Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 Basic Manual

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MODEL

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BASIC

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Model

100

BASIC

Language Lab

A DIVISIONOFTANDY CORPORATION

FORT WORTH, TEXAS 78102

Model 100 BASIC Language Lab Program:

© 1983 Tandy Corporation

All Rights Reserved.

Model

100

BASIC Language Lab Program Manual:

© 1983 Tandy Corporation

All Rights Reserved.

Reproductionoruse, without express written permission from
Tandy Corporation,ufany portion of this manualisprohibited.
While reasonable efforts have been taken in the preparationofthis

manualtoassure its accuracy, Tandy Corporation assumes
liability resulting from any errors or omissionsinthis manual, or

from the useofthe information contained herein.

109

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

no

Contents

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson # 10 Data Files ' ,
Lesson #11Average Sales
Lesson
Lesson #13Function Keys
Lesson
Lesson

Application # 1 Calculator
Application
Application

Index

#1

Introduction to

#2

Saving Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...15

#3

Interest Calculations... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...31

#4

Sales Commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...45

#5

Day, Time and Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...57

#6

Using the Editor.

#7

Sales Trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

#8

Plot Your Data

#9

Functions

#12

Sound & Simulation

#14

Using the COM Option

#15

TELCOM Applications

#2

Memory Master Game

#3

Descriptive Statistics

BASIC.

"

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

.. ..

69
87

99
111
123
131
145
155
165
175

185
189

195

203

Introduction

If

you've used your TRS-80 Model 100 just once, you know how simple, versatile,

to

and powerful a computer it is. Its built-in application programs allow you
normally complex computer operations with ease. This includes data manipulation,
computer-to-computer communications, word processing, and more.

as

However,
computer even more useful by customizing it to suit your own special needs. This
done through BASIC, the built-in programming language.

For instance, from BASIC, you can:

• Re-define the Function Keys

• Communicate with information services and other computers.

• Write programs for a wide range
performing interest or mortgage calculations.

• Make use

and a host
This course will show you how

detail the BASIC section
time you've finished this course. you'll be writing your own programs and using the

built-in application programs more effectively.

Since most

since BASIC interacts with the other built-in programs, you'll find it
your advantage

you become more familiar with your Model 100, you can make the

(fj)

through

of

of

the computer's graphic and sound capabilities.

of

other operations!

to

perform operations suchasthese by explaining in

of

your Model 100 Owner's Manual. This means that by the

of

the application programs not built-in will be writteninBASIC, and

to

become familiar with BASIC.

(lID.

applications suchasforecasting sales trends and

is

perform

definitely to

is

So sit back and get ready to enjoy your Model
out how powerful a computer it really

is!

100 even more. You're about to find

1

it'

Lesson

To use the BASIC capabilities of the Model 100, you must first learn how to
communicate with your Computer. Essentially, this involves typing instructions on the

keyboard and watching the display for responses from the Computer.
While you can type anything you wish on the keyboard, the Model 100 only responds

to words written in its own
something which the Model
with an error message.

In this lesson, you will learn a few BASIC commands
Computer and write simple programs.

It should be mentioned at this point, that even when you type a BASIC word, the

Model
keyboard)
for processing by the Computer.

Throughout this Manual, the phrase "enter this command" will be used often. This
simply means that you should press
Also, when
together.

100 will not respond until the ENTER key (located in the right side of the

#1

is

pressed. After pressing

we

tell youtopress

Introduction

"language." This "language"

100

to

BASIC

is

BASIC.Ifyou type

does not recognizeasa BASIC word, it will respond

to

communicate with your

(ENTER),

~

~,

the line just typed is placed in memory

after typing the command or instruction.

you should press both

(SHIFT)

and

(PAUSE)

Accessing BASIC

Priortotyping or editing a BASIC program, you must access the BASIC interpreter
the Model 100.

When you Power-Up the Computer, you will see the Main Menu, which shows all the

''files'' that exist in the Model 100's memory. Think

file folders that may hold text or programs.

If

you haven't created any files, the Main Menu displays the built-in application

programs:

11:06:08

TEL

COM

20897

On initial Power-Up, the Main Menu Cursor - the large, dark rectangle - is
positioned over the word
word by pressing the Cursor Movement Keys

"BASIC."

The Cursor can be placed on any other Menu

«(3

of

these computer files simply

(C)Microsoft

ADDRSS

Bytes

, G , rn ,or rn).

free

of

as

3

To access the BASIC interpreter, simply position the Cursor over the word BASIC
and press

CEmR.l.

The Display will then look like this:

TRS-8~

(cpr.
21190

Ok

The number 2119QIindicates the number of free bytes for creating any programs and

it may vary depending upon the capacity
have been created and saved.

The word 0

Command Mode

Experiment

A commandisan instruction to the Computer ordering it todosomething

immediately. In this experiment you will learn how to enter a simple command.

First you will attempt to have the Model
the name:

JOHN

Model

1983

Bytes

k and the flashing cursor symbol below it, indicate that you are in the

of

100

Software

Microsoft

free

of

your machine and whether any other files

BASIC and ready to begin programming.

#1

Entering a Command

100 print out a name on the display. Type

SMITH

You may use any other name. Now, press

Computer displays the message:

?8N

Error

This message indicates that an error, specifically a syntax error, has been made. The

syntax error occurred because the Computer doesn't recognize John Smith
its vocabulary (also knownasthe Instruction Set).

The correct way to instruct the Computer to print the name

PRINTIIJOHN

Be

sure to press
quotation marks enclosing the name are recognized as part
vocabulary. This way no syntax error occurs and the name appears printed right below
the command.

~

8MITH

at the endofthe line. The key word PRINT and the

II

~.

(ENTER)

As soon as you do this, the

as

is

to type:

of

the Computer's

part

of

4

PRINT "JOHN SMITH"

JOHN

Ok

SI'1

I

TH

•

Use the PRINT command to print your own name if you haven't already done so.
Also, try printing other phrases. For example, to print How now brown cow, type:

PR

I NTIIHOW

Notice that the phrase is printed exactly as it appears within the quotation marks,
including spaces.

NOW

BROWN

COWII(ENTER)

Experiment

A BASIC
executes, one at a time, in a
in

that it is precededbya line number.

Here is a simple BASIC program:

This program, consistingofonly one statement, the PRINT statement, accomplishes
the same thing

But because the word PRINT is being used in a program and preceded by a line
number, it is now called a statement. The number
statement is called a line

number, even

Type line10as it appears above. Notice that nothing happens this time when you

press
immediately, a program does nothing until the Computer is instructed to execute it.
This is accomplished with the command:

Type the RUN command.
After entering the RUN command, the program

programisa listofinstructions (or statements) that the Computer

10

PRINT

PRINT

(ENTER).

RUN

#2

"JOHN

as

the command:

"JOHN

What is a BASIC Program?

sequential order. An instruction differs from a command

SMITH"

SMITH"

number.

CENnID

H'J

which is typed before the PRINT

Every lineina BASIC program must have a line

ifthe program contains only a single line.

Unlike a command, which instructs the Computer to perform a task

Don't

forget to press

(ENTER)

is

after typing it.

executed and the nameisdisplayed.

5

10

PRINT "JOHN SMITH"

RUN

JOI·-lNSMI

A more economical wayofinstructing the Computertoexecute your programisto
press the RUN Function Key,

(ENTER).

Now

try

a slightly more ambitious program. Enter the following two-line program:

TH

~.

This accomplishes the same thingastyping RUN

10 PRINT

20

GDTO

The second statement in this program begins with line number 20, indicating that this
instruction should

is

There
thing
instruction.

Execute the program with the RUN command or
As

name within quotation marks repeatedly. This is known
program because the GOTO statement in the second line of the program simply
transfers control back to the first line which prints the
and/or numbers) again on the next line.

Because of this continuous transfer, the program has

must be terminated manually by you. To

«(SHIFT)

When you press
program stopped when it was "broken." For example:

nothing special about the line numbers used in this program. The important

is

that the PRINT instruction has a smaller line number than the GOTO

you can see, unlike the first single line program, this second program prints the

~).

"RADIO

SHACK

MODEL

100"

10

be

executed after the first line which has a smaller line number.

by

in

~,

pressing

no

"break"

the Computer will display a messagetoshow where the

10

the program, press

~.

as

an "infinite

"string"

wayofterminating and so it

(a group of characters

loop"

(BREAK)

6

Note that the program you wrote "scrollsupand off" the screenasthe program

If

began printing.
command:

you wish to see the programasyou wroteitagain, enter the

LIST

or simply press the
on the Display again.

List

10

PRINT "RADIO

20

GOTO

Ok

LIST

10

Function Key,

SHACK

CEID.

In either case, the program will appear

MODEL

100"

•

Execute this program again with the RUN command or by pressing (f!l.
After letting
This time after pressing

CONT

As

you can see, the program resumes execution. The CONT command is used
CONTinue execution after the program has been
same place where the program was interrupted.

the

program run a few seconds, terminate it by pressing

~,

enter the command:

"broken."

~.

Execution will start at the

to

Experiment

Here's the program from the previous experiment:

1121

PRINT

2121

GOTO

Suppose you want to change line10so that the message reads:

I

LOVE

This can be done by retyping line 10 entirely:

1121

PRINT

"RADIO

1121

MY

"I

#3

Simple Editing

MODEL

LOVE

SHACK

1121121

MY

MODEL

MODEL

1121121"

7

1121121"

(ENTER)

Now, when you list the program with the LIST command or with the (f5) Function
Key, the following is displayed:

10

2l2l

Ok

PRINT

GOTO

1l2l

"I

U)VE

MY

110DEL 101Zl"

•

Execute this programtoverify that the new phraseisdisplayed. Now, instead
pressing
program
again. Pausing a program may be useful when you want
displayed before it scrolls off view.
pressing

Try a
program:

Run this program. The output should

(BREAK)

to

(BREAK)

few

10

20

M\/

LEE

Ok

to

interrupt execution, press the

stop momentarily. To continue execution, simply press the

Of

course this program must still be terminated by

because it stillisin an infinite loop.

other experiments with the PRINT command. Type in the following

PRINT
PRINT

NAJvIE

"MY
"LEE"

IS

NAME

IS"

be:

(PAUSE)

key. This will cause the

to

read what is being

(PAUSE)

•

of

key

Now, retype line10to
Also, add a semicolon

this

10

20

PRINT
PRINT

"MY
"LEE"

insert a space between the word

at

the endofline

NAME

IS

10.

The changed program should look like

";

8

"IS"

and the quotation mark.

Execute this program. The output should appear

MY

NAME

Ok

IS

LEE

•

as:

The printing appears all in one line because the semicolon instructs the Computer
continue printing immediately after the first line is printed. The space after

was

the first line

If

you wantedtospace the name further apart, you could add more spaces after

or you could add spaces before
Another way

10

line

Now list the program and it should read:

Run this program. The output should appear

so thatitreads:

10

LIST
10
20

Ok

added so that the words

"LEE"

to

space the printing istouse a comma insteadofa semicolon. Retype

PRINT

PRINT
PRINT "LEE"

"MY

"MY

NAME

NAME

IS

IS

"IS"

in line 20.

",

"

as:

and

"LEE"

would not run together.

"IS"

to

in

"IS"

NAME

This time
line means "begin printing in the next field" (more on fields later).

"IS"

IS

and

"LEE"

L.EE

are spaced several columns apart. The commainthe first

9

Enter the following program:

1121

2121

PRINT
PRINT

"HOW

",

"BROWN";

"NOW

"COW"

";

Would you guess what the outputofthis program will produce? When executed, the
display will show:

Hm~

Ok

1\IOlr-J

BFWWI\ICOW

The comma in line10caused the two strings HOW and NOW to be spaced several
columns apart. The semicolon between the two words

"BROWN"

and

"COW"
caused themtoprint without a space. Nowifline10is retypedsothat the comma
changedtoa semicolon and the semicolon at the end of the statementisomitted,

1121

PRINT

2121

PRINT

the output would

HOW

NOW

BROWNCOW

"HOW";
"BROWN";

be

"NOW"

"COW"

is

The second PRINT statement produces output on the second line because the carriage
return after the first PRINT statement has not been suppressed with a semicolon or

If

comma.
you could rewrite your program

you wantedtoprint the words on one line, neatly spaced one column apart,

as

follows:

1121
2121

PRINT
PRINT

"HOW";
"BROWN";

"NDW

"CDW"

";

10

When it is executed, it produces,asexpected, the following:

NOW

BROWN

COW

A BASIC program can be edited a line at a time simply by retyping the entire line
you have been doing.

To delete an entire line from a program, all you have

to

of the statement you wish

delete and press

~.

todoistotype the line number

For example, list the current program:

PRI NT
PRINT

Now

type

20~

If

you list the program again, you will

"HOW
"BROWN

"?

"NOW

";

";

"COW"

see

that line 20 has been effectively deleted:

as

1~

PRINT

"HOW";

"NOW";

Ok

I

Retype line 20 to restore your programtoits previous form:

10
20

PRINT
PRINT

"HOW
"BROWN

";

"NOW";

"j

"COW"

11

A

new

line can be added to a BASIC program at any time simply by typing it with the

If

appropriate line number.
number less than

10

you wanttoadd

(the smallest line number allowedis1).Ifyou wanttoadd a line

between the two lines, give it a number between

10

Line numbers
numbers had been used, for example
inserted.

5).

It

and 20 were usedtoallow insertionofnew lines.Ifsuccessive line

15

is a good practicetouse line numbers that

a statement before line

10

and 20 (e.g., 15).

and 16, thennonew lines could have been

are

multiplesof10

Here's your program again:

10

20

PRINT
PRINT

"HOW"j"NOW"
"BROWN

II

j

"COW"

j

Suppose you want to insert a line between10and 20. Simply type:

15

PRINT

"SPLENDID

";

~

When you list the program now, it will show:

10,

give it a

(or at least

PRINT
PRINT "SPL.ENDID
PRINT

"HOW";
"BROWN

"NOW";

"i

!I;

"COW"

Even though line15was typed after lines10and 20, it takes its correct place in the

10

program because its line number falls between

and 20.

Execute this program. The following output will result:

NOW

SPL.ENDID

BROWN

COW

It should be clear by now that any BASIC program can be edited easily with the use

of

the line numbers. You can add, delete, insert, and change lines and that is all you

to

ever need

do.

12

Experiment

By

now you should be able to write simple BASIC programs using the two

instructions PRINT and GOTO.

#4

Writing Your Own Programs

Before you go on experimenting with the spacing
comma and the semicolon, you should be aware
NEW command.

When you enter the NEW command, any program that has been previously typed and

is

currently residing in working memory will be erased automatically.

Before you begin typing in a new program, you should always use the NEW

command to clear out the old program. Otherwise, you may end

combination
Assume that your old program still resides in memory:

10 PRINT

is

20 PRINT

Now, without deleting this program, enter the following new program:

10 PRINT

of

your new and old programs.

"HOW";

PRINT "SPLENDID

"BROWN

"MY

";

COMPUTER

"NOW";

";
"COW"

IS

in PRINT statements using the

of

another useful command, the

-up

with a

A

";

20 PRINT "TOOL."

If

you list the program, you will find it

is:

LIST

10
15
20

PRINT
PRINT
PRINT

K

"MY

COMPUTER
"SPLENDID
"TOOL."

";

IS

A

";

Note that line15still exists because that line number was not usedinthe new
program.
command NEW. This won't be necessary, however,
exists

So

remember, before typing a new program, clear the memory with the

if

you are certain that no program

in

memory.

What you have learned:

In this lesson you have learned some commandstowrite and execute a simple BASIC
program. The PRINT and GOTO statements have been used to display simple
messages. Editing a BASIC program can be
typing new lines. The NEW command is used
memory.

13

accompli~hed

to

deleteanentire program from

by retyping existing

line~

or

Lesson

In this lesson you will learn howtosave programs in memory and on cassette tapes.
You will
program with another program.

IJ.lso

#2

learn how to recall a program from storage and how to merge a stored

Saving Programs

Experiment

As

it was mentioned before, the Model 100 can hold several files, many9fwhich can

be

program files, In Lesson 1 you learned to write simple BASIC programsinthe
BASIC system
use repeatedly, it is a good idea
Random Access Memory). When you save a program in RAM, in effect, you create a
program file.

The following program serves to demonstrate how any program can be saved in RAM:

10 PRINT "THIS
20 PRINT

Access BASIC. Clear working memory with the NEW command and then type the

program

Execute the program, The following will be displayed:

asitappears above.

THIS

OF

Uk

1::'1

THE

#1

of

the Computer. When you have written a program that you intend to

"OF

A TEf3'T

MODEL

Saving a Program In

to

save it in memory (also knownasRAM, for

IS

A TEST"

THE

100

MODEL

COMPUTER

100

COMPUTER"

RAM

II

The first step for saving a program in RAMisto decide upon a filename. This
filename appears listed as a file in the Main Menu and it serves to identify the
program. Filenames cannot exceed six characters in length.

You may use any combination
character in a filename must always be a letter. The following are examples
filenames:

MYPROG

SKETCH
ACCNT2

of

letters and digits for a filename. However, the first

of

15

valid

The following are examplesofillegal filenames:

1PROG
MICROCOMPUTER

(must begin with a letter)
(exceeds the maximum of six

name)

c,haracters in any file

Suppose you want to save the program above under the filename

PROG1

Todothis, simply type:

SAVE

IPROG1"

~

The Display will show the prompt OK to indicate that the program has been SAVEd.

Use the command NEW to clear the program from working memory. To verify that

the program no longer exists in working memory, enter the command:

LIST

or press

LIST

(ENTER)

~,

the LIST Function Key. The computer will respond with:

OK

and nothing else, indicating that there isnoprogram currentlyinworking memory.

It

The program has not been wiped out.

in

now exists

FILES

RAM. To confirm that thisistrue, enter the command:

(ENTER)

has been erased from working memory but it

or press the FILES Function Key,

the

file~

storedinRAM, including all BASIC programs, will be displayed. In this

if

case,

you haven't SAVEd any other programs or files, the name

®.

In responsetothis command, the namesofall

PROG1.BA

willbedisplayed.

is

This

your program. The
that this file is a BASIC program. The Computer automatically appends this extension
to the name

of

any BASIC program whenitis

If you want more proof that your program was indeed saved as a file, press the Menu
Function Key,

CEB).

below.

Jun

22,1983

BASIC
SCHEDL

Select:

characters"

.BA"

form a

"file

extension" which indicates

saved in RAM.

You will see PROG1.BA displayedinthe Main Menuasshown

Wed

10:34:17

TEXT

TEL

COM

PROG1.BA .

.....,...

21350

""'.

Bytes

---

free

16

A simpler way to save a program in RAM,isto use the SAVE Function Key,
After typing a program you wish to save, simply press
prompt you with the message:

~.

The Computer will

~.

Save

All you have to do thenisto type a name for the fileasyou did before and press

(illEID.

The numberoffiles which can be saved is limited only by the amountofRAM
available.

up

used

Experiment

After you have saved a program in RAM, you may execute it simplybypositioning
the Cursor over the word identifying it in the Main Menu and pressing

However,ifyou wish to modify or alter the program in any way, itisvery convenient
to LOAD

Let's use PROG
BASIC system.

You can do that with the command:

LOAD

Another way to LOAD the programisto
pressing

Load

"

If

you continue to add files to RAM, eventually all available RAM will be

andnomore programs can be saved.

#2

it

into the BASIC system.

1 which you SAVEd in the last experiment and LOAD it into the

"PROG1"

~

the message

"

Loading a Program From RAM

(ENTERJ.

~

press

the

LOAD Function Key.

CE2l.

After

appears on the Display. All you shoulddothenisto type

PROG

1"

(ENTER)

After Loading PROG1 with the LOAD command or (f2), LIST the program to verify
that it is indeed in working memory. The following should be displayed:

List

10

PRINT

20

PRINT "OF

Ok

"THIS

THE

IS

MODEL

A

TESTH

100"

I

If you execute the program with the RUN command you will see that the outputisthe

same

as

before.

Enter the command FILES or press

(11).

17

You will see that the program PROG1.BA is still listed, indicating that itisstill saved

in RAM, Loading a program from RAM does not erase it from storage.
Notice, however, that an asterisk appears to the right of PROG1.BA. The asterisk

indicates that the program

Use the NEW command to delete the program PROGI from working memory. Use
the LIST command to verify that working memory does not contain the program. Now
type the command

RUN

"PROG1"

The following should appear on the LCD:

is

currently in working memory.

CEHnID

THIS
OF

Ok

THE

IS

MODEL

A TEST

100

COMPUTER

11

This illustrates a useful optionofthe RUN command.Ifthe RUN command is

of

followed by the name
quotes), then the program will be loaded into working memory and executed
immediately. Thus the command:

RUN

"PROG1"

is equivalent to the two commands:

LOAD
RUN

Use the LIST command to verify that the program now resides in working memory.
The program will be modified by adding a third line. Type the following line:

30

List the program to verify that it

"PROG1"

CEHnID

PRINT

a program stored in RAM (the name must be enclosed in

00£!lID

mEID

"AND

ITS

is:

AB

I LI

TV

TO

STORE

FILES"

CEBllID

LIST

PRINT
PRINT "OF
PRINT

"THIS
"AND

THE

ITS

IS

A TEST"

MODEL

ABILITY

100

TO

18

COMPUTER"

STORE

FILES

When you LOAD a program from RAM into working memory, you may add, delete,

or insert new lines as you wish. The changes you make are immediately incorporated

into the program.
Delete the program from working memory with the NEW command. Use the LOAD

command to recall program

"PROGI"

from RAM. Type:

LOAD

List the program with the LIST command. You should

The new line was effectively incorporated in

"PROG1"

PRINT
PRINT "OF
PRINT

"THIS
"AND

mEID

IS

THE

ITS

A TEST"

MODEL

ABILITY

see:

1~0

COMPUTER"

TO

STORE

FILES

"PROGI"whichisstored in RAM.

You can also LOAD and execute a BASIC program directly from the Main Menu.

(fI) to exit BASIC and return to the Main Menu. You should see something

Press
similar to

(

C:>

jvli

Cl

....

[)!::·CJf·

Jun

!

SCHEDL

22.1983

Wed

.10=37:07

TEXT

TEL

PROG1.BA .

COM

(\

DD

i:~

:::\

t

~:j

21350

Bytes

tree

Move the cursor over the filename PROGl.BA as indicated below.

TEL..C()!V!

5CHEDL.

._0.

n

•...•

.••-II--

19

If

you press

loads and executes PROG1.BA. You will see

(ENTER),

several things will happen: the computer enters BASIC and then

THIS
OF
AND

Ok

THE

ITS

IS

MODEk

A TEST

1~~

ABILITY

COMPUTER

TO

STORE

FILES

•

with the Ok prompt indicating that you are in BASIC.Ifyou list the program you will
see that PROGl.BA is in working memory.

Experiment

Itispossible to change a file name using the command:

NAME

where oldfilenameisthe nameofthe programasit now exists, and new filename
the.

new program name you wishtoassign to it.

For example, if you wish to change the filename "PROG

NAME

Verify the name change with the FILES command orbypressing

"old

"PROG 1 •

#3

Changing a Filename

filename.extension"

BA"

AS

AS

"TEST

"new

filename.extension"

1 •

BA"

(ENTER)

1"to"TEST!,"

CEf).

is

typc:

Now, using the NAME

NAME

Again, you may confirm that the name was changed to PROGI with the FILES
command.

"TEST1.BA"

Experiment

Whileitis convenient to save your programs in RAM, thereisonly a finite amount
space available. Eventually, there willbeno

An alternate method
cassette recorder. Using cassettes, you can store essentially an unlimited number
programs.

...

AS

command, change the file name back to

AS

"PROG1.BA"

#4

Saving a Program on Cassette

room left for new programs to be saved.

of

saving your filesisto store them on cassette tapes using a

20

~

"PROGl."

of

of

PROGI should still be in working memory. Use the LIST commandtoconfirm that it

It should appear

is.

as:

LIST

10

PRINT
PRINT
PRINT

If

it is notinmemory you should LOAD it from RAM or type itinas shown above.

"THIS

"OF
"AND

THE

ITS

IS

A TEST"

MODEL

ABILITY

100

TO

COMPUTER"

STORE

FILES

To save a program on cassette, it is first necessary to connect the Model

suitable cassette recorder. For optimum results

we

recommend the Radio Shack

100 to a

CCR-81 Computer Recorder (catalog number 26-1208) with connecting cable and

instructions supplied. Be sure that the proper connections are made before proceeding
further.

Place a blank tape in the cassette recorder and rewind it,

if

necessary. Then advance
the tape past the leader. (If you use Radio Shack Leaderless cassettes, catalog number
26-3019, this isn't necessary.)

Press the RECORD (red key) and PLAY keys down together. They should stay down,
but the tape will not move.

If

it does, youdonot have the remote jack inserted. Insert

the jack.
Now you are ready to save the program onto the tape. Enter the following command:

CSAVE

"PROG1"

The recorder will run briefly and then stop. The RECORD and PLAY keys, however,
will stay down. After the tape stops, you may press the STOP key and rewind the
tape.

1.

The program now has been saved with the filename .'PROG

to

Another way

save the program on tape, insteadofusing CSAVE

"

"PROG1"isto

use the command:

SAlJE

"CAS

:filename

II

where CAS: specifies the device to be used for the saving operation,inthis case the
cassette recorder, and filename

is

the nameofthe program to be saved. Using this

command, you would specify:

SAIJE

"CAS:

PROG

1"

~

21

Experiment

#5

Loading a Program from

Cassette

The program you just saved on tape in the previous experiment, PROG1, will now be
loaded back into working memory. But first, delete PROGI from working memory
with the NEW command.

Verify that it has been deleted with the LIST command or
Function Key,

Be sure that the cassette recorder is properly attached to the Computer. Insert the

cassette containing the program into the recorder and rewind

Press PLAY on the recorder. The key will stay down, but the tape will not advance.
Enter the following command:

CLOAO

As soonasyou press
into the Computer.

FOUI\ID:

Ok

If

the tape was not read successfully, an
displayed.
the CLOAD command again to read the tape.

~.

"PROG1"

(ENTER),

If

thisisaccomplished successfully, the computer will display:

Pf{OG

1

If

this happens, rewind the tape and adjust the volume control. Then use

the tape will start turning and the program will be read

110

(InpuUOutput) error message will be

by

pressing the LIST

if

necessary.

If the tape is read successfully, you may verify that the program
memory by listing it with the LIST command (or with
displayed:

LIST

10 PRINT

20

PRINT "OF

30

PRINT

Ok

"THIS
"AND

THE

ITS

IS

A TEST"

MODEL

ABILITY

10m

COMPUTER"

TO

~).

STORE

The following will be

FILES

•

22

is

in working

When the command CLOAD
until a program stored under the name
into working memory.

The command

"PROGI"is entered, the Computer searches the tape

"PROGI"is found. This programisthen read

LOADIICAS

may be used in place of CLOAD "filename". Remember that filename specifies the
name

of

the program you wish to LOAD from the cassette.

Delete the program from working memory with the NEW command and verify that it

has been erased by using the LIST command.

Rewind the cassette and press the play key. This time type the command:

CLOAD

When this commandisentered, the cassette recorder will run briefly and then stop.
Also, the computer will display:

FOUND:

Ok

:jilename"

COOfR)

PROGl

(ENTER)

II

indicating that the program was read successfully. List the programinmemory with
the LIST command. You will see that the same program was loaded from the tape.

This illustrates another option
program is omitted, the first program encountered on the tape
Since your program PROGI was the first program on the tape, it was loaded into the
Computer.

Experiment

Your Model 100 allows you to verify that a program has been saved successfully (i.e.
without any errors) on cassette tape. Another option
to accomplish this.

#6

of

the CLOAD command. When the filenameofthe

is

loaded into memory.

Verifying a Stored Program

of

the CLOAD commandisused

23

Verify that the program still resides in working memory with the LIST command.Ifit
has been deleted, load it from the cassette tape or type it in from the keyboard. Here
is

the listing again:

LIs'r

10

PRINT

20

PRINT "OF

30

PRINT

Rewind the cassette tape containing the program and press the PLAY key on the

recorder.

Type the command

"THIS
"AND

THE

ITS

IS

MODEL

A TEST"

100

ABILITY

COMPUTER"

TO

STORE

FILES

CLOAD?IIPROG

The recorder will run briefly and then stop. The Computer will display:

Found:

OK

In this case, the program stored on tape was not SAVEd into working memory, but
was compared, character by character, with the program already in working memory.

If

an inconsistencyisfound at any point, an error message will be displayed,
indicating that the prugram
working memory.

If

an error has occured, you can reSAVEthe program and use the CLOAD? command
again to check the saved program.

As

with the CLOAD command,ifthe file name is omitted from the CLOAD?
command, the first program encountered on the tape is compared with the program in
working memory.

List the program in working memory. You should see:

LIST'

10

PRINT
PRINT "OF
PRINT

PROGl

"THIS
"AND

1"

(ENTER)

saved on the cassette tape

IS

A TEST"

THE

ITS

MODEL

ABILITY

10121

was

COMPUTER"

TO

STORE

not the sameasthe one in

FILES

,

24

7