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The contents of this document are subject to
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This product contains software developed by
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on any other applicable media, depending on
each individual product and the product items
delivered to you.
Table of contents
1.About this document...................................................................................... 11
This document provides instructions for installing, using and maintaining Vaisala KPATENTSâ Process Refractometer PR-23.
Table 1 Document versions (English)
Document codeDateDescription
IM-EN-PR23, EFebruary 2021Structure and style updates, updates to sensor specifications.
IM-EN-PR23, DJanuary 2021Minor updates.
IM-EN-PR23, CNovember 2019New AX certificate
1.2 Documentation conventions
WARNING!
instructions carefully at this point, there is a risk of injury or even death.
CAUTION!
instructions carefully at this point, the product could be damaged or important data
could be lost.
Note highlights important information on using the product.
Tip gives information for using the product more eciently.
Warning alerts you to a serious hazard. If you do not read and follow
Caution warns you of a potential hazard. If you do not read and follow
Lists tools needed to perform the task.
11
PR-23 Series User Guide
Indicates that you need to take some notes during the task.
1.3 Trademarks
IM-EN-PR23-E
Vaisalaâ and K
-PATENTS® are registered trademarks of Vaisala Oyj.
Linuxâ is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds.
Windowsâ is either a registered trademark or trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the
United States and other countries.
All other product or company names that may be mentioned in this publication are trade
names, trademarks, or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
1.4 Patent notice
This product is protected by the following patents and patent applications and their
c
orresponding national rights:
Table 2 PR-23 patents
ProductApplicable patent
Process Refractometer PR-03/23/33US 9063020 23.2.2032
Process Refractometer PR-03M/23M/MS/WUS 6760098 1.8.2021
Process Refractometer PR-23/33 also has the following additional patent applications
pending:
• FI 20106065
• DE 102011084387.6
• US 13/273,907
• FI 20106066
• DE 102011094386.8
• US 13/274,000
12
PROCESSINSTRUMENTS
POWER
12
3
Chapter 2 – Product overview
2. Product overview
The PR‑23 in‑line refractometer is an instrument for measuring liquid concentration in the
process line. The measurement is based on the refraction of light in the process medium, an
accurate and safe way of measuring liquid concentration.
The in‑line refractometer sensor (1) measures the refractive index nD and the temperature of
the process medium. This information is sent through the interconnecting cable (2) to the
indicating transmitter (3). The indicating transmitter DTR calculates the concentration of the
process liquid based on the refractive index and temperature, taking predefined process
conditions into account. The output of the DTR is a 4 to 20 mA DC output signal
proportional to process solution concentration. Process data can also be downloaded to a
computer through an Ethernet cable.
The password for PR‑23 is:
7 8 4 5 1 2
2.1 Safety
This product has been tested for safety. Note the following precautions:
13
PR-23 Series User Guide
IM-EN-PR23-E
WARNING!
e to local and state legislation and regulations.
adher
Only licensed experts may install electrical components. They must
Precautions when removing the sensor from the process line:
Make positively sure that the process line is not under pressure. Open a vent valve to
•
the atmosphere.
• For a prism wash system, close a hand valve for the wash medium and disable the wash
valve.
• Loosen the flange or clamp cautiously, be prepared to tighten again.
• Be out of the way of any possible splash and ensure the possibility of escape.
• Use shields and protective clothing adequate for the process medium, do not rely on
avoidance of contact with the process medium.
• After removal of the sensor, it may be necessary to mount a blind cover for security
reasons.
For the Safe-Drive system safety rules, see S
Safe‑Drive generation 2.1 (page 189) and for additional precautions required by explosive
atmosphere, see PR‑23 process refractometers in potentially explosive atmosphere
(page 216).
afe sensor insertion and removal for
Wear protective eyewear.
Wear protective gloves.
It is the user’s responsibility to follow manufacturer’s safety and operating instructions. The
client’s organization has the responsibility to develop and maintain occupational safety and
create a safety culture where individuals are expected to follow safety instructions at all
times. Any negligence towards safety instructions or failure to comply with safe practices
should not be tolerated. It is the manufacturer’s responsibility to produce goods that are
safe to use when instructions are followed.
The process medium may be hot or otherwise hazardous. Use shields and protective
clothing adequate for the process medium. Do not rely on avoidance of contact with the
process medium.
14
Chapter 2 – Product overview
2.2 Storage conditions, packaging and
transportation
Soft shell packaging prevents damage to the refractometer. Transport the device in its
original packaging.
Before storing, remove any dirt and grease from the refractometer and make sure that it is
dry.
Storage conditions:
• Temperature: −40 °С…+40 °С (−40 °F… +104 °F)
• Humidity: No condensation
The product's shelf life is six months.
2.3 PR-23 refractometer models
The basic system of one or two sensors connected to an indicating transmitter (DTR) is the
same for all PR‑23 in-line refractometer models. However, there are dierent sensor models,
each model is adapted for dierent process requirements.
The models PR‑23‑AC and PR‑23‑AP meet the 3‑A Sanitary Standard requirements. With an
ATEX approved PR‑23‑…‑AX sensor or a FM approved PR‑23‑…‑FM sensor or a CSA
approved PR‑23‑…‑CS sensor or a Nepsi certified PR‑23‑…‑CX sensor a PR‑23 process
refractometer system can be used in potentially explosive atmosphere. Intrinsically safe
process refractometer PR‑23‑…‑IA/‑IF/‑CI can be used in hazardous locations in Zone 0 and
Zone 1. The Safe‑Drive system with a PR‑23‑SD sensor enables safe sensor insertion and
removal also when process line is in full operation.
2.4
The following figure shows a cutaway picture of a refractometer sensor. The measurement
prism (6) is flush mounted to the surface of the probe tip. The prism (6) and all the other
optical components are fixed to the solid core module (7), which is springloaded (9) against
the prism gasket (5). The light source (3) is a yellow LED, and the receiver is a Charge
Couple Device (CCD) element (10). The electronics is protected against process heat by a
thermal isolator (8) and cooling fins (1). The sensor processor card (2) receives the raw data
from the CCD element (10) and the Pt‑1000 process temperature probe (4), then calculates
the refractive index nD and the process temperature T. This information is transmitted to the
indicating transmitter.
Refractometer sensor
15
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PR-23 Series User Guide
IM-EN-PR23-E
Figure 2 Sensor structure
1Cooling fins
2Sensor processor card
3Light source
4Temperature probe
5Gasket
6Prism
7Core module
8Thermal isolator
9Disc spring
10CCD element
16
Chapter 3 – Mounting sensor
3. Mounting sensor
Choose the sensor mounting location with care to ensure reliable readings from the process.
Some basic rules, described in this section, apply to all sensor models. The model specific
instructions can be found in Sensor specifications (page 99).
• For the Sanitary compact refractometer PR‑23‑AC see Sanitary process refractometer
PR‑23‑AC (page 100)
• For the Probe sanitary refractometer PR‑23‑AP see Sanitary probe refractometer
PR‑23‑AP (page 113)
• For the Process probe refractometer PR‑23‑GP see Probe process refractometer
PR‑23‑GP (page 131)
• For the Teflon body refractometer PR‑23‑M and Teflon body semicon refractometer
PR‑23‑MS see Teflon body refractometer PR‑23‑M/MS (page 146)
• For the Saunders body refractometer PR‑23‑W see Saundersâ body refractometer
PR‑23‑W (page 154)
• For mounting an ATEX/FM/CSA approved sensor in explosive atmosphere, see
Installation (page 219)
• For mounting an intrinsically safe refractometer PR‑23‑…‑IA/‑CI, see Intrinsically safe
refractometers PR‑23‑…‑IA, PR‑23‑…‑IF and PR‑23‑…‑CI (page 161)
• For mounting of the Safe-Drive system with the PR‑23‑SD sensor, see Safe‑Drive
mounting (page 175)
3.1
Choosing sensor mounting location
A PR‑23 refractometer sensor can be located either indoors or outdoors in most climates.
However, when locating a sensor outdoors, make sure to provide some basic protection
against direct exposure to sunlight and rain. Take special care if the pipe wall is translucent
(for example of fiberglass), as light from outside reaching the prism through the pipe wall
may disturb the measurement.
The mounting location needs to be such that sediments or gas bubbles cannot accumulate
by the sensor. Good flow velocity is essential in keeping the prism clean.
CAUTION!
damage the in-line sensor mounted on it.
Always check that the sensor head is kept cool enough; the sensor head should not be too
hot to keep a hand on. The sensor cover should not be exposed to high temperature
radiation. In most cases, draft and natural convection provide sucient air cooling if the air
gets to flow freely around the sensor head.
If the process pipe vibrates, support the pipe. A vibrating pipe might
17
PR-23 Series User Guide
IM-EN-PR23-E
Additional cooling is necessary when the ambient temperature is higher than 45 °C (113 °F)
or when the pr
ocess temperature is above 110 °C (230 °F) and the ambient temperature is
above 35 °C (95 °F). The air cooling is improved by blowing pressurized air against the
sensor cover. The pressurized air can be supplied by the ventilation system. If no air is
available it is also possible to install water cooling with PR‑10038 cooling cover (except for
PR‑23‑SD where sensor head needs to be kept in original size for insertion and retraction).
CAUTION!
wnwards from the sensor head.
do
Always mount the sensor so that the interconnecting cable points
18
3.2 PR-23 mounting guide
Chapter 3 – Mounting sensor
19
PR-23 Series User Guide
IM-EN-PR23-E
3.3 Pipe mounting checklist
Most in-line refractometer models are mounted in a pipe. The recommended minimum flow
velocity is 1.5 m/s (5 ft/s). The diameter and form of the pipe and the process temperature
the measurement and need to be taken into account.
aect
1. If the process pipe diameter varies, select the position with the smallest diameter (and
accordingly highest velocity). Then the prism keeps better clean.
2. If the refractometer is used in a feed-back control loop, make the time lag short. When
a dilution valve is controlled, for example, mount the refractometer close to the dilution
point. However, make sure complete mixing has occurred at mounting location.
3. If the temperature varies along the process pipe, select the position with the highest
process temperature. Then the risk of prism coating is minimized, because higher
temperature means higher solubility and also lower viscosity.
4. Often the position with the highest process pressure (= after pump + before valve) has
favorable flow
5. The sensor is accessible for service.
conditions without sedimentation or air trapping risks.
3.4 Checklist for mounting in tank, vessel
or large pipe
A probe sensor PR-23-AP or PR-23-GP can be inserted with a flange or clamp into tanks and
vessels which either do not have a scraper or where the mixer does not touch the vessel
wall. A probe sensor can also be flush mounted in a cooker where the scraper touches the
wall.
1. The inserted probe sensor is mounted close to a stirrer to ensure representative sample
of the process liquid and to keep the prism clean.
2. The sensor is accessible for service.
20
PROCESS INSTRUMENTS
POWER
Chapter 4 – Indicating transmitter DTR
4. Indicating transmitter DTR
The indicating transmitter DTR is a specialized computer designed to process data received
from one or two sensors. The indicating transmitter enclosure contains a front panel with a
backlit LCD and a keyboard. The front panel swings open to give access for connections and
service. Both of the enclosure’s cover latches include knockout padlock provisions to
prevent unauthorized access.
Figure 3 Indicating transmitter enclosure
The sensors send the values of the refractive index nD and the process temperature T to the
DTR. The microprocessor system then linearizes the concentration reading as shown in the
following example, and performs an automatic temperature compensation.
21
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1.351.401.45
n
D
BRIX
PR-23 Series User Guide
IM-EN-PR23-E
Figure 4 Linearized curve
22
Warning!The DTR does not have a built-in power
switch. The system is always powered on when
connected to a power source. It is recommended to
mount an external power switch to control the DTR’s
power supply.
Varoitus!DTR:ssä ei ole sisäänrakennettua
virtakytkintä. Järjestelmän virta on aina päällä, kun
s
e on kytketty virtalähteeseen. DTR:n virransyötön
ohjaamiseksi on suositeltavaa asentaa ulkoinen
virtakytkin.
Varning!DTR har ingen inbyggd strömbrytare.
Systemet är alltid påslaget när det är anslutet till en
strömkälla. Rekommendationen är att montera en
extern strömbrytare för att styra strömförsörjningen
till DTR:er.
Advarsel!DTR har ikke nogen indbygget afbryder.
Systemet er altid tændt, når det er tilsluttet en
strømkilde. Det anbefales at montere en ekstern
afbryder til styring af DTR'ens strømforsyning.
Hoiatus!DTR-il puudub sisseehitatud toitelüliti.
Süsteem on alati pinge all, kui on toiteallikaga
ühendatud. DTR-i toiteallika juhtimiseks on
soovitatav paigaldada väline toitelüliti.
Внимание! DTR н е имеет встроенного
переключателя питания. Если система
подключена к источнику питания, она всегда
включена. Для управления подачей питания на
DTR рекомендуется установить внешний
переключатель питания.
Įspėjimas! DTR ne turi įmontuoto maitinimo jungiklio.
Sistema visada įjungiama, kai ji yra prijungta prie
maitinimo šaltinio. DTR maitinimo šaltiniui valdyti
rekomenduojama sumontuoti išorinį maitinimo
jungiklį.
Ostrzeżenie!DTR nie zawiera wbudowanego
wyłącznika zasilania. Zasilanie systemu jest włączone
zawsze, gdy jest on podłączony do źródła zasilania.
Wskazane jest wykonanie zewnętrznego wyłącznika
zasilania do sterowania zasilaniem DTR.
Varování! DTR nemá vestavěný vypínač napájení. Po
připojení ke zdroji napájení je systém vždy zapnutý.
Pro ovládání napájení DTR se doporučuje
namontovat externí vypínač.
Figyelmeztetés!A DTR nem rendelkezik beépített
hálózati kapcsolóval. A rendszer mindig be van
kapcsolva, ha áramforráshoz csatlakozik. A DTR
tápellátásának vezérléséhez ajánlott egy külső
tápkapcsolót felszerelni.
Warnung! Der DTR ist nicht mit einem eingebauten
Netzschalter ausgestattet. Das System ist immer
eingeschaltet, wenn es an eine Stromquelle
angeschlossen ist. Es wird empfohlen, einen externen
Netzschalter zu installieren, um die Stromversorgung
des DTR zu steuern.
Waarschuwing!De DTR heeft geen ingebouwde
voedingsschakelaar. Het systeem is altijd
ingeschakeld wanneer het is aangesloten op een
voedingsbron. Het wordt aanbevolen om
een
externe voedingsschakelaar
te monteren om de
voeding van de DTR te regelen.
Avertissement! Le DTR n’est pas équipé d’un
interrupteur d'alimentation intégré. Le système est
toujours sous tension lorsqu'il est connecté à une
source d'alimentation. Il est recommandé de monter
un interrupteur d'alimentation externe pour
contrôler l'alimentation du DTR.
¡Advertencia!El DTR no tiene un interruptor de
encendido integrado. El sistema siempre está
encendido cuando está conectado a una fuente de
alimentación. Se recomienda montar un interruptor
de encendido externo para controlar la fuente de
alimentación del DTR.
Avvertimento!Il DTR non dispone di un interruttore
di alimentazione integrato. Il sistema è sempre
acceso quando è collegato a una fonte di
alimentazione. Si consiglia di montare un interruttore
di alimentazione esterno per controllare
l'aliment
azione del DTR.
Warning
Chapter 4 – Indicating transmitter DTR
4.1 Mounting indicating transmitter
23
mm
[in]
267 [10.5]
226 [8.9]159 [6.25]
278 [10.94]
152 [6.0]
PR-23 Series User Guide
IM-EN-PR23-E
Mount the indicating transmitter indoors, preferably in an easily accessible, well-lit and dry
ea. Avoid vibration. Take interconnecting cable length into consideration when choosing
ar
the mounting location.
The enclosure is mounted vertically on an upright surface (wall) using four mounting feet,
see the following figure. The LCD is best viewed when approximately at the eye level of the
user.
In sanitary installations, the recommendation is to use a DTR with stainless steel enclosure. If
standard polycarbonate enclosure is used, install it as remotely as practical from product
areas or connections.
CAUTION!
class of the enclosure and damage the electronics.
Figure 5 Indicating transmitter dimensions and mounting feet measures
Do not drill mounting holes in the enclosure as that aec
t the protection
4.2 Electrical connections
4.2.1 Interconnecting cable
The cable contains a pair of twisted signal wires and a cable shield, see
Standard delivery is 10 m (33 ft) of cable. The maximum length of an interconnecting cable
is 200 m (660 ft). The signal wires are interchangeable (non-polarized). The cable shield is
connected to the protective earth at the indicating transmitter.
The junction box enables the use of customer’s own cable as long as it meets IEC 61158-2
type A standard requirements, see Interconnecting cable specifications (page 226).
More information
‣
Connecting sensor (page 25)
24
Figure 9 (page 31).
4.2.2 Connecting sensor
Chapter 4 – Indicating transmitter DTR
CAUTION!
energized. Switch o the power from indicating transmitter DTR external power switch
before disconnecting the sensor cable from the sensor. After connecting the sensor
cable back to the sensor, you can switch power back on.
Do not connect or disconnect the sensor connector when the circuits are
1. Remove the four screws holding the sensor nameplate as shown in the following figure.
The terminal strip is under the nameplate.
2. Connect the signal wires to terminal (1) and (2), and the cable shield to terminal (3).
3. Tighten up the cable gland.
25
1
2
3
PR-23 Series User Guide
4. Screw the nameplate back on.
IM-EN-PR23-E
Figure 6 Sensor electrical connections
More information
‣
Interconnecting cable (page 24)
26
Warning! Check that the power is off before opening
the front panel. If the green power indicator light is
on, there is still power in the system. To completely
turn the power off, use the external power switch.
Varoitus! Tarkista, että virta on katkaistu, ennen kuin
avaat etupaneelin. Jos vihreä virran merkkivalo
palaa, järjestelmässä on edelleen virtaa. Katkaise
virta kokonaan ulkoisella virtakytkimellä.
Varning! Kontrollera att strömmen är avstängd innan
du öppnar frontpanelen. Om den gröna
indikatorlampan lyser är det fortfarande ström i
systemet. Använd den externa strömbrytaren för att
stänga av strömmen helt.
Advarsel! Kontroller, at strømmen er slukket, før
frontpanelet åbnes. Hvis den grønne
strømindikatorlampe er tændt, er der stadig strøm i
systemet. Brug den eksterne afbryder for at slukke
helt for strømmen.
Hoiatus! Enne esipaneeli avamist kontrollige, et
süsteem poleks pinge all. Kui roheline toitemärgutuli
põleb, on süsteemis endiselt pinge all. Toite
täielikuks väljalülitamiseks kasutage välist toitelülitit.
Внимание! Перед открытием передней панели
убедитесь, что питание отключено. Если горит
зеленый индикатор питания, система находится
под напряжением. Чтобы полностью отключить
питание, используйте внешний переключатель
питания.
Įspėjimas! Prieš atidarydami priekinį skydelį,
patikrinkite, ar maitinimas išjungtas. Jei šviečia žalia
maitinimo indikatoriaus lemputė, sistemoje vis dar
veikia maitinimas. Norėdami visiškai išjungti
maitinimą, naudokite išorinį maitinimo jungiklį.
Ostrzeżenie! Przed otwarciem panelu przedniego
sprawdzić, czy zasilanie jest wyłączone. Dopóki
świeci się zielona kontrolka zasilania, system
znajduje się pod napięciem zasilania. W celu
całkowitego wyłączenia zasilania należy użyć
zewnętrznego wyłącznika zasilania.
Varování! Před otevřením předního panelu
zkontrolujte, zda je napájení vypnuto. Pokud svítí
zelená kontrolka napájení, je v systému stále
přítomno napájení. Chcete-li napájení zcela vypnout,
použijte externí vypínač.
Figyelmeztetés! Az előlap kinyitása előtt ellenőrizze,
hogy a készülék ki van-e kapcsolva. Ha a zöld
tápellátás jelzőfény világít, akkor a rendszer még
áram alatt van. A készülék teljes kikapcsolásához
használja a külső tápkapcsolót.
Warnung! Prüfen Sie, ob das Gerät ausgeschaltet ist,
bevor Sie die Frontblende öffnen. Wenn die grüne
Betriebsanzeige leuchtet, liegt noch Spannung an.
Verwenden Sie den externen Netzschalter, um das
Gerät vollständig auszuschalten.
Waarschuwing! Controleer of de stroom is
uitgeschakeld voordat u het voorpaneel opent. Als
het groene stroomindicatielampje brandt, staat er
nog stroom op het systeem. Gebruik de externe
voedingsschakelaar om de stroom volledig uit te
schakelen.
Avertissement! Vérifiez que l'alimentation est
coupée avant d'ouvrir le panneau avant. Si le voyant
d'alimentation vert est allumé, le système est
toujours sous tension. Pour mettre l'appareil
complètement hors tension, utilisez l'interrupteur
d'alimentation externe.
¡Advertencia! Verifique que la alimentación está
desconectada antes de abrir el panel frontal. Si la luz
indicadora de encendido de color verde está
encendida, aún hay energía en el sistema. Para
apagar completamente la alimentación, use el
interruptor de encendido externo.
Avvertimento! Verificare che l'alimentazione sia
spenta prima di aprire il pannello anteriore. Se la spia
di alimentazione verde è accesa, il sistema è ancora
alimentato. Per spegnere completamente
l'alimentazione, utilizzare l'interruttore di
alimentazione esterno.
Warning
Chapter 4 – Indicating transmitter DTR
4.2.3 Connecting indicating transmitter
27
Warning! Hazardous voltage, contact may cause
electric shock or burn. Beware of the live wires in the
lower right-hand corner of the H1 interface card.
Varoitus! Vaarallinen jännite – kosketus voi aiheuttaa
sähköiskun tai palovammoja. Varo jännitteisiä johtoja
H1-liitäntäkortin oikeassa alakulmassa.
Varning! Farlig spänning. Kontakt kan leda till elstöt
eller brännskador. Var försiktig med de strömförande
kablarna i det nedre högra hörnet på H1gränssnittskortet.
Advarsel! Farlig spænding, kontakt kan forårsage
elektrisk stød eller forbrænding. Vær opmærksom på
de strømførende ledninger i nederste højre hjørne af
H1-interfacekortet.
Hoiatus! Ohtlik pinge, kokkupuutel võite saada
elektrilöögi või põletuse. Ettevaatust voolu all
olevate juhtmetega H1-liidesekaardi all paremas
nurgas.
Внимание! Опасное напряжение, при контакте
можно получить удар электрическим током или
ожог. Остерегайтесь проводов под напряжением
в правом нижнем углу интерфейсной платы H1.
Įspėjimas! Pavojinga įtampa, kontaktas gali sukelti
elektros smūgį arba užsidegimą. Saugokitės įtampos
laidų, esančių apatiniame dešiniajame H1 sąsajos
kortelės kampe.
Ostrzeżenie! Niebezpieczne napięcie, dotknięcie
grozi porażeniem prądem lub oparzeniem. Uważać
na przewody pod napięciem w prawym dolnym rogu
karty interfejsu H1.
Varování! Nebezpečné napětí, kontakt může
způsobit úraz elektrickým proudem nebo popálení.
Dejte si pozor na vodiče pod napětím v pravém
dolním rohu karty rozhraní H1.
Figyelmeztetés! Veszélyes feszültség, érintése
áramütést vagy égési sérülést okozhat. Óvakodjon a
feszültség alatt lévő vezetékektől a H1
interfészkártya jobb alsó sarkában.
Warnung! Gefährliche Spannung, Kontakt kann
Stromschlag oder Verbrennungen verursachen.
Halten Sie sich von den stromführenden Kabeln
unten rechts an der H1 Schnittstellenkarte fern.
Waarschuwing! Gevaarlijke spanning, contact kan
elektrische schokken of brandwonden veroorzaken.
Pas op voor de spanningvoerende draden in de
rechterbenedenhoek van de H1-interfacekaart.
Avertissement! Tension dangereuse, un contact peut
provoquer un choc électrique ou des brûlures.
Prenez garde aux fils sous tension dans le coin
inférieur droit de la carte d'interface H1.
¡Advertencia! El contacto con voltaje peligroso
puede causar descargas eléctricas o quemaduras.
Tenga cuidado con los cables activos en la esquina
inferior derecha de la tarjeta de interfaz H1.
Avvertimento! Tensione pericolosa, il contatto può
causare scosse elettriche o ustioni. Attenzione ai fili
sotto tensione nell'angolo inferiore destro della
scheda di interfaccia H1.
Warning
PR-23 Series User Guide
IM-EN-PR23-E
All the electrical terminals of the indicating transmitter are behind the front panel. To access
them,
first open the enclosure cover. Then loosen the front panel screw in the figure below,
and swing open the front panel. All terminals are now accessible.
28
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