Performance based on the following: elastomer fitted pump, flooded suction, water at ambient conditions.
PSI
AIR CONSUMPTION SCFM (M
1(1.7)
100 PSI
2(3.4)
(6.8 Bar)
3(15.1)
80 PSI
(5.44 Bar)
Air Inlet
¼ NPT
4.80
(122)
5.85
(148.5)
3.01
(76.5)
Air Inlet
.61
(15.5)
3.72
(94.5)
1.30
(33)
Metallic pump, all dimensions +/- 1mm
(ø .26)
4‡ Mounting Holes
3.86
(98)
4.33
(110)
MODEL E02/X02 Metallic Performance Curve
The use of other materials and varying hydraulic conditions may result in deviations in excess of 5%.
3
/hr)
4(6.8)
5(8.5)
6(10.2)
Muffler
Suction Port
¼ BSP Parallel
NPSHR
HEAD
3
2
1
0
60 PSI
40
40 PSI
20
20 PSI (1.36 Bar)
0
(4.08 Bar)
(2.72 Bar)
Air Inlet Pressure
30
20
10
0
FEET
9.1
6
3
METERS
01234
U.S. Gallons per minute
1086420
12
14
16
Liters per minute
CAPACITY
e02x02mdl4sm-rev0614 Page 2
TECHNICAL DATA
FLUID CONNECTIONS CAPACITY
1/4" BSP Parallel
0 - 16.7 Litres/Minute
(0 - 4.4 Gallons/Minute)
MAX. WORKING PRESSURE AIR INLET PUMP WEIGHTS
125 psi (8.6 Bar) 1/4" NPT
MAX SOLIDS
1 MM
(1/16”)
TEMPERATURE LIMITS
Determined by Elastomers
MAX DISCHARGE HEAD
(289 ft)
88 Meters
MAX DISPLACEMENT/STROKE
0.011 Litres
(0.0034 U.S. Gallons)
(8.82Lbs)
4.0 Kg
Caution - Operating temperature limitations are as follows:
Materials
Nitrile - General purpose, oil resistant. Shows good solvent, oil, water and hydraulic fluid resistance. Should not
be used with highly polar solvents like acetone and MEK, ozone, chlorinated hydrocarbons and nitro hydrocarbons.
EPDM - Shows very good water and chemical resistance. Has poor resistance to oils and solvents, but is fair on
ketones and alcohols.
Neoprene - All purpose. Resistant to vegetable oil. Generally not affected by moderate chemicals, fats greases
and many oils and solvents. Generally attacked by strong oxidising acids, ketones, esters, nitro hydro carbons and
chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons.
Santoprene® - Injection moulded thermoplastic elastomer with no fabric layer. Long mechanical flex life.
Excellent abrasion resistance.
Virgin PTFE - Chemically inert, virtually impervious. Very few chemicals are known to react chemically with
PTFE : molten alkali metals, turbulent liquid or gaseous fluorine and a few fluoro-chemicals such as chlorine
trifluoride or oxygen difluoride which readily liberate free fluorine at elevated temperatures.
FKM- Shows good resistance to a wide range of oils and solvents : especially all alphatic, aromatic and
halogenated hydrocarbons, acids, animal and vegetable oils.
Polypropylene - High strength, light weight, corrosion resistant polyolefin which easily withstands most chemi-
cals, with no known solvent at room temperature.
E02/X02 Metal Pump Model & Type Designations
Operating Temperatures
Maximum MinimumOptimum
176oF
o
80
212oF
100
212oF
100
212oF
100
356oF
180
356oF
180
158oF
o
70
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
C
-18oF
-28
-11oF
-24
-4oF
-20
-10oF
-23
32oF
o
0
C
0oF
-18
32oF
o
0
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
50o to 140oF
o
10
to 60oC
50o to 212oF
o
10
to 100oC
50o to 130oF
o
10
to 54oC
50o to 212oF
o
10
to 100oC
50o to 212oF
o
10
to 100oC
75o to 212oF
o
24
to 100oC
50o to 140oF
o
10
to 60oC
X = ATEX Compliant
B = BSP Parallel
4= 4th Design
.039 (1mm)
e02x02mdl4sm-rev0614 Page 3
¼" BSP Parallel
PRINCIPLE OF PUMP
OPERATION
movement of the spool inside the valve body is
This ball valve type diaphragm pump is
powered by compressed air and is a 1:1 ratio
design. The inner side of one diaphragm
chamber is alternately pressurised while
simultaneously exhausting the other inner
chamber. This causes the diaphragms, which are
connected by a common shaft secured by plates
to the centres of the diaphragms, to move in a
reciprocating action. (As one diaphragm
performs a discharge stroke the other diaphragm
is pulled to perform the suction stroke in the
opposite chamber.) Air pressure is applied over
the entire inner surface of the diaphragm while
liquid is discharged from the opposite side of
the diaphragm. The diaphragm operates in a
balanced condition during the discharge stroke
which allows the
discharge heads of over 200 feet (61 meters) of
water.
For maximum diaphragm life, keep the pump as
close to the liquid being pumped as possible.
Positive suction head in excess of 10 feet of
liquid (3.048 meters) may require a back
pressure regulating device to maximize
diaphragm life.
Alternate pressurising and exhausting of the
diaphragm chamber is performed by an
externally mounted, pilot operated, 2 way type
distribution valve. When the spool shifts to one
end of the valve block body, inlet pressure is
applied to one chamber and the other diaphragm
chamb
er exhausts. When the spool shifts to the
opposite end of the valve body, the pressure to
the chambers is reversed. This alternating
Available from
Warren Rupp
1. Pulsation Dampener
2. Filter/Regulator
3. Lubricator
Installation Guide
SUCTION
pump to be operated at
Air Inlet
Fig. 1
Pipe Connection
(Style Optional)
Gauge
Shut-off
Valve
Drain Port
Exhaust
Flexible
Connection
controlled by a pilot air pressure signal held
against the diaphragm shaft, between seals in the
diaphragm shaft bushes. This signal is released,
triggering the movement of the spool, when pilot
holes in the diaphragm shaft align with the held
pilot signal, sending the signal to exhaust, which
in-turn causes a pressure imbalance around the
spool, sending it to the opposite end of the valve
body. This simultaneously sends inlet pressure
to the opposite chamber.
The chambers are connected by manifolds
suction and discharge ball valve for each
chamber, maintaining flow in one direction
through the pump.
INSTALLATION
The typical installation shown in FIG. 1 is only a
guide to selecting and installing system
components. Your installation will depend on
the type of fluid being pumped and your
application needs. To reduce the risk of serious
bodily injury and damage to property, never use
fluids in this pump which are not compatible
with the wetted components. Contact your local
distributor or the manufacturer for system design
assistance & compatibility if necessary.
Mount the pump in an upright position. Failure
to ensure an upright position may result in loss
of or poor priming characteristics. Ensure the
pump is securely mounted to avoid movement
and possible risk of bodily injury.
PRESSURE The pump delivers the same
pressure at
pressure applied at the air inlet (unless pump is
configured as a 2:1 ratio model).
Air Exhaust
Pulsation
Dampener
Flexible
Connection
Filter
Regulator/Lubricator
Air
the discharge outlet as the air
1
Pipe Connection
(Style Optional)
Gauge
Drain Port
CAUTION !
The air exhaust should be piped
to an area for safe disposition of
the product being pumped, in the
event of diaphragm failure.
Shut-off
Valve
Air Shut-Off
Valve
2
3
with a
DISCHARGE
AIR
INLET
NOTE: Pressure Regulator (H) should be
installed where air supply could exceed 125
psi.
SAFETY
Your Sandpipper Pump is a high
performance unit capable of achieving
high outputs at high efficiencies. However, as
is common with pneumatic equipment, the
pump efficiencies is reliant upon the air being
clean, dry and filtered. Failure to comply with
these requirements may lead to loss of
performance and reduced component life and in
extreme cases, permanent damage to the pump.
To avoid leaks, ensure that all fluid connections
are tight. The use of PTFE thread tape correctly
applied should be used to ensure 100% leak
proof connections. Failure to ensure 100%
sealability of the suction conne
adversely affect suction performance.
If you are pumping hazardous fluids, or
operating the pump in an enclosed area, it is
essential that the exhaust from the pump is
piped away to a safe location. When pumping
hazardous fluids the above instructions must be
adhered to in order to ensure safe operating
procedures. (Under certain operating
conditions the failure of internal components
can lead to the pumped fluid being exhausted
via the pump exhaust outlet).
WARNING
NEVER place your hands over or near the
pump suction inlet. Powerful suction could
cause serious bodily injury.
FLUSH THE PUMP This pump was tested
with water containing an oil-based rust
inhibitor. If this solution could contaminate
react with the fluid you are pumping, flush the
pump thoroughly with a solvent/detergent to
clean internal components. The solvent/
detergent must be compatible with the pump
materials of construction. Care should be taken
to flush the pump each time it is disassembled
for maintenance or repair.
CAUTION
All Sandpiper pumps are built lubricated
with grease during assembly and need no
further lubrication. If the use of oil cannot be
avoided, this will not present any problems. A
light No. 2 class lithium grease is
recommended. Other grades may cause the Air
Logic System to operate intermittently, thereby
causing a loss of output and failure to operate.
Other seals are available for “clean room”
conditions
If the pump accele
rates or is running too fast
due to a lack of fluid, then stop it immediately
by shutting off the air supply. A dry pump will
accelerate to a high speed causing wear to
elastomers.
If the fluid you are pumping tends to dry up or
set when it is not moving, then flush the pump
as often as necessary to prevent the fluid from
drying in the pump. Drain the pump thoroughly
before storing.
If feasible, invert pump to allow any fluid to
drain from the non-return valves
ction could
or
.
e02x02mdl4sm-rev0614 Page 4
IMPORTANT SAFETY
INFORMATION
IMPORTANT
Read these safety warnings
and instructions in this
manual completely, before
installation and start-up
of the pump. It is the
responsibility of the purchaser to retain this
manual for reference. Failure to comply with
the recommendations stated in this manual will
damage the pump, and void factory warranty.
CAUTION
Before pump operation,
inspect all gasketed
fasteners for looseness
caused by gasket creep. Re-
torque loose fasteners to
prevent leakage. Follow recommended torques
stated in this manual.
CAUTION
Pump not designed,
tested or certied to be
powered by compressed
natural gas. Powering
the pump with natural
gas will void the warranty.
WARNING
This pump is pressurized
internally with air pressure
during operation. Always
make certain that all bolting
is in good condition and
bolting is reinstalled during assembly.
that all of the correct
WARNING
When used for toxic or
aggressive uids, the pump
should always be ushed
clean prior to disassembly.
WARNING
Before doing any
maintenance on the pump,
be certain all pressure is
completely vented from the
pump, suction, discharge,
openings and connections. Be certain the air
supply is locked out or made non-operational,
so that it cannot be started while work is being
done on the pump. Be certain that approved
eye protection and protective clothing are worn
all times in the vicinity of the pump. Failure to
follow these recommendations may result in
serious injury or death.
piping, and all other
WARNING
In the event of diaphragm
rupture, pumped material
may enter the air end of the
pump, and be discharged
into the atmosphere. If
pumping a product which is hazardous or toxic,
the air exhaust must be piped to an appropriate
area for safe disposition.
WARNING
Airborne particles and loud
noise hazards.
Wear ear and eye protection.
WARNING
Before maintenance or
repair, shut off the com-
pressed air line, bleed the
pressure, and disconnect
the air line from the pump.
The discharge line may be
pressurized and must be bled of its pressure.
WARNING
Use safe practices
when lifting
kg
RECYCLING
Many components of SANDPIPER®
Metallic AODD pumps are made of
recyclable materials. We encourage
pump users to recycle worn out parts
and pumps whenever possible, after
any hazardous pumped fluids are
thoroughly ushed.
Pump complies with EN809 Pumping
Directive, Directive 2006/42/EC Machinery,
according to Annex VIII.
e02x02mdl4sm-rev0614 Page 5
TROUBLE SHOOTING GUIDE
NOTE :- Check all solutions before dismantling the pump.
PROBLEMCAUSESOLUTION
Pump will not start Air valve assembly malfunction/Seizure
Obstructed fluid line.
Obstructed diaphragm chamber.
Diaphragm failure causing fluid & excessive air to be
expelled through the exhaust.
Diaphragm seal failure.
Air valve system malfunction.
Air connected to exhaust.
Erratic flow Diaphragm failure on one side.
Valve ball not seating.
Suction leakage.
Diaphragm failure causing fluid & excessive air to be
expelled through the exhaust.
Diaphragm seal failure.
Air valve system malfunction.
Pump strokes but will not
discharge
Excessive suction lift.
Suction line leakage.
Valve ball not seating correctly or damaged.
Suction line or strainer clogged.
Diaphragm failure.
Fluid discharged from air
exhaust
Diaphragm Failure.
Loose frontplate.
Intermittent stroke rate Over lubrication
Diaphragm shaft seal failure.
Air valve system malfunction.
Valve ball not seating / partially obstructed.
Check carrier for freedom of movement. Clean, oil & replace.
Clean line or increase line size.
Remove obstruction.
Replace diaphragm.
Replace shaft seals.
Check all seals in valve chest assembly.
Re-connect to air inlet.
Replace diaphragm.
Check and remove obstruction.
Check and correct.
Replace diaphragm.
Replace shaft seals.
Check all seals in valve chest assembly.
Shorten suction line.
Check and correct.
Check and remove obstruction / replace.
Clear.
Replace diaphragm.
Replace diaphragm.
Re-Torque to manual specifications.
Shut-down pump. Remove air connection
into pump & introduce a small quantity of degreasing agent into air valve and replace
line. Run pump until clear.
Replace seals.
Check all seals in valve chest assembly.
Clear obstruction.
ATEX Compliant units :- X02 These models are compliant to :-
II 2 GD c
II 3/2 GD c (with nonconductive fluids)
Non-electrical equipment for potentially explosive atmospheres : EN13463-1 : 2001, ‘c’ - Internal control of production.
Grounding the pump :-
WARNING!
Take action to prevent static sparking. Fire or
explosion can result, especially when handling
flammable liquids. The pump, piping, valves,
containers or other miscellaneous equipment
must be grounded.
The Atex approved units are supplied with a natural earth ground
cable. This cable is 2 meters in length and permanently connected
through a nut and bolt at the inner cover casting. The other end is free
to connect to the nearest available suitable point to provide a natural
earth ground. This must be done to reduce the risk of electro-static
sparking.
ADDITIONAL PARTS FOR ATEX CAT. 2 PUMPS (see also page 10)
REF
No.
38SA10289 GROUNDING CABLE 1
39SP467 ATEX I/D TAG 1
40SP472 TIE-LOK TIE 1
PART
NUMBER
DESCRIPTION
QTY
e02x02mdl4sm-rev0614 Page 6
IMPORTANT!
Read these instructions
c o m p le t e l y, befo r e
is the responsibility of the purchaser to
retain this manual for reference.
F ailure t o comp ly w it h t h e
recommendations sta ted in this
manual will damage the pump, and
void factory warranty.
installation and start-up. It
SERVICE
The following sections give a general
overview on how to service
Pumps. For details on individual part
numbers, quantities, materials, etc.,
please consult the parts list supplied
with the pump.
NOTE :Before commencing
any service or maintenance work
on the pump, ensure that the air
supply has been disconnected or
isolated.
AIR VALVE SYSTEMS
PNEUMATIC TYPE Remove the 4
screws securing the valve block to
the valve chest, together with any
associated gaskets or seals.
Remove slide valve plate & slide
valve from the valve block assembly.
Clean all parts thoroughly and
inspect for excessive wear, replacing
where necessary.
The slide valve and valve plate
contact faces should be flat and free
from scratches. A light polishing on a
flat surface with a fine abrasive paper
will remove most scratches.
If excessive wear is suspected in the
valve block bore or valve carrier,
remove the valve block plugs and
withdraw the valve carrier. Check
valve block plug o-rings for wear or
attack & replace where required.
Clean the valve carrier
bore with white spirits to remove any
oil films.
NOTE :The n o m ina l
diametrical clearance between the
valve carrier and the valve block
bore should be 0.05 - 0.09mm. A
clearance in excess of this will
cause the valve system to run
erratically.
Apply a light grease to the valve
bl ock pl ug O-rin gs w hen reassembling into the valve block bore.
Any damage to the O-ring may cause
the valve system to malfunction.
Sandpiper
& valve block
Re-a sse mble the va lve block
assembly & re-torque in accordance
to the settings shown in the parts list.
In the event of a complete air-side
overhaul, the pump should be disassembled down to the centre
section assembly as described later
in the “Wet-Side Overhaul” section.
With the valve block assembly
dismantled, remove the inner covers
where appropriate.
A careful note of the position of all
related seals and gaskets should be
made to facilitate re-assembly.
Remove diaphragm shaft bushes,
where appropriate, and check all
seals and ‘O’ rings for wear or
dama ge. I f w o rn , repl ace
immediately.
NOTE:-The integrity of the
diaphragm shaft seal
s is essential
for the correct functioning of all
pneumatically actuated valve
systems.
Check the diaphragm shaft for
excessive wear as this will result in
premature seal failure. Replace as
required. Lubricate all components
and re-assemble as detailed above,
in reverse order. Ensure the correct
position of all components detailed in
all sectional assembly drawings.
WET-SIDE OVERHAUL
REPLACI N G BA LL VA L V ES
Remove discharge manifold from
pump assembl y t ogether wi th
associated valve balls, seats and ‘O’
rings.
NOTE :- The orientation of the
valve seat relative to the valve ball
should be noted as incorrect
positioning may result in a
performance loss.
Turn pump through 180
the suction manifold. Clean and
inspect the components. Check for
any wear or damage and replace as
required.
NOTE :- Ball or valve seat wear
may result in loss of performance
and suction lift.
Re-assemble the valve balls/seats
and ensure manifolds are adequately
torqued to the settings shown in the
parts list.
o
and remove
R EPL AC IN G D I A P HR A GM S
Remove both suction and discharge
manifolds as detailed in the previous
section, removing all ball valves,
seats and ‘O’ rings.
Loosen and remove both outer
covers from the pump assembly.
The orientation of the covers should
be noted so as to facilitate reassembly.
Holding one of the frontplates in a
vice, (‘soft jaws’ should be fitted), or
with an adjustable spanner, loosen
and remove the frontplate from the
opposi t e e nd. Remo v e the
diaphragm, backplate and bumpstop
from diaphragm shaft.
Carefully withdraw the diaphragm
shaft from the centre section and
hold the free end in a vice, holding
between the flats machined on the
end. Loosen and remove t
he
frontplate and remove the diaphragm
together wi th backplate and
bumpstop (where fitted).
NOTE :- Care should be taken with
all plastic, coated and hygienic
pumps, so that the surface of the
frontplate is not damaged.
Thoroughly clean all parts and check
for wear, damage, swelling, cracking,
delamination and chemical attack.
Replace components where required.
NOTE :- Rubber diaphragms
should be replaced if they are
worn to such an extent that the
fabric re-enforcing is evident on
the surface of the diaphragm.
For pumps fitted wi t h PT F E
diaphragms, a light coating of grease
should be applie
d to the back-up
diaphragm prior to re-assembly.
Before re-assembly, it is advisable to
check the condition of the diaphragm
shaft seal/’O’ rings for wear or attack.
If either is evident, it is recommended
that they be replaced.
Assemble the diaphragms onto the
shaft in a reverse sequence to their
removal. Care should be taken as to
the orientation of the diaphragm
relative to the front and back plates.
All diaphragms have “AIR SIDE”
moulded onto one side. T he
backplate must be fitted adjacent to
the AIR SIDE of the diaphragm.
e02x02mdl4sm-rev0614 Page 7
EXHAUST SAFETY WHEN PUMPING HAZARDOUS LIQUIDS
WARNING!
In the event of diaphragm rupture, pumped material may enter the air end of the pump, and be discharged into the atmosphere. If pumping
a product which is hazardous or toxic, the air exhaust must be piped to an appropriate area for safe disposition.
Flooded Suction Installation
Submerged Installation
Suction Lift Installation
Exhaust Safety
When a diaphragm fails during operation, pumped liquid can enter and contaminate the air side of the pump. If diaphragm
failure is not severe, i.e. a small split or hole, then the pump can continue to run, with air being forced into the product
being pumped. If however the failure is more serious, then the pump may stop, with uid or fumes being expelled through
the exhaust. Under these conditions it is recommended that exhaust is piped away to a safe area. In standard suction
lift conditions this can simply be done by piping from the exhaust connection to a safe area. Multiple installations can be
piped to a common connection, then to a safe area. In ooded suction exhaust is piped away above uid level.
In all conditions ensure exhaust outlet is not expelling across a non-conductive surface. The exhaust must not be placed
less than 100mm from any non-conductive surface, as this may generate a propagating brush
discharge resulting in a possible ignition source.
e02x02mdl4sm-rev0614 Page 8
REF.
PLASTIC SILENCER USED WITH E02 MODELS
METAL SILENCER USED WITH X02 MODELS
QTY
QTY
®
06-147
PTFE
(ONE–PIECE)
-
06-174
QTY
EPDM
SANTOPRENE
STEEL
G549G336G3334
DESCRIPTION QTY
ELASTOMER TABLE
GROUNDING CABLE1
ELASTOMER TABLE
O-RING TABLE
DESCRIPTION PTFEFKM
PARTS LIST - cont.
PART
NUMBER
No.
REF
16
M6 x 20
THE FOLLOWING PARTS ARE USED ON ATEX CERTIFIED PUMPS (see page 7)
39SP467 ATEX I/D TAG 1
40SP472 TIE-LOK TIE 1
38SA10289
2
2
4
14
DESCRIPTION POLYESTER EPDMFKM
10DIAPHRAGM06-01006-07006-0602
No.
REF
1
2
1
2
DESCRIPTION PTFEFKM STAINLESS
DIAPHRAGM SEE 21 & 22 --2
6VALVE BALL - DISCHARGE06-14506-15106-1462
35VALVE BALL - SUCTION06-10806-10906-1102
No.
REF
2
2
6
1
10
2
2
2
2
2
O-RING
DIAPHRAGM SHAFT BUSH - ‘A’ (OUTER)
2
REF
2
No.
4O-RING
- These items are available in a recommended spares kit. Please refer to your local stockist / distributor for details.
- These items are available in a recommended spares kit - ASK0604 - Air side Kit.
Santoprene is a registered trade name of Monsanto Corp.
Note ! This kit covers both standard and “Lube Free” models. There is no “dry air” version available for 0604 pumps.
1
4
2
BACKPLATE
2
1
M4 x 10
O-RING
1
2
6
VALVE BLOCK
VALVE BLOCK PLUG
1
2
1
1
2
1
D215 SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW
06-137 MANIFOLD
PART No. DESCRIPTION QTY
1
SEE TABLE O-RING - MANIFOLD
4
506-161 BALL CAGE
3
2C048 WASHER M6
PARTS LIST
G259O-RING - VALVE SEAT
06-163 VALVE SEAT - DISCHARGE
8
6SEE TABLE VALVE BALL - DISCHARGE 2
7
SEE TABLE DIAPHRAGM 2
915-258
906-034
10
06-160 CENTRE SECTION
1106-139 OUTER COVER
1406-209 DIAPHRAGM SHAFT LIP SEAL
1206-207 BASE LEG
13
1506-153 DIAPHRAGM SHAFT BUSH - ‘B’ (INNER)
1706-210
16G279O-RING
G264
18
06-141 DIAPHRAGM – PTFE
SA10160 FRONTPLATE ASSY
20
19H280 CIRCLIP
21
2206-147 DIAPHRAGM SUPPORT 22306-009
06-132 DIAPHRAGM SHAFT
24
G258
06-005 VALVE CARRIER
26
25D322 SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW
29D492 SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW M3 x 8
2806-007
27
3206-003 SLIDE VALVE PLATE
3106-004 SLIDE VALVE
3006-097
SEE TABLE VALVE BALL - SUCTION
3606-142 VALVE SEAT - SUCTION
3406-002 PORT SEAL
3306-059 PLATE SEAL
35
e02x02mdl4sm-rev0614 Page 9
E02
e02x02mdl4sm-rev0614 Page 10
EC Declaration of Conformity
In accordance with ATEX Directive 94/9/EC, ANNEX VIII,
Equipment intended for use in potentially explosive environments.
Manufacturer:
Warren Rupp, Inc.
A Unit of IDEX Corportion
800 North Main Street
P.O. Box 1568
Mansfield, OH 44902 USA
Applicable Standards:
®
II 2 GD c
Pump Models: X02
EN13463-1: 2001,
DATE/APPROVAL/TITLE:
5 NOVEMBER 2012
II 3/2 GD c (for nonconductive fluids)
David Roseberry, Engineering Manager
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