Precor P80 User Manual
Operating and Maintaining the P80 Console
Operating and Maintaining
the P80 Console
Edition Information
OPERATING AND MAINTAINING THE P80 CONSOLE
P/N 301407-141 rev C
Copyright © June 2011 Precor Incorporated. All rights
reserved. Specifications subject to change without notice.
Trademark Note
Precor, AMT, and EFX are registered trademarks and Preva is
a trademark of Precor Incorporated. Other names in this
document may be the trademarks or registered trademarks of
their respective owners.
iPod® is a trademark of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and
other countries.
Made for iPod® means that an electronic accessory has been
designed to connect specifically to iPod and has been certified
by the developer to meet Apple performance standards.
Apple is not responsible for the operation of this device or its
compliance with safety and regulatory standards. Please note
that the use of this accessory with iPod may affect wireless
performance.
Made for iPod touch (4th generation), iPod touch (3rd
generation), iPod touch (2nd generation), iPod touch (1st
generation), iPod nano (6th generation), iPod nano (5th
generation), iPod nano (4th generation), iPod nano (3rd
generation), and iPod nano (2nd generation).
Manufactured under license from Dolby Laboratories. Dolby
and the double-D symbol are trademarks of Dolby
Laboratories.
Intellectual Property Notice
All rights, title, and interests in and to the software of the
Preva Business Suite, the accompanying printed materials,
any copies of such software, and all data collected via the
Preva Business Suite, are exclusively owned by Precor or its
suppliers, as the case may be.
Precor is widely recognized for its innovative, award-winning
designs of exercise equipment. Precor aggressively seeks U.S.
and foreign patents for both the mechanical construction and
the visual aspects of its product design. Any party
contemplating the use of Precor product designs is hereby
forewarned that Precor considers the unauthorized
appropriation of its proprietary rights to be a very serious
matter. Precor will vigorously pursue all unauthorized
appropriation of its proprietary rights.
Precor Incorporated
20031 142nd Ave NE, P.O. Box 7202
Woodinville, WA 98072-4002
1-800-347-4404
http://www.precor.com
Important Safety Instructions
This apparatus (hereinafter referred to as the console) is
intended to be shipped with new Precor exercise equipment
(hereinafter referred to as the base unit). It is not packaged
for individual sale.
WARNING
Safety Precautions
Read all instructions in the documentation provided with your
exercise equipment before installation of this device including
all assembly guides, user guides, and owner’s manuals.
Always follow basic safety precautions when using this
equipment to reduce the chance of injury, fire, or damage.
Other sections in this manual provide more details of safety
features. Be sure to read these sections and observe all safety
notices. These precautions include the following:
y Read all instructions in this guide before installing and
using the equipment and follow any labels on the
equipment.
y Make sure all users see a physician for a complete
physical examination before they begin any fitness
program.
To prevent injury, the console must be
attached securely to the base unit following all
assembly and installation instructions shipped
with the base unit. The console is intended to
be connected to AC mains power through the
furnished power supply ONLY. It should be
powered on only when installed as described
in the assembly and installation instructions
shipped with the base unit. The console is
intended for use only with Precor fitness
equipment, not as a standalone device.
6 Operating and Maintaining the P80 Console
y Il est conseillé de subir un examen médical complet avant
d’entreprendre tout programme d’exercise. Si vous avez des
étourdissements ou des faiblesses, arrêtez les exercices
immédiatement.
y Do not allow children, or people unfamiliar with the
operation of this equipment, on or near it. Do not leave
children unsupervised around the equipment.
y Make sure all users wear proper exercise clothing and
shoes for their workouts and avoid loose or dangling
clothing. Users should not wear shoes with heels or
leather soles, and they should check the soles of their
shoes to remove any dirt and embedded stones. They
should also tie long hair back.
y Never leave the equipment unattended when it is plugged
in. Unplug the equipment from its power source when it is
not in use, before cleaning it, and before providing
authorized service.
Note: The optional power adapter is considered a power
source for self-powered equipment.
y Use the power adapter provided with the equipment. Plug
the power adapter into an appropriate, grounded power
outlet as marked on the equipment.
y Care should be taken when mounting or dismounting the
equipment.
y Read, understand, and test the emergency stop
procedures before use.
y Keep the power cord or optional power adapter and plug
away from heated surfaces.
y Route power cables so that they are not walked on,
pinched, or damaged by items placed upon or against
them, including the equipment itself.
y Ensure the equipment has adequate ventilation. Do not
place anything on top of or over the equipment. Do not
use on a cushioned surface that could block the
ventilation opening.
y Assemble and operate the equipment on a solid, level
surface.
Important Safety Instructions 7
y Proper Location for Equipment
à For all equipment other than treadmills: Locate at
least 40 inches (1 meter) away from walls or
furniture on either side of the equipment, and 40
inches (1 meter) away from objects behind the
equipment.
à For treadmills: Locate at least 40 inches (1 meter)
away from walls or furniture on either side of the
treadmill, and at least 80 inches (2 meters) away
from objects behind the treadmill.
Important: These location standards should also be used
when positioning equipment away from sources of heat, such
as radiators, heat registers, and stoves. Avoid temperature
extremes.
y Keep equipment away from water and moisture. Avoid
dropping anything on or spilling anything inside the
equipment to prevent electric shock or damage to the
electronics.
y When using the treadmill, always attach the safety clip to
your clothing before beginning your workout. Failure to
use the safety clip may pose a greater risk of injury in the
event of a fall.
y Do not operate electrically powered equipment in damp
or wet locations.
y Never operate this equipment if it has a damaged cord or
plug, if it is not working properly, or if it has been dropped,
damaged, or exposed to water. Call for service
immediately if any of these conditions exist.
y Maintain the equipment to keep it in good working
condition, as described in the Maintenance section of the
assembly and maintenance guide. Inspect the equipment
for incorrect, worn, or loose components, and then
correct, replace or tighten prior to use.
y If you plan to move the equipment, obtain help and use
proper lifting techniques.
y Equipment Weight Restrictions: Do not use the treadmill
if you weigh more than 500 pounds (225 kg). If you weigh
more than 350 pounds (160 kg), do not run on the
treadmill. For all other fitness equipment, the weight limit
is 350 pounds (160 kg).
8 Operating and Maintaining the P80 Console
y Use the equipment only for its intended purpose as
described in this manual. Do not use accessory
attachments that are not recommended by Precor. Such
attachments may cause injuries.
y Do not operate the equipment where aerosol (spray)
products are being used or where oxygen is being
administered.
y Do not use outdoors.
y Do not attempt to service the equipment yourself, except
to follow the maintenance instructions in this manual.
y Never drop or insert objects into any opening. Keep hands
away from moving parts.
y Do not set anything on the stationary handrails,
handlebars, control console, or covers. Place liquids,
magazines, and books in the appropriate receptacles.
y Do not lean on or pull on the console at any time.
CAUTION: DO NOT remove the cover, or you may risk injury due
to electric shock. Read the assembly and maintenance guide
before operating. There are no user-serviceable parts inside.
Contact Customer Support if the equipment needs servicing. For
use with single phase AC power only.
Hazardous Materials and Proper Disposal
The batteries within self-powered equipment contain
materials that are considered hazardous to the environment.
Federal law requires proper disposal of these batteries.
If you plan to dispose of your equipment, contact Precor
Commercial Products Customer Support for information
regarding battery removal. Refer to Obtaining Service.
Important Safety Instructions 9
Product Recycling and Disposal
This equipment must be recycled or disca
applicable local and national regulations.
rded according to
Product labels, in accordance with Europe
an Directive
2002/96/EC concerning waste electrical and electroni
equipment (WEEE), determine the framework for the retu
and recycling of used equipment as applicable throughout the
European Union. The WEEE label indicates that the product is
not to be thrown away, but rather reclaimed upon end of life
per this Directive.
In accordance with
the European WEEE Directive, electrical
and electronic equipment (EEE) is to be collected separately
and to be reused, recycled, or recovered at end of life. Users
of EEE with the WEEE label per Annex IV of the WEEE
Directive must not dispose of end of life EEE as unsorte
municipal waste, but use the collection framework availabl
to customers for the return, recycling, and recovery of WEEE.
Customer participation is important to minimize any potential
effects of EEE on the environment and human health due to
the potential presence of hazardous substances in EEE. For
proper collection and treatment, refer to
Obtaining Service.
Regulatory Notices for the RFID Module
When equipped with a control console as described in t
document, this equipment may include a radio-frequency
identification (RFID) module. The RFID module has been
certified to operate at temperatures between -20°C and 8
(-4°F and 185°F).
c
rn
d
e
his
5°C
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
The RFID module conforms to th
standards defining acceptable limits for radio frequen
interference (RFI).
Federal Communications Commission, Part 15
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with th
limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the
FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable
protection against harmful interference in a commercial
installation. The equipment generates, uses, and can radi
radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in
accordance with the owner’s manual instructions, can c
harmful interference to radio communications.
e following national
cy
e
ate
ause
10 Operating and Maintaining the P80 Console
Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this
device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this
device must accept any interference received, including
interference that may cause undesired operation.
WARNING
Industry Canada
This device complies with RSS-210:2007 of the Spectrum
Management & Telecommunications Radio Standards
Specification. Operation is subject to the following two
conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful
interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference
received, including interference that may cause undesired
operation.
This Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian
ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe A est conforme à la norme
NMB-003 du Canada.
ATTENTION: Haute Tension
Débranchez avant de réparer
European Applications
CE compliance is claimed to the following directives:
Per FCC rules, changes or modifications not
expressly approved by the manufacturer could
void the user’s authority to operate the
equipment.
y 1999/5/EC R&TTE Directive
y 2006/95/EC LVD Directive
y 2002/95/EC RoHS Directive
Directive compliance has been verified to the following
standards:
y EN 55022
y EN 300 330-1 V1.5.1
y EN 300 330-2 V1.3.1
y EN 301 489-3 V1.4.1
y EN 301 489-1 V1.8.1
y EN 60950-1
Important Safety Instructions 11
Regulatory Notices for Cardiovascular Exercise Equipment
The regulatory information in this section applies to the
Safety Approvals for Cardiovascular Equipment
exercise equipment and its control console.
Precor equipment has been tested and found to comply with
the following applicable safety standards.
Cardiovascular Type Equipment:
y CAN/CSA, IEC, EN 60335-1 (Household and similar
electrical appliances - Safety)
y EN 957 (Stationary training equipment, class S/B
compliant equipment)
PVS and P80 Regulatory Notice
This Precor equipment has been tested and found to comply
with the following applicable safety standards.
y CAN/CSA, UL, IEC, EN 60065 (Audio, video and similar
electronic apparatus - Safety)
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
This Precor exercise equipment conforms to the following
national standards defining acceptable limits for radio
frequency interference (RFI).
Federal Communications Commission, Part 15
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the
limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the
FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable
protection against harmful interference in a commercial
installation. The equipment generates, uses, and can radiate
radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in
accordance with the owner’s manual instructions, may cause
harmful interference to radio communications.
WARNING
Per FCC rules, changes or modifications not
expressly approved by Precor could void the
user’s authority to operate the equipment.
12 Operating and Maintaining the P80 Console
Industry Canada
This Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian
ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe A est conforme à la norme
NMB-003 du Canada.
ATTENTION: Haute Tension
Débranchez avant de réparer
European Applications
CE compliance is claimed to the following directives:
y 2004/108/EC EMC Directive
y 2006/95/EC LVD Directive
y 2002/95/EC RoHS Directive
Directive compliance has been verified to the following
standards:
y EN 55022
y EN 55024
y EN 60335-1
y EN 60065 (P80 and PVS)
Important Safety Instructions 13
Electrical Recommendations: 120 V and 240 V Treadmills
Note: This is a re
Code) guidelines or local region electric codes must be
followed.
commendation only. NEC (National Electric
You shoul
d have received a power cable that meets your local
electrical code requirements along with the equipment.
Precor treadmills must be connected to a 20 amp individ
ual
branch circuit that can be shared only with one PVS. If you
need additional help with the power connections contact yo
ur
Precor authorized dealer.
Important: An individual br
anch circuit provides a hot conductor
and neutral conductor to a receptacle. The conductors must not be
looped, "daisy-chained", or connected to any other conductors.
The circuit must be grounded according to NEC guidelines or loc
al
region electric codes.
Figure 1: North American 120-volt, 20-amp pow r receptacle e
Figure 2: North American 240-volt, 20-amp power receptacle
14 Operating and Maintaining the P80 Console
Electrical Recommendations: All Equipment Excluding Treadmills
Note: This is a recommendation only. NEC (National Electric
Code) guidelines or local region electric codes must be
followed.
For equipment fitted with a P80 console or Personal Viewing
System (PVS) screen a separate power connection is
required. For a 20 amp branch circuit up to 10 screens can be
connected. If the branch circuit has any other devices plugged
into the circuit the number of screens must be reduced by the
wattage of the other devices.
Note: The typical splitter power cords that have IEC-320 C13
and C14 plugs have a recommended maximum capacity of
five screens.
Figure 3: IEC-320 C13 and C14 plugs
Obtaining Service
Do not attempt to service the equipment except for
maintenance tasks. If any items are missing, contact your
dealer. For more information regarding customer support
numbers or a list of Precor authorized service centers, visit
the Precor web site at http://www.precor.com.
For the most current manuals, got to http://www.precor.com.
Table of Contents
Important Safety Instructions ................................................... 5
Safety Precautions ................................................................................ 5
Hazardous Materials and Proper Disposal .................................... 8
Product Recycling and Disposal........................................................ 8
Regulatory Notices for the RFID Module ....................................... 9
Regulatory Notices for Cardiovascular
Exercise Equipment ...................................................................... 11
Electrical Recommendations:
120 V and 240 V Treadmills ..................................................... 12
Electrical Recommendations:
All Equipment Excluding Treadmills ....................................... 14
Obtaining Service ................................................................................. 14
Getting Started .........................................................................17
Identifying Parts of the Console ....................................................... 18
Using the Treadmill Safety Clip ....................................................... 18
Treadmill Auto Stop™ (Automatic Stop) Function ................... 20
Configuring the System Settings ............................................. 23
About ..................................................................................................... 24
Equipment Usage ................................................................................ 26
System Settings ................................................................................... 27
Introducing Users to the P80 Console .................................... 35
Using the Touch Heart Rate Feature ............................................. 35
Using a Chest Strap Transmitter .................................................... 37
Using the View Channels and View Buttons ............................... 37
Using the Media Panel....................................................................... 39
Using the Workout Progress Panel ............................................... 40
Beginning Your Workout ......................................................... 43
Starting a QuickStart™ Workout .................................................... 43
Starting a Featured Workout .......................................................... 44
Starting a Preset Workout ............................................................... 44
Ending a Workout ............................................................................... 45
Maintenance ............................................................................ 51
Cleaning the Console and Display .................................................. 51
16 Operating and Maintaining the P80 Console
Getting Started
Important: Not all settings are currently available in this
release. More features will be available in future software
updates.
The P80 console offers administrators and users the ability to
set default settings that meet their specific needs. To
accomplish this, the console supports settings for different
classes of users depending on their administrative rights.
Chapter 1
y A guest user exercises on a piece of equipment without
signing in or creating a user profile.
y A registered user uses a sign-in password or Preva™
Pass and creates a user profile.
y A registered service technician uses a sign-in password
or Preva™ Pass with extra permissions to administer
console settings.
y An administrator is always registered, uses a sign-in
password or Preva™ Pass, and has full access to the
console settings.
Changes to the Personal Information and Preference settings
are saved to a registered user’s profile. An unregistered user
can change preference settings; however, because they lack a
user profile, those changes are not saved, and apply only to
their current workout.
18 Operating and Maintaining the P80 Console
Before beginning any tness program, see your physician for a thorough physical examination. Seek advice from your physician to learn your the target heart rate appropriate fo r your tness level. Do not allow children,
or those
unfamiliar with its the operation on or near of this equipment, on or near it. Read the product owner’s manual or consult a qualied instructor before operating this equipment. Improper use of this equipment can result in serious injury. If you
feel pain, faintness, or dizziness, stop exercising immediately.
Identifying Parts of the Console
The following diagram provides information about the console
keys. The number and actions of the console keys may differ
slightly depending on the type of equipment.
Before beginning any tness program, see your physician for a thorough physical examination. Seek advice from your physician to learn your the target heart rate appropriate fo r your tness level. Do not allow children,
unfamiliar with its the operation on or near of this equipment, on or near it. Read the product owner’s manual or consult a qualied instructor before operating this equipment. Improper use of this equipment can result in serious injury. If you
feel pain, faintness, or dizziness, stop exercising immediately.
2
Figure 4: P80 console keys
Table 1. Key descriptions for the P80 console
Number Key Name Detail
Pause Stop the equipment
or those
Incline/CrossRamp®
Indicator
Intensity Indicator Also called Speed or Resistance
Appears on treadmill and
elliptical
indicator depending on
equipment type
Volume Up/Down Increase or decrease volume
Channel Up/Down Change TV channel
Mute Turn the volume on or off
Getting Started 19
Using the Treadmill Safety Clip
The treadmill is equipped with two diffe
which behave as follows:
If the user … Then the treadmill And the console …
belt …
Presses down on the
red STOP button
Slows to a stop Shows that the
rent stop functions,
t is exercise workou
paused
Pulls on the lanyard
attached to the safety
clip and trips the restar
switch
Slows to a stop Shows the words
t
PUSH TO RESET
SWITCH and an a
pointing to the Restart
switch
The restart switch is located just below the console and
immediately behind the red STOP button, as shown in th
e
following illustration. When it is tripped, the bar pops up,
displaying the words PUSH TO RESET SWITCH on its fron
side. The treadmill does not operate while these words are
visible.
2
rrow
t
Figure 5: Restart switch
Instruct users on how important it is to use the safety clip
y while exercising on the treadmill, and demonstrate how the
should attach it to their clothing near the waistline.
20 Operating and Maintaining the P80 Console
If the restart switch trips during exercise, perform the
following steps:
1. Reattach the safety clip if necessary.
2. Press the restart switch down until it clicks, returning it to
its normal position.
Note: If the restart switch trips, all information about the
current workout is deleted.
3. Start the workout from the beginning, reducing the time
as needed to account for the amount of exercise that has
been completed.
Figure 6: Attaching the safety clip
Getting Started 21
Treadmill Auto Stop™ (Automatic Stop) Function
portant: The default setting for this feature is ON. An
Im
administrator can turn off this feature in the System Settin
however, Precor recommends it remain ON.
gs;
The Auto Stop™ (Automatic Stop) feature
bring the treadmill to a gradual stop when it is not in use. T
might occur if a user steps off the treadmill before the end of
a workout and leaves the treadmill running.
Sixty seconds after a treadmill workout start
equipment begins Auto Stop monitoring. If a user is detected,
then no message appears, and the selected workout
continues.
If no user is d
console displays the message NO USER DETECTED,
STOPPING IN 10 SECONDS as notification of the pen
stop. During the display of this message, a ten second
countdown begins. If a user does not override the coun
the belt comes to a gradual stop after the countdown is
complete.
Note: User
detected within the speed and position limits of the featu
Users weighing 50 pounds (22.7 kg) to 89 pounds (40.5 kg)
may not be detected depending on their speed and location.
Always be aware of and follow the console’s instructions for
proper operation.
etected after an additional 30 seconds, the
s weighing more than 90 pounds (41 kg) are
is designed to
his
s or resumes, the
ding
tdown,
re.
22 Operating and Maintaining the P80 Console
Chapter 2
Configuring the System Settings
Use the System mode to configure settings in ways that
benefit your users and your facility. The System menu is
visible only to administrators and registered service
technicians. Changes made to these settings are saved to the
fitness equipment.
Important: A special code is required to access these settings. Do
not share this code with anyone except those authorized to
change system settings.
The System menu contains the following settings:
y About
y Equipment Usage
y System Settings
24 Operating and Maintaining the P80 Console
To view the System menu:
1. On the Welcome screen, press and hold Pause.
Figure 7: Pause key
2. While holding Pause, press each of the following keys
once in the order presented. Referring to the diagram
below, press:
1 2 3 4
Channel Up
Volume Down
Volume Up
Channel Down
2
Figure 8: Settings security code
3. Release Pause.
4. Using the number pad on the screen, touch the following
numbers to enter the password:
5 6 5 1 5 6 5
5. Touch OK.
Configuring the System Settings 25
About
System information settings provide basic information
including equipment models and serial numbers. Most o
these settings are for informational purposes only and can
be modified.
To view the System Info settings menu:
1. Use the administrator code and passw
ord to view the
equipment settings.
2. Touch About.
Table 2. About settings
Setting Access Detail
Event Log ech: s a list of the most recent
Event Count Admin/Tech: vents recorded by
Console Tech: console’s memory.
Serial
Number
Lower Serial Admin/Tech: Stored in the console’s memory.
Number View
Location Admin/Tech: Entered on console at time of
Release
Bundle
Version
ETag Check Only Precor
Interval
Admin/T
View
View
Admin/
View
View
Modify
Admin/T
View
service
technicians
modify this
setting.
ech: Shows current version and a list of
Provide
hardware and software events,
and equipment status. If no
events have occurred since t
last time the event log was
cleared, the event log screen
be empty.
Number of e
equipment.
Stored in the
registration.
past software updates.
Automatically updates a
each software upgrade.
Stored in the console’s m
can
f
not
he
will
s part of
emory.
26 Operating and Maintaining the P80 Console
Setting Access Detail
Heartbeat
Interval
Minimum
Heartbeat
Interval
Maximum
Heartbeat
Interval
Mfe MAC
Address
Network
Time Server
1
Network
Time Server
2
Network
Time Server
3
Machine
Type
Only Precor
service
technicians can
modify this
setting.
Only Precor
service
technicians can
modify this
setting.
Only Precor
service
technicians can
modify this
setting.
Admin/Tech:
View
Only Precor
service
technicians can
modify this
setting.
Only Precor
service
technicians can
modify this
setting.
Only Precor
service
technicians can
modify this
setting.
Admin/Tech:
View
Determines how often the
console communicates with the
server.
Minimum number of times that
the console communicates with
the server in a given time period.
Maximum number of times that
the console communicates with
the server in a given time period.
Stored in the console’s memory.
Type of equipment.
Equipment Usage
The Equipment Usage settings provide information on
individual usage as well as cumulative equipment usage. This
information and these settings are accessible only to
administrators and registered service technicians.
Configuring the System Settings 27
To view the Usage settings:
1. Use the administrator code and password to view the
equipment settings.
2. Touch Equipment Usage.
Table 3. Equipment Usage settings
Setting Access Detail
Cumulative
Workout
Seconds
Cumulative
Workout
Distance
Cumulative
Workout
Sessions
Last Workout
Start Date Time
Last Workout
End Date Time
Admin/Tech:
View
Admin/Tech:
View
Admin/Tech:
View
Admin/Tech:
View
Admin/Tech:
View
Total number of seconds.
Seconds are counted when the
workout clock starts.
• Treadmills will report miles of
use.
• AMTs will report a
"horizontal distance" as
miles.
• Ellipticals will convert total
strides to miles.
• Bikes will convert total
revolutions to miles
Total number of sessions. A
session is counted if the
summary screen displays.
The date of the start of the last
workout.
The date of the end of the last
workout.
System Settings
Use the System Settings to test your equipment and set
parameters that benefit your users and your facility. The
System Settings menu is visible only to administrators and
registered service technicians.
The System Settings menu contains the following sections:
y Connectivity
y Display
y TV Settings
y Workout Limits
y Manage Settings
28 Operating and Maintaining the P80 Console
Connectivity
Configuring your audio, video, and network infrastructure
requires expertise. Precor strongly recommends that you
work with a qualified contractor to set up this infrastructure.
This setting provides the following information:
y Network Type
y Configuration
y Status
y IP Address
y Preva Server
To view connectivity information:
1. Use the administrator code and password to view the
equipment settings.
2. Touch System Settings, then touch Connectivity.
Table 4. Connectivity settings
Settings Default Detail
Network Type Wired
Configuration Automatic Automatic or Manual
Press Network Settings to
view the
• IP Address
• Netmask
• Gateway
• DNS Primary
• DNS Secondary
Status
IP Address
Preva Server
Connected or Not Connected
Location-specific
URL region-specific
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