ZyXEL P-660R-T1, P-660R-T7, P-660H-T7, P-660HW-T1, P-660HW-T3 Support Notes

...

P-660 series

Support Notes

(For P-660R/H/HW-T1/T3/T7)

Version1.0

Sep. 2005

P-660 series Support Notes

INDEX...........................................................................................................................5

ZyNOS FAQ .............................................................................................................5

1. What is ZyNOS?................................................................................................5

2. How do I access the Prestige SMT menu?.........................................................5

3. What is the default console port baud rate? Moreover, how do I change it?.....5

4. How do I update the firmware and configuration file?......................................5

5. How do I upload the ZyNOS firmware code via console?................................5

6. How do I upgrade/backup the ZyNOS firmware by using TFTP client program

via LAN?................................................................................................................6

7. How do I upload ROMFILE via console port?..................................................6

8. How do I restore SMT configurations by using TFTP client program via

LAN?......................................................................................................................6

9. What should I do if I forget the system password?............................................6

10. How to use the Reset button?...........................................................................7

11.What is SUA? When should I use SUA?..........................................................7

12. What is the difference between SUA and Multi-NAT?...................................7

13. Is it possible to access a server running behind SUA from the outside Internet? If possible, how?

....................................................................................................8

14. When do I need Multi-NAT?...........................................................................8

15. What IP/Port mapping does Multi-NAT support?...........................................8

16. How many network users can the SUA/NAT support?...................................9

17. What are Device filters and Protocol filters?.................................................10

18. Why can't I configure device filters or protocol filters?................................10

19. How can I protect against IP spoofing attacks?.............................................10

General FAQ..........................................................................................................12

1. How can I manage P-660?...............................................................................12

2. What is the default user name and password to loging web configurator? .....12

3. How do I know the P-660's WAN IP address assigned by the ISP? ...............12

4. What is the micro filter or splitter used for?....................................................12

5. The P-660 supports Bridge and Router mode, what's the difference between them ?

...................................................................................................................12

6. How do I know I am using PPPoE?.................................................................13

7. Why does my provider use PPPoE?.................................................................13

8. What is DDNS?................................................................................................13

9. When do I need DDNS service?......................................................................13

10. What is DDNS wildcard? Does the P-660 support DDNS wildcard? ...........14

11. Can the P-660's SUA handle IPSec packets sent by the IPSec gateway?......14

12. How do I setup my P-660 for routing IPSec packets over SUA?..................14

13. What is Traffic Shaping?...............................................................................14

14. What do the parameters (PCR, SCR, MBS) mean?.......................................15

15.Why do we perform traffic shaping in the P-660 ?.........................................15

ADSL FAQ .............................................................................................................16

1. How does ADSL compare to Cable modems? ................................................16

2. What is the expected throughput?....................................................................16

P-660 series Support Notes

3. What is the micro filter used for? ....................................................................16

4. How do I know the ADSL line is up?..............................................................16

5. How does the P-660 work on a noisy ADSL? ...............................................16

6. Does the VC-based multiplexing perform better than the LLC-based multiplexing?

.......................................................................................................17

7. How do I know the details of my ADSL line statistics?..................................17

8.What are the possible reasons when the ADSL link is down? .........................17

9.What are the signaling pins of the ADSL connector?.......................................17

Firewall FAQ (For P-660 H/HW Only) ...............................................................18

General.................................................................................................................18

1. What is a network firewall?.............................................................18

2. What makes P-660 secure?..............................................................18

3. What are the basic types of firewalls?.............................................18

4. What kind of firewall is the P-660?.................................................19

5. Why do you need a firewall when your router has packet filtering and NAT built-in?

................................................................................19

6. What is Denials of Service (DoS) attack?........................................19

7. What is Ping of Death attack?..........................................................20

8. What is Teardrop attack?.................................................................20

9. What is SYN Flood attack?..............................................................20

10. What is LAND attack?...................................................................20

11 What is Brute-force attack? ............................................................20

12. What is IP Spoofing attack?...........................................................21

13. What are the default ACL firewall rules in P-660? .......................21

Configuration.......................................................................................................21

1. How do I configure the firewall?.....................................................21

2. How do I prevent others from configuring my firewall?.................21

3. Can I use a browser to configure my P-660?...................................21

4. Why can't I configure my router using Telnet over WAN?.............21

5. Why can't I upload the firmware and configuration file using FTP over WAN?

..........................................................................................22

Log and Alert.......................................................................................................22

1. When does the P-660 generate the firewall log? .............................22

2. What does the log show to us?.........................................................23

3. How do I view the firewall log? ......................................................23

4. When does the P-660 generate the firewall alert? ...........................24

5. What does the alert show to us?.......................................................24

6. What is the difference between the log and alert?...........................24

General Application Notes....................................................................................25

1. Internet Access Using P-660 under Bridge mode............................................25

Set up your workstation.......................................................................25

Setup your P-660 under bridge mode ..................................................26

2. Internet Access Using P-660 under Router mode............................................28

Set up your workstation.......................................................................28

P-660 series Support Notes

Set up your P-660.................................................................................29

3. Setup the P-660 as a DHCP Relay...................................................................31

4. SUA Notes.......................................................................................................32

Tested SUA/NAT Applications...........................................................32

Configure an Internal Server Behind SUA..........................................36

Configure a PPTP server behind SUA.................................................37

5. Using Multi-NAT.............................................................................................41

What is Multi-NAT?............................................................................41

NAT Mapping Types...........................................................................42

SUA Versus NAT................................................................................43

SMT Menus .........................................................................................44

NAT Server Sets..................................................................................50

6. About Filter & Filter Examples .......................................................................60

How does ZyXEL filter work? ............................................................60

Filter Examples....................................................................................65

7. Using the Dynamic DNS (DDNS)...................................................................80

8. Network Management Using SNMP...............................................................82

9. Using syslog.....................................................................................................88

P-660 Setup..........................................................................................88

UNIX Setup .........................................................................................89

ZyXEL Syslog Message Format..........................................................89

10. Using IP Alias................................................................................................92

11. Using IP Policy Routing ................................................................................94

12. Using Call Scheduling ...................................................................................99

13. Using IP Multicast .......................................................................................102

14. Using Bandwidth Management....................................................................104

15. Using Zero-Configuration............................................................................107

Wireless Application Notes (For P-660HW Only)............................................112

1. Configure a Wireless Client to Ad hoc mode................................................112

Ad hoc Introduction...........................................................................112

Configuration for Wireless Station A................................................112

Configuration for Wireless Station B ................................................115

2. Configuring Infrastructure mode ...................................................................117

Infrastructure Introduction.................................................................117

Configure Wireless Access Point to Infrastructure mode using SMT.

............................................................................................................117

Configure Wireless Access Point to Infrastructure mode using Web configurator.

.......................................................................................118

Configuration Wireless Station to Infrastructure mode.....................119

3. MAC Filter.....................................................................................................121

MAC Filter Overview........................................................................121

ZyXEL MAC Filter Implementation.................................................121

Configure the WLAN MAC Filter.....................................................121

4. Setup WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)........................................................123

P-660 series Support Notes

Introduction........................................................................................124

Setting up the Access Point................................................................126

Setting up the Station.........................................................................129

5. Site Survey.....................................................................................................132

Introduction........................................................................................132

Preparation.........................................................................................132

Survey on Site....................................................................................133

6. Using VPN over Wireless LAN.....................................................................135

1. Setup Sentinel ................................................................................136

2. Setup Prestige VPN........................................................................144

7. Configure 802.1x and WPA...........................................................................146

What is WPA Functionality?.............................................................146

Configuration for Access point..........................................................147

Configuration for your PC.................................................................148

Support Tool.........................................................................................................153

1. LAN/WAN Packet Trace...............................................................................153

Online Trace.......................................................................................153

Offline Trace......................................................................................158

2. Firmware/Configurations Uploading and Downloading using TFTP ...........159

Using TFTP client software...............................................................159

Using TFTP command on Windows NT...........................................160

Using TFTP command on UNIX.......................................................161

3. Using FTP to Upload the Firmware and Configuration Files........................162

Using FTP command in terminal.......................................................162

Using FTP client software .................................................................163

CI Command Reference......................................................................................166

1. System Related Commands ...........................................................................166

2. Exit Related Commands ................................................................................173

3. Ethernet Related Commands..........................................................................173

4. IP Related Commands..................................................................................174

5. WAN Related Commands..............................................................................180

6. PPP Related Command..................................................................................183

7. Bridge Related Command..............................................................................186

8. WLAN Related Commands...........................................................................187

9. Radius Related Command..............................................................................188

10. 8021x Related Command.............................................................................188

11. Configuration Related Command................................................................188

12. Firewall Related Command .........................................................................194

13. SMT Related command ...............................................................................195

P-660 series Support Notes

ZyNOS FAQ

1. What is ZyNOS?

ZyNOS is ZyXEL's proprietary Network Operating System. It is the platform on all Prestige routers that delivers network services and applications. It is designed in a modular fashion so it is easy for developers to add new features. New ZyNOS software upgrades can be easily downloaded from our FTP sites as they become available.

2. How do I access the Prestige SMT menu?

The SMT interface is a menu driven interface, which can be accessed via a RS232 console or a Telnet connection. To access the Prestige via SMT console port, a computer equipped with communication software such as HyperTerminal must be configured with the following parameters.

• VT100 terminal emulation

• 9600bps baud rate

• N81 data format (No Parity, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit)

The default console port baud rate is 9600bps, you can change it to 115200bps in Menu 24.2.2 to speed up the SMT access.

3. What is the default console port baud rate? Moreover, how do I change it?

The default console port baud rate is 9600bps. When configuring the SMT, please make sure the terminal baud rate is also 9600bps. You can change the console baud rate from 9600bps to 115200bps in SMT menu 24.2.2.

4. How do I update the firmware and configuration file

You can upload the firmware and configuration file to Prestige using console port, FTP or TFTP client software. You CAN NOT upload the firmware and configuration file via Telnet because the Telnet connection will be dropped during uploading the firmware. Please do not power off the router right after the FTP or TFTP uploading is finished, the router will upload the firmware to its flash at this moment.

5. How do I upload the ZyNOS firmware code via console?

The procedure for uploading ZyNOS via console is as follows.

P-660 series Support Notes

a. Enter debug mode when powering on the Prestige using a terminal emulator b. Enter 'ATUR' to start the uploading c. Use X-modem protocol to transfer the ZyNOS code d. Enter ' ATGO' to restart the Prestige

6. How do I upgrade/backup the ZyNOS firmware by using TFTP client program via LAN?

The Prestige allows you to transfer the firmware to Prestige by using TFTP program via LAN. The procedure for uploading ZyNOS via TFTP is as follows.

a. Use the TELNET client program in your PC to login to your Prestige. b. Enter CI command 'sys stdio 0' in menu 24.8 to disable console idle timeout c. To upgrade firmware, use TFTP client program to put firmware in file 'ras' in

the Prestige. After data transfer is finished, the Prestige will program the upgraded firmware into FLASH ROM and reboot itself.

d. To backup your firmware, use the TFTP client program to get file 'ras' from

the Prestige.

7. How do I upload ROMFILE via console port?

In some situations, you may need to upload the ROMFILE, such as losing the system password, or the need of resetting SMT to factory default.

The procedure for uploading ROMFILE via the console port is as follows.

a. Enter debug mode when powering on the Prestige using a terminal emulator b. Enter 'ATLC' to start the uploading c. Use X-modem protocol to transfer ROMFILE d. Enter 'ATGO' to restart the Prestige

8. How do I restore SMT configurations by using TFTP client program via LAN?

a. Use the TELNET client program in your PC to login to your Prestige. b. Enter CI command 'sys stdio 0' in menu 24.8 to disable console idle timeout. c. To backup the SMT configurations, use TFTP client program to get file

'rom-0' from the Prestige.

d. To restore the SMT configurations, use the TFTP client program to put your

configuration in file rom-0 in the Prestige.

9. What should I do if I forget the system password?

In case you forget the system password, you can erase the current configuration and restore factory defaults in three way.

P-660 series Support Notes

a. Use the Web Configurator. b. Use the RESET button on the rear panel of P-660 to reset the router. After

the router is reset, the LAN IP address and the SMT password will be reset to '192.168.1.1' and '1234'. So now you can reach the router through console port or telnet again.

c. Upload the default ROMFILE via console port to reset the SMT to factory

default. After uploading ROMFILE, the default system password is '1234'.

10. How to use the Reset button?

a. Turn your Prestige off and then on. Make sure the SYS led is on (not blinking) b. Press the RESET button for five seconds and then release it. If the SYS LED

begins to blink, the defaults have been restored and the Prestige restarts.

11.What is SUA? When should I use SUA?

SUA (Single User Account) is a unique feature supported by Prestige router which allows multiple people to access Internet concurrently for the cost of a single user account.

When Prestige acting as SUA receives a packet from a local client destined for the outside Internet, it replaces the source address in the IP packet header with its own address and the source port in the TCP or UDP header with another value chosen out of a local pool. It then recomputes the appropriate header checksums and forwards the packet to the Internet as if it is originated from Prestige using the IP address assigned by ISP. When reply packets from the external Internet are received by Prestige, the original IP source address and TCP/UDP source port numbers are written into the destination fields of the packet (since it is now moving in the opposite direction), the checksums are recomputed, and the packet is delivered to its true destination. This is because SUA keeps a table of the IP addresses and port numbers of the local systems currently using it.

12. What is the difference between SUA and Multi-NAT?

SUA (Single User Account) in previous ZyNOS versions is a NAT set with 2 rules, Many-to-One and Server. The P-660 now has Full Feature NAT support to map global IP addresses to local IP addresses of clients or servers. With multiple global IP addresses, multiple severs of the same type (e.g., FTP servers) are allowed on the LAN for outside access. In previous ZyNOS versions that supported SUA 'visible' servers had to be of different types. The P-660 supports NAT sets on a remote node basis. They are reusable, but only one set is allowed for each remote node. The P-660 supports 8 sets since there are 8 remote node. The default SUA (Read Only) Set in menu 15.1.255 is a convenient, pre-configured, read only, Many-to-One mapping set,

P-660 series Support Notes

sufficient for most purposes and helpful to people already familiar with SUA in previous ZyNOS versions.

13. Is it possible to access a server running behind SUA from the outside Internet? If possible, how?

Yes, it is possible because P-660 delivers the packet to the local server by looking up to a SUA server table. Therefore, to make a local server accessible to the outside users, the port number and the inside IP address of the server must be configured in Menu

15.2.1 - NAT Server Setup.

14. When do I need Multi-NAT?

• Make local server accessible from outside Internet

When NAT is enabled the local computers are not accessible from outside. You can use Multi-NAT to make an internal server accessible from outside.

• Support Non-NAT Friendly Applications

Some servers providing Internet applications such as some mIRC servers do not allow users to login using the same IP address. Thus, users on the same network can not login to the same server simultaneously. In this case it is better to use Many-to-Many No Overload or One-to-One NAT mapping types, thus each user login to the server using a unique global IP address.

15. What IP/Port mapping does Multi-NAT support

NAT supports five types of IP/port mapping. They are: One to One, Many to One, Many to Many Overload, Many to Many No Overload and Server. The details of the mapping between ILA and IGA are described as below. Here we define the local IP addresses as the Internal Local Addresses (ILA) and the global IP addresses as the Inside Global Address (IGA),

1. One to One

In One-to-One mode, the P-660 maps one ILA to one IGA.

2. Many to One

In Many-to-One mode, the P-660 maps multiple ILA to one IGA. This is equivalent to SUA (i.e., PAT, port address translation), ZyXEL's Single User Account feature that previous ZyNOS routers supported (the SUA only option in today's routers).

P-660 series Support Notes

3. Many to Many Overload

In Many-to-Many Overload mode, the P-660 maps the multiple ILA to shared IGA.

4. Many One-to-One

In Many One-to-One mode, the P-660 maps each ILA to unique IGA.

5. Server

In Server mode, the P-660 maps multiple inside servers to one global IP address. This allows us to specify multiple servers of different types behind the NAT for outside access. Note, if you want to map each server to one unique IGA please use the One-to-One mode.

The following table summarizes these types.

NAT Type IP Mapping One-to-One ILA1<--->IGA1

Many-to-One (SUA/PAT)

ILA1<--->IGA1 ILA2<--->IGA1 ...

Many-to-Many Overload

ILA1<--->IGA1 ILA2<--->IGA2 ILA3<--->IGA1 ILA4<--->IGA2 ...

Many

One-to-One

ILA1<--->IGA1 ILA2<--->IGA2 ILA3<--->IGA3 ILA4<--->IGA4 ...

Server

Server 1 IP<--->IGA1 Server 2 IP<--->IGA1

16. How many network users can the SUA/NAT support?

The Prestige does not limit the number of the users but the number of the sessions. The P-660 supports 1024/2048 sessions that you can use the 'ip nat iface wanif0 st' command in menu 24.8 to view the current active sessions.

P-660 series Support Notes

17. What are Device filters and Protocol filters?

In ZyNOS, the filters have been separated into two groups. One group is called 'device filter group', and the other is called 'protocol filter group'. Generic filters belong to the 'device filter group', TCP/IP and IPX filters belong to the 'protocol filter group'.

18. Why can't I configure device filters or protocol filters?

In ZyNOS, you can not mix different filter groups in the same filter set.

19. How can I protect against IP spoofing attacks?

The Prestige's filter sets provide a means to protect against IP spoofing attacks. The basic scheme is as follows:

For the input data filter:

• Deny packets from the outside that claim to be from the inside

• Allow everything that is not spoofing us

Filter rule setup:

• Filter type =TCP/IP Filter Rule

• Active =Yes

• Source IP Addr =a.b.c.d

• Source IP Mask =w.x.y.z

• Action Matched =Drop

• Action Not Matched =Forward

Where a.b.c.d is an IP address on your local network and w.x.y.z is your netmask:

For the output data filters:

• Deny bounceback packet

• Allow packets that originate from us

Filter rule setup:

• Filter Type =TCP/IP Filter Rule

• Active =Yes

• Destination IP Addr =a.b.c.d

• Destination IP Mask =w.x.y.z

• Action Matched =Drop

• Action No Matched =Forward

P-660 series Support Notes

Where a.b.c.d is an IP address on your local network and w.x.y.z is your netmask.

P-660 series Support Notes

General FAQ

1. How can I manage P-660?

 Menu driven user interface for easy network management Local and remote

console management

 Web configurator  Telnet remote management  TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) and FTP firmware upgrade and

configuration backup and restore

2. What is the default user name and password to loging web configurator?

The default user name is 'admin' and password is '1234'. You can change the password when login to web configurator in the Advanced Setup->Password menu.

Please record your new password whenever you change it. The system will lock you out if you have forgotten your password.

3. How do I know the P-660's WAN IP address assigned by the ISP?

You can view "My WAN IP <from ISP> : 200.1.1.1" shown in menu 24.1 to check this IP address.

4. What is the micro filter or splitter used for

Generally, the voice band uses the lower frequency ranging from 0 to 4KHz, while ADSL data transmission uses the higher frequency. The micro filter acts as a low-pass filter for your telephone set to ensure that ADSL transmissions do not interfere with your voice transmissions. For the details about how to connect the micro filter please refer to the user's manual.

5. The P-660 supports Bridge and Router mode, what's the difference between them ?

When the ISP limits some specific computers to access Internet, that means only the traffic to/from these computers will be forwarded and the other will be filtered. In this case, we use bridge mode which works as an ADSL modem to connect to the ISP. The ISP will generally give one Internet account and limit only one computer to access the Internet.

For most Internet users having multiple computers want to share an Internet account for Internet access, they have to add another Internet sharing device, like a router. In

P-660 series Support Notes

this case, we use the router mode which works as a general Router plus an ADSL Modem.

6. How do I know I am using PPPoE?

PPPoE requires a user account to login to the provider's server. If you need to configure a user name and password on your computer to connect to the ISP you are probably using PPPoE. If you are simply connected to the Internet when you turn on your computer, you probably are not. You can also check your ISP or the information sheet given by the ISP. Please choose PPPoE as the encapsulation type in the P-660 if the ISP uses PPPoE.

7. Why does my provider use PPPoE?

PPPoE emulates a familiar Dial-Up connection. It allows your ISP to provide services using their existing network configuration over the broadband connections. Besides, PPPoE supports a broad range of existing applications and service including authentication, accounting, secure access and configuration management.

8. What is DDNS?

The Dynamic DNS service allows you to alias a dynamic IP address to a static hostname, allowing your computer to be more easily accessed from various locations on the Internet. To use the service, you must first apply an account from several free Web servers such as http://www.dyndns.org/.

Without DDNS, we always tell the users to use the WAN IP of the P-660 to reach our internal server. It is inconvenient for the users if this IP is dynamic. With DDNS supported by the P-660, you apply a DNS name (e.g., www.zyxel.com.tw) for your server (e.g., Web server) from a DDNS server. The outside users can always access the web server using the www.zyxel.com.tw regardless of the WAN IP of the P-660.

When the ISP assigns the P-660 a new IP, the P-660 updates this IP to DDNS server so that the server can update its IP-to-DNS entry. Once the IP-to-DNS table in the DDNS server is updated, the DNS name for your web server (i.e., www.zyxel.com.tw) is still usable.

9. When do I need DDNS service?

When you want your internal server to be accessed by using DNS name rather than using the dynamic IP address we can use the DDNS service. The DDNS server allows to alias a dynamic IP address to a static hostname. Whenever the ISP assigns you a new IP, the P-660 sends this IP to the DDNS server for its updates.

P-660 series Support Notes

10. What is DDNS wildcard? Does the P-660 support DDNS wildcard?

Some DDNS servers support the wildcard feature which allows the hostname, *.yourhost.dyndns.org, to be aliased to the same IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org. This feature is useful when there are multiple servers inside and you want users to be able to use things such as www.yourhost.dyndns.org and still reach your hostname.

Yes, the P-660 supports DDNS wildcard that http://www.dyndns.org/ supports. When using wildcard, you simply enter yourhost.dyndns.org in the Host field in Menu 1.1 Configure Dynamic DNS.

11. Can the P-660's SUA handle IPSec packets sent by the IPSec gateway?

Yes, the P-660's SUA can handle IPSec ESP Tunneling mode. We know when packets go through SUA, SUA will change the source IP address and source port for the host. To pass IPSec packets, SUA must understand the ESP packet with protocol number 50, replace the source IP address of the IPSec gateway to the router's WAN IP address. However, SUA should not change the source port of the UDP packets which are used for key managements. Because the remote gateway checks this source port during connections, the port thus is not allowed to be changed.

12. How do I setup my P-660 for routing IPSec packets over SUA?

For outgoing IPSec tunnels, no extra setting is required.

For forwarding the inbound IPSec ESP tunnel, A 'Default' server set in menu 15.2.1 is required. It is because SUA makes your LAN appear as a single machine to the outside world. LAN users are invisible to outside users. So, to make an internal server for outside access, we must specify the service port and the LAN IP of this server in Menu 15. Thus SUA is able to forward the incoming packets to the requested service behind SUA and the outside users access the server using the P-660's WAN IP address. So, we have to configure the internal IPsec as a default server (unspecified service port) in menu 15.2.1 when it acts a server gateway.

13. What is Traffic Shaping?

Traffic Shaping is a feature in the P-660. It allocates the bandwidth to WAN dynamically and aims at boosting the efficiency of the bandwidth. If there are serveral VCs in the P-660 but only one VC activated at one time, the P-660 allocates all the Bandwidth to the VC and the VC gets full bandwidth. If another VCs are avtivated later, the bandwidth is yield to other VCs after ward.

P-660 series Support Notes

14. What do the parameters (PCR, SCR, MBS) mean?

Traffic shaping parameters (PCR, SCR, MBS) can be set in Menu 4 and Menu 11.6 and is valid for both incoming and outgoing direction since G.shdsl is symmetric. Peak Cell Rate(PCR): The maximum bandwidth allocated to this connection. The VC connection throughput is limited by PCR. Sustainable Cell Rate(SCR): The least guaranteed bandwidth of a VC. When there are multi-VCs on the same line, the VC throughput is guaranteed by SCR. Maximum Burst Size(MBS): The amount of cells transmitted through this VC at the Peak Cell Rate before yielding to other VCs. Total bandwidth of the line is dedicated to single VC if there is only one VC on the line. However, as the other VC asking the bandwidth, the MBS defines the maximum number of cells transmitted via this VC with Peak Cell rate before yielding to other VCs.

The P-660 holds the parameters for shaping the traffic among its virtual channels. If you do not need traffic shaping, please set SCR = 0, MBS = 0 and PCR as the maximum value according to the line rate (for example, 2.3 Mbps line rate will result PCR as 5424 cell/sec.)

15.Why do we perform traffic shaping in the P-660 ?

The P-660 must manage traffic fairly and provide bandwidth allocation for different sorts of applications, such as voice, video, and data. All applications have their own natural bit rate. Large data transactions have a fluctuating natural bit rate. The P-660 is able to support variable traffic among different virtual connections. Certain traffic may be discarded if the virtual connection experiences congestion. Traffic shaping defines a set of actions taken by the P-660 to avoid congestion; traffic shaping takes measures to adapt to unpredictable fluctuations in traffic flows and other problems among virtual connections.

P-660 series Support Notes

ADSL FAQ

1. How does ADSL compare to Cable modems?

ADSL provides a dedicated service over a single telephone line; cable modems offer a dedicated service over a shared media. While cable modems have greater downstream bandwidth capabilities (up to 30 Mbps), that bandwidth is shared among all users on a line, and will therefore vary, perhaps dramatically, as more users in a neighborhood get online at the same time. Cable modem upstream traffic will in many cases be slower than ADSL, either because the particular cable modem is inherently slower, or because of rate reductions caused by contention for upstream bandwidth slots. The big difference between ADSL and cable modems, however, is the number of lines available to each. There are no more than 12 million homes passed today that can support two-way cable modem transmissions, and while the figure also grows steadily, it will not catch up with telephone lines for many years. Additionally, many of the older cable networks are not capable of offering a return channel; consequently, such networks will need significant upgrading before they can offer high bandwidth services.

2. What is the expected throughput?

In our test, we can get about 1.6Mbps data rate on 15Kft using the 26AWG loop. The shorter the loop, the better the throughput. Besides, please do not stay in menu 24.1 it will slow down the throughput.

3. What is the micro filter used for?

4. How do I know the ADSL line is up?

You can see the DSL LED on the P-660's front panel is on when the ADSL physical layer is up.

5. How does the P-660 work on a noisy ADSL?

Depending on the line quality, the P-660 uses "Fall Back" and "Fall Forward" to automatically adjust the date rate.

P-660 series Support Notes

6. Does the VC-based multiplexing perform better than the LLC-based multiplexing?

Though the LLC-based multiplexing can carry multiple protocols over a single VC, it requires extra header information to identify the protocol being carried on the virtual circuit (VC). The VC-based multiplexing needs a separate VC for carrying each protocol but it does not need the extra headers. Therefore, the VC-based multiplexing is more efficient.

7. How do I know the details of my ADSL line statistics?

You can use the following CI commands to check the ADSL line statistics.

CI> wan adsl perfdata CI> wan adsl status CI> sys log disp CI> wan adsl linedata far CI> wan adsl linedata near

8.What are the possible reasons when the ADSL link is down?

The physical ADSL line may not be up if:

(1) The DSLAM is not Alcatel. (2) If it is Alcatel, the firmware version should be above 3.1.

9.What are the signaling pins of the ADSL connector?

The signaling pins on the P-660's ADSL connector are pin 3 and pin 4. The middle two pins for a RJ11 cable.

P-660 series Support Notes

Firewall FAQ (For P-660 H/HW Only)

General

1. What is a network firewall?

A firewall is a system or group of systems that enforces an access-control policy between two networks. It may also be defined as a mechanism used to protect a trusted network from an untrusted network. The firewall can be thought of two mechanisms. One to block the traffic, and the other to permit traffic.

2. What makes P-660 secure?

The P-660 is pre-configured to automatically detect and thwart Denial of Service (DoS) attacks such as Ping of Death, SYN Flood, LAND attack, IP Spoofing, etc. It also uses stateful packet inspection to determine if an inbound connection is allowed through the firewall to the private LAN. The P-660supports Network Address Translation (NAT), which translates the private local addresses to one or multiple public addresses. This adds a level of security since the clients on the private LAN are invisible to the Internet.

3. What are the basic types of firewalls?

Conceptually, there are three types of firewalls:

1. Packet Filtering Firewall

2. Application-level Firewall

3. Stateful Inspection Firewall

Packet Filtering Firewalls generally make their decisions based on the header information in individual packets. These headers information include the source, destination addresses and ports of the packets.

Application-level Firewalls generally are hosts running proxy servers, which permit no traffic directly between networks, and which perform logging and auditing of traffic passing through them. A proxy server is an application gateway or circuit-level gateway that runs on top of general operating system such as UNIX or Windows NT. It hides valuable data by requiring users to communicate with secure systems by mean of a proxy. A key drawback of this device is performance.

Stateful Inspection Firewalls restrict access by screening data packets against defined access rules. They make access control decisions based on IP address and protocol. They also 'inspect' the session data to assure the integrity of the connection and to

P-660 series Support Notes

adapt to dynamic protocols. The flexible nature of Stateful Inspection firewalls generally provides the best speed and transparency, however, they may lack the granular application level access control or caching that some proxies support.

4. What kind of firewall is the P-660?

1. The P-660' s firewall inspects packets contents and IP headers. It is applicable

to all protocols, that understands data in the packet is intended for other layers, from network layer up to the application layer.

2. The P-660's firewall performs stateful inspection. It takes into account the

state of connections it handles so that, for example, a legitimate incoming packet can be matched with the outbound request for that packet and allowed in. Conversely, an incoming packet masquerading as a response to a nonexistent outbound request can be blocked.

3. The P-660's firewall uses session filtering, i.e., smart rules, that enhance the

filtering process and control the network session rather than control individual packets in a session.

4. The P-660's firewall is fast. It uses a hashing function to search the matched

session cache instead of going through every individual rule for a packet.

5. The P-660's firewall provides email service to notify you for routine reports

and when alerts occur.

5. Why do you need a firewall when your router has packet filtering and NAT built-in?

With the spectacular growth of the Internet and online access, companies that do business on the Internet face greater security threats. Although packet filter and NAT restrict access to particular computers and networks, however, for the other companies this security may be insufficient, because packets filters typically cannot maintain session state. Thus, for greater security, a firewall is considered.

6. What is Denials of Service (DoS) attack?

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are aimed at devices and networks with a connection to the Internet. Their goal is not to steal information, but to disable a device or network so users no longer have access to network resources.

There are four types of DoS attacks:

1. Those that exploits bugs in a TCP/IP implementation such as Ping of Death

and Teardrop.

2. Those that exploits weaknesses in the TCP/IP specification such as SYN

Flood and LAND Attacks.

3. Brute-force attacks that flood a network with useless data such as Smurf

attack.

P-660 series Support Notes

4. IP Spoofing

7. What is Ping of Death attack?

Ping of Death uses a 'PING' utility to create an IP packet that exceeds the maximum 65535 bytes of data allowed by the IP specification. The oversize packet is then sent to an unsuspecting system. Systems may crash, hang, or reboot.

8. What is Teardrop attack?

Teardrop attack exploits weakness in the reassemble of the IP packet fragments. As data is transmitted through a network, IP packets are often broken up into smaller chunks. Each fragment looks like the original packet except that it contains an offset field. The Teardrop program creates a series of IP fragments with overlapping offset fields. When these fragments are reassembled at the destination, some systems will crash, hang, or reboot.

9. What is SYN Flood attack?

SYN attack floods a targeted system with a series of SYN packets. Each packet causes the targeted system to issue a SYN-ACK response, While the targeted system waits for the ACK that follows the SYN-ACK, it queues up all outstanding SYN-ACK responses on what is known as a backlog queue. SYN-ACKs are moved off the queue only when an ACK comes back or when an internal timer (which is set a relatively long intervals) terminates the TCP three-way handshake. Once the queue is full, the system will ignore all incoming SYN requests, making the system unavailable for legitimate users.

10. What is LAND attack?

In a LAN attack, hackers flood SYN packets to the network with a spoofed source IP address of the targeted system. This makes it appear as if the host computer sent the packets to itself, making the system unavailable while the target system tries to respond to itself.

11 What is Brute-force attack?

A Brute-force attack, such as 'Smurf' attack, targets a feature in the IP specification known as directed or subnet broadcasting, to quickly flood the target network with useless data. A Smurf hacker flood a destination IP address of each packet is the broadcast address of the network, the router will broadcast the ICMP echo request packet to all hosts on the network. If there are numerous hosts, this will create a large amount of ICMP echo request packet, the resulting ICMP traffic will not only clog up the 'intermediary' network, but will also congest the network of the spoofed source IP

P-660 series Support Notes

address, known as the 'victim' network. This flood of broadcast traffic consumes all available bandwidth, making communications impossible.

12. What is IP Spoofing attack?

Many DoS attacks also use IP Spoofing as part of their attack. IP Spoofing may be used to break into systems, to hide the hacker's identity, or to magnify the effect of the DoS attack. IP Spoofing is a technique used to gain unauthorized access to computers by tricking a router or firewall into thinking that the communications are coming from within the trusted network. To engage in IP Spoofing, a hacker must modify the packet headers so that it appears that the packets originate from a trusted host and should be allowed through the router or firewall.

13. What are the default ACL firewall rules in P-660?

There are two default ACLs pre-configured in the P-660, one allows all connections from LAN to WAN and the other blocks all connections from WAN to LAN except of the DHCP packets.

Configuration

1. How do I configure the firewall?

P-660 supports a embedded web server so that you can use the web browser to configure it from any OS platform.

2. How do I prevent others from configuring my firewall?

There are several ways to protect others from touching the settings of your firewall.

1. Change the default password since it is required when setting up the firewall

using Telnet, Console or Web browser.

2. Limit who can Telnet to your router. You can enter the IP address of the

secured LAN host in SMT Menu 24.11 to allow Telnet to your P-660. The default value in this field is 0.0.0.0, which means you do not care which host is trying to Telnet your P-660.

3. Can I use a browser to configure my P-660?

Yes, you can use a web browser to configure the P-660.

4. Why can't I configure my router using Telnet over WAN?

There are five reasons that Telnet from WAN is blocked.

P-660 series Support Notes

1. When the firewall is turned on, all connections from WAN to LAN are

blocked by the default ACL rule. To enable Telnet from WAN, you must turn the firewall off (Menu 21.2) or create a firewall rule to allow Telnet connection from WAN. The WAN-to-LAN ACL summary will look like as shown below.

Source IP= Telnet host Destination IP= router' WAN IP Service= TCP/23 Action=Forward

2. You have disabled Telnet service in Menu 24.11.

3. Telnet service is enabled but your host IP is not the secured host entered in

Menu 24.11. In this case, the error message 'Client IP is not allowed!' is appeared on the Telnet screen.

4. The default filter rule 3 (Telnet_FTP _WAN) is applied in the Input Protocol

field in menu 11.5.

5. The console port is in use.

5. Why can't I upload the firmware and configuration file using FTP over WAN?

1. When the firewall is turned on, all connections from WAN to LAN are

blocked by the default ACL rule. To enable FTP from WAN, you must turn the firewall off (Menu 21.2) or create a firewall rule to allow FTP connection from WAN. The WAN-to-LAN ACL summary will look like as shown below.

Source IP= FTP host Destination IP= P-660's WAN IP Service= FTP TCP/21, TCP/20 Action=Forward

2. You have disabled FTP service in Menu 24.11.

3. The default filter rule 3 (Telnet_FTP _WAN) is applied in the Input Protocol

field in menu 11.5.

Log and Alert

1. When does the P-660 generate the firewall log?

The P-660 generates the log immediately when the packet match, doesn't match (or both) a firewall rule. The log for Default Permit (LAN to WAN, WAN to LAN) is generated automatically. To generate the log for custom rules, the Log option in Web Configurator must be set to Not Match, Match, or Both. The Reason column for the

P-660 series Support Notes

default permit shown in the log will be 'default permit, <1, 00> or <2, 00>'. Here <1, 00> means the LAN-to-WAN default ACL set, <2, 00> means the WAN-to-LAN

default ACL set.

2. What does the log show to us?

The log supports up to 128 entries. There are 2 rows and 5 columns for each entry. Please see the example shown below.

# Time Packet Information Reason Action

127|Mar 15 0 |From:192.168.1.34 To:202.132.155.93 |default permit |forward

| 03:03:54|ICMP type:00008 code:00000 |<1,00> |

Where <X,Y> stands for <Set number, Rule number>. X=1,2 ; Y=00~10. There are two policy sets, set 1 for rules checking connections from LAN to WAN and set 2 for rules checking connections from WAN to LAN. So, X=1 means set 1 and X=2 means set 2.

Y means the rule in the set. Because we can configure up to 10 rules in a set, so Y can be from 1 to 10. If the rule number shows 00, it means the Default Rule.

3. How do I view the firewall log?

The log keeps 128 entries, the new entries will overwrite the old entries when the log has over 128 entries.

After V3.52, all logs generated in P-660, including firewall logs, IPSec logs, system logs are migrated to centralized logs. So you can view firewall logs in Centralized logs.

Before you can view firewall logs there are two steps you need to do,

1. Enable log function in Centralized logs setup via either one of the following methods,

• Web configuration: Advanced/Logs/Log Settings, check Access Control and

Attacks options depending on your real situation.

• CI command: sys logs category [access | attack]

2. Enable log function in firewall default policy or in firewall rules.

After the above two steps, you can view firewall logs via

1. Web Configurator: Advanced/Logs

P-660 series Support Notes

2. View the log by CI command: sys logs disp

You can also view Centralized logs via mail or syslog, please configure mail server or Unix Syslog server in Advanced/Logs/Log Settings.

4. When does the P-660 generate the firewall alert?

The P-660 generates the alert when an attack is detected by the firewall and sends it via Email. So, to send the alert you must configure the mail server and Email address using Web Configurator. You can also specify how frequently you want to receive the alert via Web Configurator.

5. What does the alert show to us?

The alert shown in the Email is actually the evens of the attack. So, the Reason column shows Attack and the attack type. Please see the example shown below.

# Time Packet Information Reason Action

127|Mar 15 0 |From:192.16 8.1.1 To:192.168.1.1 |attack |block

| 03:04:54|ICMP type:00008 code:00000 |land |

6. What is the difference between the log and alert? A log entry is just added to the log inside the P-660 and e-mailed together with all

other log entries at the scheduled time as configured. An alert is e-mailed immediately after an attacked is detected.

P-660 series Support Notes

General Application Notes

1. Internet Access Using P-660 under Bridge mode

• Setup your workstation

• Setup your P-660 under bridge mode

If the ISP limits some specific computers to access Internet, that means only the traffic to/from these computers will be forwarded and the other will be filtered. In this case, we use P-660 which works as an ADSL bridge modem to connect to the ISP. The ISP will generally give one Internet account and limit only one computer to access the Internet. See the figure below for this setup.

Set up your workstation

1. Ethernet connection

To connect your computer to the P-660's LAN port, the computer must have an Ethernet adapter card installed. For connecting a single computer to the P-660, we a cross-over Eth

use

ernet cable.

2. TCP/IP configuration

In most cases, the IP address of the computer is assigned by the ISP dynamically so you have to configure the computer as a DHCP client which obtains the IP from the ISP using DHCP protocol. The ISP may also provide the gateway, DNS via DHCP if they are available. Otherwise, please enter the static IP addresses for all that the ISP gives to you in the network TCP/IP settings. For Windows, we check the option 'Obtain an IP address automatically' in its TCP/IP setup, please see the example shown below.

P-660 series Support Notes

Setup your P-660 under bridge mode

The following procedure shows you how to configure your P-660 as an ADSL Modem for bridging traffic. We will use SMT menu to guide you through the related menu. You can use console or Telnet for finishing these configurations.

1. Configure P-660 as bridge mode in Menu 1 General Setup.

Menu 1 – General setup

System name=P-660 Location= Contact Person's Name= Domain Name= Edit Dynamic DNS= No Route IP= No Bridge= Yes

2. Configure a LAN IP for the P-660 and turn off DHCP Server in Menu 3.2-TCP/IP Ethernet Setup. We use 192.168.1.1 in this case.

P-660 series Support Notes

Menu 3.2 - TCP/IP and DHCP Setup

DHCP Setup DHCP= None Client IP Pool Starting Address= N/A Size of Client IP Pool= N/A Primary DNS Server= N/A Secondary DNS Server= N/A Remote DHCP Server= N/A TCP/IP Setup: IP Address= 192.168.1.1 IP Subnet Mask= 255.255.255.0 RIP Direction= None Version= N/A Multicast= None IP Policies= Edit IP Alias= No

3. Configure for Internet setup in Menu 11-Remote Node Profile.

Menu 11.1 - Remote Node Profile

Rem Node Name= Bridge Route= None Active= Yes Bridge= Yes Encapsulation= RFC 1483 Edit IP/Bridge= No Multiplexing= LLC-based Edit ATM Options= No Service Name= N/A Edit Advance Options= No Incoming: Telco Option: Rem Login= N/A Allocated Budget(min)= N/A Rem Password= N/A Period(hr)= N/A Outgoing: Schedule Sets= N/A My Login= N/A Nailed-Up Connection= N/A My Password= N/A Session Options: Authen= N/A Edit Filter Sets= No

Idle Timeout(sec)= N/A

Key Settings:

Option Description

Encapsulation

Select the correct Encapsulation type that your ISP supports. For example, RFC

1483. Multiplexing Select the correct Multiplexing type that your ISP supports. For example, LLC. Router/ Bridge Disable routing mode and enable bridge mode, Bridge = Yes.

P-660 series Support Notes

4. Configure ATM setting in Menu 11.6-Remote Node ATM Layer Options. In Menu

11.1, setup "Edit ATM Options= Yes" to enter Menu 11.6 sub-Menu.

Menu 11.6 - Remote Node ATM Layer Options

VPI #= 0 VCI #= 33 ATM QoS Type= CBR Peak Cell Rate (PCR)= 0 Sustain Cell Rate (SCR)= 0 Maximum Burst Size (MBS)= 0

Key Settings:

Option Description

VPI & VCI number

Specify a VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and a VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) given to you by your ISP.

2. Internet Access Using P-660 under Router mode

For most Internet users having multiple computers want to share an Internet account for Internet access, they have to install an Internet sharing device, like a router. In this case, we use the P-660 which works as a general Router plus an ADSL Modem. See the figure below for this setup.

Set up your workstation

1. Ethernet connection

P-660 series Support Notes

Connect the LAN ports of all computers and the P-660 to a HUB using a straight Ethernet cable.

2. TCP/IP configuration

Since the P-660 is set to DHCP server as default, so you need only to configure the workstations as the DHCP clients in the networking settings. In this case, the IP address of the computer is assigned by the P-660. The P-660 can also provide the DNS to the clients via DHCP if it is available. For this setup in Windows, we check the option 'Obtain an IP address automatically' in its TCP/IP setup. Please see the example shown below.

The following procedure shows you how routing traffic. We will use SMT menu to guide you th can use console or Telnet for finishing these co

1. Configure P-660 as router mode in Menu 1

et up your P-660

to configure your P-660 as Router mode for

rough the related menu. You

nfigurations.

General Setup.

Menu 1– General Setup

System Name= P-660 Location=

+ 173 hidden pages

ZyXEL P-660R-T1, P-660R-T7, P-660H-T7, P-660HW-T1, P-660HW-T3 Support Notes

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual