We hope you will enjoy many years of driving pleasure in your Volvo.
The car has been designed for the safety and comfort of you and your
passengers. Volvo is one of the safest cars in the world. Your Volvo
has also been designed to satisfy all current safety and environmental
requirements.
In order to increase your enjoyment of the car, we recommend that
you familiarise yourself with the equipment, instructions and maintenance information contained in this owner's manual.
Table of contents
00 Introduction
Important information................................. 8
Volvo and the environment....................... 12
A good way of getting to know your new car is
to read the owner's manual, ideally before your
first journey. This will give you the opportunity
to familiarise yourself with new functions, to
see how best to handle the car in different situations, and to make the best use of all the
car's features. Please pay attention to the
safety instructions contained in the manual.
The specifications, design features and illustrations in this owner's manual are not binding.
We reserve the right to make modifications
without prior notice.
All types of option/accessory are marked with
an asterisk*.
In addition to standard equipment, this manual
also describes options (factory fitted equipment) and certain accessories (retrofitted extra
equipment).
The equipment described in the owner's manual is not available in all cars - they have different equipment depending on adaptations
for the needs of different markets and national
or local laws and regulations.
In the event of uncertainty over what is standard or an option/accessory, contact a Volvo
dealer.
Special texts
WARNING
Warning texts advise of a risk of personal
injury.
IMPORTANT
Important texts advise of a risk of material
damage.
NOTE
NOTE texts give advice or tips that facilitate
the use of features and functions for example.
Footnote
There is footnote information in the owner's
manual that is located at the bottom of the
page. This information is an addition to the text
that it refers to via a number. If the footnote
refers to text in a table then letters are used
instead of numbers for referral.
Message texts
There are displays in the car that show text
messages. These text messages are high-
lighted in the owner's manual by means of the
text being slightly larger and printed in grey.
Examples of this are in menu texts and message texts on the information display (e.g.
AUDIO SETTINGS).
Decals
The car contains different types of decal which
are designed to convey important information
in a simple and clear manner. The decals in the
car have the following descending degree of
importance for the warning/information.
Warning for personal injury
G031590
Black ISO symbols on yellow warning field,
white text/image on black message field. Used
to indicate the presence of danger which, if the
8
* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.
Introduction
Important information
warning is ignored, may result in serious personal injury or fatality.
Risk of property damage
White ISO symbols and white text/image on
black or blue warning field and message field.
Used to indicate the presence of danger which,
if the warning is ignored, may result in damage
to property.
Information
White ISO symbols and white text/image on
G031592
black message field.
NOTE
The labels shown in the owner's manual are
not provided as exact reproductions of
those in the car. The purpose is to show
their approximate appearance and location
in the car. The information that applies to
your car in particular is available on the label
in question in your car.
Procedure lists
Procedures where action must be taken in a
certain sequence are numbered in the owner's
manual.
When there is a series of illustrations for
step-by-step instructions each step is
numbered in the same way as the corresponding illustration.
There are numbered lists with letters adjacent to the series of illustrations where the
order of the instructions is not significant.
Arrows appear numbered and unnum-
G031593
bered and are used to illustrate a movement.
If there is no series of illustrations for step-bystep instructions then the different steps are
numbered with normal numbers.
Position lists
Red circles containing a number are used
in overview images where different components are pointed out. The number
recurs in the position list featured in connection with the illustration that describes
the item.
Bulleted lists
A bulleted list is used when there is a list of
points in the owner's manual.
Example:
9
Introduction
Important information
Coolant
•
Engine oil
•
To be continued
```This symbol is located furthest down to the
right when a section continues on the following
page.
Recording data
Your vehicle contains a number of computers
whose function is to continuously check and
monitor the vehicle's operation and functionality. Some of the computers can record information during normal driving if they detect an
error. In addition, information is recorded in the
event of a crash or incident. Parts of the recorded information are required so that technicians can diagnose and rectify faults in the
vehicle during servicing and maintenance and
so that Volvo can fulfil legal requirements and
other regulations. In addition to this, the information is used for research purposes by Volvo
in order to continually develop quality and
safety, as the information can contribute to a
better understanding of the factors that cause
accidents and injuries. The information
includes details of the status and functionality
of various systems and modules in the vehicle
with regard to engine, throttle, steering and
brake systems, amongst other things. This
information may include details regarding the
way the driver drives the vehicle, such as vehicle speed, brake and accelerator pedal use,
steering wheel movement and whether or not
the driver and passengers have used their
seatbelts. For the reasons given this information may be stored in the vehicle's computers
for a certain length of time, but also as a result
of a collision or incident. This information may
be stored by Volvo as long as it can help to
further develop and further enhance safety and
quality and as long as there are legal requirements and other regulations that Volvo needs
to consider.
Volvo will not contribute to the above-described information being disclosed to third parties
without the vehicle owner's consent. However,
due to national legislation and regulations
Volvo may be required to disclose such information to authorities such as police authorities,
or others who may assert a legal right to have
access to it.
To be able to read and interpret the information
recorded by the computers in the vehicle
requires special technical equipment that
Volvo, and workshops that have entered into
agreements with Volvo, have access to. Volvo
is responsible that the information, which is
transferred to Volvo during servicing and maintenance, is stored and handled in a secure
manner and that the handling complies with
applicable legal requirements. For further information - contact a Volvo dealer.
Accessories and extra equipment
The incorrect connection and installation of
accessories can negatively affect the car's
electrical system. Certain accessories only
function when their associated software is
installed in the car's computer system. We
therefore recommend that you always contact
an authorised Volvo workshop before installing
accessories which are connected to or affect
the electrical system.
Change of ownership for cars with
Volvo On Call *
Volvo On Call is a supplemental service that
consists of safety, security and comfort services. If the car has Volvo On Call and there is a
change of owner, it is very important that these
services are discontinued so that the former
owner cannot access the services in the car.
Contact the call centre by pressing the ONCALL button in the car or contact an authorised Volvo workshop. See also "Changing the
security code" in the owner's manual for Volvo
On Call.
10
* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.
Information on the Internet
At www.volvocars.com there is further information concerning your car.
Introduction
Important information
11
Introduction
Volvo and the environment
Volvo Cars' environmental philosophy
G000000
Environmental care is one of Volvo Car Corporation's core values which influence all operations. We also believe that our customers share
our consideration for the environment.
Your Volvo complies with strict international
environmental standards and is also manufactured in one of the cleanest and most resourceefficient plants in the world. Volvo Car Corporation has global ISO certification, which
includes the environmental standard ISO
14001 covering all factories and several of our
other units. We also set requirements for our
partners so that they work systematically with
environmental issues.
12
* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.
Fuel consumption
Volvo cars have competitive fuel consumption
in each of their respective classes. Lower fuel
consumption generally results in lower emission of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide.
It is possible for the driver to influence fuel consumption. For more information read under the
heading, Reducing environmental impact.
Efficient emission control
Your Volvo is manufactured following the concept "Clean inside and out" – a concept that
encompasses a clean interior environment as
well as highly efficient emission control. In
many cases the exhaust emissions are well
below the applicable standards.
Clean air in the passenger compartment
A passenger compartment filter prevents dust
and pollen from entering the passenger compartment via the air intake.
A sophisticated air quality system, IAQS* (Interior Air Quality System) ensures that the incoming air is cleaner than the air in the traffic outside.
The system consists of an electronic sensor
and a carbon filter. The incoming air is monitored continuously and if there is an increase in
Introduction
Volvo and the environment
the level of certain unhealthy gases such as
carbon monoxide then the air intake is closed.
Such a situation may arise in heavy traffic,
queues and tunnels for example.
The entry of nitrous oxides, ground-level ozone
and hydrocarbons is prevented by the carbon
filter.
Interior
The interior of a Volvo is designed to be pleasant and comfortable, even for people with
contact allergies and for asthma sufferers.
Extreme attention has been given to choosing
environmentally-compatible materials.
Volvo workshops and the environment
Regular maintenance creates the conditions
for a long service life and low fuel consumption
for your car. In this way you contribute to a
cleaner environment. When Volvo's workshops
are entrusted with the service and maintenance of your car it becomes part of our system. We make clear demands regarding the
way in which our workshops are designed in
order to prevent spills and discharges into the
environment. Our workshop staff have the
knowledge and the tools required to guarantee
good environmental care.
Reducing environmental impact
You can easily help reduce environmental
impact - here are a few tips:
Avoid letting the engine idle - switch off the
•
engine when stationary for longer periods.
Pay attention to local regulations.
Drive economically - think ahead.
•
Perform service and maintenance in
•
accordance with the owner's manual's
instructions - follow the Service and Warranty Booklet's recommended intervals.
If the car is equipped with an engine block
•
heater*, use it before starting from cold - it
improves starting capacity and reduces
wear in cold weather and the engine reaches normal operating temperature more
quickly, which lowers consumption and
reduces emissions.
High speed increases consumption con-
•
siderably due to increased wind resistance
- a doubling of speed increases wind resistance 4 times.
Always dispose of environmentally hazar-
•
dous waste, such as batteries and oils, in
an environmentally safe manner. Consult a
workshop in the event of uncertainty about
how this type of waste should be discarded
- an authorised Volvo workshop is recommended.
Following this advice can save money, the
planet's resources are saved, and the car's
durability is extended. For more information
and further advice, see the pages 142 and
295.
Recycling
As a part of Volvo's environmental work, it is
important that the car is recycled in an environmentally sound manner. Almost all of the
car can be recycled. The last owner of the car
is therefore requested to contact a dealer for
referral to a certified/approved recycling
facility.
The owner's manual and the
environment
The Forest Stewardship Council symbol
shows that the paper pulp in this publication
comes from FSC
controlled sources.
certified forests or other
* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.
* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.
SAFETY
01 Safety
01
Seatbelts
General information
Tensioning the hip strap. The belt must be positioned low down.
Heavy braking can have serious consequences
if the seatbelts are not used. Ensure that all
passengers use their seatbelts. It is important
that the seatbelt lies against the body so it can
provide maximum protection. Do not lean the
backrest too far back. The seatbelt is designed
to protect in a normal seating position.
Putting on a seatbelt
–Pull the seatbelt out slowly and secure it by
pressing the buckle into the lock. A loud
"click" indicates that the seatbelt has
locked.
Releasing the seatbelt
–Press the red lock button and then let the
seatbelt retract. If the seatbelt does not
retract fully, feed the seatbelt in by hand so
that it does not hang loose.
The seatbelt locks and cannot be withdrawn:
if it is pulled out too quickly
•
during braking and acceleration
•
if the car leans heavily.
•
Keep in mind the following
G020104
prevent the seatbelt from fitting properly
ensure that the seatbelt is not twisted or
•
caught on anything
the hip strap must be positioned low down
•
(not over the abdomen)
tension the hip strap over the lap by pulling
•
the diagonal shoulder belt as illustrated.
do not use clips or anything else that can
•
WARNING
The seatbelts and airbags interact. If a seatbelt is not used or is used incorrectly, this
may diminish the protection provided by the
airbag in the event of a collision.
WARNING
Each seatbelt is designed for only one person.
WARNING
Never modify or repair the seatbelt yourself.
Volvo recommends that you contact an
authorised Volvo workshop. If the seatbelt
has been subjected to a major load, such as
in conjunction with a collision, the entire
seatbelt must be replaced. Some of the
seatbelt's protective properties may have
been lost even if the seatbelt does not
appear damaged. The seatbelt must also be
replaced if it shows signs of wear or damage. The new seatbelt must be typeapproved and designed for installation at
the same location as the replaced seatbelt.
WARNING
The rear seat is designed for a maximum of
two passengers.
16
01 Safety
Seatbelts and pregnancy
The seatbelt should always be worn during
pregnancy. But it is crucial that it be worn in the
correct way. The diagonal section of the seatbelt should wrap over the shoulder then be
routed between the breasts and to the side of
the abdomen.
The lap section of the seatbelt should lay flat
over the thighs and as low as possible under
the abdomen. – It must never be allowed to ride
upward. Remove the slack from the seatbelt
and ensure that it fits as close to the body as
possible. In addition, check that there are no
twists in the seatbelt.
As a pregnancy progresses, pregnant drivers
should adjust their seats and steering wheel
such that they can easily maintain control of the
vehicle as they drive (which means that they
must be able to easily operate the foot pedals
and steering wheel). They should strive to position the seat with as large a distance as possible between their abdomen and the steering
wheel.
Seatbelt reminder
G020105
Unbelted occupants will be reminded to fasten
their seatbelts by means of an audio and visual
reminder. The audio reminder is speed
dependent, and in some cases time dependent. The visual reminder is located in the roof
console and the combined instrument panel.
Child seats are not covered by the seatbelt
reminder system.
Rear seat
The seatbelt reminder in the rear seat has two
subfunctions:
Provides information on which seatbelts
•
are being used in the rear seat. A message
is shown in the information display when
the seatbelts are used. The message is
cleared automatically after driving for
approximately 30 seconds or after pressing the indicator stalk's READ button.
Provides a warning if one of the rear seat-
•
belts is unfastened during a journey. This
warning takes the form of a message on
the information display along with the
audio/visual signal. The warning ceases
when the seatbelt is re-fastened or when
acknowledged manually by pressing the
READ button.
The message on the information display showing which seatbelts are in use is always avail-
G018084
able. Press the READ button to see stored
messages.
Certain markets
An audio signal and indicator lamp remind the
driver if not wearing a seatbelt to use one. At
low speed, the audio reminder will sound for
the first 6 seconds.
Seatbelts
01
``
17
01 Safety
01
Seatbelts
Seatbelt tensioner
All the seatbelts are equipped with seatbelt
tensioners. A mechanism in the seatbelt tensioner tightens the seatbelt in the event of a
sufficiently violent collision. The seatbelt then
provides more effective restraint for occupants.
WARNING
Never insert the tongue of the passenger's
seatbelt into the buckle on the driver's side.
Always insert the tongue of the seatbelt into
the buckle on the correct side. Do not make
any damages on seatbelts nor insert any
foreign objects into a buckle. The seatbelts
and buckles would then possibly not function as intended in the event of a collision.
There is a risk of serous injury.
Seatbelt guide
The seatbelt guide is fitted on both the driver's
seat and passenger seat.
The seatbelt guide is an aid for providing better
access to the seatbelt. When getting into and
out of the rear seat, remove the seatbelt from
the seatbelt guide and position it furthest back
on the seatbelt bar. Refit the seatbelt into the
seatbelt guide afterwards.
G020106
18
01 Safety
Warning symbol on the combined
instrument panel
The warning symbol in the combined instrument panel illuminates when the remote control key is turned to key position I, II or III. The
symbol goes out after approx. 6 seconds provided the airbag system is fault-free.
As well as the warning symbol, a
message may appear on the display in appropriate cases. If the
warning symbol malfunctions, the
warning triangle illuminates and
the message
SERVICE REQUIRED
AIRBAG SERVICE URGENT
appears in the display. Volvo recommends that you contact an authorised
Volvo workshop immediately.
SRS AIRBAG
or SRS
WARNING
If the warning symbol for the airbag system
remains illuminated or illuminates while driving, it means that the airbag system does
not have full functionality. The symbol indicates a fault in the seatbelt tensioner system, SIPS, SRS or the IC system. Volvo recommends that you contact an authorised
Volvo workshop immediately.
Airbag system
01
19
01 Safety
01
Airbags
Airbag system
SRS system, left-hand drive
The system consists of airbags and sensors. A
sufficiently violent collision trips the sensors
and the airbag(s) are inflated with hot gas. To
cushion the impact, the airbag deflates when
compressed. When this occurs, smoke
escapes into the car. This is completely normal. The entire process, including inflation and
deflation of the airbag, takes place within
tenths of a second.
WARNING
Volvo recommends that you contact an
authorised Volvo workshop for repair.
Defective work in the airbag system could
cause malfunction and result in serious personal injury.
G020111
SRS system, right-hand drive
NOTE
The sensors react differently depending on
the course of the collision and whether or
not the seatbelts on the driver's side and
passenger side are used.
It is therefore possible that only one (or
none) of the airbags may inflate in a collision. The airbag system senses the force of
the collision on the car and adapts accordingly so that one or more airbags is
deployed.
The capacities of the airbags are also adapted to the collision force to which they are
subjected.
G020110
20
01 Safety
Location of the passenger airbag in left-hand drive
and right-hand drive cars.
WARNING
Do not put objects in front of or above the
instrument panel where the passenger airbag is located.
Airbag on the driver's side
The car has an airbag to supplement the protection afforded by the seatbelt on the driver's
side. It is folded up into the centre of the steering wheel. The steering wheel is marked SRS
AIRBAG.
WARNING
The seatbelts and airbags interact. If a seatbelt is not used or is used incorrectly, this
may diminish the protection provided by the
airbag in the event of a collision.
G020113
Passenger airbag
The car has an airbag to supplement the protection afforded by the seatbelt on the passenger side. It is folded up into a compartment
above the glovebox. The cover panel is marked
SRS AIRBAG.
WARNING
To minimise the risk of injury if the airbag
deploys, passengers must sit as upright as
possible with their feet on the floor and back
against the backrest. Seatbelts must be
secured.
Airbags
WARNING
Never place a child in a child seat or on a
booster cushion in the front seat if the airbag
is activated.
Never allow anybody to stand or sit in front
of the front passenger seat. Children under
140 cm must never sit in the front passenger
seat if the airbag is activated.
Failure to follow the advice given above can
endanger life.
1
01
1
For information on activated/deactivated airbag, see page 22.
21
01 Safety
01
Activating/deactivating the airbag*
Key switch off - PACOS*
General information
The airbag for the front passenger seat can be
deactivated if the car is equipped with a switch,
PACOS (Passenger Airbag Cut Off Switch). For
information on how to activate/deactivate, see
under the heading Activating/deactivating.
Key switch off/switch
The switch for the passenger airbag (PACOS)
is located on the passenger end of the instrument panel and is accessible when the passenger door is open, (see under the heading
below, Activating/deactivating).
Check that the switch is in the required position. Volvo recommends that the key blade is
used to change position.
For information on the key blade, see
page 127.
WARNING
Failure to follow the advice given above can
endanger life.
WARNING
If the car is equipped with a front passenger
airbag, but does not have a switch (PACOS),
then the airbag will always be activated.
WARNING
Never place a child in a child seat or on a
booster cushion in the front seat if the airbag
is activated and the symbol
console is illuminated. Failure to follow this
advice could endanger the life of the child.
in the roof
WARNING
Do not allow anyone to sit in the front passenger seat if the text message in the roof
console indicates that the airbag is deactivated, and if the warning symbol for the airbag system is also displayed on the combined instrument panel. This indicates that
there has been a severe malfunction. Volvo
recommends that you visit an authorised
Volvo workshop as soon as possible.
Activating/deactivating
Switch location
The airbag is activated. With the switch in
this position, children taller than 140 cm
can sit in the front passenger seat, but
never children in a child seat or on a
booster cushion.
The airbag is deactivated. With the switch
in this position, children in a child seat or
on a booster cushion can sit in the front
passenger seat, but never persons taller
than 140 cm.
22
* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.
01 Safety
WARNING
Activated airbag (passenger seat):
Never place a child in a child seat or on a
booster cushion on the front passenger seat
when the airbag is activated. This applies to
everyone shorter than 140 cm.
Deactivated airbag (passenger seat):
No one taller than 140 cm should ever sit in
the front passenger seat when the airbag is
deactivated.
Failure to follow the advice given above can
endanger life.
Messages
2
A text message and a symbol in the roof console indicate that the airbag for the front passenger seat is deactivated (see preceding illustration).
Indicator showing that the passenger airbag is
activated.
A warning symbol in the roof console indicates
that the airbag for the front passenger seat is
activated (see preceding illustration).
Activating/deactivating the airbag*
NOTE
When the remote control key is turned to
key position II or III the warning symbol for
the airbag is displayed on the combined
instrument panel for approx. 6 seconds, see
page 19.
Following which, the indicator in the roof
console is illuminated showing the correct
status for the front passenger seat airbag.
For more information about the different key
positions, see page 152.
G018083
01
Indicator showing that the passenger airbag is
deactivated.
G018082
* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.
23
01 Safety
01
Side airbags (SIPS bags)
Side airbag
Side airbag locations.
In a side impact collision a large proportion of
the collision force is transferred by the SIPS
(Side Impact Protection System) to beams, pillars, the floor, the roof and other structural
parts of the body. The side airbags at the driver's and front passenger seats protect the
chest area and are an important part of the
SIPS. The side airbags are located in the front
seat backrests.
WARNING
Volvo recommends that repairs are only
•
carried out by an authorised Volvo
workshop. Defective work in the SIPSbag system could cause malfunction
and result in serious personal injury.
Do not place any objects in the area
•
between the outside of the seat and the
door panel, since this area is required
by the side airbag.
Volvo recommends the use only of car
•
seat covers approved by Volvo. Other
seat covers may impede the operation
G020118
of the side airbags.
Side airbags are a supplement the seat-
•
belts. Always use a seatbelt.
Child seats and side airbags
The protection provided by the car to children
seated in a child seat or on a booster cushion
is not diminished by the side airbag.
A child seat or booster cushion can be placed
on the front passenger seat provided that the
car does not have an activated
bag.
1
Location
Driver's seat, left-hand drive.
passenger air-
1
For information on activated/deactivated airbag (SRS), see page 22.
24
01 Safety
Front passenger seat, left-hand drive.
The SIPS bag system consists of side airbags
and sensors. A sufficiently violent collision trips
the sensors and the side airbags are inflated.
The airbag inflates between the occupant and
the door panel and thereby cushions the initial
impact. The airbag deflates when compressed
by the collision. The side airbag is normally only
deployed on the side of the collision.
Side airbags (SIPS bags)
01
25
01 Safety
01
Inflatable Curtain (IC)
Properties
The inflatable curtain IC (Inflatable Curtain) is a
part of SIPS and the airbags. It is fitted in the
headlining along both sides of the roof and
protects the car's occupants sitting in the outer
seats. A sufficiently violent collision trips the
sensors and the inflatable curtain is inflated.
The inflatable curtain helps to prevent the
driver and passengers from striking their heads
on the inside of the car during a collision.
WARNING
Never hang or attach heavy items onto the
handles in the roof. The hook is only
designed for light clothing (not for solid
objects such as umbrellas for example).
Do not screw or install anything onto the
car's headlining, door pillars or side panels.
This could compromise the intended protection. Volvo recommends that you only
ever use Volvo genuine parts that are
approved for placement in these areas.
WARNING
Do not load the car higher than 50 mm under
the top edge of the side windows. Otherwise, the intended protection of the inflatable curtain, which is concealed in the headlining, may be compromised.
WARNING
The inflatable curtain is a supplement to the
seatbelts.
Always use a seatbelt.
26
01 Safety
Protection against whiplash injury – WHIPS
The whiplash protection system (WHIPS) consists of energy absorbing backrests and specially designed head restraints for the front
seats. The system is actuated by a rear-end
collision, where the angle and speed of the collision, and the nature of the colliding vehicle all
have an influence.
WARNING
The WHIPS system is a supplement to the
seatbelts. Always use a seatbelt.
Properties of the seat
When the WHIPS system is deployed, the front
seat backrests are lowered backward to alter
the seating position of the driver and front seat
passenger. This reduces the risk of whiplash
injury.
WARNING
Never modify or repair the seat or WHIPS
system yourself. Volvo recommends that
you contact an authorised Volvo workshop.
G020347
WHIPS system and child seats/booster
cushions
The protection provided by the car to children
seated in a child seat or on a booster cushion
is not diminished by the WHIPS system.
Correct seating position
For the best possible protection, the driver and
front seat passenger should sit in the centre of
the seat with as little space as possible
between the head and the head restraint.
WHIPS
01
27
01 Safety
01
WHIPS
Do not obstruct the WHIPS system
Do not leave any objects on the floor behind the
driver's seat/passenger seat that may prevent the
WHIPS system from functioning.
WARNING
Do not squeeze rigid objects between the
rear seat cushion and the front seat backrest. Make sure you do not to obstruct the
function of the WHIPS system.
G020125
Do not place objects in the rear seat that may prevent the WHIPS system from functioning.
WARNING
If a rear seat backrest is folded down, the
corresponding front seat must be moved
forward so that it does not touch the folded
backrest.
WARNING
If a seat has been subjected to extreme
forces, such as due to a rear-end collision,
the WHIPS system must be checked. Volvo
recommends that it is checked by an
authorised Volvo workshop.
Part of the WHIPS system's protective
capacity may have been lost even if the
seats appear to be undamaged.
Volvo recommends that you contact an
authorised Volvo workshop to have the system checked even after a minor rear-end
collision.
G020126
28
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