Ricoh v34 Training Manual

V.8/V.34 Training Manual
March 31, 1998
Subject to change
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. OVERVIEW .................................................................................1-1
1.1 NEW RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................. 1-1
1.2 PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS........................................................... 1-1
1.3.1 BASIC PH ASES ............................................................................. 1-2
Phase 1: V.8 Sequence ...................................................................... 1-2
Phase 2: Line Probing......................................................................... 1-2
Phase 3: Primary Channel Equalizer Training..................................... 1-2
Phase 4: Control Channel Start-up...................................................... 1-2
Phase 5: Control Channel................................................................... 1-2
Phase 6: Primary Channel.................................................................. 1-2
Post Message Procedure.................................................................... 1-2
1.3.2 PROTOCOL OVERVIEW ............................................................... 1-3
2. BASIC PROCEDURE.................................................................. 2-1
2.1 PHASE 1: V.8 SEQUENCE..................................................................... 2-1
2.1.1 OVERVIEW.................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.2 SIGNALS........................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.3 PROCEDURE................................................................................. 2-2
2.1.4 ERROR CODES............................................................................. 2-2
2.2 PHASE 2: LINE PROBING...................................................................... 2-3
2.2.1 OVERVIEW.................................................................................... 2-3
2.2.2 SIGNALS........................................................................................ 2-3
2.2.3 PROCEDURE................................................................................. 2-4
2.2.4 ERROR CODES............................................................................. 2-4
2.2.5 PROBING TONES.......................................................................... 2-5
2.2.6 REQU IRED BANDWIDTH.............................................................. 2-5
2.3 PHASE 3: PRIMARY CHANNEL EQUALIZER TRAINING....................... 2-6
2.3.1 OVERVIEW.................................................................................... 2-6
2.3.2 SIGNALS........................................................................................ 2-6
2.3.3 RECOVERY PROCEDURE............................................................ 2-6
2.3.4 ERROR CODES............................................................................. 2-6
2.4 PHASE 4: CONTROL CHANNEL START-UP.......................................... 2-7
2.4.1 OVERVIEW.................................................................................... 2-7
2.4.2 SIGNALS........................................................................................ 2-7
2.4.3 PROCEDURE................................................................................. 2-8
2.4.4 DATA RATES AND SYMBOL RATES ............................................ 2-8
2.4.5 ERROR CODES............................................................................. 2-8
2.5 PHASE 5: CONTROL CHANNEL............................................................ 2-9
2.5.1 OVERVIEW.................................................................................... 2-9
2.5.2 PROCEDURE................................................................................. 2-9
2.6 PHASE 6: PRIMARY CHANNEL........................................................... 2-10
2.6.1 OVERVIEW.................................................................................. 2-10
2.6.2 ERROR CODE............................................................................. 2-10
2.7 CONTROL CHANNEL RESTART.......................................................... 2-11
i
NEW RECOMMENDATIONS 18 March 1998
2.7.1 OVERVIEW.................................................................................. 2-11
2.7.2 SIGNALS...................................................................................... 2-11
2.7.3 PROCEDURE............................................................................... 2-12
2.7.4 ERROR CODES........................................................................... 2-12
2.8 POST MESSAGE PROCEDURE (CONTROL CHANNEL) .................... 2-13
2.8.1 OVERVIEW.................................................................................. 2-13
2.8.2 PROCEDURE............................................................................... 2-13
3. ADVAN CED PROCEDURES.......................................................3-1
3.1 VARIOUS V.8 SEQUENCES................................................................... 3-1
3.1.1 NON-V.8 TO V.8............................................................................. 3-1
3.1.2 V.8 TO NON-V.8............................................................................. 3-2
3.1.3 MANUAL TX (NON-V.8 TO V.8)..................................................... 3-3
3.1.4 MANUAL TX (V.8 TO V.8) .............................................................. 3-3
3.1.5 MANUAL RX (NON-V.8 TO V.8)..................................................... 3-4
3.1.6 MANUAL RX (V.8 TO V.8).............................................................. 3-4
3.2 POLLING................................................................................................. 3-5
3.3 MULTI-PAGE CONTROL ........................................................................ 3-6
3.3.1 PPS-M PS ....................................................................................... 3-6
MCF (Message Confirmation)............................................................. 3-6
PPR (Partial Page Request) ............................................................... 3-6
3.3.2 PPS- EO M....................................................................................... 3-7
MCF (Message Confirmation)............................................................. 3-7
PPR (Partial Page Request) ............................................................... 3-7
3.4 DATA RATE CHANGE REQUEST.......................................................... 3-8
3.4.1 REQUEST FROM RECEIVING TERMINAL.................................... 3-8
3.4.2 REQUEST FROM SENDING TERMINAL....................................... 3-9
4. POSSIBLE ERRORS...................................................................4-1
4.1 PHASE 1 (V.8)........................................................................................ 4-1
4.1.1 ERROR CODE 0-70 ....................................................................... 4-1
4.1.2 ERROR CODE 0-74 ....................................................................... 4-1
4.1.3 ERROR CODE 0-75 (ANSAM TIMEOUT)....................................... 4-2
4.1.4 ERROR CODE 0-76 (CM TIMEOUT).............................................. 4-2
4.1.5 ERROR CODE 0-77 (JM TIMEOUT)............................................... 4-3
4.2 LINE PROBING AND TRAINING............................................................. 4-3
4.2.1 ERROR CODE 0-80 (PHASE 2 TIMEOUT) .................................... 4-3
4.2.2 ERROR CODE 0-81 (PHASE 3 TIMEOUT) .................................... 4-3
4.3 CONTROL CHANNEL START-UP/RESTART......................................... 4-4
4.3.1 ERROR CODE 0-82 ....................................................................... 4-4
4.3.2 ERROR CODE 0-83 ....................................................................... 4-4
4.3.3 ERROR CODE 0-84 ....................................................................... 4-4
4.3.4 ERROR CODE 0-85 ....................................................................... 4-4
4.3.5 ERROR CODE 0-86 ....................................................................... 4-4
4.3.6 ERROR RECOVERY USING AC TONE......................................... 4-5
4.4 PRIMARY CHANNEL.............................................................................. 4-6
4.4.1 ERROR CODE 0-87 ....................................................................... 4-6
4.4.2 ERROR CODE 0-88 ....................................................................... 4-6
ii

18 March 1998 NEW RECOMMENDATIONS

1. OVERVIEW
1.1 NEW RECOMMENDATIONS
ITU-T has introduced the following recommendations for facsimil e communication.
V.8 (1994): Procedures for starting sessions.
V .34 (1994): Specifications for modulati on and prot ocol f or modems operat ing at
up to 28,800 bps (modified in 1996 to allow data rates of up to 33,600 bps) V.34 introduces a lot more technical c hanges com pared with the previ ous speed
upgrade from V.29 to V.17. Signals used in V.34 procedures include t one signals, and data signals at 300 bps, 600 bps, 1200 bps, and from 2.4 kbps to 33.6 kbps.
T. 30 (1996): This recommendati on has been modif i ed to include changes to
protocol signaling as a result of V.8 procedure implementati on.
1.2 PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS
The principal characteristics of V.34 procedure are as follows:
1. The use of Error Correction Mode (ECM) is mandatory.
2. Facsimile machines with a V.34 modem must support V.8.
3. Once V.34 is selected for communication bet ween two termi nals , V.17, V.29, V.27ter are not applied.
In addition, for best results, good line condi tion is required.
Bandwidth
For 26.4 kbps, a bandwidth of 3000 Hz is required. For 28.8 kbps, a bandwidth of 3200 Hz is required. For 33.6 kbps, a bandwidth of 3429 Hz is required.
Noise Level
For 28.8 kbps, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio must be 32-34 dB or better.
1-1

PHASES OF THE V.34 PROCEDURE 18 March 1998

1.3 PHASES OF THE V.34 PROCED URE
The protocol procedure for a V.34 fax communication consists of 6 phases. The following explain the phases briefly.
1.3.1 BASIC PHASES
Phase 1: V.8 Sequence
The calling and called terminals exchange available modulation m odes (fax or data modem) and data transmission direction informati on, and decide a communication mode.
Phase 2: Line Probing
The receiving terminal determines the available bandwidth for t he fax data transmission channel (known as the primary channel ) based on the analysis of line probing signals sent from the transmitting termi nal. This bandwidth is informed to the transmitting side as a symbol rate.
Phase 3: Primary Channel Equalizer Training
The receiving terminal adjusts its equal i zer etc., while receiving training signals from the sender. The tx side uses the data transmission modulat ion parameters informed by the rx side at the end of phase 2.
Phase 4: Control Channel Start-up
Both terminals determine a data rate for t he primary channel (i n other words, for data transmission).
Phase 5: C ontrol Channel
Both terminals exchange T.30 protocol si gnals (DIS/DCS, NSF/NSS) to determine transmission parameters (this equivalent to phases B and C of T.30 protocol)
Phase 6: Primary Channel
The sending terminal sends fax image data at the data rate that was determined with the receiver in phase 4. One ECM block is sent at a time.
Post Messag e Pro ce dure
After the primary channel has finis hed, bot h terminal s restart the control channel to exchange post message signals, as former fax machi nes do in phase E of T.30 protocol. If there is another ECM block to send, the machines then start th e primary channel again, otherwise they disconnect the line.
1-2
18 March 1998 PHASES OF THE V.34 PROCEDURE
1.3.2 PROTOCOL OVERVIEW
V.8/V.34 Protocol Sequence (1 page/ 1 block)
Dial
Phase 1
(V.8 Procedure)
75 ms
Phase 2
(Line Probing)
70 ms70 ms70 ms
Phase 3
Training)
(Primary Ch. EQ.
Phase 4
(Control Ch. Start-up)
Phase 5
(Control Channel)
1200 bps
or
CNG
CM
CJ
INFO0c
B
B bar
L1
L2
B
S
S bar
PP
TRN
PPh
ALT
MPh
MPh
E
Flag
DCS
Flag
1's
1100 Hz
300 bps
300 bps
600 bps
1200 Hz
1200 Hz
Spectrum
Spectrum
1200 Hz
1200 bps
1200 bps
1200 bps
NSS TSI
TX RX
ANSam
2100 Hz
JM
300 bps
600 bps
INFO0a
2400 Hz
A
A bar
2400 Hz
A
2400 Hz
600 bps
INFOh
(Symbol Rate, etc.)
PPh
1200 bps
ALT
1200 bps
MPh
(Data Rate, etc.)
MPh
E
1200 bps
NSF CSI
1200 bps
DIS
Flag
CFR
Flag
(Silence)
75 ms
TX RX
S
S bar
PP B1
(Pix Data)
70 ms
Symbol Rate
Data Rate
Primary
Channel
Turn-off
Sh
Sh bar Sh
1200 bps
1200 bps
Disconnect Disconnect
(baud)
(kbps)
Higher Frequency
ALT
E
PPS-
EOP
Flag
DCN
1's
2400 2800 3000 3200 3429
26.4
24.0
21.6
21.6
19.2
19.2
16.8
16.8
14.4
14.4
12.0
12.0
9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6
7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2
4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8
2.4
Sh bar
1200 bps
ALT
E
1200 bps
Flag
MCF
Flag
(Silence)
31.2 31.2
28.8 28.8 28.8
26.4
26.4
24.0
24.0
21.6
21.6
19.2
19.2
16.8
16.8
14.4
14.4
12.0
12.0
You hear higher frequency signals in phases indicated with light gray.
33.6
26.4
24.0
21.6
19.2
16.8
14.4
12.0
Phase 6
(Primary Channel)
Phase 4
(Control Ch. Restart)
Phase 5
Post Message
(Control Channel)
1-3
Lower Frequency
You hear lower frequency signals in phases indicated with dark gray.
SINGLE_PAGE_TX.WMF

18 March 1998 PHASE 1: V.8 SEQUENCE

2. BASIC PROCEDURE
2.1 PHASE 1: V.8 SEQUENCE
2.1.1 OVERVIEW
Calling Called
1100 Hz
300 bps
(V.21L)
300 bps
(V.21L)
CNG
CM
CJ
Full Duplex
ANSam
JM
2100 Hz
300 bps (V.21H)
Ph_1.WMF
V.8 protocol establishes communication between the calling modem and the answering modem. The general communication functions and modulation modes are exchanged. The best modulation mode for the calling and answering modems is determined upon the exchange of call menu (CM) and joint menu (J M) signals.
2.1.2 SIGNALS
CNG
(Call indicator)
ANSam Amplitude-modulated, phase inverted 2100 Hz signal.
CM
(Call menu signal)
JM
(Joint menu signal)
CJ
(CM terminator)
Transmitted from the calling terminal to indicate the start of a communication.
Transmitted from the calling terminal primarily to indicate its available modulation modes.
Transmitted from the receiving terminal primarily to indicate the modulation modes available in both terminals.
Acknowledges the detection of a JM signal and indicates the end of the CM signal.
The V.8 sequence starts from the ANSam signal from the called terminal. The ANSam signal is a 2100 Hz tone signal that is amplitude modified with a 15Hz­cosine wave. Also, the signal phase of ANSam inverts every 450 ms. The ANSam signal has the same frequency as CED, and non-V.8 machines cannot tell the difference.
The calling and called terminals exchange information about availabl e V-s eri es modulation modes and the direction of the communic ati on, usi ng CM and JM signals. As CM/CJ from the calling terminal and JM from the called terminal use different modulation modes, V.21L and V.21H, both terminals can communicate in full-duplex mode.
2-1
PHASE 1: V.8 SEQUENCE 18 March 1998
If a communication mode (e.g., V.34 fax communication to calling terminal to called terminal) is available at bot h term i nals, the t e rminals communi cate using that communication mode for the subsequent phases. Otherwise, both terminals disconnect the line.
Communication also ends if the calling side requests polling, but t here is no data on polling standby at the called side.
2.1.3 PROCEDURE
Calling Terminal Called Terminal
After dialing, the machine sends CNG signal and waits for an ANSam signal.
After ANSam detection, the machine sends CM, while waiting for a JM. CM settings:
Normal transmission: 81 85 D4
Polling reception: A1 85 D4
After JM detection, the machine sends CJ.
After ring detection, the called terminal sends ANSam signal for up to 3.2 s, while waiting for a CM signal from the calling terminal. (See the note after the table.)
After CM detection, the machine sends JM, while waiting for a CJ.
JM Settings
Normal reception: 81 85 D4
Polling transmission: A1 85 D4
Both terminals go into phase 2 (line probing) 75 ms after CJ .
If no communication mode is commonly availabl e at bot h sides (for exam ple, if a fax modem has called a data modem), both terminals disc onnect the line after the JM and CJ signals.
Refer to section 3.1 for various V.8 sequences.
NOTE:
The ITU-T recommendation for the ANSam length is 2.6 to 4.0 s. Ricoh uses 3.2 s (as of February, 1998).
If no response to an ANSam signal is detected within the maximum signal duration, it is assumed that V. 8 protoc ol is not supported, and communication takes place in accordance with recommendation T.30.
2.1.4 ERROR CODES
0-70: Refer to section 4.1. 1.
0-74: Refer to section 4.1. 2.
0-75: Refer to section 4.1. 3.
0-76: Refer to section 4.1. 4.
0-77: Refer to section 4.1. 5.
2-2

18 March 1998 PHASE 2: LINE PROBING

2.2 PHASE 2: LINE PROBING
2.2.1 OVERVIEW
TX RX
600 bps
1200 Hz
1200 Hz
Spectrum
Spectrum
1200 Hz
INFO0c
B
B bar
L1
L2
B
INFO0a
A
A bar
A
INFOh
(Symbol Rate, etc.)
600 bps 2400 Hz 2400 Hz
2400 Hz
600 bps
Ph_2.WMF
Phase 2 establishes the condition of the line, which decides the bandwidth available for the communication.
2.2.2 SIGNALS
INFO0c A signal transmitted from the calling terminal to indicate its available
modem capabilities and data mode modulation parameters.
INFO0a
B A modem control signal of 1200 Hz.
B bar The same as B, but with phase inverted.
A A modem control signal of 2400 Hz.
A bar The same as A, but with phase inverted.
L1
L2 A line probing signal to analyze line characteristics. This signal is
INFOh A signal used by the receiving terminal to inform the results of line
A signal transmitted from the receiving terminal to indicate its available modem capabilities and data mode modulation parameters.
A line probing signal to analyze line characteristics. L1 is 6 dB higher than L2. This signal is used to check the amplitude distortion.
used to check the amplitude distortion. probing. The symbol rate is informed by this signal.
2-3
PHASE 2: LINE PROBING 18 March 1998
The aim of phase 2 is to determine a set of modulation parameters that will be used in phase 6 (the primary channel) for image data transmission.
Both modems exchange information about their capabilities and m odulation parameters using INFO0c and INFO0a signals. Then the transmitting terminal sends L1 and L2, which are known as probing tones. These tones allow the receiving modem to analyze the network qualities, such as bandwidth and noise level.
Based on its analysis of how well the network passed the probing tones, the receiving modem informs a set of modulati on param eters, such as symbol rate, pre-emphasis, and power reduction, using the INFOh signal.
Symbol rate The symbol rate is a baud rate. However, the data can be
modulated in different ways using this symbol rate, to achieve different data rates. If line condition is good, a higher data rate can be selected. The data rate is selected in phase 4.
Pre-emphasis Power reduction
A linear equalization method where the transmitted signal spectrum is shaped to compensate for attenuation distortion.
When the receiving modem’s power level is detected to be high, the transmitting Tx level is reduced by up to 7 dB.
Both modems then go into phase 3 (equalizer training) 70 ms after I NFOh.
2.2.3 PROCEDURE
Sender Terminal Receiver Terminal
75 ms after the end of phase 1, the machine sends INFO0c.
When the machine detects an INFO0a, it stops INFO0c and sends B and B bar tones.
When the machine detects A bar, it sends line-probing signals (L1 and L2).
After L2 has finished, the machine sends B tone again.
When the machine receives an INFOh signal, it stops B.
Both terminals go into phase 3 (control channel start-up) 70 ms after above steps.
75 ms after the end of phase 1, the machine sends INFO0a.
When the machine detects an INFO0c, it stops INFO0a and sends A and A bar tones.
When the machine detects B bar, it starts waiting for line-probing signals (L1 and L2).
After L2 reception has finished, the machine sends A tone again followed by INFOh signal
2.2.4 ERROR CODES
0-80: Refer to section 4.2. 1.
2-4
18 March 1998 PHASE 2: LINE PROBING
2.2.5 PROBING TONES
The table shows the range of frequencies that the tx side sends to the rx side in the L1 and L2 signals. As can be seen, the phase sometimes reverses.
ft + ϕ)
π
f
(Hz)
2250 2550 2700 2850 3000 3150 3300 3450 3600 3750
(degrees)
ϕ
180
0
180
0
180 180 180 180
0
0
f
(Hz)
150 300 450 600
750 1050 1350 1500 1650 1950 2100
cos (2
(degrees)
ϕ
0
180
0 0 0 0 0 0
180
0 0
2.2.6 REQUIRED BANDWIDTH
Modem
V.34
V.17 2400 1800 Hz 600 - 3000 Hz
V.29 2400 1700 Hz 500 - 2900 Hz V.27 (4800) 1600 1800 Hz 1000 - 2600 Hz V.27 (2400) 1200 1800 Hz 1200 - 2400 Hz
Symbol Rate
(baud)
3429
3200
3000
2800
2400
PROBING TONES.W M F
Carrier
Low/High
1959/1959 Hz
1829/1920 Hz
1800/2000 Hz
1680/1867 Hz
1600/1800 Hz
Required
Bandwidth (Hz)
245 - 3674 Hz
229 - 3429 Hz (L)
320 - 3520 Hz (H)
300 - 3300 Hz (L)
500 - 3500 Hz (H)
280 - 3080 Hz (L)
467 - 3267 Hz (H)
400 - 2800 Hz (L)
600 - 3000 Hz (H)
CARRIER FREQ TABLE.WMF
The above table shows the required bandwidths for V.27, V.29, V.17, and V.34. Bandwidth is one of the important factors the modems use to select a symbol rate. As shown in the table, the faster the modulation, the wider t he requi red bandwidth . This is because required bandwidth for a modulation depends on symbol rate and carrier frequencies.
Other factors determining the symbol rate are signal to noise levels.
2-5
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