to the appendices for more information on IP subnetting.

common services and port numbers.

(service type) number.

17.10 Bandwidth Management Monitor

Click Management > Bandwidth MGMT > Monitor to open the bandwidth management Monitor screen. View the bandwidth usage of the WAN configured bandwidth rules. This is

also shown as bandwidth usage over the bandwidth budget for each rule. The gray section of the bar represents the percentage of unused bandwidth and the blue color represents the percentage of bandwidth in use.

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Figure 125 Management > Bandwidth MGMT > Monitor

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CHAPTER 18

Remote Management

This chapter provides information on the Remote Management screens.

18.1 Remote Management Overview

Remote management allows you to determine which services/protocols can access which NBG-460N interface (if any) from which computers.

" When you configure remote management to allow management from the

WAN, you still need to configure a firewall rule to allow access. See the firewall chapters for details on configuring firewall rules.

You may manage your NBG-460N from a remote location via:

• Internet (WAN only) • ALL (LAN and WAN)

• LAN only • Neither (Disable).

" When you choose WAN or LAN & WAN, you still need to configure a firewall

rule to allow access.

To disable remote management of a service, select Disable in the corresponding Server Access field.

You may only have one remote management session running at a time. The NBG-460N automatically disconnects a remote management session of lower priority when another remote management session of higher priority starts. The priorities for the different types of remote management sessions are as follows.

1 Telnet 2 HTTP

18.1.1 Remote Management Limitations

Remote management over LAN or WAN will not work when:

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1 You have disabled that service in one of the remote management screens. 2 The IP address in the Secured Client IP Address field does not match the client IP

address. If it does not match, the NBG-460N will disconnect the session immediately.

3 There is already another remote management session with an equal or higher priority

running. You may only have one remote management session running at one time.

4 There is a firewall rule that blocks it.

18.1.2 Remote Management and NAT

When NAT is enabled:

• Use the NBG-460N’s WAN IP address when configuring from the WAN.

• Use the NBG-460N’s LAN IP address when configuring from the LAN.

18.1.3 System Timeout

There is a default system management idle timeout of five minutes (three hundred seconds). The NBG-460N automatically logs you out if the management session remains idle for longer than this timeout period. The management session does not time out when a statistics screen is polling. You can change the timeout period in the System screen

18.2 WWW Screen

To change your NBG-460N’s World Wide Web settings, click Management > Remote MGMT to display the WWW screen.

Figure 126 Management > Remote MGMT > WWW

The following table describes the labels in this screen

Table 79 Management > Remote MGMT > WWW

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Server Port You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must

Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the NBG-460N using

use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.

this service.

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LABEL DESCRIPTION

Secured Client IP Address

Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.

18.3 Telnet

You can use Telnet to access the NBG-460N’s command line interface. Specify which interfaces allow Telnet access and from which IP address the access can come.

18.4 Telnet Screen

To change your NBG-460N’s Telnet settings, click Management > Remote MGMT > Telnet. The following screen displays.

Chapter 18 Remote Management

A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the NBG-460N using this service.

Select All to allow any computer to access the NBG-460N using this service. Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to

access the NBG-460N using this service.

Figure 127 Management > Remote MGMT > Telnet

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 80 Management > Remote MGMT > Telnet

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Server Port You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must

Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the NBG-460N using

Secured Client IP Address

Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.

use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.

this service. A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the

NBG-460N using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the NBG-460N using this service. Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to

access the NBG-460N using this service.

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18.5 FTP Screen

You can use FTP (File Transfer Protocol) to upload and download the NBG-460N’s firmware and configuration files. To use this feature, your computer must have an FTP client.

To change your NBG-460N’s FTP settings, click Management > Remote MGMT > FTP. The screen appears as shown. Use this screen to specify which interfaces allow FTP access and from which IP address the access can come.

Figure 128 Management > Remote MGMT > FTP

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 81 Management > Remote MGMT > FTP

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Server Port You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must

Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the NBG-460N using

Secured Client IP Address

Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.

use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.

this service. A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the

NBG-460N using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the NBG-460N using this service. Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to

access the NBG-460N using this service.

18.6 DNS Screen

Use DNS (Domain Name System) to map a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa. Refer to the chapter on Wizard Setup for background information.

To change your NBG-460N’s DNS settings, click Management > Remote MGMT > DNS. The screen appears as shown.

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Figure 129 Management > Remote MGMT > DNS

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 82 Management > Remote MGMT > DNS

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Server Port The DNS service port number is 53 and cannot be changed here. Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may send DNS queries to the

Secured Client IP Address

Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.

NBG-460N. A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to send DNS queries to the

NBG-460N. Select All to allow any computer to send DNS queries to the NBG-460N. Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to

send DNS queries to the NBG-460N.

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CHAPTER 19

Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)

This chapter introduces the UPnP feature in the web configurator.

19.1 Introducing Universal Plug and Play

Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a distributed, open networking standard that uses TCP/IP for simple peer-to-peer network connectivity between devices. A UPnP device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address, convey its capabilities and learn about other devices on the network. In turn, a device can leave a network smoothly and automatically when it is no longer in use.

See Section 19.3 on page 216 for configuration instructions.

19.1.1 How do I know if I'm using UPnP?

UPnP hardware is identified as an icon in the Network Connections folder (Windows XP). Each UPnP compatible device installed on your network will appear as a separate icon. Selecting the icon of a UPnP device will allow you to access the information and properties of that device.

19.1.2 NAT Traversal

UPnP NAT traversal automates the process of allowing an application to operate through NAT. UPnP network devices can automatically configure network addressing, announce their presence in the network to other UPnP devices and enable exchange of simple product and service descriptions. NAT traversal allows the following:

• Dynamic port mapping

• Learning public IP addresses

• Assigning lease times to mappings

Windows Messenger is an example of an application that supports NAT traversal and UPnP. See the NAT chapter for more information on NAT.

19.1.3 Cautions with UPnP

The automated nature of NAT traversal applications in establishing their own services and opening firewall ports may present network security issues. Network information and configuration may also be obtained and modified by users in some network environments.

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When a UPnP device joins a network, it announces its presence with a multicast message. For security reasons, the NBG-460N allows multicast messages on the LAN only.

All UPnP-enabled devices may communicate freely with each other without additional configuration. Disable UPnP if this is not your intention.

19.2 UPnP and ZyXEL

ZyXEL has achieved UPnP certification from the Universal Plug and Play Forum UPnP™ Implementers Corp. (UIC). ZyXEL's UPnP implementation supports Internet Gateway Device (IGD) 1.0.

See the following sections for examples of installing and using UPnP.

19.3 UPnP Screen

Click the Management > UPnP to display the UPnP screen.

Figure 130 Management > UPnP > General

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 83 Management > UPnP > General

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Enable the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Feature

Allow users to make configuration changes through UPnP

Allow UPnP to pass through Firewall

Select this check box to activate UPnP. Be aware that anyone could use a UPnP application to open the web configurator's login screen without entering the NBG-460N's IP address (although you must still enter the password to access the web configurator).

Select this check box to allow UPnP-enabled applications to automatically configure the NBG-460N so that they can communicate through the NBG-460N, for example by using NAT traversal, UPnP applications automatically reserve a NAT forwarding port in order to communicate with another UPnP enabled device; this eliminates the need to manually configure port forwarding for the UPnP enabled application.

Select this check box to allow traffic from UPnP-enabled applications to bypass the firewall.

Clear this check box to have the firewall block all UPnP application packets (for example, MSN packets).

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Table 83 Management > UPnP > General

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Apply Click Apply to save the setting to the NBG-460N. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.

19.4 Installing UPnP in Windows Example

This section shows how to install UPnP in Windows Me and Windows XP.

19.4.0.1 Installing UPnP in Windows Me

Follow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows Me.

1 Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Add/Remove Programs. 2 Click on the Windows Setup tab and select Communication in the Components

selection box. Click Details.

Figure 131 Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication

3 In the Communications window, select the Universal Plug and Play check box in the

Components selection box.

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Figure 132 Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication: Components

4 Click OK to go back to the Add/Remove Programs Properties window and click

Next.

5 Restart the computer when prompted.

Installing UPnP in Windows XP

Follow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows XP.

1 Click Start and Control Panel. 2 Double-click Network Connections. 3 In the Network Connections window, click Advanced in the main menu and select

Optional Networking Components ….

Figure 133 Network Connections

4 The Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard window displays. Select

Networking Service in the Components selection box and click Details.

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Figure 134 Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard

5 In the Networking Services window, select the Universal Plug and Play check box.

Figure 135 Networking Services

6 Click OK to go back to the Windows Optional Networking Component Wizard

window and click Next.

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19.4.0.2 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example

This section shows you how to use the UPnP feature in Windows XP. You must already have UPnP installed in Windows XP and UPnP activated on the NBG-460N.

Make sure the computer is connected to a LAN port of the NBG-460N. Turn on your computer and the NBG-460N.

Auto-discover Your UPnP-enabled Network Device

1 Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Network Connections. An icon displays

under Internet Gateway.

2 Right-click the icon and select Properties.

Figure 136 Network Connections

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3 In the Internet Connection Properties window, click Settings to see the port mappings

there were automatically created.

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Figure 137 Internet Connection Properties

Chapter 19 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)

4 You may edit or delete the port mappings or click Add to manually add port mappings.

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Figure 138 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings

Figure 139 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings: Add

5 When the UPnP-enabled device is disconnected from your computer, all port mappings

will be deleted automatically.

6 Select Show icon in notification area when connected option and click OK. An icon

displays in the system tray.

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Figure 140 System Tray Icon

7 Double-click on the icon to display your current Internet connection status.

Figure 141 Internet Connection Status

Web Configurator Easy Access

With UPnP, you can access the web-based configurator on the NBG-460N without finding out the IP address of the NBG-460N first. This comes helpful if you do not know the IP address of the NBG-460N.

Follow the steps below to access the web configurator.

1 Click Start and then Control Panel. 2 Double-click Network Connections. 3 Select My Network Places under Other Places.

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Figure 142 Network Connections

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4 An icon with the description for each UPnP-enabled device displays under Local

Network.

5 Right-click on the icon for your NBG-460N and select Invoke. The web configurator

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Figure 143 Network Connections: My Network Places

6 Right-click on the icon for your NBG-460N and select Properties. A properties window

displays with basic information about the NBG-460N.

Figure 144 Network Connections: My Network Places: Properties: Example

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PART V

Maintenance and

Troubleshooting

System (229) Logs (233) Tools (251) Configuration Mode (257) Sys Op Mode (259) Language (263) Troubleshooting (265)

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CHAPTER 20

System

This chapter provides information on the System screens.

20.1 System Overview

See the chapter about wizard setup for more information on the next few screens.

20.2 System General Screen

Click Maintenance > System. The following screen displays.

Figure 145 Maintenance > System > General

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 84 Maintenance > System > General

LABEL DESCRIPTION

System Name System Name is a unique name to identify the NBG-460N in an Ethernet

Domain Name Enter the domain name (if you know it) here. If you leave this field blank, the ISP

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network. It is recommended you enter your computer’s “Computer name” in this field (see the chapter about wizard setup for how to find your computer’s name).

This name can be up to 30 alphanumeric characters long. Spaces are not allowed, but dashes “-” and underscores "_" are accepted.

may assign a domain name via DHCP. The domain name entered by you is given priority over the ISP assigned domain

name.

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Table 84 Maintenance > System > General

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Administrator Inactivity Timer

Password Setup Change your NBG-460N’s password (recommended) using the fields as shown. Old Password Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the

New Password Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as you type a

Retype to Confirm Type the new password again in this field. Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-460N. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.

Type how many minutes a management session can be left idle before the session times out. The default is 5 minutes. After it times out you have to log in with your password again. Very long idle timeouts may have security risks. A value of "0" means a management session never times out, no matter how long it has been left idle (not recommended).

system in this field.

password, the screen displays an asterisk (*) for each character you type.

20.3 Time Setting Screen

To change your NBG-460N’s time and date, click Maintenance > System > Time Setting. The screen appears as shown. Use this screen to configure the NBG-460N’s time based on your local time zone.

Figure 146 Maintenance > System > Time Setting

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 85 Maintenance > System > Time Setting

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Current Time and Date

Current Time This field displays the time of your NBG-460N.

Each time you reload this page, the NBG-460N synchronizes the time with the time server.

Current Date This field displays the date of your NBG-460N.

Each time you reload this page, the NBG-460N synchronizes the date with the time server.

Time and Date Setup

Manual Select this radio button to enter the time and date manually. If you configure a

New Time (hh:mm:ss)

New Date (yyyy/mm/dd)

Get from Time Server

Auto Select Auto to have the NBG-460N automatically search for an available time

User Defined Time Server Address

Time Zone Setup Time Zone Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between

Daylight Savings Daylight saving is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set

Start Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you selected

new time and date, Time Zone and Daylight Saving at the same time, the new time and date you entered has priority and the Time Zone and Daylight Saving settings do not affect it .

This field displays the last updated time from the time server or the last time configured manually.

When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new time in this field and then click Apply.

This field displays the last updated date from the time server or the last date configured manually.

When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new date in this field and then click Apply.

Select this radio button to have the NBG-460N get the time and date from the time server you specified below.

server and synchronize the date and time with the time server after you click Apply.

Select User Defined Time Server Address and enter the IP address or URL (up to 20 extended ASCII characters in length) of your time server. Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information.

your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).

their clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in the evening.

Select this option if you use Daylight Saving Time.

Daylight Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:

Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the first Sunday of April. Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select First, Sunday, April and type 2 in the o'clock field.

Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March. All of the time zones in the European Union start using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, March. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).

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Table 85 Maintenance > System > Time Setting

LABEL DESCRIPTION

End Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you selected

Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-460N. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.

Daylight Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:

Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the last Sunday of October. Each time zone in the United States stops using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select Last, Sunday, October and type 2 in the o'clock field.

Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of October. All of the time zones in the European Union stop using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, October. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).

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CHAPTER 21

Logs

This chapter contains information about configuring general log settings and viewing the NBG-460N’s logs. Refer to the appendices for example log message explanations.

21.1 View Log

The web configurator allows you to look at all of the NBG-460N’s logs in one location. Click Maintenance > Logs to open the View Log screen. Use the View Log screen to see the logs for the categories that you selected in the Log

Settings screen (see Section 21.2 on page 234). Options include logs about system maintenance, system errors, access control, allowed or blocked web sites, blocked web features (such as ActiveX controls, Java and cookies), attacks (such as DoS) and IPSec.

Log entries in red indicate system error logs. The log wraps around and deletes the old entries after it fills. Click a column heading to sort the entries. A triangle indicates ascending or descending sort order.

Figure 147 Maintenance > Logs > View Log

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The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 86 Maintenance > Logs > View Log

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Display The categories that you select in the Log Settings page (see Section 21.2 on

Email Log Now Click Email Log Now to send the log screen to the e-mail address specified in

Refresh Click Refresh to renew the log screen. Clear Log Click Clear Log to delete all the logs. Time This field displays the time the log was recorded. See the chapter on system

Message This field states the reason for the log. Source This field lists the source IP address and the port number of the incoming

Destination This field lists the destination IP address and the port number of the incoming

Note This field displays additional information about the log entry.

page 234) display in the drop-down list box.

Select a category of logs to view; select All Logs to view logs from all of the log categories that you selected in the Log Settings page.

the Log Settings page (make sure that you have first filled in the Address Info fields in Log Settings).

maintenance and information to configure the NBG-460N’s time and date.

packet.

21.2 Log Settings

You can configure the NBG-460N’s general log settings in one location. Click Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings to open the Log Settings screen. Use the Log Settings screen to configure to where the NBG-460N is to send logs; the schedule

for when the NBG-460N is to send the logs and which logs and/or immediate alerts the NBG460N to send.

An alert is a type of log that warrants more serious attention. They include system errors, attacks (access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites or web sites with restricted web features such as cookies, active X and so on. Some categories such as System Errors consist of both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the View Log screen. Alerts display in red and logs display in black.

Alerts are e-mailed as soon as they happen. Logs may be e-mailed as soon as the log is full (see Log Schedule). Selecting many alert and/or log categories (especially Access Control) may result in many e-mails being sent.

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Figure 148 Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings

Chapter 21 Logs

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 87 Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings

LABEL DESCRIPTION

E-mail Log Settings Mail Server Enter the server name or the IP address of the mail server for the e-mail

Mail Subject Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the log e-mail message that

Send Log To The NBG-460N sends logs to the e-mail address specified in this field. If this

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addresses specified below. If this field is left blank, logs and alert messages will not be sent via E-mail.

the NBG-460N sends. Not all NBG-460N models have this field.

field is left blank, the NBG-460N does not send logs via e-mail.

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Table 87 Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings

LABEL DESCRIPTION

Send Alerts To Alerts are real-time notifications that are sent as soon as an event, such as a

SMTP Authentication

User Name Enter the user name (up to 31 characters) (usually the user name of a mail

Password Enter the password associated with the user name above. Log Schedule This drop-down menu is used to configure the frequency of log messages being

Day for Sending Log Use the drop down list box to select which day of the week to send the logs. Time for Sending

Log Clear log after

sending mail Syslog Logging The NBG-460N sends a log to an external syslog server. Active Click Active to enable syslog logging. Syslog Server IP

Address Log Facility Select a location from the drop down list box. The log facility allows you to log

Active Log and Alert Log Select the categories of logs that you want to record. Send Immediate

Alert Apply Click Apply to save your changes. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.

DoS attack, system error, or forbidden web access attempt occurs. Enter the Email address where the alert messages will be sent. Alerts include system errors, attacks and attempted access to blocked web sites. If this field is left blank, alert messages will not be sent via E-mail.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the message-exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to another.

Select the check box to activate SMTP authentication. If mail server authentication is needed but this feature is disabled, you will not receive the email logs.

account).

sent as E-mail:

•Daily

•Weekly

• Hourly

• When Log is Full

• None. If you select Weekly or Daily, specify a time of day when the E-mail should be

sent. If you select Weekly, then also specify which day of the week the E-mail should be sent. If you select When Log is Full, an alert is sent when the log fills up. If you select None, no log messages are sent.

Enter the time of the day in 24-hour format (for example 23:00 equals 11:00 pm) to send the logs.

Select the checkbox to delete all the logs after the NBG-460N sends an E-mail of the logs.

Enter the server name or IP address of the syslog server that will log the selected categories of logs.

the messages to different files in the syslog server. Refer to the syslog server manual for more information.

Select log categories for which you want the NBG-460N to send E-mail ale rts immediately.

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21.3 Log Descriptions

This section provides descriptions of example log messages.

Table 88 System Maintenance Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

Time calibration is successful

Time calibration failed The router failed to get information from the time server. WAN interface gets IP:%s A WAN int erf ace got a new IP address from the DHCP,

DHCP client IP expired A DHCP client's IP address has expired. DHCP server assigns%s The DHCP server assigned an IP address to a client. Successful WEB login Someone has logged on to the router's web configurator

WEB login failed Someone has failed to log on to the router's web configurator

Successful TELNET login Someone has logged on to the router via telnet. TELNET login failed Someone has fai led to log on to the router via telnet. Successful FTP login Someone has logged on to the router via ftp. FTP login failed Someone has failed to log on to the router via ftp. NAT Session Table is Full! The maximum number of NAT session table entries has been

Starting Connectivity Monitor

Time initialized by Daytime Server

Time initialized by Time server

Time initialized by NTP server

Connect to Daytime server fail

Connect to Time server fail The router was not able to connect to the Time server. Connect to NTP server fail The router was not able to connect to the NTP server. Too large ICMP packet has

been dropped Configuration Change: PC =

0x%x, Task ID = 0x%x Successful SSH login Someone has logged on to the router’s SSH server. SSH login failed Someone has failed to log on to the router’s SSH server. Successful HTTPS login Someone has logged on to the router's web configurator

HTTPS login failed Someone has failed to log on to the router's web configurator

Chapter 21 Logs

The router has adjusted its time based on inf orm ation from the time server.

PPPoE, PPTP or dial-up server.

interface.

exceeded and the table is full. Starting Connectivity Monitor.

The router got the time and date from the Daytime server.

The router got the time and date from the time server.

The router got the time and date from the NTP server.

The router was not able to connect to the Daytime server.

The router dropped an ICMP packet that was too large.

The router is saving configuration changes.

interface using HTTPS protocol.

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Table 89 System Error Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

%s exceeds the max. number of session per host!

setNetBIOSFilter: calloc error

readNetBIOSFilter: calloc error

WAN connection is down. A WAN connection is down. You cannot access the network

Table 90 Access Control Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

Firewall default policy: [TCP | UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE | OSPF] <Packet Direction>

Firewall rule [NOT] match:[TCP | UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE | OSPF] <Packet Direction>, <rule:%d>

Triangle route packet forwarded: [TCP | UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE | OSPF]

Packet without a NAT table entry blocked: [TCP | UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE | OSPF]

Router sent blocked web site message: TCP

This attempt to create a NAT session exceeds the maximum number of NAT session table entries allowed to be created per host.

The router failed to allocate memory for the NetBIOS filter settings.

through this interface.

Attempted TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF access matched the default policy and was blocked or forwarded according to the default policy’s setting.

Attempted TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF access matched (or did not match) a configured firewall rule (denoted by its number) and was blocked or forwarded according to the rule.

The firewall allowed a triangle route session to pass through.

The router blocked a packet that didn't have a corresponding NAT table entry.

The router sent a message to notify a user that the router blocked access to a web site that the user requested.

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Table 91 TCP Reset Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

Under SYN flood attack, sent TCP RST

Exceed TCP MAX incomplete, sent TCP RST

Peer TCP state out of order, sent TCP RST

The router sent a TCP reset packet when a host was under a SYN flood attack (the TCP incomplete count is per destination host.)

The router sent a TCP reset packet when the number of TCP incomplete connections exceeded the user configured threshold. (the TCP incomplete count is per destination host.) Note: Refer to TCP Maximum Incomplete in the Firewall Attack Alerts screen.

The router sent a TCP reset packet when a TCP connection state was out of order.Note: The firewall refers to RFC793 Figure 6 to check the TCP state.

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Table 91 TCP Reset Logs (continued)

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

Firewall session time out, sent TCP RST

Exceed MAX incomplete, sent TCP RST

Access block, sent TCP RST

The router sent a TCP reset packet when a dynamic firewall session timed out.

The default timeout values are as follows: ICMP idle timeout: 3 minutes UDP idle timeout: 3 minutes TCP connection (three way handshaking) timeout: 270 seconds TCP FIN-wait timeout: 2 MSL (Maximum Segment Lifetime set in

the TCP header). TCP idle (established) timeout (s): 150 minutes TCP reset timeout: 10 seconds

The router sent a TCP reset packet when the number of incomplete connections (TCP and UDP) exceeded the userconfigured threshold. (Incomplete count is for all TCP and UDP connections through the firewall.)Note: When the number of incomplete connections (TCP + UDP) > “Maximum Incomplete High”, the router sends TCP RST packets for TCP connections and destroys TOS (firewall dynamic sessions) until incomplete connections < “Maximum Incomplete Low”.

The router sends a TCP RST packet and generates this log if you turn on the firewall TCP reset mechanism (via CI command: "sys firewall tcprst").

Chapter 21 Logs

Table 92 Packet Filter Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

[TCP | UDP | ICMP | IGMP | Generic] packet filter matched (set:%d, rule:%d)

Attempted access matched a configured filter rule (denoted by its set and rule number) and was blocked or forwarded according to the rule.

Table 93 ICMP Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

Firewall default policy: ICMP <Packet Direction>, <type:%d>, <code:%d>

Firewall rule [NOT] match: ICMP <Packet Direction>, <rule:%d>, <type:%d>, <code:%d>

Triangle route packet forwarded: ICMP

Packet without a NAT table entry blocked: ICMP

Unsupported/out-of-order ICMP: ICMP

Router reply ICMP packet: ICMP The router sent an ICMP reply packet to the sender.

ICMP access matched the default policy and was blocked or forwarded according to the user's setting. For type and code details, see Table 104 on page 247.

ICMP access matched (or didn’t match) a firewall rule (denoted by its number) and was blocked or forwarded according to the rule. For type and code details, see

Table 104 on page 247.

The firewall allowed a triangle route session to pass through.

The router blocked a packet that didn’t have a corresponding NAT table entry.

The firewall does not support this kind of ICMP packets or the ICMP packets are out of order.

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Table 94 CDR Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

board%d line%d channel%d, call%d,%s C01 Outgoing Call dev=%x ch=%x%s

board%d line%d channel%d, call%d,%s C02 OutCall Connected%d%s

board%d line%d channel%d, call%d,%s C02 Call Terminated

Table 95 PPP Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

ppp:LCP Starting The PPP connection’s Link Control Protocol stage has started. ppp:LCP Opening The PPP connection’s Link Control Protocol stage is opening. ppp:CHAP Opening The PPP connection’s Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol stage is

ppp:IPCP Starting

ppp:IPCP Opening The PPP connection’s Internet Protocol Control Protocol stage is opening. ppp:LCP Closing The PPP connection’s Link Control Protocol stage is closing. ppp:IPCP Closing The PPP connection’s Internet Protocol Control Protocol stage is closing.

The router received the setup requirements for a call. “call” is the reference (count) number of the call. “dev” is the device type (3 is for dial-up, 6 is for PPPoE, 10 is for PPTP). "channel" or “ch” is the call channel ID.For example,"board 0 line 0 channel 0, call 3, C01 Outgoing Call dev=6 ch=0 "Means the router has dialed to the PPPoE server 3 times.

The PPPoE, PPTP or dial-up call is connected.

The PPPoE, PPTP or dial-up call was disconnected.

opening. The PPP connection’s Internet Protocol Control Protocol stage is starting.

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Table 96 UPnP Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

UPnP pass through Firewall UPnP packets can pass thro ugh the firewall.

Table 97 Content Filtering Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

%s: Keyword blocking The content of a requested web page matched a user defined

%s: Not in trusted web list

%s: Forbidden Web site The web site is in the forbidden web site list. %s: Contains ActiveX The web site contains ActiveX. %s: Contains Java

applet %s: Contains cookie The web site contains a cookie.

keyword. The web site is not in a trusted domain, and the router blocks all traffic

except trusted domain sites.

The web site contains a Java applet.

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Table 97 Content Filtering Logs (continued)

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

%s: Proxy mode detected

%s The content filter server responded that the web site is in the blocked

%s:%s The content filter server responded that the web site is in the blocked

%s(cache hit) The system detected that the web site is in the blocked list from the

%s:%s(cache hit) The system detected that the web site is in blocked list from the local

%s: Trusted Web site The web site is in a trusted domain. %s When the content filter is not on according to the time schedule or you

Waiting content filter server timeout

DNS resolving failed The NBG-460N cannot get the IP address of the external content

Creating socket failed The NBG-460N cannot issue a query because TCP/IP socket creation

Connecting to content filter server fail

License key is invalid The external content filtering license key is invalid.

The router detected proxy mode in the packet.

category list, but it did not return the category type.

category list, and returned the category type.

local cache, but does not know the category type.

cache, and knows the category type.

didn't select the "Block Matched Web Site” check box, the system forwards the web content.

The external content filtering server did not respond within the timeout period.

filtering via DNS query.

failed, port:port number. The connection to the external content filtering server failed.

Table 98 Attack Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

attack [TCP | UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE | OSPF]

attack ICMP (type:%d, code:%d)

land [TCP | UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE | OSPF]

land ICMP (type:%d, code:%d)

ip spoofing - WAN [TCP | UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE | OSPF]

ip spoofing - WAN ICMP (type:%d, code:%d)

icmp echo: ICMP (type:%d, code:%d)

syn flood TCP The firewall detected a TCP syn flood attack. ports scan TCP The firewall detected a TCP port scan attack. teardrop TCP The firewall detected a TCP teardrop attack.

The firewall detected a TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF attack.

The firewall detected an ICMP attack. For type and code details, see Table 104 on page 247.

The firewall detected a TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF land attack.

The firewall detected an ICMP land attack. For type and code details, see Table 104 on page 247.

The firewall detected an IP spoofing attack on the WAN port.

The firewall detected an ICMP IP spoofing attack on the WAN port. For type and code details, see Table 104 on page 247.

The firewall detected an ICMP echo attack. For type and code details, see Table 104 on page 247.

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Table 98 Attack Logs (continued)

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

teardrop UDP The firewall detected an UDP teardrop attack. teardrop ICMP (type:%d,

code:%d) illegal command TCP The firewall detected a TCP illegal command attack. NetBIOS TCP The firewall detected a TCP NetBIOS attack. ip spoofing - no routing

entry [TCP | UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE | OSPF]

ip spoofing - no routing entry ICMP (type:%d, code:%d)

vulnerability ICMP (type:%d, code:%d)

traceroute ICMP (type:%d, code:%d)

The firewall detected an ICMP teardrop attack. For type and code details, see Table 104 on page 247.

The firewall classified a packet with no source routing entry as an IP spoofing attack.

The firewall classified an ICMP packet with no source routing entry as an IP spoofing attack.

The firewall detected an ICMP vulnerability attack. For type and code details, see Table 104 on page 247.

The firewall detected an ICMP traceroute attack. For type and code details, see Table 104 on page 247.

Table 99 IPSec Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

Discard REPLAY packet The router received and discarded a packet with an incorrect

Inbound packet authentication failed

Receive IPSec packet, but no corresponding tunnel exists

Rule <%d> idle time out, disconnect

WAN IP changed to <IP> The router dropped all connections with the “MyIP” configured as

sequence number. The router received a packet that has been altered. A third party may

have altered or tampered with the packet. The router dropped an inbound packet for which SPI could not find a

corresponding phase 2 SA.

The router dropped a connection that had outbound traffic and no inbound traffic for a certain time period. You can use the "ipsec timer chk_conn" CI command to set the time period. The default value is 2 minutes.

“0.0.0.0” when the WAN IP address changed.

Table 100 IKE Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

Active connection allowed exceeded

Start Phase 2: Quick Mode Phase 2 Quick Mode has started. Verifying Remote ID failed: The connection failed during IKE phase 2 because the router

The IKE process for a new connection failed because the limit of simultaneous phase 2 SAs has been reached.

and the peer’s Local/Remote Addresses don’t match.

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Table 100 IKE Logs (continued)

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

Chapter 21 Logs

Verifying Local ID failed: The connection failed during IKE phase 2 because the router

IKE Packet Retransmit The router retransmitted the last packet sent because there

Failed to send IKE Packet An Ethernet error stopped the router from sending IKE

Too many errors! Deleting SA An SA was deleted because there were too many errors. Phase 1 IKE SA process done The phase 1 IKE SA process has been completed. Duplicate requests with the

same cookie IKE Negotiation is in process The router has already started negotiating with the peer for

No proposal chosen Phase 1 or phase 2 parameters don’t match. Please check all

Local / remote IPs of incoming request conflict with rule <%d>

Cannot resolve Secure Gateway Addr for rule <%d>

Peer ID: <peer id> <My remote type> -<My local type>

vs. My Remote <My remote> <My remote>

vs. My Local <My local>-<My local>

Send <packet> A packet was sent. Recv <packet> IKE uses ISAKMP to transmit data. Each ISAKMP packet

Recv <Main or Aggressive> Mode request from <IP>

Send <Main or Aggressive> Mode request to <IP>

Invalid IP <Peer local> / <Peer local>

Remote IP <Remote IP> / <Remote IP> conflicts

Phase 1 ID type mismatch This router’s "Peer ID Type" is different from the peer IPSec

Phase 1 ID content mismatch This router’s "Peer ID Content" is different from the peer

and the peer’s Local/Remote Addresses don’t match.

was no response from the peer.

packets.

The router received multiple requests from the same peer while still processing the first IKE packet from the peer.

the connection, but the IKE process has not finished yet.

protocols / settings. Ex. One device being configured for 3DES and the other being configured for DES causes the connection to fail.

The security gateway is set to “0.0.0.0” and the router used the peer’s “Local Address” as the router’s “Remote Address”. This information conflicted with static rule #d; thus the connection is not allowed.

The router couldn’t resolve the IP address from the domain name that was used for the secure gateway address.

The displayed ID information did not match between the two ends of the connection.

contains many different types of payloads. All of them show in the LOG. Refer to RFC2408 – ISAKMP for a list of all ISAKMP payload types.

The router received an IKE negotiation request from the peer address specified.

The router started negotiation with the peer.

The peer’s “Local IP Address” is invalid.

router's "Local ID Type".

IPSec router's "Local ID Content".

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Table 100 IKE Logs (continued)

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

No known phase 1 ID type found

ID type mismatch. Local / Peer: <Local ID type/Peer ID type>

ID content mismatch The phase 1 ID contents do not match. Configured Peer ID Content:

<Configured Peer ID Content> Incoming ID Content:

<Incoming Peer ID Content> Unsupported local ID Type:

<%d> Build Phase 1 ID The router has started to build the phase 1 ID. Adjust TCP MSS to%d The router automatically changed the TCP Maximum

Rule <%d> input idle time out, disconnect

XAUTH succeed! Username: <Username>

XAUTH fail! Username: <Username>

Rule[%d] Phase 1 negotiation mode mismatch

Rule [%d] Phase 1 encryption algorithm mismatch

Rule [%d] Phase 1 authentication algorithm mismatch

Rule [%d] Phase 1 authentication method mismatch

Rule [%d] Phase 1 key group mismatch

Rule [%d] Phase 2 protocol mismatch

Rule [%d] Phase 2 encryption algorithm mismatch

Rule [%d] Phase 2 authentication algorithm mismatch

Rule [%d] Phase 2 encapsulation mismatch

Rule [%d]> Phase 2 pfs mismatch

The router could not find a known phase 1 ID in the connection attempt.

The phase 1 ID types do not match.

The phase 1 ID contents do not match and the configured "Peer ID Content" is displayed.

The phase 1 ID contents do not match and the incoming packet's ID content is displayed.

The phase 1 ID type is not supported by the router.

Segment Size value after establishing a tunnel. The tunnel for the listed rule was dropped because there was

no inbound traffic within the idle timeout period. The router used extended authentication to authenticate the

listed username. The router was not able to use extended authentication to

authenticate the listed username. The listed rule’s IKE phase 1 negotiation mode did not match

between the router and the peer. The listed rule’s IKE phase 1 encryption algorithm did not

match between the router and the peer. The listed rule’s IKE phase 1 authentication algorithm did not

match between the router and the peer.

The listed rule’s IKE phase 1 authentication method did not match between the router and the peer.

The listed rule’s IKE phase 1 key group did not match between the router and the peer.

The listed rule’s IKE phase 2 protocol did not match between the router and the peer.

The listed rule’s IKE phase 2 encryption algorithm did not match between the router and the peer.

The listed rule’s IKE phase 2 authentication algorithm did not match between the router and the peer.

The listed rule’s IKE phase 2 encapsulation did not match between the router and the peer.

The listed rule’s IKE phase 2 perfect forward secret (pfs) setting did not match between the router and the peer.

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Table 100 IKE Logs (continued)

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

Chapter 21 Logs

Rule [%d] Phase 1 ID mismatch The listed rule’s IKE phase 1 ID did not match between the

Rule [%d] Phase 1 hash mismatch

Rule [%d] Phase 1 preshared key mismatch

Rule [%d] Tunnel built successfully

Rule [%d] Peer's public key not found

Rule [%d] Verify peer's signature failed

Rule [%d] Sending IKE request IKE sent an IKE request for the listed rule. Rule [%d] Receiving IKE

request Swap rule to rule [%d] The router changed to using the listed rule. Rule [%d] Phase 1 key length

mismatch

Rule [%d] phase 1 mismatch The listed rule’s IKE phase 1 did not match between the router

Rule [%d] phase 2 mismatch The listed rule’s IKE phase 2 did not match between the router

Rule [%d] Phase 2 key length mismatch

router and the peer. The listed rule’s IKE phase 1 hash did not match between the

router and the peer. The listed rule’s IKE phase 1 pre-shared key did not match

between the router and the peer. The listed rule’s IPSec tunnel has been built successfully.

The listed rule’s IKE phase 1 peer’s public key was not found.

The listed rule’s IKE phase 1verification of the peer’s signature failed.

IKE received an IKE request for the listed rule.

The listed rule’s IKE phase 1 key length (with the AES encryption algorithm) did not match between the router and the peer.

and the peer.

and the peer. The listed rule’s IKE phase 2 key lengths (with the AES

encryption algorithm) did not match between the router and the peer.

Table 101 PKI Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

Enrollment successful The SCEP online certificate enrollment was successful. The

Enrollment failed The SCEP online certificate enrollment failed. The Destination field

Failed to resolve <SCEP CA server url>

Enrollment successful The CMP online certificate enrollment was successful. The Destination

Enrollment failed The CMP online certificate enrollment failed. The Destination fi eld

Failed to resolve <CMP CA server url>

Rcvd ca cert: <subject name>

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Destination field records the certification authority server IP address and port.

records the certification authority server’s IP address and port. The SCEP online certificate enrollment failed because the certification

authority server’s address cannot be resolved.

field records the certification authority server’s IP address and port.

records the certification authority server’s IP address and port. The CMP online certificate enrollment failed because the certification

authority server’s IP address cannot be resolved. The router received a certification authority certificate, with subject

name as recorded, from the LDAP server whose IP address and port are recorded in the Source field.

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Table 101 PKI Logs (continued)

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

Rcvd user cert: <subject name>

Rcvd CRL <size>: <issuer name>

Rcvd ARL <size>: <issuer name>

Failed to decode the received ca cert

Failed to decode the received user cert

Failed to decode the received CRL

Failed to decode the received ARL

Rcvd data <size> too large! Max size allowed: <max size>

Cert trusted: <subject name>

Due to <reason codes>, cert not trusted: <subject name>

The router received a user certificate, with subject name as recorded, from the LDAP server whose IP address and port are recorded in the Source field.

The router received a CRL (Certificate Revocation List), with size and issuer name as recorded, from the LDAP server whose IP address and port are recorded in the Source field.

The router received an ARL (Authority Revocation List), with size and issuer name as recorded, from the LDAP server whose address and port are recorded in the Source field.

The router received a corrupted certification authority certificate from the LDAP server whose address and port are recorded in the Source field.

The router received a corrupted user certificate from the LDAP server whose address and port are recorded in the Source field.

The router received a corrupted CRL (Certificate Revocation List) from the LDAP server whose address and port are recorded in the Source field.

The router received a corrupted ARL (Authority Revocation List) from the LDAP server whose address and port are recorded in the Source field.

The router received directory data that was too large (the size is listed) from the LDAP server whose address and port are recorded in the Source field. The maximum size of directory data that the router allows is also recorded.

The router has verified the path of the certificate with the listed subject name.

Due to the reasons listed, the certificate with the listed subject name has not passed the path verification. The recorded reason codes are only approximate reasons for not trusting the certificate. Please see

Table 104 on page 247 for the corresponding descriptions of the

codes.

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Table 102 802.1X Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

Local User Database accepts user.

Local User Database reports user credential error.

Local User Database does not find user`s credential.

RADIUS accepts user. A user was authenticated by the RADIUS Server. RADIUS rejects user. Pls check

RADIUS Server. Local User Database does not

support authentication method.

User logout because of session timeout expired.

A user was authenticated by the local user database.

A user was not authenticated by the local user database because of an incorrect user password.

A user was not authenticated by the local user database because the user is not listed in the local user database.

A user was not authenticated by the RADIUS Server. Please check the RADIUS Server.

The local user database only supports the EAP-MD5 method. A user tried to use another authentication method and was not authenticated.

The router logged out a user whose session expired.

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Table 102 802.1X Logs (continued)

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

User logout because of user deassociation.

User logout because of no authentication response from user.

User logout because of idle timeout expired.

User logout because of user request.

Local User Database does not support authentication method.

No response from RADIUS. Pls check RADIUS Server.

Use Local User Database to authenticate user.

Use RADIUS to authenticate user. The RADIUS server is operating as the authentication

No Server to authenticate user. There is no authentication server to authenticate a user. Local User Database does not

find user`s credential.

The router logged out a user who ended the session.

The router logged out a user from which there was no authentication response.

The router logged out a user whose idle timeout period expired.

A user logged out.

A user tried to use an authentication method that the local user database does not support (it only supports EAP-MD5).

There is no response message from the RADIUS server, please check the RADIUS server.

The local user database is operating as the authentication server.

server.

A user was not authenticated by the local user database because the user is not listed in the local user database.

Table 103 ACL Setting Notes

PACKET DIRECTION DIRECTION DESCRIPTION

(L to W) LAN to WAN ACL set for packets traveling from the LAN to the WAN. (W to L) WAN to LAN ACL set for packets traveling from the WAN to the LAN. (L to L/P) LAN to LAN/NBG-

460N

(W to W/P) WAN to WAN/

NBG-460N

ACL set for packets traveling from the LAN to the LAN or the NBG-460N.

ACL set for packets traveling from the WAN to the WAN or the NBG-460N.

Table 104 ICMP Notes

TYPE CODE DESCRIPTION

0 Echo Reply

0 Echo reply message

3 Destination Unreachable

0 Net unreachable 1 Host unreachable 2 Protocol unreachable 3 Port unreachable 4 A packet that needed fragmentation was dropped because it was set to Don't

Fragment (DF)

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Table 104 ICMP Notes (continued)

TYPE CODE DESCRIPTION

4 Source Quench

5 Redirect

8 Echo

11 Time Exceeded

12 Parameter Problem

13 Timestamp

14 Timestamp Reply

15 Information Request

16 Information Reply

5 Source route failed

0 A gateway may discard internet datagrams if it does not have the buffer space

needed to queue the datagrams for output to the next network on the route to the destination network.

0 Redirect datagrams for the Network 1 Redirect datagrams for the Host 2 Redirect datagrams for the Type of Service and Network 3 Redirect datagrams for the Type of Service and Host

0 Echo message

0 Time to live exceeded in transit 1 Fragment reassembly time exceeded

0 Pointer indicates the error

0 Timestamp request message

0 Timestamp reply message

0 Information request message

0 Information reply message

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Table 105 Syslog Logs

LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION

<Facility*8 + Severity>Mon dd hr:mm:ss hostname src="<srcIP:srcPort>" dst="<dstIP:dstPort>" msg="<msg>" note="<note>" devID="<mac address last three numbers>" cat="<category>

"This message is sent by the system ("RAS" displays as the system name if you haven’t configured one) when the router generates a syslog. The facility is defined in the web MAIN MENU->LOGS->Log Settings page. The severity is the log’s syslog class. The definition of messages and notes are defined in the various log charts throughout this appendix. The “devID” is the last three characters of the MAC address of the router’s LAN port. The “cat” is the same as the category in the router’s logs.

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The following table shows RFC-2408 ISAKMP payload types that the log displays. Please refer to the RFC for detailed information on each type.

Table 106 RFC-2408 ISAKMP Payload Types

LOG DISPLAY PAYLOAD TYPE

SA Security Association PROP Proposal TRANS Transform KE Key Exchange ID Identification CER Certificate CER_REQ Certificate Request HASH Hash SIG Signature NONCE Nonce NOTFY Notification DEL Delete VID Vendor ID

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