Kodak Cine Special Operating Instructions
s p
-KODAK
THE
CINE-KODAK
SPEC
EASTMAN
ROCHESTER,
KODAK
NEW
•
AL
COMPANY
YORK
TAB
L E
o F
CONTENTS
LOADING
CINE-KODAK SPECIAL. 5
Interchanging
Chambers. . . . .
A perture Cover .
Threading the Film.
Film Meters . . . . . . . . . . .
Unloading. .
HAND-HELD OPERATION.
Condensed Instructions
for Average Filming.
General Inform
Turret Hea
Camera Speeds .
Variable Shutter . . . . . . . . . .
Masks.
OPERATION
CINE-KODAK TRIPOD . .
THE
the
Film
..
. . .
...
ation.
Holding the Camera Steady.
Finder.
Exposure
Focus.
Miscellaneous Notes.
Important Rules
.............
........
d.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
ON
THE
. .
10
11
17
18
19
20
23
23
23
25
27
28
. .
28
29
35
36
37
41
Reflex Finder. . . . . .
Fades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dissolves.
5
Single Frames.
Frame Counter. . . . . . . . .
Double Exposure.
Running Down
Hand Cranking. .
FILMS, FILTERS AND
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTS.
SPECIAL EFFECTS
AND TRICKS.
CARE
OFTHE
CINE-KODAK SPECIAL.
Cleaning the
Cleaning the Lenses. .
Cleaning
Oiling the Camera. .
TITLE SER VICE, DUPLICATES
AND COPIES.
TABLES
Exposure ..
Field
Sizes
the
..
..
the
Motor.
Gate.
.
Reflex Finder.
42
45
46
49
..
50
52
54
55
56
61
70
70
71
71
71
74
76
76
80
1
!
-'
CINE
KODAK
SPECIAL
I
"
I
,-
TH
E
CINE-KoDAK
sibilities for
from
certain
retains
serious
technique.
matic,
chrome Films.
addition
best for general
lens for
I-inch
effects can be obtained. These lenses
making
big game
object . These
from
very near
operations,
ment
instructorsÂmethod
Special
but
the
workers
The
Cine-Kodak
Super Sensitive
A
great
to
including a larger
lens. Several long-focus lenses are available, so
motion
and
intermediate
Members
for
photographing
It
is
the
of
they
grea tly widens
SPECIAL
making
limitations
16 mm. film economy
who
variety of
the
I-inch
work,
pictures
simi
lar
telephoto
distances
the
subject; such as pictures
dental
of
movie
camera for doctors, physicists, biologists, engineers,
in
short,
disseminating
have a photographic
is
an
instrument
motion
wish
Special uses st;tndard 16 mm. Cine-Kodak Panchro-
lenses can be used on
f.1.9
subjects
work
clubs
the
pictures.
of
the
simple
and
convenience.
to
go
beyond
Panchromatic,
lens
the
camera can be equipped
area
than
of
ath
letic
where
lenses also
when
and
similar
will
scenarios
all
those
knowledge
scope
of
Cine-Kodak Safety, and Koda-
which
can be
will
games from
it
is
permit
it
is inconvenient to place the camera
subjects.
find
this
that
include
seeking an inexpensive and
or
instrument
the
work
that
creates
It
frees
home
movie
the
the
Cine-Kodak Special.
is
regularly
obtained
be found very desirable for
the
not
possible to
obtaining
of
camera an unequalled
the
of
preserving records.
that
they
are doing.
wholly
the
advanced
camera, and
It
is
average movie
supplied and is
with
with
grandstand,
insects, birds, surgical
most
not
new
the
camera for
a wide-angle
the
standard
that
telephoto
get
close to
close-up effects
difficult effects.
only
simplifies
pos-
workers
yet
making
In
the
hunting
the
instru-
athletic
elastic
In
the
[ Cine-Kodak Special with
with I-inch
f.l.9
lens
100-foot
and
3-inch
film
chamber in position,
fA.S
telephoto lens on turret.
and
Cine-Kodak Special with
with 1-inch
f.1
.9 lens
200-foot
and
6-inch
film chamber
fA.S
telephoto lens on turret.
in
position,
and
LOADING
/
THE
CINE-KODAK
INTERCHANGING
THE
Cine-Kodak Special consists
chamber.
Figure 1 shows
shows
it
with
quickly interchangeable. This feature is invaluable
one chamber loaded
with
Super Sensitive Panchromatic, and
Film.
If
an unusual
will
By
Cine
not have
hand
-Kodak
or
you
exposed. Also,
considerable time, such
for this use exclusively.
minutes of uninterrupted action can be filmed .
chamber invaluable for surgical operations,
events, etc.
Kodachrome, and Kodachrome Type A can be
lOa-foot,
bers. Cine-Kodak Safety
the
camera
the 200-foot film chamber. These film chambers are
with
regular Cine-Kodak Panchromatic,
opportunity
to
wait
until
you
may be
as
animation,
cranking
200-foot lengths for use
or
by using
Panchromatic, Super Sensitive
Film
SPECIAL
THE
FILM
of
twO units;
with
the
lOa-foot film chamber; Figure 2
arises for good pictures in Kodachrome,
the
rest
making
a special sequence
yet
the
Electric
in
lOa-foot or
is supplied
CHAMBERS
the
camera and
another
of
the
black-and-white film is
not
want
Motor
This
many
Panchromati
obtained
in
loa-foot rolls, only.
as
you
with
Kodachrome
that
to
tie
up
Drive, over
makes
the
types of a
lOa-foot
the
film
may keep
another
requires
the
camera
eight
200-foot
thletic
c, regular
in
SO-foot,
film cham-
5
FIGURES
Removing the Chamber
3,
4,
and 5 show
graphica
lly
how
this is done:
Fig.
Push aperture cover
(Make
sure
expo
sure button ;5
3
button
6
to CLOSED.
OUT.)
<
L
Raise chamber release until
it
snaps
out.
Disengage chamber
as
indicated
7
by
by
swinging
arrows, then lift it
it
down
off
.
FIGURES
Replacing the Chamber
6,
7, 8 and 9
show
the
method
of
doing this :
Fig. 6
Drive couplings are shown which must
Pins
engage
holes automatically.
8
be
engaged.
Fig
. 7
Drive couplings engaged.
Push
chamber in direction
Push
L
of
arrows.
Push
in
Fig.
9
aperture cover button to OPEN.
9
and
down
on chamber release.
Fig.
10
APERTURE
BUTTON
COYER
APERTURE
TH
E APERTURE COVER BUTTON (FigÂure 10) closes
chamber so
chamber is removed from
You
cannot
button
is
at
the
that
no film is fogged
run the camera
CLOSED.
(0
VER
aperture
the
of
the
when
camera.
when
The chamber cannot be removed
the
button
If
of
the Cine-Kodak Special
chamber removed,
page
you
54.
at
wish
OPEN
.
to
operate the mechanism
with
see
instructions
the
film
this
wi
film
the
th
on
FINGER·NAIL
NOTCH
Fig.
11
10
l v
THREADING
THE
FILM
LOAD
Rotate
word
in
subdued
light
DOOR LOCK a
OPF;N. Open
100-Foot
or
in
half
the
DOOR
the
turn to
Film
shade
with
Chamber
of
the body.
the
left and push
the finger-nail inserted in the
it
NOTCH provided (Figure 11). The door should be opened
will
go so
that
the
FILM
TENSION
METER
LEVER
ARM
Fig.
12
will
clear the spool, Figure 12.
FILM
METER
ARM
down to the
as
far
as
it
With
the camera is supplied a 50-foot spool, a lOO-foot spool, and
with
some dummy film
After
pushing
the
12, remove
Open
the
spools. .
SPROCKET CLAMP by pushing in and down on
which
TENSION LEVER in direction
RELEASE (Figure 13, page 12
After removing spool
of
unexposed film from carton and metal con-
to practice threading. Save
of
the
).
11
the
arrow
the
spools.
in
Fig.
CLAMP
GATE
TENSION
LEVER
SPROCKET
T
AKE·UP
SPINDLE
,
~\;rI--
CLAMP
Fig.
13
..
GUIDES
SPROCKET
SPROCKET
KNOB
STUD
SPROCKET
CLAMP
Fig. 14
12
SPROCKET
tainer, unroll
down, on SUPPLY SPINDLE (Figure 13).
Note
path
of
about
two
that
lines and arrows on
the
film;
two
feet
of
of
the arrows
film. Place the spool,
the
inside
of
the chamber indicate
show
the direction in
with
square hole
the
which
the
spools turn.
Thread the film under the
(Figure 13). Leave a
the film sideways
sure
the gate seats itself, indicating
into
The camera should
Following
under the
the sprocket
the
lower
SPROCKET again, as
teeth
which
SPROCKET and up between the GUIDES
free
loop
as
the GATE,
now
appear
loop
line, thread film under the STUD, and
already enga
indicated by upper
starting
that
as
in
Figure 14.
at
the film lies in
in
Figure 13.
ge
the film coming from
loop
the
top
of
the
Fit
the perforations over
line and push
the
gate. Make
film track.
the
supply spool.
SPROCKET CLAMP by pushing upward until a click is heard.
Close
Attach
inserting
dicated by
Be
the empty spool, square hole down, on the
the
end
of
the film to the core
it
in
the slot. Give the spool a few turns in
the
arrow
A (Figure 14)
to
of
make
sure TENSION LEVER is pushed down
the empty take-up spool, by
the
direction in-
sure
film is securely attached.
as
in Figure 13, then place
TAKE-UP
SPINDLE
(Figure 14). The TENSION LEVER can be released by pushing the
if
lug near the hinge;
perform
it
automatically.
The camera
should
Run the camera a second
its
path
and
that
the loops are maintained . Directions for running the
camera are given on page
this operation is forgotten, the door
now
appear
or
20
as
in Figure 14.
two
to
see
that
.
If
the upper loop increases, pull the film
down until the loop size is correct. Repeat
If
the film chamber is
in the preceding paragraph by
wise, in
the
direction
Close camera door.
not fully closed
Push the
it a half
turn to the
or
DOOR LOCK
of
If
the
spools are
right.
not
on the camera, give
turning
the
arrow
it
does
not
up
to CLOSE (Figure 11, page 10) and give
the
(Figure 14).
close easily, the sprocket clamp is
not
seated properly.
the
the
film runs
trial
the
smoothly
run.
trial
run described
SPROCKET KNOB clock-
will
in
13
CLAMP
RELEASES
ROCKET
SP
CLAM
Fig.
14
16
PS
TENSION
\'
LEVER
Running
WITH
the
film chamber on
set SHUTTER LEVER
page 4)
not
at
32
or
ure 28, page 32), run
at
64.
Looking
the
camera by pressing the EXPOSURE BUTTON
(Figure 1, page 4). Stop
perforations
Set the
lengths
that
CAMERA
or
at
50
are punched in
FILM
for 50-foot lengths
200-f
off
Leacler
the
camera, remove the lens (see page 32),
OPEN
and set SPEED
DIAL
at
16
directly into the LENS SOCKET (Fig-
the
camera immediately
the
film
at
METER, Figure
of
film.
oot
Film
Chamber
the
1,
end
page
of
4,
when
the
at
leader.
a for lOa-foot
(Figure 1,
you see
the
ROTATE
DOOR LOCK a
half
turn
to
the
right
and remove DOOR
(Figure 15).
with
In this chamber are three spools and some dummy film
to practice
Remove
open
and away from the sprocket.
threading
the
the
SPROCKET CLAMPS by pushing the CLAMP RELEASES
. Save the spools.
spools,
holding
The
FILM
chamber
METER
will
now
ARM
appear
to
the
as
which
right;
in Figure 16.
After removing the film from the carton and metal container, unroll
about
two
and one-half feet
SPINDLE,
Thread
the
sprocket
Following
GATE,
in
the film channel
Following
engaging
square hole down.
the
film over
film perforations. Close
until it
starting
clicks.
the
upper loop line, slide the film sideways
at
the
of
the
lower
the
teeth
and closing
The TENSION LEVER (Figure 16) should
stud marked
with
the size
of
film and place
the
top
of
the sprocket, engaging the
the
clamp by
top
(Figure 17, page 16).
the gate,
loop
and
line,
the
of
spool used.
IS
that
thread
clamp
the
spool on the SUPPLY
pushing
Be
sure the film
loop does
not
the film under
as
before.
be
placed to the left
teeth
it
towards
into
is
touch casting.
the
sprocket,
of
and
in
with
the
the
seated
the
GATE
SPROCKET
KNOB
SPROCKET SPROCKET
Attach
inserting
the end
it
in the slot. Give the spool a few turns in the direction in-
dicated by the
of
arrow
CLAMPS
Fig. 17
the
film
to
the core
B,
Figure 17, and pull
firmly attached. Place the spool on
16, page 14), square hole
The
threaded chamber should
A
short
trial run should
and the loops maintained,
down.
now
be
given
as
described for the lOO-foot chamber.
Close the chamber by replacing the
LOCK
not
a
half
turn
close easily,
to
the left (Figure IS, page 14).
the
sprocket clamps
proper positions.
the
Run off
described for
leader and set
the
lOO-foot chamber.
CAMERA
16
of
the empty take-up spool by
the
film
to
make sure
the
TAKE-UP SPINDLE (Figure
appear
to
as
see
if
the threading is correct
DOOR and
or
the
spools are
FILM
METER (Figure 18)
in Figure
rotating
If
17
the
not
..
door
it
DOOR
does
in
their
is
as
FILM· METERS
T
HE
Cine-Kodak Special has
the
and one for
COUNTER calibrated from 0
to
the
foot,
the
camera.
ti
ple exposure
see
pages
CHAMBER
FILM
camera proper,
the
frame counter ties
It
is particularly useful in single frame, double, and mul-
work,
50
and 51.
METER
two
film meters; one for
see
Figure
to
40.
As there are fort y 16 mm. frames
in
with
the
the
film chamber
18.
There is also a
FRAME
mechanical film meter on
Fig. 18
CHAMBER
of
ence
the
indicate
latter
is on
CAMERA
and requires
FILM
supply roll
the
amount
or
off
FILM
setting
accurate measure
feet exposed.
CHANGING
another
FILM CH
loaded chamber, be sure
METER. This
of
film an d requires no
of
unexposed film in
the
camera.
METER. Th
with
each roll
of
the
film in
is is geared
of film.
ind
ividu
AMBERS: When replacing
to
reset
17
meter operates on
setting
. Its purpose is
the
chamber,
to
the
camera mechanism
Its
purpose is
al
fee
t,
and gives
the film
the
Camer
a
Film
the
circumfer-
whether
to
provide an
the
number
chamber
Meter
to
to
the
of
with
agree
with
the amount
tracting the figure given on the
depending upon the roll
used and the figure on the chamber shows
chamber, the
required, the Camera
metal side
of
When again using
after the Camera
of
film already exposed,
Chamber
of
film
in
the chamber.
Camera Film Meter should
Film
Meter reading should be marked on the dull
the film chamber
this
chamber, erase
Film
Meter has been reset
when
which
Film
is determined by sub-
Meter from
If
60
feet remaining
be
set
at
40
it
is removed from
the
notation
from the dull metal,
to
agree.
a 200-foot spool is
feet.
UNLOADING
WHEN
0, you have exposed all
must be
the
chamber door.
and remove
in
light
plainly
return the exposed roll
nearest laboratOry for finishing, for
charge.
in
is
ruined.
from the processing laboratory, must
the
CHAMBER
In order to unload
wound
CHAMBER
Open
the
around
chamber door, pull down
the
full spool from
its metal container.
or in the shade
The
film
is
now
in· the space provided on the back
If
you mail the film direct, tie a
not
seal
it
in any
When returning the exposed film for development,
the metal spool container before placing
not
done the film is liable to unwind and
FILM
METER
the
usable
length
the
camera in
the
roll
of
film. To do this, run
FILM
METER shows
the
take-up spindle. Quickly replace
To
prevent edge fog, unload only in subdued
of
the body.
ready for development.
of
film
to
your dealer,
way
.
(Figure 18, page 17) points to
of
film.
daylight,
EMPTY,
the
tension lever
which
it
the protective trailer
before opening the
Print
your name and address
of
the
yellow
who
will
we make no additional
string
around
be
in
the
yellow carton.
it
will
then be fogged and
We cannot emphasize too strongly the importance
name and address on the yellow cartOn. This is the only
we can tell to
The open sided spool
the
Cine-Kodak Special.
whom
the film belongs.
or
reel on
which
the finished picture is returned
not
be
used
as
a take-up spool in
SO,
100
If
accuracy is
the
camera.
the
camera until
as
when
loading,
carton. Then
send
it
the
carton; do
sure to replace
of
placing your
way
by
or
200
in
the
it
to
our
If
this
which
it
18
HAND-HELD
OPERATION
IT
IS
well
known
camera on a
even
the
simplest pictures
While
the
by
using a
features; namely,
a
turret, v.ariable
spring
tripod,
motor
that
rigid
support;
full
versatility
as a
interchangeable
speed,
with
audible signals.
the
finest
and
with
of
the
hand-held
variable
motion
when
the
Cine-Kodak Special is
instrument
chambers,
pictures are made
convenient
use
of
the
interchangeable
shutter,
masks, and
tripod.
it
it
is advisable
only
presents
with
the
to
make
attainable
many
unique
lenses on
long-running
Versatility
VERSATILITY
increasing
trol
over
which
The
Special as a simplified camera,
requires
If
you
to
expose
structions
Information,
mentals
in a motion
the
number
the
way
film is
the
frames are exposed.
next
few pages give
but
two adjustments for
have
not
extensively used a movie camera before,
at
least
one
for Average
pages
23
in
your
mind
picture
of
adjustments,
drawn
instructions
roll
of
Filming
to
28.
before
versus
through
such
each
film folloyving
on
This
attempting
Simplicity
camera can be accomplished
as
scene
page
will
19
giving
the
the
the
camera and
in
how
Cine-Kodak
...
diaphragm
only
20
and
reading
help
to
advanced
operator
to
use
establish
cinematography.
greater
the
the
Cine-Kodak
Model
and distance.
we
the
Condensed In-
over
the
the
only
con-
manner
K,
which
urge
General
funda-
by
in
you
CONDENSED
-Refer
INSTRUCTIONS
to Figures 19
Fig.
19
FOR A VERAGE
and
20-
FILMING
WINDING
by turning
arrow,
that
the EXPOSURE BUTTON is out.
While winding, a bell signals
(about
winding after the bell rings, turn the
the motor stop. Also, a bell signals
(about
seven seconds
of
film; and
complete
THE
MOTOR:
MOTOR
until
three turns before the stop is reached).
3 feet
of
it
winding
CRANK counter-clockwise, in the direction
the
spring is
film
will
at
speed 16). The
requires about
.
Wind the
wound
be carried
38
motor
tight
when
cr
ank slowly
when
through
motor
turns
20
of
the Cine-Kodak Special
of
the
. Before winding, make sure
the
camera is nearly
If
you wish to continue
to
avoid undue strain
the
motor
is nearly
after signal, requiring abou t
has a
total
run
of
of
the MOTOR CRANK for a
run
over
wound
down
38
feet
on
ADJUSTING
I-inch
f.1.9 lens
tention
telephoto
ing these lenses
instructions
For
simplified
set
the:
SPEED
SHUTTER
THE
or
is given
to
effects can be
to
on
page 32.
DIAL
LEVER
turret,
operation,
OPEN.
With
the
speed and
fixed, exposure
confined to
leaving
to
ing
phragm
but
make
before
each scene; namely, dia-
and distance:
DIAPHRAGM:
that
is
the
EXPOSURE
included
DISTANCE:
the
diaphragm,
two
adjustments
photograph-
next
to
with
control
Rotate
corresponding
index line.
This
CAMERA:
the
IS mm. f.2.7 wide-angle lens.
holding
obtained
For
hand-held
the
camera steady,
with
the
2-inchf.3.S
see
at
16.
at
shutter
is
Set
the
DIAPHRAGM
the
description
GUIDE.
of
the
For
Kodachrome
prevailing
it.
the
FOCUSING
to
the
distance from camera
operation
is called
focusiny,.
operation
satisfactory
POINTER
Film
COLLAR
to
use only
If
particular
hand-held
lens.
For
attach-
at
the
figure
ligh t condition
use
the
guide
until
the
figure
subject is
at
the
at-
on _
the
21
I
If
Fig. 21
.-
POSITION
vertical position (Figure 22, page
Figure 21,
MAKING
With
BUTTON
wish
FOR
OPERATING:
with
the
right
THE EXPOSURE: Hold the
the first
to
terminate
or
second finger
(Fig
ure 19, page 20)
the
scene. Unless you are
Raise the
24
).
hand bracing
of
the
all
the way in,
FINDER
Hold
the
camera against the face.
camera
steady.
and
the camera
SIGHT
as
left hand, push the EXPOSURE
holding
it
there
photographing
tinued action, a ten-second exposure is effective for average scenes .
The
EXPOSURE BUTTON can be locked in running position by
pushing
ordinary
it
in and down .
hand
work
it
To
unlock, push
is
not
desirable
22
button
to
have the
up, then release. For
button
locked.
to the
shown
until
long
in
you
con-
GENERAL
Holding the
A
FUNDAMENTAL
We
cannot
of
holding the Cine-Kodak steady. Remember, the best pictures are made on
a tripod- so
better your pictures
principle
too
often repeat,
that
the
more nearly you approach tripod rigidity,
will
be.
INFORM
Camera
of
all cinematography is camera steadiness.
nor
too
A
TlON
Steady
firmly emphasize, the importance
Audible Shutter Warning
WHEN
the Cine-Kodak Special is
CLOSED, a loud buzzing noise
that
the
shutter
pictures
back operation,
shutter,
still closed.
necessary to
shutter, and
to
exposure, the audib le signal
should be.
without
it
photograph
When
the
is closed and
further adjustment. After a
or
any manipulation
may happen
If
this occurs,
wind
start
the
film is being
that
the
film back
again. Thus there need be no film wastage
desired scene.
wound
run
with
the SHUTTER LEVER
will
be heard. This serves
that
no
attempt
the next scene is started
the
audible signal is heard.
to
the
backward for a
will
be
heard
which
last
starting
if
the
should
"fade-out,"
involves closing
lap
dissol
shutter
as a warning
be
made to
a winding-
with
the
It
point,
ve
or a double
is closed
shutter
is then
open
or
failure
Finder
THE
eye-level finder consists
attached to the
15
mm. f.2.7 wide-angle lens and telephoto lenses; and the
the
located on
In the
SIGHT
and not used
lenses.
finders on the regular
lens. .
to
the camera lens,
The
When
the
correct for parallax. Since
mount
the
top
of
there is a small lens. This lens should be pushed
with
the finder attached to
lens
of
the
eye-level finder is used for making close-ups,
it
"sees" a slightly
of
two
of
the
I-inch f.1.9 lens and
the camera,
sight
should be pushed up and used
l-inchf.1.
the
parts;
the
FINDER
to
the
rear (see Figure 22, page 24).
the
adapter for the telephoto
9 lens and
finder necessarily is separated from
the
15
different view
to
mm.
proper,
the
adapters for
/.2.7
wide-angle
it
is necessary
or
field
which
with
SIGHT
than
the
at
take
the
the
as
it
is
down
the
is
23
recorded on the film.
the
medium scenes
parallax
close-ups.
As
shown in
eye-level
To
the
finder lens
when
finder lens of
finder.
compensate for parallax,
of
the
the
subject is 6-or
the
adapter
4 ft. and 2 ft., and
with
masks
pointers
This
error is called parallax.
is negligible,
As
seen in
reflex
"6
FT."
I-inch f.1. 9 lens.
finder.
They
and
but
it
becomes noticeable in
"2
FT."
show
the
2-feet, respectively, from the camera .
for the
the
that
15
mm.
adapter used
accomplish
24
f.2.7
wide-angle lens is marked:
with
the
telephoto
the
same purpose.
For
As
recorded
on film.
distant
and
lines are etched on
top
of
the
picture
The
lens
es
has
When using
of
side
front
the
of
the
2oo-foot film chamber,
film chamber, and there is a PERISCOPIC
the chamber
which
must be swung
Figure 15, page 14, and used
the adapter .
CAMERA
SHUTTER:
THE
runs
is
too
density
through
of
the finished film depends upon the exposure given
the camera. Too much exposure produces a picture
light;
insufficient exposure gives a picture
the
with
the regular finder on
Exposure
SPEED:
FIXED
OPEN
SIGHT
into
AT
is located on the
FINDER
position
16
that
is
as
shown
the
lens
too dark.
on the
in
or
as
it
that
DIAPHRAGM
DIAPHRAGM
POINTER
EXPOSURE
GUIDE
Exposure can
the
shutter
lens.
SPEED and SHUTTER control the duration
DIAPHR
AGM
With
the camera SPEED
OPEN, the exposure is
be
varied
either
opening, or by altering the size
controls the brightness
DIAL
at
of
standard duration. This simplifies exposure,
25
by changing
of
the
the
of
of
the image on the film.
16, and
the
SHUTTER LEVER
camera speed,
diaphragm
exposure,
while
in
or
the
the
at
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