Product specification1999 September 21
File under Image Sensors
Philips
Semiconductors
TRAD
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
g
Frame Transfer CCD Image SensorFTT1010-M
•1-inch optical format
•1M active pixels (1024H x 1024V)
•Progressive scan
•Excellent anti-blooming
•V ariable electr onic shuttering
•Square pixel structure
•H and V binning
•100% optical fill factor
•High dynamic range (>72dB)
Description
•High sensitivity
•Low dark current and fixed pattern noise
•Low read-out noise
•Data rate up to 2 x 40 MHz
•Mirrored and split read-out
The FTT 1010-M is a monochrome progressive-scan frame-transfer
image sensor offering 1K x 1K pixels at 30 frames per second through
a single output buffer. The combination of high speed and a high
linear dynamic range (>12 true bits at room temperature without
cooling) makes this device the perf ect solution for high-end real time
medical X-ray, scientific and industrial applications. A second output
can either be used for mirrored images, or can be read out
simultaneously with the other output to double the frame rate. The
device structure is shown in figure 1.
Device structure
Optical size:12.288 mm (H) x 12.288 mm (V)
Chip size:14.572 mm (H) x 26.508 mm (V)
Pixel size:12 µm x 12 µm
Active pixels:1024 (H) x 1024 (V)
Total no. of pixels:1072 (H) x 1030 (V)
Optical black pixels:Left: 20Right: 20
Timing pixels:Left: 4Right: 4
Dummy register cells:Left: 7Right: 7
Optical black lines:Bottom: 6 Top: 6
Figure 1 - Device structure
1999 September2
ZY
4
20
WX
Output
amplifier
7
6 black lines
Image Section
1024 active pixels
Storage Section
6 black lines
Output re
ister
1024
active
lines
4
20
2060
lines
71072 cells
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
Frame Transfer CCD Image SensorFTT1010-M
Architecture of the FTT1010-M
The FTT1010-M consists of a shielded storage section and an open
image section. Both sections are electronically the same and have
the same cell structure with the same properties. The only diff erence
between the two sections is the optical light shield.
The optical centres of all pixels in the image section form a square
grid. The charge is generated and integrated in this section. Output
registers are located below the storage section. The output amplifiers
Y and Z are not used in Frame Transfer mode and should be
connected as not-used amplifiers.
After the integration time the charge collected in the image section
is shifted to the storage section. The charge is read out line by line
through the lower output register.
IMAGE SECTION
The left and the right half of each output register can be controlled
independently. This enables either single or multiple read-out.
During vertical transpor t the C3 gates separate the pixels in the
register. The letters W, X, Y and Z are used to define the four
quadrants of the sensor. The central C3 gates of both registers are
part of the W and Z quadrants of the sensor.
Both upper and lower registers can be used for vertical binning.
Both registers also have a summing gate at each end that can be
used for horizontal binning. Figure 2 shows the detailed internal
structure.
Image diagonal (active video only)
Aspect ratio
Active image width x height
Pixel width x height
Geometric fill factor
Image clock pins
Capacity of each clock phase
Number of active lines
Number of black reference lines
Number of dummy black lines
Total number of lines
Number of active pixels per line
Number of overscan (timing) pixels per line
Number of black reference pixels per line
Total number of pixels per line
Storage width x height
Cell width x height
Storage clock phases
Capacity of each clock phase
Number of cells per line
Number of lines
Output buffers (three-stage source foll ower)
Number of registers
Number of dummy cells per register
Number of register cells per register
Output register horizontal transport clock pins
Capacity of each C-clock phase
Overlap capacity between neighbouring C-clocks
Output register Summing Gates
Capacity of each SG
Reset Gate clock phases
Capacity of each RG
4 (one on each corner)
2 (one above, one below)
14 (2x7)
1072
C1, C2, C3
60pF per pin
20pF
4 pins (SG)
15pF
4 pins (RG)
15pF
A1, A2, A3, A4: clocks of image sectionB1, B2, B3, B4: clocks of storage sectionC1, C2, C3: clocks of horizontal registers
Figure 2 - Detailed internal structure
1999 September4
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
Frame Transfer CCD Image SensorFTT1010-M
Specifications
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
GENERAL:
storage temperature
ambient temperature during operation
voltage between any two gates
DC current through any clock phase (absolute value)
OUT current (no short circuit protection)
VOLTAGES IN RELAT ION TO VPS:
VNS, SFD, RD
VCS, SFS
all other pins
VOLTAGES IN RELAT ION TO VNS:
SFD, RD
VCS, SFS, VPS
all other pins
2
VNS
VPS
SFD
SFS
VCS
OG
RD
DC CONDITIONS
3
N substrate
P substrate
Source Follower Drain
Source Follower Source
Current Source
Output Gate
Reset Drain
1
MIN.MAX.UNIT
-55
-40
-20
-0.2
0
-0.5
-8
-5
-15
-30
-30
+80
+60
+20
+2.0
10
+30
+5
+25
+0.5
+0.5
+0.5
°C
°C
V
µA
mA
V
V
V
V
V
V
MIN. [V]TYPICAL [V]MAX . [V]MAX. [m A]
18
1
16
-
-5
4
13
24
3
20
0
0
6
15.5
28
7
24
3
8
18
15
15
4.5
1
-
-
-
AC CLOCK LEVEL CONDITIONS
2
MIN.TYPICALMAX.UNIT
IMAGE CLOCKS:
A-clock amplitude during integration and hold
A-clock amplitude during vertical trans port (duty cycle=5/8)
A-clock low level
Charge Reset (CR) level on A-clock
5
4
8
10
-5
10
14
0
-5
V
V
V
V
STORAGE CLOCKS:
B-clock amplitude during hold
B-clock amplitude during vertical trans port (duty cycle=5/8)
8
10
10
14
V
V
OUTPUT REGISTER CLOCKS:
C-clock amplitude (duty cycle during hor. trans port = 3/6)
C-clock low level
Summing Gate (SG) amplitude
Summing Gate (SG) low level
4.75
2
5
3.5
10
3.5
5.25
10
V
V
V
V
OTHER CLOCKS:
Reset Gate (RG) amplitude
Reset Gate (RG) low level
Charge Reset (CR) pulse on Nsub
1
During Charge Reset it is allowed to exceed maximum rating levels (see note5).
2
All voltages in relation to SFS.
3
To set the VNS voltage for optimal Vertical Anti-Blooming (VAB), it should be adjustable between minimum and maximum values.
4
Three-level cloc k is preferred for maximum charge; the s wing during vertical transport should be 4V higher than the voltage during integration.
A two level clock (typically 10V) can be used if a lower maximum charge handling capacity is allowed.
5
Charge Reset can be achieved in two ways:
5
5
0
10
3
10
10
10
V
V
V
• The typical CR level is applied to all image clocks simultaneously (preferred).
• The typical A-clock low le vel is applied to all image cloc ks; f or proper CR, an additional Charge Reset pulse on VNS is required. This will also aff ect
the charge handling capacity in the storage areas.
1999 September5
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
Frame Transfer CCD Image SensorFTT1010-M
Timing diagrams (for default operation)
AC CHARACTERISTICSMIN.TYPICALMAX.UNIT
Horizontal frequency (1/Tp)
Vertical frequency
Charge Reset (CR) time
Rise and fall times: image clocks (A)
1
Tp = 1 clock period
2
Duty cycle = 50% and phase shift of the C clocks is 120 degrees.
Pixel output sequence: 7 dumm y, 20 black, 4 timing, 1024 active, 4 timing, 20 blackLine Time: 1184 x Tp = 65.7µs
* During AHigh = H the phiA high level is increased from 10V to 14V
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
*
L
H
L
H
L
30Tp
19Tp
14Tp
15Tp
24Tp
Tp2
34Tp
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
105Tp
25Tp
15Tp
15Tp
Tp101
Tp105
141Tp
1079 pixels
1Tp
Tp / 6
VD: Frame pulse
CR: Charge Reset
BLC: Black Level Clamp
B1 to B4: Vertical storage clocks
The test conditions for the perfo rmance characteristics are as follows:
• All values are measured using typical operating conditions.
• VNS is adjusted as low as possible while maintaining proper
Ver tical Anti-Blooming.
• Sensor temperature = 60°C (333K).
• Horizontal transport frequency = 18MHz.
LINEAR OPERATIONMIN.TYPICALMAX.UNIT
Linear dynamic range
1
Charge Transfer Efficiency 2 vertical
Charge Transfer Efficiency
2
horizontal
Image lag
3
Smear
Resolution (MTF) @ 42 lp/mm
Responsivity
Quantum efficiency @ 530 nm
White Shading
Random Non-Uniformity (RNU)
4
5
VNS required for good Vertical Anti-Blooming (VAB)
Power dissipation at 15 frames/s
• V ertical transport frequency = 450kHz (unless specified otherwise).
• Integration time = 10ms (unless specified otherwise).
• The light source is a 3200K lamp with neutral density filters and
a 1.7mm thick BG40 infrared cut-off filter. For Linear Operation
measurements, a temperature conv ersion filter (Melles Griot type
no. 03FCG261, -120 mired, thickness: 2.5mm) is applied.
4200:1
0.999995
0.999999
65
180
25
18
-39
250
30
0.3
24
410
0
0
2.5
5
28
%
dB
%
kel/lux·s
%
%
%
V
mW
1
Linear dynamic range is defined as the ratio of Q
2
Charge Transfer Efficiency values are tested by evaluation and expressed as the value per gate transfer.
3
Smear is defined as the ratio of 10% of the vertical transport time to the integration time. It indicates how visible a spot of 10% of the image
to read-out noise (the latter reduced by Correlated Double Sampling).
lin
height would become.
4
White Shading is defined as the ratio of the one-σ value of the pixel output distribution expressed as a percentage of the mean value output
(low pass image).
5
RNU is defined as the ratio of the one-σ value of the highpass image to the mean signal value at nominal light.
Linear Dynamic Range
20,000
18,000
35ºC
45ºC
55ºC
0
0510152025303540
Hor. Frequency (MHz)
LDR
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
Figure 7 - Typical Linear dynamic range vs. horizontal read-out frequency and sensor temperature
1999 September9
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
Frame Transfer CCD Image SensorFTT1010-M
Maximum Read-out Speed
80
2 outputs
70
60
50
40
1 output
Images/sec.
30
20
10
0
0 102030405060708090100
Integration time (ms)
Figure 8 - Maximum number of images/second versus integration time
Supply current
Bandwidth
Output impedance buffer (R
1
Matching of the four outputs is specified as ∆ACF with respect to reference measured at the operating point (Q
= 3.3kΩ, C
load
= 2pF)
load
68
0
4
110
400
DARK CONDITIONMIN.TYPICALMAX.UNIT
Dark current level @ 30° C
Dark current level @ 60° C
Fixed Pattern Noise
1
(FPN) @ 60° C
RMS readout noise @ 9MHz bandwidth after CDS
1
FPN is the one-σ value of the highpass image.
20
0.3
15
25
12
2
30
0.6
25
30
µV/el.
µV/el.
mA
MHz
Ω
/2).
lin
2
pA/cm
2
nA/cm
el.
el.
1000
)
2
100
10
Dark Current (pA/cm
1
0 102030405060
Dark Current
Temp. (oC)
Figure 11 - Dark current versus temperature
1999 September12
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
Frame Transfer CCD Image SensorFTT1010-M
Application information
Current handling
One of the purposes of VPS is to drain the holes that are generated
during exposure of the sensor to light. Free electrons are either
transported to the VRD connection and, if excessive (from overexposure), free electrons are drained to VNS. No current should
flow into any VPS connection of the sensor . During high ov erexposure
a total current 10 to 15mA through all VPS connections together
may be expected. The PNP emitter follower in the circuit diagram
(figure 12) serves these current requirements.
VNS drains superfluous electrons as a result of overexposure. In
other words, it only sinks current. During high overexposure a total
current of 10 to 15mA through all VNS connections together ma y be
expected. The NPN emitter follower in the circuit diagram meets
these current requirements. The clamp circuit, consisting of the diode
and electrolytic capacitor, enables the addition of a Charge Reset
(CR) pulse on top of an otherwise stable VNS v oltage . To protect the
CCD, the current resulting from this pulse should be limited. This
can be accomplished by designing a pulse generator with a rather
high output impedance.
Decoupling of DC voltages
All DC voltages (not VNS, which has additional CR pulses as
described above) should be decoupled with a 100nF decoupling
capacitor. This capacitor must be mounted as close as possible to
the sensor pin. Further noise reduction (by bandwidth limiting) is
achieved by the resistors in the connections between the sensor
and its voltage supplies. The electrons that build up the charge
packets that will reach the floating diffusions only add up to a small
current, which will flow through VRD . Theref ore a large series resistor
in the VRD connection may be used.
The CCD output buffer can easily be destroyed by ESD. By using
this emitter follower, this danger is suppressed; do NOT reintroduce
this danger by measuring directly on the output pin of the sensor
with an oscilloscope probe. Instead, measure on the output of the
emitter follower. Slew rate limitation is avoided by avoiding a toosmall quiescent current in the emitter follower; about 10mA should
do the job. The collector of the emitter follow er should be decoupled
properly to suppress the Miller effect from the base-collector
capacitance.
A CCD output load resistor of 3.3kΩ typically results in a bandwidth
of 110MHz. The bandwidth can be enlarged to about 130MHz by
using a resistor of 2.2kΩ instead, which, however, also enlarges the
on-chip power dissipation.
Device protection
The output buffers of the FTT1010-M are likely to be damaged if
VPS rises above SFD or RD at any time. This danger is most realistic
during power-on or power-off of the camera. The RD voltage should
always be lower than the SFD voltage.
Never exceed the maximum output current. This may damage the
device permanently. The maximum output current should be limited
to 10mA. Be especially a ware that the output buffers of these image
sensors are very sensitive to ESD damage.
Because of the fact that our CCDs are built on an n-type substrate,
we are dealing with some parasitic npn transistors. To avoid activ ation
of these transistors during switch-on and switch-off of the camera,
we recommend the application diagram of figure 12.
Outputs
T o limit the on-chip po wer dissipation, the output buff ers are designed
with open source outputs. Outputs to be used should therefore be
loaded with a current source or more simply with a resistance to
GND. In order to prevent the output (which typically has an output
impedance of about 400Ω) from bandwidth limitation as a result of
capacitive loading, load the output with an emitter follo wer b uilt from
a high-frequency transistor. Mount the base of this transistor as close
as possible to the sensor and keep the connection between the
emitter and the next stage short.
Unused sections
To reduce power consumption the following steps can be taken.
Connect unused output register pins (C1...C3, SG, OG) and unused
SFS pins to zero Volts.
More information
Detailed application information is provided in the application note
AN01 entitled ‘Camera Electronics for the mK x nK CCD ImageSensor Family’.
1999 September13
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
Frame Transfer CCD Image SensorFTT1010-M
Device Handling
An image sensor is a MOS device which can be destroy ed by electrostatic discharge (ESD). Therefore, the device should be handled
with care.
Always store the de vice with short-circuiting clamps or on conductive
foam. Alwa ys s witch off all electric signals when inserting or removing
the sensor into or from a camera (the ESD protection in the CCD
image sensor process is less effective than the ESD protection of
standard CMOS circuits).
Being a high quality optical device, it is important that the cover
glass remain undamaged. When handling the sensor , use fingercots.
VSFD
CR pulse
0
27
Ω
BAT74
Schottky!
Ω
15
BAT74
Schottky!
10k
Ω
100nF
-
+
BAT74
BAT74
BC
850C
0.5-1mA
BC
850C
0.5-1mA
0.5-1mA
BC
860C
1uF100nF
2mA
100nF
100nF
When cleaning the glass we recommend using ethanol (or possibly
water). Use of other liquids is strongly discouraged:
• if the cleaning liquid evaporates too quickly, rubbing is likely to
cause ESD damage.
• the cover glass and its coating can be damaged by other liquids.
Rub the window carefully and slowly.
Dry rubbing of the window may cause electro-static charges or
scratches which can destroy the device.
keep short
VNS
SFD
VPS
VRD
<10mm!keep short!
10k
Ω
Ω
BFR
92A
output for
preprocessing
10mA
OUT
VCS
VOG
100 Ω
3.3k
Ω
100nF
10k
100nF
100nF
1k
Ω
<7pF!
Figure 12 - Application diagram to protect the FTT1010-M
1999 September14
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
Frame Transfer CCD Image SensorFTT1010-M
Pin configuration
The FTT1010-M is mounted in a Pin Grid Array (PGA) package with
76 pins in a 15x13 grid of 40.00 x 40.00 mm2. The position of pin A1
The clock phases of quadrant W are internally connected to X, and
the clock phases of Y are connected to Z.