Motorola 45101, T2-2500 User Manual

USER GUIDE

T2-2500 PowerBroadband

(aka mT2a EthernetXD)

Motorola, Inc. 549453-001-00-a Page 1 of 51

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of the publisher.
Information in this manual is furnished under license and may only be used in accordance with the terms of the
software license. This publication and the information herein is furnished AS IS, is subject to change without
notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by Motorola. Motorola assumes no responsibility or liability
for any errors or inaccuracies, makes no warranty of any kind (expressed, implied, or staory) with respect to this
publication, and expressly disclaims any and all warranties of merchantability, fitness for particular purposes, and
noninfringement of third-party rights.
Companies, names, and data used in the examples herein are fictitious unless otherwise noted.

Pass-Through Licenses:

Net-SNMP Copyright 1989, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998-2004
LwIP Copyright © 2001, 2002 Swedish Instie of Computer Science

Net-SNMP and LwIP source code are provided under the terms of their respective license agreements.

Source code and copyright notices are available from Motorola support.
email: [e-mail]

Copyright © 2005-2006 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
‘Motorola‘ is a registered trademark of Motorola, Inc. in the United States and in other countries.
Other trade names used in this document are trademarks or registered trademarks of the manufacturers or
vendors of the associated products.

Motorola, Inc.
5200 Franklin drive, Suite 100
Pleasanton, CA 94588
1 [phone] main
1 [phone] fax
1 [phone]
www.systems.com
Published in the United States of America
August, 2007
T2-2500 PowerBroadband User Guide
Text part number: 549453-001-00 rev A

Motorola, Inc. 549453-001-00-a Page 2 of 51

Regulatory Statements
Model Number: 45125

45101
Radio Frequency Interference Requirements- FCC

Note: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to
Part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference
when the equipment is operated in commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate
radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause
harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause
harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.

Radio Frequency Interference Requirements- Canada

This Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe A est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.

Marking and European Economic Area (EEA)

WARNING: This is a Class A product. In a domestic environment this product may cause radio interference in
which case the user may be required to take adequate measures.

Statement of Compliance

Motorola/Symbol hereby declares that this device is in compliance with all the applicable Directives, 2004/108/EC
and 2006/95/EC. A Declaration of Conformity may be obtained from http://www2.symbol.com/doc/.

Motorola, Inc. 549453-001-00-a Page 3 of 51

IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
mT2a Switch

CAUTION: For installation only in a Restricted Access Location by trained service personnel.
CAUTION: Equipment must be connected to an earthed mains socket-outlet.
CAUTION: To reduce the risk of fire, use only No. 26 AWG or larger telecommunication line cord.
CAUTION: The power supply cord plug serves as the main disconnect for the product. The socket-outlet shall be
installed near the product and be readily accessible.
CAUTION: Voltages present which are above TNV-3 (POTS) limits. A cover must be installed over the punch
down blocks with a HV (High Voltage) warning label (supplied).

The maximum operating ambient temperature is 50 degrees Celcius.

When installing the Switch in an equipment rack, consider the following potential hazards:

Elevated Operating Ambient Temperature – If installed in a closed or multi-unit rack assembly, the operating
ambient temperature of the rack environment may be greater than the room ambient. Therefore, consideration
should be given to installing the equipment in an environment compatible with the manufacturer’s maximum rated
ambient temperature (Tmra).
Reduced Air Flow – Installation of the equipment in a rack should be such that the amount of air flow required for
safe operation of the equipment is not compromised.
Mechanical Loading – Mounting of the equipment in the rack should be such that a hazardous condition is not
achieved due to uneven mechanical loading.
Circuit Overloading – Consideration should be given to the connection of the equipment to the supply circuit and
the effect that overloading of circuits might have on overcurrent protection and supply wiring. Appropriate
consideration of equipment nameplate ratings should be used when addressing this concern.
Reliable Earthing – Reliable earthing of rack-mounted equipment should be maintained.
Particular attention should be given to supply connections other than direct connections to the branch circuit (e.g.,
use of power strips).

m2 WallPlate

CAUTION: Use only power supplies listed in the user manual
When using your telephone equipment, basic safety precautions should always be followed to reduce the risk of
fire, electric shock and injury to persons, including the following:

1. Do not use this product near water, for example, near a bath tub, wash bowl, kitchen sink or laundry tub,
in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.

2. Avoid using a telephone (other than a cordless type) during an electrical storm. There may be a remote
risk of electric shock from lightning.

3. Do not use the telephone to report a gas leak in the vicinity of the leak.

SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS

Motorola, Inc. 549453-001-00-a Page 4 of 51

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)

English: For EU Customers: All products at the end of their life must be returned to Motorola for recycling. For information on
how to return product, please go to: www.motorola.com/recycling/weee.

Bulgarish: За клиенти от ЕС: След края на полезния им живот всички продукти трябва да се връщат на Motorola за
рециклиране. За информация относно връщането на продукти, моля отидете на адрес:

www.motorola.com/recycling/weee.

Dansk: Til kunder i EU: Alle produkter skal returneres til Motorola til recirkulering, når de er udtjent. Læs oplysningerne om
returnering af produkter på: www.motorola.com/recycling/weee.

Deutsch: Für Kunden innerhalb der EU: Alle Produkte müssen am Ende ihrer Lebensdauer zum Recycling an Motorola
zurückgesandt werden. Informationen zur Rücksendung von Produkten finden Sie unter: www.motorola.com/recycling/weee.

Eesti: EL klientidele: kõik tooted tuleb nende eluea lõppedes tagastada taaskasutamise eesmärgil Motorola'ile.
Lisainformatsiooni saamiseks toote tagastamise kohta külastage palun aadressi: www.motorola.com/recycling/weee.

Español: Para clientes en la Unión Europea: todos los productos deberán entregarse a Motorola al final de su ciclo de vida
para que sean reciclados. Si desea más información sobre cómo devolver un producto, visite:

www.motorola.com/recycling/weee.

Français : Clients de l'Union Européenne : Tous les produits en fin de cycle de vie doivent être retournés à Motorola pour
recyclage. Pour de plus amples informations sur le retour de produits, consultez: www.motorola.com/recycling/weee.

Italiano: per i clienti dell'UE: tutti i prodotti che sono giunti al termine del rispettivo ciclo di vita devono essere restituiti a
Motorola al fine di consentirne il riciclaggio. Per informazioni sulle modalità di restituzione, visitare il seguente sito Web:

www.motorola.com/recycling/weee.

Magyar: Az EU-ban vásárlóknak: Minden tönkrement terméket a Motorola vállalathoz kell eljuttatni újrahasznosítás céljából. A
termék visszajuttatásának módjával www.motorola.com/recycling/weee.

Nederlands: Voor klanten in de EU: alle producten dienen aan het einde van hun levensduur naar Motorola te worden
teruggezonden voor recycling. Raadpleeg www.motorola.com/recycling/weee voor meer informatie over het terugzenden van
producten. www.motorola.com/recycling/weee.

Português: Para clientes da UE: todos os produtos no fim de vida devem ser devolvidos à Motorola para reciclagem. Para
obter informações sobre como devolver o produto, visite: www.motorola.com/recycling/weee.

Românesc: Pentru clienţii din UE: Toate produsele, la sfârşitul duratei lor de funcţionare, trebuie returnate la Motorola pentru
reciclare. Pentru informaţii despre returnarea produsului, accesaţi: www.motorola.com/recycling/weee.

Slovenski: Za kupce v EU: vsi izdelki se morajo po poteku življenjske dobe vrniti podjetju Motorola za reciklažo. Za
informacije o vraèilu izdelka obišèite: www.motorola.com/recycling/weee.

Suomi: Asiakkaat Euroopan unionin alueella: Kaikki tuotteet on palautettava kierrätettäväksi Motorola-yhtiöön, kun tuotetta ei
enää käytetä. Lisätietoja tuotteen palauttamisesta on osoitteessa: www.motorola.com/recycling/weee.

Svenska: För kunder inom EU: Alla produkter som uppnått sin livslängd måste returneras till Motorola för återvinning.
information om hur du returnerar produkten finns på www.motorola.com/recycling/weee.

Motorola, Inc. 549453-001-00-a Page 5 of 51

Commands and Syntax 8

Command Hierarchy.................................................................................. 8

Administrative Commands.......................................................................... 8

Hardware 10

Model Numbers and Description.................................................................10

Switch Front Panel Connections..................................................................11

Mounting Options.....................................................................................11

Switch Rear Panel Connections...................................................................11

WallPlate ................................................................................................12

System Administration 13

Management Access.................................................................................13

CLI Configuration Script files......................................................................13

Configuration Files using the webUI............................................................14

HTTP Menus............................................................................................15

Upgrading the System Image ....................................................................15

Line Quality.............................................................................................15

View System Configuration and Status........................................................16

Commit mode..........................................................................................16

Reset to Default Configuration ...................................................................17

Other Configuration Help...........................................................................17

Access Control Lists (ACLs) 18
RADIUS network authenticated login 19
WallPlate Installation 20

Installation Guidelines ..............................................................................20

Installation 1: Install over 70mm x 114mm wall plate ..................................21

Installation 2: Install over European wall plate with 65mm offset...................22

Installation 3: External mounting tabs........................................................23

Remove the cover to service the WallPlate...................................................23

Installation Steps 24

Install mT2 switch in phone room; MDF or IDF.............................................24

Install cross connects ...............................................................................24

Review the cross-connects ........................................................................24

Configure mT2 EthernetXD Switch..............................................................25

In-Room Installation.................................................................................26

Enable line power.....................................................................................28

Finish the installation................................................................................28

802.1Q VLANs 29

VLAN Specification ...................................................................................29

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VLAN terminology ....................................................................................29

VLAN commands in mT2 ...........................................................................30

Web UI configuration................................................................................31

Quality of Service (QoS) 34

QoS commands and concepts ....................................................................34

Dynamic packet classification.....................................................................36

QoS Example 37
VLAN Tutorials 38

Tutorial 1: Simple Hotel configuration........................................................38

Tutorial 2: Mixed Mode VLAN configuration with QoS....................................39

Tutorial 3: Per port 802.1Q VLANs.............................................................41

Tutorial 4: Network Privacy without 802.1Q VLANs (cascade optional) ............43

Line Status 45
Appendix A: Pin-out Assignments 47
Appendix B: Hardware Specifications 49
Appendix C: Compliance 51

Motorola, Inc. 549453-001-00-a Page 7 of 51

Commands and Syntax

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The Tut Command Line Interface (CLI) implements a hierarchical command structure. Commands are organized as a
high-level command keyword related to a particular function of the device with sub-commands related to sub­functions.

You may move down in the command hierarchy by entering root keywords and sub-keywords followed by the enter
key. Your current level in the command hierarchy is referred to as the “command context.” The top-level context is
referred to as the “root command context.” You may move up to the previous command context by using the exit
command. The command prompt displays the current command context.

Full commands may be entered at the root command context. For example:

system> interface dsl enable port1

You may also move down levels in the command hierarchy, which allows you to execute commands with less
repetitive typing.

For example:

system> interface
system:interface> dsl
system:interface.dsl> enable port1
system:interface.dsl> enable port2
system:interface.dsl> enable port3
system:interface.dsl> exit
system:interface> exit
system>

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Most commands discussed in this guide are administrative commands, which change the configuration of the system

or affect the operation of the system. These commands can only be executed from the admin account. Configuration

changes take affect immediately and are recorded in non-volatile memory (NVRAM) in the default mode.
Alternatively, you may choose not to record changes in NVRAM. In this case, changes will need to be committed
before rebooting the system; otherwise the configuration will revert to the last saved configuration. If automatic
commit is enabled, or the configuration is manually committed, the running configuration will automatically be restored
if the system power cycles or is rebooted.

Show Commands

The show commands are used to view configurations, status and/or statistics. These commands can be issued from
either the user or admin account.

Global Commands

Commands that are available from any command context are called global commands. For example, the help

command can be used whether you are at the root command context or down a few levels in the command hierarchy.

Global commands can also be used from either the user or admin account.

Note: The default prompt is “system>”. If you set the system name using the “system name” command, the
prompt changes to the new system name.

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Commands and Syntax

Command Description

clear Clears the screen

exit Use this command to switch to the previous context. Note that using the exit command at

the root command contgext performs the same function as logout.
help Displays the help files
history Shows the history of the commands used in the current session.
logout Can be used with either the login (admin, user, RADIUS network authenticated) and at any

command level to terminate the current session
tree Shows the structure of the command tree

Command Completion

The Tut OS allows you to shorten commands as long as the characters are not ambiguous. While typing a command,

press the tab key to have the system complete the current command word or type (?) to have the system display a list

of available options. The options displayed vary according to the context:

• If you type a ? at a prompt, the system displays a list of all available commands.

• If you type an unambiguous command word, pressing ? displays all available subcommands or arguments. For
example, show ? (note the space before the question mark) displays a list of all show subcommands.

Style Conventions

The style conventions used in this manual distinguish various elements of the commands and facilitate the proper
interpretation of command syntax, parameters, and their use.

This document refers to actual command syntax as little as possible. For a complete command syntax document,

please refer to the Command Reference guide for a complete list of all available commands, the proper syntax, and
usage examples. In no way does this User Guide attempt to replace or obsolete the Command Reference.

Interface Range

Multiple interfaces can be specified for a single command using port ranges. Use of hyphens (-) and commas (,) to
delineate ports. Port numbers must be contained in parenthesis. Hyphens and commas can be combined in the
same expression to specify multiple, non-sequential interfaces. For example;

To enable all 25 DSL ports, type: interface dsl enable port(1-25)
To enable only selected DSL ports, type: interface dsl enable port(1,3,5,20-25)

Hyphens and commas can also be used to enable remote Ethernet ports along with DSL ports. For example;

To enable Eth1 and Eth3 on every WallPlate, type: interface remote enable port(1-25)-(1,3)

VLAN commands can also be completed using interface ranges.

To add VLAN 100 to Eth1 on every WallPlate, type: vlan membership add 100 interface port(1-25)-1

Motorola, Inc. 549453-001-00-a Page 9 of 51

Hardware

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Model Number Description

45025 25 port mT2a EthernetXD Switch. 2 x GigE uplink Ethernet ports and 25 x high speed

45125 RoHS compliant version of 45025

45001 2 port m2a WallPlate. 2 x Fast Ethernet ports, 1 x high speed DSL port, 1 x analog

45101 RoHS compliant version of 45001

45003 4 port m4a WallPlate. 4 x Fast Ethernet ports, 1 x high speed DSL port, 1 x analog

45002 4 port m4 Service Unit. 4 x Fast Ethernet ports and 1 x high speed DSL port. Two

DSL ports for connection to UTP wiring. Provides broadband data and Adaptive Line
Power for remote WallPlate.

POTs RJ11 port. Two powering options; Adaptive Line Power from the 45025 switch,
or local power adapter. Designed for installation over existing RJ11 wall jack.

POTs RJ11 port. Two powering options; Adaptive Line Power from the 45025 switch,
or local power adapter. Designed for installation over existing RJ11 wall jack. RoHS
compliant.

powering options; Adaptive Line Power from the 45025 switch, or local power adapter.
Analog POTS filter and port is not included. Solid backplate, not designed for
installation over existing RJ11 wall jack. RoHS compliant.

65601 In-line RJ11 filter, mT2a. RoHS compliant

65602 In-line unterminated filter, mT2a. RoHS compliant

65002 12VDC regulated power supply, US. RoHS compliant

65102 12VDC regulated power supply, Euro. ROHS compliant

61299 RJ11 telephone cable, 2m. RoHS compliant

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Hardware

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• ETHERNET PORTS: 2 x 10/100/1000 auto-sensing

• CONSOLE PORT: db9 serial

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T2 ships with mounting ears designed for a standard EIA-19 equipment rack. The ears can be rotated 180 degrees.

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• LINE RJ21: PBX/PSTN block or breakout panel

• PHONE RJ21: House block or breakout panel

• POWER: 100-240VAC IEC320 male connector

LINE RJ21
Connect to PBX

PHONE RJ21
Connect to House block

Motorola, Inc. 549453-001-00-a Page 11 of 51

Hardware

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m2a – 2 port WallPlate

Designed to be installed over existing RJ11 wall jack. Bracket has a large opening to route the RJ11 cable from the
existing jack. See Installation Chapter for a breakout view of the cover and bracket.

m4a – 4 port WallPlate

Designed to be installed over existing RJ11 wall jack. Bracket has a large opening to route the RJ11 cable from the
existing jack.

DC power connector (not used from 0 to 600meters)

RJ11 filtered phone port

Eth1 – 10/100 auto-sensing Ethernet

Eth2 – 10/100 auto-sensing Ethernet

RJ11 line-in port (not shown, accessible when bracket is removed)

DC power connector (not used from 0 to 600meters)

RJ11 filtered phone port

Eth1 – 10/100 auto-sensing Ethernet

Eth2 – 10/100 auto-sensing Ethernet

Eth3 – 10/100 auto-sensing Ethernet

Eth4 – 10/100 auto-sensing Ethernet

RJ11 line-in port (not shown, accessible when bracket is removed)

m4a – 4 port Service Unit

Designed to be set on a shelf, or mounted on flat surface. Not designed for installation over an existing RJ11 jack.
The mounting bracket is solid, there is no hole to route an RJ11 cable behind the unit. The line-in RJ11 jack is
located on the external side of the unit. The Service Unit does not have an integrated POTS filter.

DC power connector (not used from 0 to 600meters)

RJ11 line-in port

Eth1 – 10/100 auto-sensing Ethernet
Eth2 – 10/100 auto-sensing Ethernet
Eth3 – 10/100 auto-sensing Ethernet
Eth4 – 10/100 auto-sensing Ethernet

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System Administration

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This User Guide does not detail each configuration command option. Consult the mT2 Command Reference for an
alphabetical listing of all commands, proper syntax, and examples.

This chapter covers common management questions and items not covered by the Command Reference.

Web UI context-sensitive help includes information on each configuration item.

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mT2 can be managed via serial console, telnet, HTTP web UI, or SNMP. With the 1.3 firmware, Eth1 is enabled by
default. Telnet and HTTP are accessible at the default IP address.

Access Methods

Default IP address

Serial console

192.168.1.3

Terminal settings: 9600-8-N-1 no flow control

Telnet

HTTP

Default login and password

Default user name for administrative access: admin
Default password: <blank>

Default user name for monitoring only: user
Default password: <blank>

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With the 1.3.0 firmware release, T2 features a 200 kbyte file system to store and load configuration script files. These
files are text editable. Use the following commands to complete these management tasks:

1. Create a starting configuration file from an existing T2 unit

2. Copy the file to an external server

3. Edit the file on a PC

4. Load the file into another T2 unit

5. Execute the file as a set of configuration commands

The command syntax to use the file system is:

file copy <string(source)> to <string(destination)>

Requires Eth1 or Eth2 enabled and a valid IP address

Requires Eth1 or Eth2 enabled and a valid IP address
Browser support: IE6 or greater, Mozilla
Management URL: http://<IP address>

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System Administration

a. Source can be a local file, a remote FTP or TFTP file, or a pre-defined keyword. Keywords allow you to capture

the startup and running configuration to a file. Supported keywords are “startup” and “running”.

b. Destination can be a local file or a remote FTP or TFTP file. Note that the combination of the Source keywords

and the remote Destination allows you to copy the running config directly to a remote server. For example; file
copy running to tftp://192.168.1.1/my-t2-config.txt

c. At least one (source or destination) must be the local file system. If the source and destination are remote

servers, the command will fail.

file delete <string(file)>

d. Delete a file from the file system

file dir

e. List the files in the system and display the remaining storage

file exec <string(file)>

f. Executes a file as a set of configuration commands. Note that “file” is a local file in the file system. The file must

have previously been copied to the filesystem from the external server using the file copy command.

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From the webUI, the administrator can save and load configuration files. Note that these configuration files are non­editable binary format for configuration security. If editable configuration is desired, use the CLI script files.
Configuration files from the webUI can be used to create secure template configurations.

Note: The Configuration File contains every configuration possible including the “Admin” account password. When
combined with RADIUS network authentication, the non-editable Configuration Files provide a secure method to pre­configure systems in a staging area and apply the secure “admin” password without revealing the password. Contact
a Tut Systems support person for assistance with a setting up secure, staged configurations.

To save or load a Configuration file from the webUI, access the System – Configuration screen from the webUI.

Follow these steps to create a template configuration file:

1. Configure a complete system configuration

2. Set the system name to “template configuration” or similar name

3. Save the configuration file using the webUI System-Configuration screen

Follow these steps to apply the template to a new system:

1. Boot a new system

2. Using the serial console login, set the IP address (or use the default IP address)

3. Reboot the system to apply the IP address

4. Login via the webUI

5. Load the template configuration file using the System-Configuration screen

6. Change the system name to the correct name

7. Change the IP address to the correct IP address

8. Power off or reboot the system. The next time the system is booted, it will have the complete configuration
with the correct IP address and system name.

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System Administration

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System Menu

Interface Menu
Advanced Menu
Monitor Menu











All configuration items related to setting up the system and management access. For
example; IP address, SNMP, image upgrade

Ethernet and DSL port configuration

VLAN, IGMP, advanced configurations

Quick access to all port statistics; line quality, etc

Color coded Port Monitor:

Green - Ethernet Port or DSL Port is operating normally and within tolerance

Gray - Ethernet Port is enabled, but disconnected.

Yellow - Indicates an alert condition.

Red – Indicates a warning or alert condition. When applied to the Line Status, Red
indicates the line is enabled, but the WallPlate is disconnected.

Black – Port is disabled

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MT2 stores one active and one alternate boot image.

The WallPlate software image is included with the mT2 system image. At bootup, the image is checked for current
version and any required changes. If the WallPlate image requires a reload (as during a system image upgrade), the
time to upload all 25 WallPlates is approximately 20 minutes. During the upgrade time, the WallPlates will not be
available for network activity. Currently, there are no WallPlate upgrades planned for current releases of mT2
software.

System image can be upgrade using FTP or TFTP. Commands used are:

Using FTP: system image load ftp://username:password@ipaddress/path/t2-app.img
Using TFTP: system image load tftp://ipaddress/path/t2-app.img

Instructions to obtain and upgrade the system image are found in the release notes of each software image.

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mT2 includes Forward Error Correction in the VDSL frames. Bit errors that are not corrected are counted and
reported as a Line Quality measurement. Bit errors are averaged over 1 second of time. An SNMP trap will be sent
to the SNMP trap recipient when the threshold is crossed. The line quality status will change in the webUI and the
Command Line Interface. There are two thresholds that will be set:

Maximum threshold – the line quality status will change to Fair when the errors increase beyond the

maximum threshold

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System Administration

Minimum threshold – the line quality status will change to Good when the errors decrease below the minimum

threshold

To set the line quality threshold, use the following command:

interface dsl threshold <interface-id> min-threshold <0.5 to 50> max-threshold <0.5 to 50>

Line quality threshold can also be set from the webUI using the Interface DSL menu

By default, the thresholds are set to:

min-threshold 1.7 bit errors/second
max-threshold 2 bit errors/second

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Configuration and Status can be viewed using the Show commands. To view all the options to display configuration
and status, use the following command from the CLI:

show ?

Ex: View Current and alternate software versions:

show system image

XLT displays the configuration from the CLI in three useful modes. All configuration displays can be accessed from
the “show system config” command syntax.

Summary

Startup

Use the command: show system config summary

This command displays the configuration in an organized summary of each configured feature.
Use this output to quickly view the active configuration.

Use the command: show system config startup

Displays only the commands entered by the administrator that result in a configuration change
AND have been saved to memory. Use this command to capture an active configuration and
create a template for configuring other XLT switches.

Running

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Tut OS supports automatic and manual commit modes. When in automatic mode, every command will be executed
immediately and saved to memory. The commands will be active if the system is rebooted or power cycled.

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Use the command: show system config running

Displays only the commands entered by the administrator that result in a configuration change.
The changes may or may not have been saved to memory. Use this command to capture an
active configuration and create a template for configuring other XLT switches.

Note: When the commit mode is set to manual, the Running config will be different from the

Startup config until the changes are committed.