Sony DSC-S2000, DSC-S2100 User Manual

4-170-176-43(1)

DSC-S2000/S2100

GB Digital Still Camera/Instruction Manual RU Цифровой фотоаппарат/Инструкция по эксплуатации UA Цифровий фотоапарат/Посібник з експлуатації

English

Owner’s Record

The model and serial numbers are located on the bottom. Record the serial number in the space provided below. Refer to these numbers whenever you call upon your Sony dealer regarding this product.

Model No. DSC-S2000/S2100

Serial No. ______________________________

WARNING

To reduce fire or shock hazard, do not expose the unit to rain or moisture.

For Customers in the U.S.A.

UL is an internationally recognized safety organization. The UL Mark on the product means it has been UL Listed.

If you have any questions about this product, you may call:

Sony Customer Information Center 1-800-222-SONY (7669)

The number below is for the FCC related matters only.

[ Regulatory Information

Declaration of Conformity

Trade Name: SONY Model No.: DSC-S2000 Responsible Party: Sony Electronics Inc. Address:16530 Via Esprillo, San Diego, CA 92127 U.S.A. Telephone No.: 858-942-2230

This device complies with Part15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.

Declaration of Conformity

Trade Name: SONY Model No.: DSC-S2100 Responsible Party: Sony Electronics Inc. Address:16530 Via Esprillo, San Diego, CA 92127 U.S.A. Telephone No.: 858-942-2230

[ CAUTION

You are cautioned that any changes or modifications not expressly approved in this manual could void your authority to operate this equipment.

[ Note:

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures: – Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. – Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver. – Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that t o which the

receiver is connected.

– Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

The supplied interface cable must be used with the equipment in order to comply with the limits for a digital device pursuant to Subpart B of Part 15 of FCC Rules.

For Customers in Europe

[ Notice for the customers in the countries applying EU Directives

The manufacturer of this product is Sony Corporation, 1-7-1 Konan Minato-ku Tokyo, 108-0075 Japan. The Authorized Representative for EMC and product safety is Sony Deutschland GmbH, Hedelfinger Strasse 61, 70327 Stuttgart, Germany. For any service or guarantee matters please refer to the addresses given in separate service or guarantee documents.

This product has been tested and found compliant with the limits set out in the EMC Directive for using connection cables shorter than 3 meters (9.8 feet).

[ Attention

The electromagnetic fields at the specific frequencies may influence the picture and sound of this unit.

[ Notice

If static electricity or electromagnetism causes data transfer to discontinue midway (fail), restart the application or disconnect and connect the communication cable (USB, etc.) again.

[ Disposal of Old Electrical & Electronic Equipment (Applicable in

the European Union and other European countries with separate collection systems)

please contact your local Civic Office, your household waste disposal service or the shop where you purchased the product.

This symbol on the product or on its packaging indicates that this product shall not be treated as household waste. Instead it shall be handed over to the applicable collection point for the recycling of electrical and electronic equipment. By ensuring this product is disposed of correctly, you will help prevent potential negative consequences for the environment and human health, which could otherwise be caused by inappropriate waste handling of this product. The recycling of materials will help to conserve natural resources. For more detailed information about recycling of this product,

[ Disposal of waste batteries (applicable in the European Union

and other European countries with separate collection systems)

This symbol on the battery or on the packaging indicates that the battery provided with this product shall not be treated as household waste. On certain batteries this symbol might be used in combination with a chemical symbol. The chemical symbols for mercury (Hg) or lead (Pb) are added if the battery contains more than 0.0005% mercury or 0.004% lead.

potentially negative consequences for the environment and human health which could otherwise be caused by inappropriate waste handling of the battery. The recycling of the materials will help to conserve natural resources. In case of products that for safety, performance or data integrity reasons require a permanent connection with an incorporated battery, this battery should be replaced by qualified service staff only. To ensure that the battery will be treated properly, hand over the product at end-of-life to the applicable collection point for the recycling of electrical and electronic equipment. For all other batteries, please view the section on how to remove the battery from the product safely. Hand the battery over to the applicable collection point for the recycling of waste batteries. For more detailed information about recycling of this product or battery, please contact your local Civic Office, your household waste disposal service or the shop where you purchased the product.

By ensuring these batteries are disposed of correctly, you will help prevent

Getting started

Refer to “Cyber-shot Handbook” (PDF) on supplied

CD-ROM .................................................................................... 7

Checking the accessories supplied .......................................... 7

Notes on using the camera........................................................ 7

Identifying parts ....................................................................... 10

Inserting the batteries/a memory card (sold separately).........11

Setting the clock ...................................................................... 15

Shooting/viewing images

Shooting still images................................................................16

Shooting movies ...................................................................... 17

Viewing images ........................................................................ 18

“Cyber-shot Handbook” (PDF)

Learning more about the camera (“Cyber-shot

Handbook”) .............................................................................. 19

Others

List of icons displayed on the screen ...................................... 20

Number of still images and recordable time of movies........... 22

Precautions .............................................................................. 23

Specifications .......................................................................... 25

Refer to “Cyber-shot Handbook” (PDF) on supplied CD-ROM

For details on advanced operations, please read “Cybershot Handbook” (PDF) on the CD-ROM (supplied) using a computer. Refer to “Cyber-shot Handbook” for in-depth instructions on shooting or viewing images and connecting the camera to your computer or printer (page 19).

Checking the accessories supplied

• LR6 (size AA) alkaline batteries (2)

• Dedicated USB cable (1) (Sony Corporation 1-837-597-)

• Wrist strap (1)

•CD-ROM (1) – Cyber-shot application software – “Cyber-shot Handbook”

• Instruction Manual (this manual) (1)

Notes on using the camera

Changing the language setting

The screen language can be changed if necessary. To change the language setting, press the MENU button, then select

(Settings) t (Main Settings) t [Language Setting].

Internal memory and memory card back up

Do not turn off the camera, remove the batteries, or remove the memory card while the access lamp is lit. Otherwise, the internal memory data or the memory card may be damaged. Be sure to make a backup copy to protect your data.

Notes on recording/playback

• To ensure stable operations of the memory card, we recommend that you use this camera to format any memory card being used with this camera for the first time. Note that formatting will erase all data recorded on the memory card. This data cannot be restored. Be sure to back-up any important data to a PC or other storage location.

• Before you start recording, make a trial recording to make sure that the camera is working correctly.

• The camera is neither dust-proof, nor splash-proof, nor water-proof. Read “Precautions” (page 23) before operating the camera.

• Avoid exposing the camera to water. If water enters inside the camera, a malfunction may occur. In some cases, the camera cannot be repaired.

• Do not aim the camera at the sun or other bright light. It may cause the malfunction of the camera.

• Do not use the camera near a location that generates strong radio waves or emits radiation. Otherwise, the camera may not properly record or play back images.

• Using the camera in sandy or dusty locations may cause malfunctions.

• If moisture condensation occurs, remove it before using the camera.

• Do not shake or strike the camera. It may cause a malfunction and you may not be able to record images. Furthermore, the recording media may become unusable or image data may be damaged.

• Clean the flash surface before use. The heat of flash emission may cause dirt on the flash surface to become discolored or to stick to the flash surface, resulting in insufficient light emission.

Notes on the LCD screen and lens

• The LCD screen is manufactured using extremely high-precision technology so over 99.99% of the pixels are operational for effective use. However, some tiny black and/or bright dots (white, red, blue or green) may appear on the LCD screen. These dots are a normal result of the manufacturing process, and do not affect the recording.

• When the battery level becomes low, the lens might stop moving. Insert new batteries or charged Nickel-Metal Hydride batteries and turn on the camera again.

On camera’s temperature

Your camera and battery may get warm due to continuous use, but it is not a malfunction.

On image data compatibility

• The camera conforms with DCF (Design rule for Camera File system)

universal standard established by JEITA (Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association).

• Sony does not guarantee that the camera will play back images recorded or

edited with other equipment, or that other equipment will play back images recorded with the camera.

Warning on copyright

Television programs, films, videotapes, and other materials may be copyrighted. Unauthorized recording of such materials may be contrary to the provisions of the copyright laws.

No compensation for damaged content or recording failure

Sony cannot compensate for failure to record or loss or damage of recorded content due to a malfunction of the camera or recording media, etc.

Identifying parts

Bottom

A ON/OFF (Power) button B Shutter button C Self-timer lamp/Smile Shutter

lamp

D Microphone E ON/OFF (Power) lamp F Flash G Lens H (USB) jack I LCD screen J (Playback) button K For shooting: W/T (Zoom)

button For viewing: (Playback zoom) button/ (Index) button

L Hook for wrist strap M Mode switch N (Delete) button O Access lamp P MENU button Q Control button

MENU on: v/V/b/B/z MENU off: DISP/ / /

R Buzzer S Tripod receptacle

• Use a tripod with a screw less than

5.5 mm (7/32 inches) long. Otherwise, you cannot firmly secure the camera, and damage to the camera may occur.

T Memory card slot U Battery/Memory card cover V Batteries insertion slot

Inserting the batteries/a memory card (sold separately)

Open the cover.

Insert a memory card (sold

separately).

With the notched corner down as illustrated, insert the memory card until it clicks into place.

Match +/– and insert the batteries.

Note the notched corner facing the correct direction

Close the cover.

Memory card that you can use

The following memory cards are compatible with this camera: “Memory Stick PRO Duo” media, “Memory Stick PRO-HG Duo” media, “Memory Stick Duo” media, SD memory card and SDHC memory card. MultiMediaCard cannot be used. In this manual, the term “Memory Stick Duo” media is used to refer to “Memory Stick PRO Duo” media, “Memory Stick PRO-HG Duo” media and “Memory Stick Duo” media.

When recording movies, it is recommended that you use the following memory cards:

– (“Memory Stick PRO Duo” media) – (“Memory Stick PRO-HG Duo” media) – SD memory card or SDHC memory card (Class 2 or faster)

For details on the number of images/time that can be recorded, see page 22.

To remove the memory card

Make sure that the access lamp is not lit, then push the memory card in once.

Access lamp

Note

• Never open the battery/memory card cover or remove the batteries/memory card

when the access lamp is lit. This may cause damage to data in the memory card/ internal memory.

When there is no memory card inserted

Images are stored in the camera’s internal memory (approximately 6 MB). To copy images from the internal memory to a memory card, insert a memory card in the camera, then select MENU t (Settings) t (Memory Card Tool) t [Copy].

Batteries you can and cannot use with your camera

In the table below, a indicates the battery can be used, while – indicates the one cannot be used.

Battery type Supplied Supported Rechargeable

LR6 (size AA) alkaline batteries

HR 15/51:HR6 (size AA) NickelMetal Hydride batteries

ZR6 (size AA) Oxy Nickel Primary batteries

Lithium batteries* – – –

Manganese batteries* – – –

Ni-Cd batteries* – – –

* Operating performance cannot be ensured if voltage drops or other problems are

caused by the nature of the battery.

To remove the batteries

Be sure not to drop the batteries.

–

Checking the remaining battery time

A remaining-charge indicator appears on the LCD screen.

High Low

Notes

• The remaining-charge indicator may not be correct under certain circumstances.

• When [Power Save] is set to [Standard] or [Stamina], if you do not operate the camera for a certain period of time while the power is on, the LCD screen becomes dark, then the camera turns off automatically (Auto power-off function).

• The supplied alkaline battery is for trial use only. You may need to purchase an additional battery for regular camera use.

Battery life and number of still images you can record/view

Battery life (min.) No. of Images

DSC-S2100

DSC-S2000

Notes

• The number of still images that can be recorded is based on the CIPA standard, and is for shooting under the following conditions. (CIPA: Camera & Imaging Products Association) – [SteadyShot] is set to [Off]. – DISP (Screen Display Settings) is set to [Normal]. – Shooting once every 30 seconds. – The zoom is switched alternately between the W and T ends. – The flash strobes once every two times. – The power turns on and off once every ten times. – New batteries are used at an ambient temperature of 25°C (77°F). – Using Sony “Memory Stick PRO Duo” media (sold separately).

• The values shown for alkaline battery are based on commercial norms, and do not apply to all alkaline batteries in all conditions. The values may vary, depending on the battery manufacturer/type, environmental conditions, product setting, etc.

Recording Approx. 85 Approx. 170

Viewing Approx. 370 Approx. 7400

Recording Approx. 95 Approx. 190

Viewing Approx. 540 Approx. 10800

Setting the clock

Press the ON/OFF (Power)

ON/OFF (Power) button

button.

The camera is turned on.

Select a setting item with

v/V on the control button,

then press

Date & Time Format: Selects the date and time display format. Date & Time: Sets the date and time.

Set the numeric value with v/V/b/B, then press z.

• Midnight is indicated as 12:00 AM, and noon as 12:00 PM.

Select [OK], then press z.

Setting the date and time again

Press the MENU button, then select (Settings) t (Clock Settings).

Control button

Shooting still images

Set the mode switch to

(Still Image), then press ON/OFF (Power) button.

Hold the camera steady as

illustrated.

• Press the T button to zoom in, W button to

zoom out.

Press the shutter

button halfway down to focus.

When the image is in focus, a beep sounds and the z indicator lights.

Press the shutter button

fully down.

ON/OFF (Power) button

Mode switch

Shutter button

AE/AF lock

Shooting movies

Set the mode switch to

(Movie), then press

ON/OFF (Power) button.

Press the shutter button

fully down to start recording.

Press the shutter button fully down again to stop

recording.

ON/OFF (Power) button

Mode switch

Viewing images

Press the (Playback)

button.

The last image shot is displayed.

(Playback) button

Note

• You cannot listen to the audio with this camera when a movie is played back.

Selecting next/previous image

Select an image with B (next)/b (previous) on the control button.

• Press z in the center of the control

button to view movies.

Deleting an image

1 Press (Delete) button. 2 Select [This Image] with v on the

control button, then press z.

Returning to shooting images

Press the shutter button halfway down.

Turning off the camera

Press ON/OFF (Power) button.

Control button

(Delete)

button

Learning more about the camera (“Cyber-shot Handbook”)

“Cyber-shot Handbook”, which explains how to use the camera in detail, is included on the CD-ROM (supplied). Refer to it for in-depth instructions on the many functions of the camera.

For Windows users

Turn on your computer, and insert the CD-ROM

(supplied) into the CD-ROM drive.

Click [Cyber-shot Handbook].

Start “Cyber-shot Handbook” from the shortcut on

the desktop.

For Macintosh users

Turn on your computer, and insert the CD-ROM

(supplied) into the CD-ROM drive.

Select the [Handbook] folder and copy

“Handbook.pdf” stored in the [GB] folder to your computer.

After copying is complete, double-click

“Handbook.pdf”.

List of icons displayed on the screen

When shooting still images

• The icons are limited in (Easy Mode).

When shooting movies

Display Indication

Battery remaining

Low battery warning

Image size

Scene Selection

Camera mode (Intelligent Auto Adjustment, Program Auto, Movie Mode)

Scene Recognition icon

White balance

Metering Mode

SteadyShot

Display Indication

Vibration warning

Smile Detection Sensitivity indicator

Zoom scaling

Display Indication

ISO400

125

F3.5

+2.0EV

Standby

0:12

AE/AF lock

ISO number

Shutter speed

Aperture value

Exposure Value

AF range finder frame indicator

Recording a movie/ Standby a movie

Recording time (m:s)

Display Indication

Recording folder

100Min

Number of recordable images

Recordable time

Recording/Playback Media (memory card, internal memory)

Red-eye reduction

Flash mode

Flash charging

Display Indication

Self-timer

Face Detection

Burst

AF range finder frame

Spot metering crosshairs

Number of still images and recordable time of movies

Still images

DSC-S2100

Capacity

Size

12M 1 395 790 1600 3200 6400

8M 1 580 1170 2350 4700 9400

5M 2 710 1420 2900 5850 11700

VGA 28 9650 19300 38600 77200 154400

16:9(9M) 1 533 1060 2150 4300 8600

16:9(2M) 5 1800 3700 7500 15000 30000

Internal memory

Approx.

6MB

Memory card formatted with this camera

2 GB 4 GB 8 GB 16 GB 32 GB

(Units: Images)

DSC-S2000

(Units: Images)

Capacity

Size

10M 1 470 940 1900 3800 7600

5M 2 710 1420 2900 5850 11700

VGA 28 9650 19300 38600 77200 154400

16:9(7M) 1 600 1200 2450 5000 10000

16:9(2M) 5 1800 3700 7500 15000 30000

Notes

• The number of still images may vary depending on the shooting conditions and the recording media.

• When the number of remaining shootable images is greater than 99,999, the “>99999” indicator appears.

• When an image shot with other cameras is played back on this camera, the image may not appear in the actual image size.

Internal memory

Approx.

6MB

Memory card formatted with this camera

2 GB 4 GB 8 GB 16 GB 32 GB

Movies

The table below shows the approximate maximum recording times. These are the total times for all movie files.

(Units: hour : minute : second)

Capacity

Size

VGA 0:00:03 0:27:20 0:54:40 1:49:20 3:38:40 7:17:20

QVGA 0:00:10 1:23:40 2:45:00 5:35:00 11:18:00 22:36:00

Internal memory

Approx.

6MB

Memory card formatted with this camera

2 GB 4 GB 8 GB 16 GB 32 GB

Notes

• The recordable movie file size is up to approx. 2 GB for each file. If the file size

reaches approx. 2 GB, the camera stops recording the movie automatically.

• The recording time may vary depending on the shooting conditions and the

recording media.

• The camera does not support HD recordings or playbacks for movies.

Precautions

Do not use/store the camera in the following places

• In an extremely hot, cold or humid place

In places such as in a car parked in the sun, the camera body may become deformed and this may cause a malfunction.

• Under direct sunlight or near a heater

The camera body may become discolored or deformed, and this may cause a malfunction.

• In a location subject to rocking vibration

• Near strong magnetic place

• In sandy or dusty places

Be careful not to let sand or dust get into the camera. This may cause the camera to malfunction, and in some cases this malfunction cannot be repaired.

On carrying

Do not sit down in a chair or other place with the camera in the back pocket of your trousers or skirt, as this may cause malfunction or damage the camera.

On the battery

• Avoid rough handling, disassembling, modifying, physical shock, or impact such as hammering, dropping or stepping on the battery.

• Do not use a deformed or damaged battery.

• Do not mix a used battery together with a new battery or different types of batteries.

• Remove the batteries from the camera when you do not operate the camera for long periods, or when the batteries are dead.

On cleaning

Cleaning the LCD screen

Wipe the screen surface with an LCD cleaning kit (sold separately) to remove fingerprints, dust, etc.

Cleaning the lens

Wipe the lens with a soft cloth to remove fingerprints, dust, etc.

Cleaning the camera surface

Clean the camera surface with a soft cloth slightly moistened with water, then wipe the surface with a dry cloth. To prevent damage to the finish or casing: – Do not expose the camera to chemical products such as thinner, benzine, alcohol,

disposable cloths, insect repellent, sunscreen or insecticide.

– Do not touch the camera with any of the above on your hand. – Do not leave the camera in contact with rubber or vinyl for a long time.

On operating temperatures

Your camera is designed for use under the temperatures between 0°C and 40°C (32°F and 104°F). Shooting in extremely cold or hot places that exceed this range is not recommended.

On the internal rechargeable backup battery

This camera has an internal rechargeable battery for maintaining the date and time and other settings regardless of whether the power is on or off. This rechargeable battery is continually charged as long as you are using the camera. However, if you use the camera for only short periods, it discharges gradually, and if you do not use the camera at all for about one month it becomes completely discharged. In this case, be sure to charge this rechargeable battery before using the camera. However, even if this rechargeable battery is not charged, you can still use the camera, but the date and time will not be indicated.

Charging method of the internal rechargeable backup battery

Insert batteries with enough power remaining in the camera, and then leave the camera for 24 hours or more with the power off.

Specifications

Camera

[System]

Image device:

DSC-S2100: 7.79 mm (1/2.3 type) R, G, B primary color mosaic filters DSC-S2000: 7.70 mm (1/2.3 type) R, G, B primary color mosaic filters

Total pixel number of camera:

DSC-S2100: Approx.

12.4 Megapixels DSC-S2000: Approx.

10.3 Megapixels

Effective pixel number of camera:

DSC-S2100: Approx.

12.1 Megapixels DSC-S2000: Approx.

10.1 Megapixels

Lens: 3× zoom lens

f = 6.2 mm – 18.6 mm (35 mm – 105 mm (35 mm film equivalent)) F3.1 (W) – F5.6 (T)

Exposure control: Automatic exposure,

Scene Selection (8 modes)

White balance: Automatic, Daylight,

Cloudy, Fluorescent 1/2/3, Incandescent, Flash

Recording interval for Burst mode:

Approx. 1 second

File format:

Still images: JPEG (DCF Ver. 2.0, Exif Ver. 2.21, MPF Baseline) compliant, DPOF compatible Movies: AVI (Motion JPEG)

Recording media: Internal Memory

(approx. 6 MB), “Memory Stick Duo” media, SD memory card, SDHC memory card

Flash: Flash range (ISO sensitivity

(Recommended exposure Index) set to Auto): Approx. 0.5 m to 3.3 m (1 feet 7 3/4 inches to 10 feet 10 inches) (W)/ approx. 0.5 m to 1.8 m (1 feet 7 3/4 inches to 5 feet 10 7/8 inches) (T)

[Input and Output connectors]

USB communication: Hi-Speed USB

(USB 2.0 compliant)

[LCD screen]

LCD panel:

DSC-S2100: 7.5 cm (3.0 type) DSC-S2000: 6.2 cm (2.5 type) TFT drive Total number of dots: 230 400 (960 × 240) dots

[Power, general]

Power: LR6 (size AA) Alkaline

batteries (2), 3 V HR15/51:HR6 (size AA) NickelMetal Hydride batteries (2) (sold separately), 2.4 V ZR6 (size AA) Oxy Nickel Primary Battery (2) (sold separately), 3 V

Power consumption (during shooting):

1.0 W

Operating temperature: 0°C to 40°C

(32°F to 104°F)

Storage temperature: –20°C to +60°C

(–4°F to +140°F)

Dimensions: 97.6 × 61.0 × 27.2 mm

(3 7/8 × 2 1/2 × 1 1/8 inches) (W/H/D, excluding protrusions)

Mass:

DSC-S2100: Approx. 184 g (6.5 oz) DSC-S2000: Approx. 173 g (6.1 oz) (including two batteries and

memory card) Microphone: Monaural Buzzer Exif Print: Compatible PRINT Image Matching III:

Compatible PictBridge: Compatible

Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.

Trademarks

• The following marks are trademarks of Sony Corporation.

, “Cyber-shot,” “Memory Stick,” , “Memory Stick PRO,” , “Memory Stick Duo,”

, “Memory

Stick PRO Duo,”

, “Memory

Stick PRO-HG Duo,”

, “Memory

Stick Micro,” “MagicGate,”

• Microsoft, Windows, DirectX and Windows Vista are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.

• Macintosh and Mac OS are trademarks or registered trademarks of Apple Inc.

• Intel, and Pentium are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation.

• SDHC Logo is a trademark.

• MultiMediaCard is a trademark of the MultiMediaCard Association.

• Adobe and Reader are either trademarks or registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.

• In addition, system and product names used in this manual are, in general, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective developers or manufacturers. However, the ™ or ® marks are not used in all cases in th is manual.

+ 58 hidden pages

Sony DSC-S2000, DSC-S2100 User Manual

English

Table of contents

Refer to “Cyber-shot Handbook” (PDF) on supplied CD-ROM

Checking the accessories supplied

Notes on using the camera

Identifying parts

Inserting the batteries/a memory card (sold separately)

Setting the clock

Shooting still images

Shooting movies

Viewing images

Learning more about the camera (“Cyber-shot Handbook”)

List of icons displayed on the screen

Number of still images and recordable time of movies

Precautions

Specifications