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User’s Guide

Agilent Technologies 8560 E-Series and EC-Series

Spectrum Analyzers

Manufacturing Part Number: 08560-90158

Printed in USA November 2000

Notice

Agilent Technologies makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and ﬁtness for a particular purpose. Agilent Technologies shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

Certiﬁcation

Agilent Technologies certiﬁes that this product met its published speciﬁcations at the time of shipment from the factory. Agilent Technologies further certiﬁes that its calibration measurements are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, to the extent allowed by the Institute's calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of other International Standards Organization members.

General Safety Considerations

The following safety notes are used throughout this manual. Familiarize yourself with these notes before operating this instrument.

WARNING Warning denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure

which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or loss of life. Do not proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

CAUTION Always use the three-prong AC power cord supplied with this product.

Failure to ensure adequate grounding may cause product damage.

CAUTION Caution denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure that, if not

correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or destruction of the instrument. Do not proceed beyond a caution sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

WARNING This is a Safety Class 1 Product (provided with a protective

earth ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall be inserted only in a socket outlet provided with a protected earth contact. Any interruption of the protective conductor inside or outside of the product is likely to make the product dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited.

WARNING No operator serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to

qualiﬁed personnel. To prevent electrical shock do not remove covers.

WARNING Before this instrument is switched on, make sure it has been

properly grounded through the protective conductor of the ac power cable to a socket outlet provided with protective earth contact.

WARNING There are many points in the instrument which can, if

contacted, cause personal injury. Be extremely careful. Any adjustments or service procedures that require operation of the instrument with protective covers removed should be performed only by trained service personnel

WARNING Any interruption of the protective (grounding) conductor,

inside or outside the instrument, or disconnection of the protective earth terminal can result in personal injury.

WARNING If this instrument is used in a manner not speciﬁed by Agilent

Technologies, the protection provided by the instrument may be impaired.

CAUTION Before this instrument is turned on, make sure its primary power

circuitry has been adapted to the voltage of the ac power source. Failure to set the ac power input to the correct voltage could cause damage to the instrument when the ac power cable is plugged in.

This product conforms to Enclosure Protection IP 2 0 according to IEC-529. The enclosure protects against ﬁnger access to hazardous parts within the enclosure; the enclosure does not protect against the entrance of water.

Warranty

This Agilent Technologies instrument product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year from date of shipment. During the warranty period, Agilent Technologies will, at its option, either repair or replace products that prove to be defective.

For warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a service facility designated by Agilent Technologies. Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to Agilent Technologies and Agilent Technologies shall pay shipping charges to return the product to Buyer. However, Buyer shall pay all shipping charges, duties, and taxes for products returned to Agilent Technologies from another country.

Agilent Technologies warrants that its software and ﬁrmware designated by Agilent Technologies for use with an instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on that instrument. Agilent Technologies does not warrant that the operation of the instrument, or software, or ﬁrmware will be uninterrupted or error-free.

LIMITATION OF WARRANTY

The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modiﬁcation or misuse, operation outside of the environmental speciﬁcations for the product, or improper site preparation or maintenance.

NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES

THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES. AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY.

Contents

1. Quick Start Guide

What You'll Find in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Initial Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Turning the Spectrum Analyzer On for the First Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Making a Basic Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Reference Level Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Front Panel Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Rear Panel Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

General Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

8560 E-Series and EC-Series Spectrum Analyzer Documentation Description. . . . . . . . . . . 46

Manuals Available Separately. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

2. Making Measurements

Making Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

Example 1: Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Example 2: Improving Amplitude Measurements with Ampcor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Example 3: Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Example 6: AM and FM Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Example 8: External Millimeter Mixers (Unpreselected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Example 9: Adjacent Channel Power Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Example 10: Power Measurement Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Example 11: Time-Gated Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Example 12: Making Time-Domain Measurements with Sweep Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Example 13: Making Pulsed RF Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

3. Softkey Menus

Menu Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

4. Key Function Descriptions

Key Function Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Key Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

5. Programming

Programming Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Setup Procedure for Remote Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Communication with the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Initial Program Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Program Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

Data Transfer to Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Input and Output Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

Math Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Creating Screen Titles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

Generating Plots and Prints Remotely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Monitoring System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Contents

6. Programming Command Cross Reference

Programming Command Cross Reference Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340

Front Panel Key Versus Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341

Programming Command Versus Front Panel Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352

7. Language Reference

Language Reference Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370

Syntax Diagram Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371

Programming Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377

ACPACCL Accelerate Adjacent Channel Power Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378

ACPALPHA Adjacent Channel Power Alpha Weighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380

ACPALTCH Adjacent Channel Power Alternate Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381

ACPBRPER Adjacent Channel Power Burst Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382

ACPBRWID Adjacent Channel Power Burst Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383

ACPBW Adjacent Channel Power Channel Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384

ACPCOMPUTE Adjacent Channel Power Compute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385

ACPFRQWT Adjacent Channel Power Frequency Weighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387

ACPGRAPH Adjacent Channel Power Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388

ACPLOWER Lower Adjacent Channel Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390

ACPMAX Maximum Adjacent Channel Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391

ACPMEAS Measure Adjacent Channel Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392

ACPMETHOD Adjacent Channel Power Measurement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394

ACPMSTATE Adjacent Channel Power Measurement State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397

ACPPWRTX Total Power Transmitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399

ACPRSLTS Adjacent Channel Power Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400

ACPSP Adjacent Channel Power Channel Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403

ACPT Adjacent Channel Power T Weighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405

ACPUPPER Upper Adjacent Channel Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406

ADJALL LO and IF Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407

ADJCRT Adjust CRT Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408

ADJIF Adjust IF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410

AMB Trace A Minus Trace B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412

AMBPL Trace A Minus Trace B Plus Display Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414

AMPCOR Amplitude Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416

AMPCORDATA Amplitude Correction Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417

AMPCORSIZE Amplitude Correction Data Array Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419

AMPCORRCL Amplitude Correction Recall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420

AMPCORSAVE Amplitude Correction Save . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421

ANNOT Annotation On/Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422

APB Trace A Plus Trace B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423

AT Input Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424

AUNITS Absolute Amplitude Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426

AUTOCPL Auto Coupled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428

AXB Trace A Exchange Trace B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429

BLANK Blank Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430

BML Trace B Minus Display Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431

CARROFF Carrier Off Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432

CARRON Carrier On Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433

CF Center Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434

Contents

CHANPWR Channel Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

CHANNEL Channel Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

CHPWRBW Channel Power Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

CLRW Clear Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

CNVLOSS Conversion Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

CONTS Continuous Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

COUPLE Input Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

DELMKBW Occupied Power Bandwidth Within Delta Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

DEMOD Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

DEMODAGC Demodulation Automatic Gain Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

DEMODT Demodulation Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

DET Detection Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

DL Display Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

DLYSWP Delay Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

DONE Done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

ERR Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

ET Elapsed Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

EXTMXR External Mixer Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

FA Start Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

FB Stop Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

FDIAG Frequency Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

FDSP Frequency Display Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

FFT Fast Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

FOFFSET Frequency Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

FREF Frequency Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

FS Full Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

FULBAND Full Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

GATE Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

GATECTL Gate Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

GD Gate Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

GL Gate Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

GP Gate Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

GRAT Graticule On/Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

HD Hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

HNLOCK Harmonic Number Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

HNUNLK Unlock Harmonic Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

ID Output Identiﬁcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

IDCF Signal Identiﬁcation to Center Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

IDFREQ Signal Identiﬁed Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494

IP Instrument Preset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

LG Logarithmic Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

LN Linear Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

MBIAS Mixer Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

MEANPWR Mean Power Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

MEAS Measurement Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

MINH Minimum Hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

MKA Marker Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

MKBW Marker Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

MKCF Marker to Center Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

Contents

MKCHEDGE Marker to Channel Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510

MKD Marker Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511

MKDELCHBW Delta Markers to Channel Power Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513

MKDR Reciprocal of Marker Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514

MKF Marker Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516

MKFC Frequency Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518

MKFCR Frequency Counter Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519

MKMCF Marker Mean to the Center Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521

MKMIN Marker to Minimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522

MKN Marker Normal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .523

MKNOISE Marker Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .525

MKOFF Marker Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527

MKPK Peak Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528

MKPT Marker Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530

MKPX Peak Excursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532

MKRL Marker to Reference Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535

MKSP Marker Delta to Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .536

MKSS Marker to Center Frequency Step-Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .537

MKT Marker Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538

MKTRACK Signal Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539

ML Mixer Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541

MXMH Maximum Hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543

MXRMODE Mixer Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544

NORMLIZE Normalize Trace Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545

NRL Normalized Reference Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547

NRPOS Normalized Reference Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550

OCCUP Percent Occupied Power Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .552

OP Output Display Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553

PLOT Plot Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554

PLOTORG Display Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556

PLOTSRC Plot Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558

PP Preselector Peak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560

PRINT Print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561

PSDAC Preselector DAC Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563

PSTATE Protect State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .565

PWRBW Power Bandwidth (Full Trace) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .567

RB Resolution Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569

RBR Resolution Bandwidth to Span Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .571

RCLOSCAL Recall Open/Short Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .573

RCLS Recall State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .575

RCLT Recall Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .576

RCLTHRU Recall Thru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .577

REV Revision Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579

RL Reference/Range Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580

RLCAL Reference Level Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583

ROFFSET Amplitude Reference Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .585

RQS Request Service Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .587

SAVES Save State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589

SAVET Save Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .590

Contents

SER Serial Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

SIGID Signal Identiﬁcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

SNGLS Single Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594

SP Frequency Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

SQUELCH Squelch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597

SRCALC Source Leveling Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

SRCCRSTK Coarse Tracking Adjust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

SRCFINTK Fine Tracking Adjust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

SRCPOFS Source Power Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604

SRCPSTP Source Power Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606

SRCPSWP Source Power Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608

SRCPWR Source Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610

SRCTKPK Source Tracking Peak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

SRQ Service Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

SS Center Frequency Step-Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614

ST Sweep Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

STB Status Byte Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618

STOREOPEN Store Open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620

STORESHORT Store Short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622

STORETHRU Store Thru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

SWPCPL Sweep Couple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626

SWPOUT Sweep Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628

TDF Trace Data Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630

TH Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632

TITLE Title Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634

TM Trigger Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636

TRA/TRB Trace Data Input/Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

TRIGPOL Trigger Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

TS Take Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642

TWNDOW Trace Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

VAVG Video Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

VB Video Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647

VBR Video Bandwidth to Resolution Bandwidth Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

VIEW View Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

VTL Video Trigger Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652

8. Options and Accessories

Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656

Accessories Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

9. If You Have a Problem

What You'll Find in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666

Spectrum Analyzer Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667

Agilent 85629B Test and Adjustment Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669

Agilent 85620A Mass Memory Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670

Replacing the Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Power Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672

Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

Contents

Servicing the Spectrum Analyzer Yourself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .678

Calling Agilent Technologies Sales and Service Ofﬁces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .679

Returning Your Spectrum Analyzer for Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .680

Serial Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684

Electrostatic Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .685

Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .688

Figures

Figure 1-1 . Accessories Supplied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 1-2 . Selecting the Correct Line Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Figure 1-3 . 300 MHz Calibration Signal Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 1-4 . Softkey Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure 1-5 . 300 MHz Center Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Figure 1-6 . 20 MHz Frequency Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Figure 1-7 . Activated Normal Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Figure 1-8 . −10 dBm Reference Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Figure 1-9 . Peaked Signal to Reference Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Figure 1-10 . Front Panel of an 8560 E-Series or EC- Series Spectrum Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . 36

Figure 1-11 . Display Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Figure 1-12 . Rear Panel Functions - 8560 E-series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Figure 1-13 . Rear Panel Functions - 8560 EC-series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Figure 2-1 . 1 kHz Signal Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Figure 2-2 . 2 kHz Signal Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Figure 2-3 . Bandwidth Shape Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Figure 2-4 . 100 kHz Bandwidth Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Figure 2-5 . 300 kHz Bandwidth Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Figure 2-6 . Ampcor Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Figure 2-7 . An Amplitude-Modulated Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Figure 2-8 . Percentage of Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Figure 2-9 . FM Deviation Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Figure 2-10 . Bessel Functions for Determining Modulation Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Figure 2-11 . Markers Show Modulating Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Figure 2-12 . A Frequency-Modulated Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Figure 2-13 . FM Signal with Carrier at a Null . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Figure 2-14 . FM Signal with First Sidebands at a Null . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Figure 2-15 . Input Signal and Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Figure 2-16 . Peak of Signal is Positioned at Reference Level for Maximum Accuracy . . . . . 69

Figure 2-17 . Harmonic Distortion in dBc (marker threshold set to −70 dB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Figure 2-18 . Percentage of Distortion versus Harmonic Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Figure 2-19 . Input Signal Displayed in a 1 MHz Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Figure 2-20 . Second Harmonic Displayed in dBc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Figure 2-21 . Third-Order Intermodulation Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Figure 2-22 . Signals Centered on Spectrum Analyzer Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Figure 2-23 . Signal Peak Set to Reference Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Figure 2-24 . Intermodulation Distortion Measured in dBc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Figure 2-25 . Display with Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Figure 2-26 . AM and FM Demodulation Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Figure 2-27 . FM Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Figure 2-28 . Place a marker on the signal of interest, then demodulate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Figure 2-29 . Block Diagram of a Spectrum Analyzer and Tracking Generator System . . . . . 84

Figure 2-30 . Transmission Measurement Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Figure 2-31 . Tracking-Generator Output Power Activated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Figure 2-32 . Adjust analyzer settings according to the measurement requirement. . . . . . . . . 87

Figures

Figure 2-33 . Decrease the resolution bandwidth to improve sensitivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Figure 2-34 . Manual tracking adjustment compensates for tracking error. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Figure 2-35 . Guided calibration routines prompt the user. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Figure 2-36 . The thru trace is displayed in trace B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Figure 2-37 . Normalized Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Figure 2-38 . Measure the rejection range with delta markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Figure 2-39 . NORM REF LVL adjusts the trace without changing analyzer settings. . . . . . 93

Figure 2-40 . Increase the dynamic measurement range by using RANGE LVL. . . . . . . . . . 94

Figure 2-41 . Normalized Frequency Response Trace of a Preamplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Figure 2-42 . NORM REF LVL is a trace function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Figure 2-43 . RANGE LVL adjusts analyzer for compression-free measurements. . . . . . . . . 96

Figure 2-44 . External Mixer Setup (a) without Bias; (b) with Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Figure 2-45 . Select the band of interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Figure 2-46 . Store and correct for conversion loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Figure 2-47 . Signal Responses Produced by a 50 GHz Signal in U Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Figure 2-48 . Response for Invalid Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Figure 2-49 . Response for Valid Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Figure 2-50 . SIG ID AT MKR Performed on an Image Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Figure 2-51 . SIG ID AT MKR Performed on a True Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Figure 2-52 . Adjacent Channel Power Measurement Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Figure 2-53 . Adjacent Channel Power Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Figure 2-54 . Adjacent Channel Power Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Figure 2-55 . ACP Graph Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Figure 2-56 . Trigger Configuration for Gated Method, Non-Option 001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Figure 2-57 . Trigger Configuration for Gated Method, Option 001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Figure 2-58 . Simplified Digital Mobile-Radio Signal in Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Figure 2-59 . Frequency of the Combined Signals of the Radios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Figure 2-60 . Time-Gated Spectrum of Signal Number 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Figure 2-61 . Time-Gated Spectrum of Signal Number 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Figure 2-62 . Block Diagram of the Spectrum Analyzer with Time Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Figure 2-63 . Timing Relationship of Signals During Gating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Figure 2-64 . Spectrum within pulse #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Figure 2-65 . Using Time-Gating to View Signal 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Figure 2-66 . Spectrum within pulse #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Figure 2-67 . Using Time-Gating to View Signal 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Figure 2-68 . Connection Diagram for Time-Gated Spectrum Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Figure 2-69 . Connection Diagram for Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Figure 2-70 . Frequency Spectrum of Signal without Gating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Figure 2-71 . Oscilloscope Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Figure 2-72 . Spectrum Analyzer Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Figure 2-73 . Using Positive or Negative Triggering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Figure 2-74 . Time-domain Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Figure 2-75 . Positioning the Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Figure 2-76 . Best Position for Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Figure 2-77 . Setup Time for Interpulse Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Figures

Figure 2-78 . Resolution Bandwidth Filter Charge-Up Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Figure 2-79 . Gate Positioning Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Figure 2-80 . Pulsed-RF Signal in Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Figure 2-81 . Display of Zero-Span without Sweep Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Figure 2-82 . Display of Zero-Span with Sweep Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Figure 2-83 . Main Lobe and Side Lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Figure 2-84 . Trace Displayed as a Solid Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Figure 2-85 . Center Frequency at Center of Main Lobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Figure 2-86 . Markers Show Sidelobe Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Figure 2-87 . Markers Show Pulse Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Figure 2-88 . Measuring Pulse Repetition Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Figure 3-1 . AMPLITUDE Key Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Figure 3-2 . AUTO COUPLE Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Figure 3-3 . AUX CTRL (1 of 3) Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Figure 3-4 . AUX CTRL (2 of 3) Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Figure 3-5 . AUX CTRL (3 of 3) Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Figure 3-6 . BW Key Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Figure 3-7 . CAL Key Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Figure 3-8 . CONFIG Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Figure 3-9 . COPY Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Figure 3-10 . DISPLAY Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Figure 3-11 . FREQ COUNT Key Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Figure 3-12 . FREQUENCY Key Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Figure 3-13 . HOLD Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Figure 3-14 . MEAS/USER Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Figure 3-15 . ACP MENU Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Figure 3-16 . MKR Key Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Figure 3-17 . MKR-> Key Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Figure 3-18 . MODULE Key Menus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Figure 3-19 . PEAK SEARCH Key Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Figure 3-20 . PRESET Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Figure 3-21 . RECALL Key Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Figure 3-22 . SAVE Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Figure 3-23 . SGL SWP Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Figure 3-24 . SPAN Key Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Figure 3-25 . SWEEP Key Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Figure 3-26 . TRACE Key Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Figure 3-27 . TRIG Key Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Figure 4-1 . Channel Bandwidth Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Figure 4-2 . ACP Graph Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Figure 4-3 . CRT Alignment Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Figure 4-4 . Tracking Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Figure 4-5 . PEAK EXCURSN defines the peaks on a trace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Figure 5-1 . 8560E connected to an HP 9000 Series 300 computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Figure 5-2 . Output Statement Example (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Figures

Figure 5-3 . Output Statement Example (II). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Figure 5-4 . Output Statement Example (III) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Figure 5-5 . Invalid Trace Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Figure 5-6 . Updated Trace Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Figure 5-7 . Update trace with TS before executing marker commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Figure 5-8 . Data Transferred in TDF M Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Figure 5-9 . Buffer Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Figure 5-10 . Display Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

Figure 5-11 . Screen Titles Appear in the Upper-Right Corner of the Graticule . . . . . . . . . . 324

Figure 5-12 . P1 and P2 Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

Figure 7-1 . Command Syntax Figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

Figure 7-2 . Numeric Value Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

Figure 7-3 . Binary State Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

Figure 7-4 . ACPACCL Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

Figure 7-5 . ACPACCL Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

Figure 7-6 . ACPALPHA Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

Figure 7-7 . ACPALPHA Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

Figure 7-8 . ACPALTCH Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

Figure 7-9 . ACPALTCH Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

Figure 7-10 . ACPBRPER Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

Figure 7-11 . ACPBRPER Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

Figure 7-12 . ACPBRWID Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

Figure 7-13 . ACPBRWID Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

Figure 7-14 . ACPBW Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

Figure 7-15 . ACPBW Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

Figure 7-16 . ACPCOMPUTE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

Figure 7-17 . ACPFRQWT Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Figure 7-18 . ACPFRQWT Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Figure 7-19 . ACPGRAPH Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

Figure 7-20 . ACPGRAPH Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Figure 7-21 . ACPLOWER Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

Figure 7-22 . ACPLOWER Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

Figure 7-23 . ACPMAX Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

Figure 7-24 . ACPMAX Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

Figure 7-25 . ACPMEAS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

Figure 7-26 . ACPMETHOD Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

Figure 7-27 . ACPMETHOD Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

Figure 7-28 . ACPMSTATE Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Figure 7-29 . ACPMSTATE Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

Figure 7-30 . ACPPWRTX Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

Figure 7-31 . ACPPWRTX Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

Figure 7-32 . ACPRSLTS Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

Figure 7-33 . ACPRSLTS Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

Figure 7-34 . ACPSP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Figure 7-35 . ACPSP Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Figures

Figure 7-36 . ACPT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

Figure 7-37 . ACPT Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

Figure 7-38 . ACPUPPER Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

Figure 7-39 . ACPUPPER Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

Figure 7-40 . ADJALL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

Figure 7-41 . ADJCRT Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

Figure 7-42 . CRT Alignment Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

Figure 7-43 . ADJIF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Figure 7-44 . ADJIF Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

Figure 7-45 . AMB Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

Figure 7-46 . AMB Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Figure 7-47 . AMBPL Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Figure 7-48 . AMBPL Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Figure 7-49 . AMPCOR Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

Figure 7-50 . AMPCOR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

Figure 7-51 . AMPCORDATA Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Figure 7-52 . AMPCORDATA Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Figure 7-53 . AMPCORSIZE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Figure 7-54 . AMPCORSIZE Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Figure 7-55 . AMPCORRCL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

Figure 7-56 . AMPCORSAVE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

Figure 7-57 . ANNOT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Figure 7-58 . ANNOT Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Figure 7-59 . APB Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Figure 7-60 . AT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

Figure 7-61 . AT Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

Figure 7-62 . AUNITS Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

Figure 7-63 . AUNITS Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Figure 7-64 . AUTOCPL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

Figure 7-65 . AXB Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

Figure 7-66 . BLANK Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

Figure 7-67 . BML Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Figure 7-68 . CARROFF Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Figure 7-69 . CARROFF Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Figure 7-70 . CARRON Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Figure 7-71 . CARRON Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Figure 7-72 . CF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434

Figure 7-73 . CF Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

Figure 7-74 . CHANPWR Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

Figure 7-75 . CHANPWR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

Figure 7-76 . CHANNEL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Figure 7-77 . CHPWRBW Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

Figure 7-78 . CHPWRBW Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

Figure 7-79 . CLRW Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

Figure 7-80 . CNVLOSS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Figures

Figure 7-81 . CNVLOSS Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

Figure 7-82 . CONTS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

Figure 7-83 . COUPLE Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Figure 7-84 . COUPLE Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Figure 7-85 . DELMKBW Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Figure 7-86 . DELMKBW Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

Figure 7-87 . DEMOD Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

Figure 7-88 . DEMOD Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

Figure 7-89 . DEMODAGC Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

Figure 7-90 . DEMODAGC Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

Figure 7-91 . DEMODT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Figure 7-92 . DEMODT Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

Figure 7-93 . DET Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

Figure 7-94 . DET Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

Figure 7-95 . DL Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

Figure 7-96 . DT Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

Figure 7-97 . DLYSWP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

Figure 7-98 . DLYSWP Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

Figure 7-99 . DONE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

Figure 7-100 . DONE Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

Figure 7-101 . ERR Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Figure 7-102 . ERR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Figure 7-103 . ET Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

Figure 7-104 . ET Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

Figure 7-105 . EXTMXR Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

Figure 7-106 . EXTMXR Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

Figure 7-107 . FA Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Figure 7-108 . FA Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

Figure 7-109 . FB Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

Figure 7-110 . FB Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Figure 7-111 . FDIAG Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Figure 7-112 . FDIAG Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

Figure 7-113 . FDSP Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

Figure 7-114 . FDSP Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

Figure 7-115 . FFT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

Figure 7-116 . FOFFSET Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

Figure 7-117 . FOFFSET Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

Figure 7-118 . FREF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

Figure 7-119 . FREF Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

Figure 7-120 . FS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

Figure 7-121 . FULBAND Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

Figure 7-122 . GATE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Figure 7-123 . GATE Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Figure 7-124 . GATECTL Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Figure 7-125 . GATECTL Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Figures

Figure 7-126 . GD Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

Figure 7-127 . GD Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

Figure 7-128 . GL Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

Figure 7-129 . GL Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

Figure 7-130 . GP Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

Figure 7-131 . GP Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

Figure 7-132 . GRAT Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Figure 7-133 . GRAT Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Figure 7-134 . HD Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

Figure 7-135 . HNLOCK Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

Figure 7-136 . HNLOCK Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

Figure 7-137 . HNUNLK Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

Figure 7-138 . ID Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

Figure 7-139 . ID Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

Figure 7-140 . IDCF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Figure 7-141 . IDFREQ Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494

Figure 7-142 . IDFREQ Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494

Figure 7-143 . IP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

Figure 7-144 . LG Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

Figure 7-145 . LG Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

Figure 7-146 . LN Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

Figure 7-147 . MBIAS Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

Figure 7-148 . MBIAS Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

Figure 7-149 . MEANPWR Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

Figure 7-150 . MEANPWR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

Figure 7-151 . MEAS Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

Figure 7-152 . MEAS Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

Figure 7-153 . MINH Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

Figure 7-154 . MKA Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

Figure 7-155 . MKA Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

Figure 7-156 . MKBW Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

Figure 7-157 . MKCF Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

Figure 7-158 . MKCHEDGE Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

Figure 7-159 . MKD Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Figure 7-160 . MKD Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512

Figure 7-161 . MKDELCHBW Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

Figure 7-162 . MKDR Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Figure 7-163 . MKDR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Figure 7-164 . MKF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

Figure 7-165 . MKF Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

Figure 7-166 . MKFC Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

Figure 7-167 . MKFCR Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Figure 7-168 . MKFCR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Figure 7-169 . MKMCF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

Figure 7-170 . MKMIN Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

Figures

Figure 7-171 . MKN Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Figure 7-172 . MKN Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

Figure 7-173 . MKNOISE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

Figure 7-174 . MKNOISE Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

Figure 7-175 . MKOFF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

Figure 7-176 . MKPK Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

Figure 7-177 . MKPT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

Figure 7-178 . MKPT Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

Figure 7-179 . MKPX Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532

Figure 7-180 . MKPX Determines Which Signals are Considered Peaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

Figure 7-181 . MKPX Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

Figure 7-182 . MKRL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

Figure 7-183 . MKSP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

Figure 7-184 . MKSS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

Figure 7-185 . MKT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

Figure 7-186 . MKT Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

Figure 7-187 . MKTRACK Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

Figure 7-188 . MKTRACK Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

Figure 7-189 . ML Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

Figure 7-190 . ML Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

Figure 7-191 . MXMH Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

Figure 7-192 . MXRMODE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

Figure 7-193 . MXRMODE Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

Figure 7-194 . NORMALIZE Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

Figure 7-195 . NORMALIZE Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546

Figure 7-196 . NRL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547

Figure 7-197 . NRL Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

Figure 7-198 . NRPOS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

Figure 7-199 . NRPOS Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

Figure 7-200 . OCCUP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

Figure 7-201 . OCCUP Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

Figure 7-202 . OP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

Figure 7-203 . OP Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

Figure 7-204 . PLOT Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

Figure 7-205 . PLOTORG Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

Figure 7-206 . PLOTORG Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

Figure 7-207 . PLOTSRC Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

Figure 7-208 . PLOT SRC Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

Figure 7-209 . PP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

Figure 7-210 . PRINT Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

Figure 7-211 . PSDAC Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

Figure 7-212 . PSDAC Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

Figure 7-213 . PSTATE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

Figure 7-214 . PSTATE Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

Figure 7-215 . PWRBW Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

Figures

Figure 7-216 . PWRBW Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

Figure 7-217 . RB Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

Figure 7-218 . RB Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

Figure 7-219 . RBR Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Figure 7-220 . RBR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Figure 7-221 . RCLOSCAL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

Figure 7-222 . RCLS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575

Figure 7-223 . RCLT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

Figure 7-224 . RCLTHRU Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

Figure 7-225 . REV Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Figure 7-226 . REV Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Figure 7-227 . RL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580

Figure 7-228 . RL Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582

Figure 7-229 . RLCAL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

Figure 7-230 . ROFFSET Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

Figure 7-231 . ROFFSET Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586

Figure 7-232 . RQS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

Figure 7-233 . RQS Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

Figure 7-234 . SAVES Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

Figure 7-235 . SAVET Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590

Figure 7-236 . SER Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

Figure 7-237 . SER Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

Figure 7-238 . SIGID Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

Figure 7-239 . SIGID Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

Figure 7-240 . SNGLS Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594

Figure 7-241 . SP Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

Figure 7-242 . SP Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596

Figure 7-243 . SQUELCH Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597

Figure 7-244 . SQUELCH Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

Figure 7-245 . SRCALC Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

Figure 7-246 . SRCALC Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

Figure 7-247 . SRCCRSTK Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

Figure 7-248 . SRCCRSTK Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

Figure 7-249 . SRCFINTK Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

Figure 7-250 . SRCFINTK Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

Figure 7-251 . SRCPOFS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604

Figure 7-252 . SRCPOFS Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

Figure 7-253 . SRCPSTP Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606

Figure 7-254 . SRCPSTP Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606

Figure 7-255 . SRCPSWP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608

Figure 7-256 . SRCPSWP Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

Figure 7-257 . SRCPWR Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610

Figure 7-258 . SRCPWR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611

Figure 7-259 . SRCTKPK Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

Figure 7-260 . SRQ Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

Figures

Figure 7-261 . SS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614

Figure 7-262 . SS Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615

Figure 7-263 . ST Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

Figure 7-264 . ST Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Figure 7-265 . STB Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618

Figure 7-266 . STB Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619

Figure 7-267 . STOREOPEN Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620

Figure 7-268 . STORESHORT Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622

Figure 7-269 . STORETHRU Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

Figure 7-270 . SWPCPL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626

Figure 7-271 . SWPCPL Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626

Figure 7-272 . SWPOUT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628

Figure 7-273 . SWPOUT Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

Figure 7-274 . TDF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630

Figure 7-275 . TDF Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

Figure 7-276 . TH Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632

Figure 7-277 . TH Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Figure 7-278 . TITLE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634

Figure 7-279 . TM Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636

Figure 7-280 . TM Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

Figure 7-281 . TRA/TRB Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

Figure 7-282 . TRA/TRB Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639

Figure 7-283 . TRIGPOL Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

Figure 7-284 . TRIGPOL Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

Figure 7-285 . TS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642

Figure 7-286 . TWNDOW Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

Figure 7-287 . VAVG Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

Figure 7-288 . VAVG Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646

Figure 7-289 . VB Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647

Figure 7-290 . VB Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648

Figure 7-291 . VBR Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

Figure 7-292 . VBR Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

Figure 7-293 . VIEW Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

Figure 7-294 . VTL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652

Figure 7-295 . VTL Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653

Figure 9-1 . Voltage Selection Switch and Line Fuse Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672

Figure 9-2 . AC Power Cables Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674

Figure 9-3 . CRT Adjustment Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

Figure 9-4 . Shipping Container and Cushioning Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681

Figure 9-5 . Serial Number Label Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684

Figure 9-6 . Example of a Static-Safe Workstation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685

1 Quick Start Guide

Quick Start Guide

What You'll Find in This Chapter

• How to Use This Guide

• Differences between 8560 E-Series and EC-Series Instruments

• Initial Inspection

• Turning the Spectrum Analyzer On for the First Time

• Making a Basic Measurement

• Setting Reference Level Calibration

• Front Panel Overview

• Rear Panel Overview

• Cleaning the Instrument

• Safety Considerations

• Documentation Description

How to Use This Guide

Where to Start

If you are familiar with spectrum analyzers:

• Brieﬂy review the front and rear panel overview sections in Chapter 1 for a short introduction to the 8560E/EC, 8561E/EC, 8563E/EC, 8564E/EC, and 8565E/EC spectrum analyzers.

• If you want more information about a particular spectrum analyzer function, refer to Chapter 4.

If you are not familiar with spectrum analyzers:

• Read Chapter 1, "Quick Start Guide," which introduces you to the spectrum analyzer.

• Continue on to Chapter 2, "Making Measurements," to gain experience with spectrum analyzer measurements.

22 Chapter1

This manual uses the following conventions:

Quick Start Guide

What You'll Find in This Chapter

Front-Panel Key

Screen Text This font indicates text displayed on the instrument's

This font represents either a hard key, which is physically located on the instrument, or a softkey, whose label is determined by the instrument’s ﬁrmware.

screen.

Differences between 8560 EC-Series and E-Series Spectrum Analyzers

Features 8560 EC-Series 8560 E-Series Display — LCD display

— color — display not adjustable — backlight bulbs are

replacable (replace both bulbs when display is dim)

— requires A17 LCD driver

board

— CRT display — monochrome — display adjustable for

focus, intensity, and quadrature

— requires high voltage

module (HVM), which is located in the A6 power supply

— requires A17 CRT driver

board

Fast ADC sweep times

(FADC) enables sweep times of 30 ms to 50 µs

VGA port — located on rear panel

— FADC is standard — FADC circuitry integrated

into A2 controller board

— always active — does not require user

interface

— FADC is available as an

option (Option 007)

— separate A16 FADC board

required

Not available

In all other operational respects the EC-series and E-series are identical. Unless otherwise noted, the information in this manual applies to all EC-series and E-series instruments.

Chapter 1 23

Quick Start Guide

What You'll Find in This Chapter

Introducing Your New Spectrum Analyzer

Table 1-1 Spectrum Analyzer Operating Range

Spectrum Analyzer

8560E/EC −145 dBm to +30 dBm 30 Hz to 2.9 GHz 8561E/EC −145 dBm to +30 dBm 30 Hz to 6.5 GHz 8562E/EC −148 dBm to +30 dBm 30 Hz to 13.2 GHz 8563E/EC −148 dBm to +30 dBm 9 kHz to 26.5 GHz

8564E/EC −147 dBm to +30 dBm 9 kHz to 40 GHz

8565E/EC −147 dBm to +30 dBm 9 kHz to 50 GHz

Amplitude Range Frequency Range

30 Hz to 26.5 GHz (with Option 006)

30 Hz to 40 GHz (with Option 006)

30 Hz to 50 GHz (with Option 006)

24 Chapter1

Quick Start Guide

Initial Inspection

Inspect the shipping container upon receipt. Retain it and the cushioning materials. If the container or cushioning material is damaged, verify that the contents are complete and that the analyzer functions correctly mechanically and electrically.

If the contents are incomplete or the analyzer fails the veriﬁcation tests in the calibration guide, notify one of the Agilent Technologies Sales and Service Ofﬁces listed in Table 9-2 on page 672. Show any container or cushioning materials damages to the carrier. The Sales and Service Ofﬁce will arrange for repair or replacement without waitingforaclaim settlement.

The shipping container and cushioning materials are shown in the "If You Have A Problem" chapter, Figure 9-4 on page 679. Instructions for repackaging the analyzer are included in that chapter.

Chapter 1 25

Quick Start Guide

Initial Inspection

Part Numbers of Accessories Supplied

Item Part Number

Front cover 5063-0274 Mass memory module 85620A

(not included with Option 104) BNC cable, 23 cm (9 in.) 10502A 4 mm hex (Allen) wrench 8710-1755 Power cord see Figure 9-2 on page 672 Fuse: 5 A, 250 V (supplied in fuse holder) 2110-0709 Adapter, Type-N (m) to SMA (f) (8563E/EC only) 1250-1250 Adapter, Type-N (m) to BNC (f) 1250-0780

(not included with Option 026)

(2 per Option 002) Adapter, SMA (m) to BNC (f) 1250-1200

(Option 026, 8564E/EC or 8565E/EC only) Adapter, APC 3.5 (f) to APC 3.5 (f) 5061-5311

(Option 026 only) Adapter, K (f) to 2.4 mm (f) 1250-2187

(8564E/EC or 8565E/EC only) Adapter, 2.4 mm (f) to 2.4 mm (f) 1250-2188

(8564E/EC or 8565E/EC only) Termination, 50 Ω SMA (m) 1810-0118 Power holes will occur when using adapters and cables beyond their speciﬁed range.

26 Chapter1

Figure 1-1 Accessories Supplied

Quick Start Guide

Initial Inspection

* See Figure 9-2 on page 672 for part numbers.

Chapter 1 27

Quick Start Guide

Turning the Spectrum Analyzer On for the First Time

The spectrum analyzer requires no installation other than connection to an ac power source. If you want to install your spectrum analyzer into an System II cabinet or a standard 19 inch (486.2 mm) equipment rack, complete instructions are provided with the Option 908 and Option 909 Rack mounting Kits.

CAUTION Do not connect the analyzer to an ac power source before verifying that

the line voltage is correct, the line-voltage selector switch located on the analyzer rear panel is set to the correct voltage, and the proper fuse is installed. Failure to verify that these items are correct could result in equipment damage.

Figure 1-2 Selecting the Correct Line Voltage

CAUTION When installing the instrument in a cabinet, the convection into and

out of the instrument must not be restricted. The ambient temperature (outside the cabinet) must be less than the maximum operating temperature of the instrument by 4 degrees C for every 100 watts of power dissipated in the cabinet. If the total power dissipated in the cabinet is greater than 800 watts, then forced convection must be used.

28 Chapter1

Quick Start Guide

Turning the Spectrum Analyzer On for the First Time

1. Press LINE to turn the analyzer on.

2. The analyzer takes about half a minute to perform a series of self-diagnostic and adjustment routines. At completion, the screen displays the analyzer model number and the ﬁrmware date (for example, 890802 indicates August 2, 1989). If you should ever need to call Agilent Technologies for service or have any questions regarding your analyzer, it is helpful to know the ﬁrmware date to get the most accurate information.

3. Allow the analyzer a 5-minute warmup. Refer to the warmup speciﬁcation in the calibration guide.

4. The reference level calibration adjustment procedure in this chapter should be performed before checking the speciﬁcations.

5. The trace alignment procedure can be performed to optimize the display location.

6. The GPIB address may need to be changed for remote operation.

Chapter 1 29

Quick Start Guide

Making a Basic Measurement

A basic measurement involves tuning the spectrum analyzer to place a signal on the screen, then measuring the frequency and amplitude of the signal with a marker. We can measure an input signal in four simple steps.

1. Set the center frequency.

2. Set the frequency span.

3. Activate the marker.

4. Set the amplitude. As an example, we will measure the front panel 300 MHz calibration

signal. First, switch on the spectrum analyzer. (For maximum accuracy, if the analyzer has just been powered up, allow for a 5-minute warmup.)

Figure 1-3 300 MHz Calibration Signal Connection

30 Chapter1

Quick Start Guide

Making a Basic Measurement

Connect a short cable from the analyzer CAL OUTPUT connector to the INPUT 50 Ω connector (both connectors are on the front panel of the spectrum analyzer). Then perform the following steps:

1. Set the center frequency. a. Press

FREQUENCY. This activates the center frequency function,

indicated by CENTER appearing in the active function block on the left side of the display (see Figure 1-5 on page 32). It also brings up a menu of other frequency functions. See Figure 1-4 on page

31. These functions are called softkeys and are designated in the

manual by shading. (e.g. access menus of softkey functions.

Figure 1-4 Softkey Menu

CENTER FREQ) Most front panel keys

b. Tosetthe center frequency to 300 MHz, use the keys in the DATA

section of the front panel and enter 300 MHz. These data keys allow you to select the exact numeric value of the active function, which, in this case, is the center frequency. The step keys and knob also allow you to select values for the function.

NOTE When entering some data values, such as unitless entries, ENTER must

be used to terminate the data entry.

ENTER is located in the lower right

corner of the spectrum analyzer front panel. It is also labeled Hz/µV/µs.

Chapter 1 31

Quick Start Guide

Making a Basic Measurement

Figure 1-5 300 MHz Center Frequency

2. Set the frequency span. a. Press

SPAN. Note that SPAN is now displayed in the active

function block, identifying it as the current active function.

b. To reduce the frequency span—for example, to 20 MHz—either

press 20 MHz on the data keypad, or use the

⇓ key to "step down"

to this value. (Like data keys, step keys can also be used to change the numeric value of the active function.)

The resulting display is shown in Figure 1-6. Note that the resolution and video bandwidths are coupled to the frequency span; they are automatically adjusted to appropriate values for a given span. Sweeptime is also a coupled function.

c. Press

SWEEP and notice the SWP TIME AUTO MAN softkey. The

softkey can be used to make the sweeptime be auto-coupled or manually controlled; the underline indicates which part of the function is enabled. For example, the

SWP TIME AUTO MAN

function is auto-coupled when AUTO is underlined.

32 Chapter1

Figure 1-6 20 MHz Frequency Span

3. Activate the marker.

Quick Start Guide

Making a Basic Measurement

a. Press

MKR, which is located in the MARKER section of the front

panel. This activates the normal marker and places it at the center of the trace (in this case, at or near the peak of the signal).

The marker reads both the frequency and the amplitude, and displays these values in the active function block. In this case, the marker reads 300.00 MHz and −10.00 dBm, as shown in Figure 1-7 on page 33.

b. If the marker is not on the peak of the signal, it can be placed on

the highest point by pressing to move the marker manually.

Figure 1-7 Activated Normal Marker

PEAK SEARCH, or by using the knob

Chapter 1 33

Quick Start Guide

Making a Basic Measurement

4. Set the amplitude. a. Generally, placing the signal peak at the reference level provides

the best measurement accuracy. To adjust the signal peak to the reference level ( Figure 1-8), press dBm, or use either the step keys or the knob.

Using the knob is the easiest way to ﬁne-tune the signal peak to the reference level, which is located at the top of the graticule.

b. Because the marker is active, a faster method to ﬁne-tune the

signal peak to the reference level is to press which is located under the reference level equal to the marker amplitude value.

Figure 1-8 −10 dBm Reference Level

AMPLITUDE. Then key in −10

MARKER → REF LVL,

MKR → key. This function sets the

34 Chapter1

Quick Start Guide

Reference Level Calibration

Recalibrating the reference level is usually necessary only when the ambient temperature changes more than 10 degrees Celsius. Because the spectrum analyzer continually monitors and reduces any IF errors, executing the reference-level calibration is seldom necessary.

The reference-level calibration function

REF LVL ADJ allows the

analyzer internal gain to be adjusted. When the calibrator signal is connected to the input, selecting a reference level equal to the calibrator amplitude will display the signal at top-screen.

1. Turn the markers off by pressing

2. Press

CAL. This accesses a menu of calibration routines. The ﬁfth

function on this new list, labeled

MKR, then MARKERS OFF.

REF LVL ADJ, allows you to

calibrate the amplitude of the instrument.

3. Press REF LVL ADJ to activate the function.

4. To calibrate the spectrum analyzer, use the knob on the front panel and adjust the peak of the signal to the reference level as shown in Figure 1-9. Note the number that appears in the active function block (number 0 in this example). This number ranges from −528 to +528 (−33 to +33 in earlier instruments). It is a relative value indicating how much amplitude correction was required to calibrate the spectrum analyzer. The number is usually around 0.

If the amplitude is at either end of the range, or if it cannot be adjusted to a value within this range, consult the calibration guide.

5. To store the value, press the

STORE REF LVL softkey. When entering

or storing a value using the data keys, the entry must be terminated with the

ENTER key, located in the lower-rightcorner of the analyzer.

Figure 1-9 Peaked Signal to Reference Level

Chapter 1 35

Quick Start Guide

Front Panel Overview

Figure 1-10 Front Panel of an 8560 E-Series or EC- Series Spectrum

Analyzer

1. FREQUENCY, SPAN, and AMPLITUDE are the fundamental functions for most measurements. The HOLD key freezes the active function and holds it at the current value until a function key is pressed.

2. INSTRUMENT STATE functions affect the state of the entire spectrum analyzer, not just the state of a single function.

3. MARKER functions read out frequencies and amplitudes on the spectrum analyzer trace, let you make relative measurements, automatically locate the signal of highest amplitude on a trace, and tune the spectrum analyzer to track a signal automatically.

4. CONTROL functions allow you to adjust the resolution and video bandwidths, the sweep time, the display, and other functions that control spectrum analyzer measurement capabilities.

5. DATA keys, STEP keys, and the knob allow you to change the numeric value of the active function. Use the data keys to enter an exact value or to move quickly from one value to another. The step keys vary a value in predeﬁned increments or, for some functions, in increments that you choose. The knob allows you to ﬁne-tune most numeric values.

36 Chapter1

Quick Start Guide

Front Panel Overview

6. The front-panel connectors include an RF input, an active-probe power, a 300 MHz calibrator signal, a 310.7 MHz IF input, and a ﬁrst LO output. Table 1-2 has a short speciﬁcation summary of these connectors. The IF input is not available with the 8560E/EC, Option

002. A volume knob is provided for making adjustments to the volume of the built-in speaker. The LINE button turns the spectrum analyzer on and off.

CAUTION The maximum input level to the INPUT 50 Ω is +30 dBm with a

minimum of 10 dB input attenuation. For the 8560E/EC, 8561E/EC, or 8562E/EC only: When ac coupled,

the maximum dc voltage to the RF input is ±50 V. When dc coupled, the maximum dc voltage is ±0.2 V. Default power-up mode is ac coupled. It is best to leave the analyzer in ac coupled mode for maximum protection. Exceeding the maximum safe input levels can damage the input attenuator and the input mixer.

For the 8563E/EC, 8564E/EC, or 8565E/EC only: The maximum dc voltage to the RF input is ±0.2 V. Exceeding this voltage can damage the input attenuator and the input mixer. Option 006 extends the frequency range down to 30 Hz and is more susceptible to damage from dc voltages.

Chapter 1 37

Table 1-2

Quick Start Guide

Front Panel Overview

Connector Frequency Range Amplitude/ Voltage

Limits

INPUT 50 Ω 8560E/EC:

30 Hz–2.9 GHz (dc coupled) 100 kHz–2.9 GHz (ac coupled) 8561E/EC: 30 Hz–6.5 GHz (dc coupled) 100 kHz–6.5 GHz (ac coupled) 8562E/EC: 30 Hz–13.2 GHz (dc coupled) 100 kHz–13.2 GHz (ac coupled) 8563E/EC: 9 kHz–26.5 GHz (dc coupled) 30 Hz–26.5 GHz (Option 006) 8564E/EC: 9 kHz–40 GHz (dc coupled) 30 Hz–40 GHz (Option 006) 8565E/EC: 9 kHz–50 GHz (dc coupled)

30 Hz–50 GHz (Option 006) PROBE POWER —— +15 V, −12.6 V (150 mA max) CAL OUTPUT 300 MHz −10 dBm IF INPUT*

(foruse withexternal mixers)

310.7 MHz 0 V dc Max

+30 dBm Max

±0.2 V dc Max (dc coupled) ±50 V dc Max (ac coupled)

+30 dBm Max

±0.2 V dc Max (dc coupled) ±50 V dc Max (ac coupled)

+30 dBm Max

±0.2 V dc Max (dc coupled) ±50 V dc Max (ac coupled)

+30 dBm Max ±0.2 V dc Max (dc coupled)

1ST LO OUTPUT

RF OUT 50 Ω† (tracking generator output)

* Not available with an 8560E/EC Option 002 or Option 327. † Available only with an 8560E/EC Option 002. ‡ LO output of an 8560E/EC Option 002.

38 Chapter1

3.00 GHz–6.81 GHz +16.5 dBm ±2.0 dB +14.5 dBm ± 3.0 dB‡

300 kHz–2.9 GHz −10 dBm to +1 dBm

Display Annotation

Figure 1-11 Display Annotation

Quick Start Guide

Front Panel Overview

1. Number of video averages.

2. Logarithmic or linear amplitude scale per division.

3. Marker amplitude and frequency.

4. Title area.

5. Data invalid indicator, displayed when analyzer settings are changed before completion of a full sweep.

6. Menu title and softkey menu.

7. Error message area.

8. Frequency span or stop frequency.

9. Sweep time.

10.Indicator of uncoupled function for sweep time, resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth, or input attenuation.

11.Video bandwidth.

12.Resolution bandwidth.

13.Center or start frequency.

Chapter 1 39

Table 1-3

Quick Start Guide

Front Panel Overview

14.Active special functions: the following characters appear in a vertical line alongside the graticule. This information is also available by pressing

A = IF adjust turned OFF C = DC coupling selected (The 8563E/EC, 8564E/EC, and 8565E/EC

are always dc coupled. AC coupling is available only for an 8560E/EC, 8561E/EC or 8562E/EC spectrum analyzers. The default setting for an 8560E/EC, 8561E/EC or 8562E/EC is ac

coupling.) D = Detector mode set to sample, negative peak, or positive peak E = Special sweep-time equations in use (refer to tracking generator

menus) F = Frequency offset is less than or greater than 0 Hz G = Internal tracking generator is ON

DISPLAY, then ANNOT HELP.

K = Signal track is ON M = Trace math is ON N = Normalization is ON R = Reference level offset is less than or greater than 0 dB S = Single-sweep mode T = Trigger mode set to line, video, or external W = Amplitude correction (ampcor) is on X = 10 MHz reference is external + = External mixer bias is greater than 0 mA

− = External mixer bias is less than 0 mA

15.Active function area

16.Message area (for example, messages such as MEAS UNCAL, PEAKING, and Sampling are displayed in the message area)

17.Marker indicator

18.Indicator of reference-level position when in normalized mode

19.Reference level

20.Input attenuator value (internal mixing) or conversion loss (external mixing)

40 Chapter1

Rear Panel Overview

The rear panels of the E-series and EC-series are identical except the earjack on the E-series instruments is located at J1 (see 2, Figure 1-12) while on EC-series instruments, the earjack is located at J7 (see 15, Figure 1-13). EC-series instruments have a VGA port at J1, while E-series instruments do not have a VGA port. Three CRT display adjustment pots are accessed through the rear of E-series instruments (see 7, Figure 1-12), which are not present on EC-series instruments.

Figure 1-12 Rear Panel Functions - 8560 E-series

Quick Start Guide

Rear Panel Overview

Figure 1-13 Rear Panel Functions - 8560 EC-series

Chapter 1 41

Quick Start Guide

Rear Panel Overview

CAUTION Topreventdamagetothe instrument, be sure to set the voltage selector

to the appropriate value for your local line-voltage output. For more information, refer to the "If You Have A Problem" chapter.

1. J4 VIDEO OUTPUT provides a detected video signal that is proportional to the vertical deﬂection of the trace on the display. The output range is 0 V to 1 V when terminated in 50 Ω. It can be used when the display is in 10 dB/div or LINEAR mode. For resolution bandwidth settings less than 300 Hz, a 4.8 kHz IF signal with a dc offset is present at J4. The VIDEO OUTPUT connector is not available with Option 327.

2. J1 on 8560 E-series instruments (see 14 for information on J1 in EC-series instruments) EARPHONE provides a 4 Ω impedance earphone jack .

3. J5 EXT/GATE TRIG INPUT accepts a TTL signal as an external trigger, or as a trigger for gated video. The input signal range is 0 V to 5 V (TTL). For external triggering, the instrument sweep triggers on the rising or falling edge (as determined by

TRIG POL POS NEG)of

the signal (about +1.5 V).

For gated video triggering, the instrument sweep trigger depends upon

the setting of

GATE CTL EDGE LVL. If GATE CTL EDGE LVL is set to

EDGE, either the positive or negative edge of the trigger input signal initiates the gate delay. (Set

GATE CTL EDGE LVL is set to level (LVL), either the TTL high level or

TTL low level opens the gate. (Set control functions can be accessed by pressing

EDGE POL POS NEG.) If

LVL POL POS NEG.) The gate

SWEEP.

4. J6 BLKG/GATE OUTPUT provides either a blanking output or a gate output.

The blanking output is a 0 V to 5 V (TTL) signal that is low (0 V) during spectrum analyzer sweeps. The output is high (5 V) during retrace and when the instrument is between bands in multiband sweeps. Use this output for pen lift when plotting with nondigital plotters. It is also useful for synchronizing instruments.

The gate output provides a TTL signal that indicates the status of the gate when the gate is in edge trigger mode. A high TTL signal indicates the gate is on; a low TTL signal indicates the gate is off. The gate output is not active in level mode.

5. J2 GPIB is the General Purpose Interface Bus connector.

6. J3 OPTION MODULE allows connection of option modules such as the 85620A mass memory module or the 85629B test and adjustment module.

42 Chapter1

Quick Start Guide

Rear Panel Overview

7. X POSN, Y POSN, and TRACE ALIGN on 8560 E-series instruments allow you to align the spectrum analyzer display of using a special CRT pattern. Refer to the softkey

CRT ADJ PATTERN

under the CAL menu, or consult the service guide for your model of spectrum analyzer. 8560 EC-Series instruments are not adjustable.

8. J11 ALC EXT INPUT provides either an external leveling input or an alternate sweep output that corresponds to the sweep ramp that tunes the local oscillator.

For an 8560E/EC, Option 002 (which has a built-in tracking generator), J11 provides an external leveling input. For an Option 005, J11 provides a 0 V to 10 V ramp that corresponds to the sweep ramp that tunes the local oscillator (the same local oscillator sweep ramp that J8 provides).

9. VOLTAGE SELECTOR switchadaptsthespectrum analyzer to the power source: either 115 V or 230 V.

10. J10 2ND IF OUT is the Option 001, 310.7 MHz IF output.

11. J9 10 MHz REF IN/OUT provides a 10 MHz, 0 dBm minimum, time-base reference signal. This connector can be switched to an input, to use an external reference. An external reference must be 10 MHz at a minimum of −2 dBm. To select the external reference mode, press

AUX CTRL, REAR PANEL, 10 MHZ EXT INT.

12. J8 LO SWP|FAV OUTPUT provides different signals at connector J8: a 0 V to 10 V ramp corresponding to the local oscillator tune ramp, or a sweeping dc output of 0.5 V per GHz of tuned frequency (and 0.25 V for the 8564E/EC and 8565E/EC). The voltage range of the sweeping dc output depends on the spectrum analyzer frequency range. Select the output with the softkeys that are accessed when you press

AUX CTRL, REAR PANEL.

The 0.25 V/GHz output is needed for frequency ranges above 26 GHz. External tracking generators, such as the 85640A, 85644A, or 85645A use the 0.5 V/GHz output. When you have selected preselected external mixers, the 0.5 V/GHz output provides approximately 1.5 V per GHz of LO frequency, to control the preselected mixer.

13.The LINE input operates at nominally 115 V (47 to 440 Hz) or at nominally 230 V (47 to 66 Hz).

14.J1 VGA OUT port on 8560 EC-series instruments provides a VGA port. The VGA port is always active and does not require user interface.

15. J7 EARPHONE provides a 4 Ω impedance earphone jack on 8560 EC-series instruments.

Chapter 1 43

Quick Start Guide

Assistance

Product maintenance agreements and other customer assistance agreements are available for Agilent Technologies products.

For any assistance, contact your nearest Agilent Technologies Sales and Service Ofﬁce.

Cleaning

The instrument front and rear panels should be cleaned using a soft cloth with water or a mild soap and water mixture.

Safety Symbols

The following safety symbols are used throughout this manual. Familiarize yourself with each of the symbols and its meaning before operating this instrument.

CAUTION The caution sign denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure

which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or destruction of the instrument. Do not proceed beyond a caution until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

WARNING The warning sign denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a

procedure which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or loss of life. Do not proceed beyond a warning until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

Instruction Documentation

The product is marked with this symbol when it is necessary for you toreferto the instructions in the documentation.

44 Chapter1

Quick Start Guide

General Safety Considerations

WARNING Before this instrument is switched on, make sure it has been

properly grounded through the protective conductor of the ac power cable to a socket outlet provided with protective earth contact.

Any interruption of the protective (grounding) conductor, inside or outside the instrument, or disconnection of the protective earth terminal can result in personal injury.

If this instrument is used in a manner not speciﬁed by Agilent Technologies, the protection provided by the instrument may be impaired.

There are many points in the instrument which can, if contacted, cause personal injury. Be extremely careful. Any adjustments or service procedures that require operation of the instrument with protective covers removed should be performed only by trained service personnel.

CAUTION Before this instrument is switched on, make sure its primary power

circuitry has been adapted to the voltage of the ac power source. Failure to set the ac power input to the correct voltage could cause

damage to the instrument when the ac power cable is plugged in. This product conforms to Enclosure Protection IP 2 0 according to

IEC-529. The enclosure protects against ﬁnger access to hazardous parts within the enclosure; the enclosure does not protect against the entrance of water.

Chapter 1 45

Quick Start Guide

8560 E-Series and EC-Series Spectrum Analyzer Documentation Description

User's Guide

The 8560 E-Series and EC-Series User's Guide applies to the 8560E/EC, 8561E/EC, 8562E/EC, 8563E/EC, 8564E/EC, and 8565E/EC spectrum analyzers. The 8560 E-Series and EC-Series User's Guide includes information about preparing the spectrum analyzer for use, spectrum analyzer functions, common spectrum analyzer measurements, programming fundamentals, and deﬁnitions for remote programming commands.

In addition to the user's guide, the following manuals are shipped with your spectrum analyzer:

Calibration Guide

The Agilent Technologies 8560 E-Series and EC-Series Calibration Guide includes the speciﬁcations and characteristics, and information

about how to test your spectrum analyzer to determine if the spectrum analyzer meets its speciﬁcations.

Quick Reference Guide

The Agilent Technologies 8560 E-Series and EC-Series Quick Reference Guide applies to the 8560E/EC, 8561E/EC, 8562E/EC, 8563E/EC, 8564E/EC, and 8565E/EC spectrum analyzers. The 8560 E-Series and EC-Series Quick Reference Guide includes information about how to

make a simple measurement with your spectrum analyzer, brieﬂy describes the spectrum analyzer functions, and lists all the programming commands.

46 Chapter1

Quick Start Guide

Manuals Available Separately

Service Guide

The service guide provides information for servicing an instrument to the assembly level. The manual includes instrument adjustments, troubleshooting, major assembly replaceable parts lists, and replacement procedures. For ordering information, contact a Agilent Technologies Sales and Service Ofﬁce. This manual is not always immediately available for new products.

Component-Level Information

The component-level information manual provides component level information for the assemblies used in the instrument. Schematic drawings, component locators and assembly parts list are provided for the current vintage of assemblies. Component-level information is not always immediately available for new assemblies.

How to Order Manuals

Each of the manuals listed above can be ordered individually. To order, contact your local Agilent Technologies Sales and Service Ofﬁce. See Table 9-3 on page 681 for a listing of Agilent Technologies sales and service ofﬁces.

Chapter 1 47

Quick Start Guide

Manuals Available Separately

48 Chapter1

2 Making Measurements

Making Measurements

This chapter demonstrates spectrum analyzer measurement techniques with examples of typical applications. Each application focuses on different features of the Agilent 8560 E-Series and EC-Series spectrum analyzers. The measurement application and procedures covered in this chapter are:

• Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth)

• Improving Amplitude Measurements with Ampcor

• Modulation

• Harmonic Distortion

• Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

• AM and FM Demodulation

• Stimulus-Response Measurements

• External Millimeter Mixers

• Adjacent Channel Power Measurement

• Power Measurements Functions

• Time-gated Measurement

• Making Time-Domain Measurements Using Sweep Delay

• Making Pulsed RF Measurements

50 Chapter2

Making Measurements

Example 1: Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth)

What Is Resolution Bandwidth?

Signal resolution is determined by the intermediate frequency (IF) ﬁlter bandwidth. The spectrum analyzer traces the shape of its IF ﬁlter as it tunes past a signal. Thus, if two equal-amplitude signals are close enough in frequency, the ﬁlter shapes for the two signals can fall on top of one another and appear as a single response. If two signals are not equal in amplitude but are still close together,thesmaller signal can be hidden under the response of the larger one.

Spectrum Analyzer Function Used

The resolution bandwidth function (RESBW)selectstheappropriateIF bandwidth for a measurement. (Agilent Technologies speciﬁes resolution bandwidth as the 3 dB bandwidth of a ﬁlter.) The following guidelines can help you determine the appropriate resolution bandwidth to choose.

Stepping Through a Measurement of Two Equal Amplitude Signals

Generally, to resolve two signals of equal amplitude, the resolution bandwidth must be less than or equal to the frequency separation of the two signals. For example, to resolve two signals of equal amplitude with a frequency separation of 1 kHz, a resolution bandwidth of 1 kHz or less should be used.

1. Connect two signal sources to the spectrum analyzer INPUT 50 Ω. Set the frequency of one source to 499.5 kHz and the other source to

500.5 kHz. Set both sources to the same amplitude.

2. Press a preset state,andsetthespectrumanalyzercenterfrequencyto500 kHz.

3. Set the span to 10 kHz.

4. Set the resolution bandwidth to 1 kHz. See Figure 2-1.

5. Change the resolution bandwidth to a wider value and notice that you can no longer see that there are two signals present.

6. Change the two source frequencies to 499 kHz and 501 kHz.

PRESET on the spectrum analyzer to start the procedure from

Chapter 2 51

Making Measurements

Example 1: Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth)

To resolve two signals with a frequency separation of 2 kHz, a 1 kHz resolution bandwidth again must be used (see Figure 2-2). Since the spectrum analyzer uses bandwidths in a 1, 3, 10 sequence, the next larger ﬁlter, 3 kHz, would exceed the 2 kHz separation and thus would not resolve the signals.

Keep in mind that noise sidebands (phase noise) can also affect resolution.

Figure 2-1 1 kHz Signal Separation

Figure 2-2 2 kHz Signal Separation

52 Chapter2

Making Measurements

Example 1: Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth)

Stepping Through a Measurement of Two Signals of Unequal Amplitude

This example resolves a third-order intermodulation distortion product with a frequency separation of 700 kHz and an amplitude separation of about 60 dB.

1. Connect two signal sources to the spectrum analyzer INPUT 50 Ω. Set the frequency of one source to 10 MHz and the other source to

10.7 MHz. Set both sources to an amplitude of about −10 dBm.

2. Press a preset state and set the spectrum analyzer center frequency to

10.35 MHz.

3. Set the span to 5 MHz.

4. Set the resolution bandwidth to 100 kHz and the video bandwidth to 1 kHz. See Figure 2-4 on page 55.

To resolve two signals of unequal amplitude, the resolution bandwidth must be less than or equal to the frequency separation of the two signals (the same as resolving two equal amplitude signals). However, in this case the largest resolution bandwidth that will resolve the two unequal signals is determined primarily by the shape factor of the IF ﬁlter, rather than by the 3 dB bandwidth. Shape factor is deﬁned as the ratio of the 60 dB bandwidth to the 3 dB bandwidth of the IF ﬁlter,asin Figure 2-3.

The wider IF ﬁlters in this spectrum analyzer have shape factors of 15:1 or better. The IF ﬁlters less than or equal to 100 Hz have a better shape factor of 5:1 or better. Therefore, to resolve two signals of unequal amplitude, the half-bandwidth of a ﬁlter at the point equal to the amplitude separation of the two signals must be lessthanthefrequency separation of the two signals.

PRESET on the spectrum analyzer to start the procedure from

Chapter 2 53

Making Measurements

Example 1: Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth)

Figure 2-3 Bandwidth Shape Factor

Use a 100 kHz resolution bandwidth ﬁlter to resolve this third-order intermodulation distortion product. The 100 kHz ﬁlter has a typical shape factor of 12:1, a 60 dB bandwidth of 1.2 MHz, and a half-bandwidth value of 600 kHz. This half-bandwidth isnarrowerthan the frequency separation, so the two input signals will be resolved. See Figure 2-4.

However, using a 300 kHz ﬁlter, the 60 dB bandwidth is 3.6 MHz and the half-bandwidth value is 1.8 MHz. Since this half-bandwidth is wider than the frequency separation, the signals most likely would not be resolved

• Change the resolution bandwidth to 300 kHz and notice that you can no longer see that the distortion product is present. See Figure 2-5 on page 55.

54 Chapter2

Example 1: Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth)

Figure 2-4 100 kHz Bandwidth Resolution

Figure 2-5 300 kHz Bandwidth Resolution

Making Measurements

NOTE Spectrumanalyzer sweep time is inversely proportional to the square of

the resolution bandwidth, for bandwidths greater than or equal 300 Hz. So, if the resolution bandwidth is reduced by a factor of ten, the sweep time is increased by a factor of 100. For fastest measurement times, use the widest resolution bandwidth that still permits resolution of all desired signals.

Chapter 2 55

Making Measurements

Example 2: Improving Amplitude Measurements with Ampcor

What Is Ampcor?

The amplitude correction function is used to improve the amplitude accuracy of your measurement system. System ﬂatness is often degraded by many things includingcableandadapterlosses. Additional systematic amplitude errors such as IF gain uncertainty, resolution bandwidth switching uncertainty, and attenuator switching uncertainty can also be corrected. These system effects can be normalized out of the displayed measurement results using the ampcor function. Pairs of frequency/amplitude correction points are entered into the spectrum analyzer. Turning on the ampcor function causes real-time correction of the measurement data using these points. This real-time correction is updated as the frequency and amplitude parameters of the spectrum analyzer are changed.

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

This example uses the amplitude correction function, ampcor. It illustrates the use of some of the ampcor data entry and editing functions that help with the entry of the frequency-amplitude correction pairs. Once you have entered a set of correction values, they can be saved and recalled for later use.

Stepping Through an Ampcor Measurement

The ampcor function will be used to correct for variations in the ﬂatness of a measurement system. Suppose we want to make measurements on a personal digital cellular system (PDC). The PDC frequency range is 1 GHz to 1.6 GHz, and in this frequency range the spectrum analyzer frequency response has a small amount of ripple. The ampcor function will be used to correct for this and for some cable losses.

Substitute a source and power meter for the PDC signal and set up the measurement with the system cable. The ﬂatness correction values are identiﬁed, and then entered and saved.

56 Chapter2

Example 2: Improving Amplitude Measurements with Ampcor

Figure 2-6 Ampcor Measurement Setup

Making Measurements

Set up the measurement.

1. Zero and calibrate the power meter and power sensor.

2. Connect the source output to the power splitter input. Connect the system cable from the spectrum analyzer input to one of the power splitter outputs. Connect the power sensor to the other power splitter output. See Figure 2-6.

3. Set the source output to:

CW ............................................................................1.0 GHz

Amplitude................................................................... 0 dBm

4. On the power meter, enter the 1 GHz power sensor calibration factor.

5. The correction values should be determined using the same measurement setup as the intended measurement will use. For the purpose of this example, we will use the following spectrum analyzer setup:

Center frequency......................................................1.0 GHz

Frequency span .........................................................5 MHz

Resolution bandwidth ............................................ 300 kHz

Log scale .......................................................... 1 dB/division

Chapter 2 57

Making Measurements

Example 2: Improving Amplitude Measurements with Ampcor

6. On the spectrum analyzer, press CAL, MORE 1 OF 2, AMPCOR MENU, and

EDIT AMPCOR. If there is a correction already loaded, purge it by

pressing

MORE 1 OF 2, DONE EDIT, PURGE CORR, PURGE DATA. (Or

you can save the correction ﬁrst and then purge it. Refer to the procedures that follow.) If data was purged, press

EDIT AMPCOR

again before continuing.

Enter the correction points.

1. On the spectrum analyzer, press

2 OF 2.

MORE 1 OF 2, PEAK SEARCH, MORE

2. Enter the marker frequency.

3. Use the knob to adjust AMPL until the marker amplitude reads the same as the power meter. The ampcor function will be automatically turned on after the ﬁrst point is entered. Note the "W" along the left edge of the display.

4. Set the source CW frequency to the next frequency to be corrected.

5. Enter the power sensor calibration factor for this frequency into the power meter.

6. On the spectrum analyzer, press

FREQUENCY and enter the next

frequency to be corrected.

7. Press CAL, MORE 1 OF 2, AMPCOR MENU, EDIT AMPCOR, MORE 1 OF

2, PEAK SEARCH, MORE 2 OF 2, NEW CORR PT.

8. Use the knob to adjust AMPL until the marker amplitude reads the same as the power meter.

9. Repeat steps 4 through 8 for each additional correction point.

Storing the ampcor data.

1. Press

MORE 1 OF 2, DONE EDIT, SAVE AMPCOR. Select a convenient

2. If you would like to create a softkey label under which the correction data will be saved, press the ampcor menu, press

DISPLAY and enter a screen title. Return to

SAVE AMPCOR and select a correction

You have now completed the process for entering amplitude correction points. At this point you can disconnect the source from the spectrum analyzer input and connect the test signal, using the same system cable. You can recall the correction points and begin to make measurements.

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Making Measurements

Example 2: Improving Amplitude Measurements with Ampcor

Using the ampcor data.

1. With ampcor on, the amplitude measured by the analyzer at the correction-point frequencies should agree with the power meter reading ±0.2 dB. This error is due primarily to the spectrum analyzer marker amplitude resolution, which ranges from 0.017 dB to 0.17 dB, depending upon the log scale selected.

2. If you want to turn off ampcor, press

AMPCOR ON OFF so that OFF is

selected. The correction to the trace is now turned off, but the correction values remain in memory.

3. If you want to purge the ampcor correction data, press

PURGE CORR

and purge the correction data. The correction values are now gone from active memory.

Ampcor Limitations

When using the ampcor function consider the following:

Trace data above or below the graticule

If any of the uncorrected trace data is above or below the graticule, the ampcor function will not properly correct it. The spectrum analyzer amplitude accuracy is not speciﬁed above or below the graticule. Anytime ampcor applies a correction such that data outside the graticule is moved to within the graticule, an error (error number 921 or 922) is generated. In order to avoid these errors, make sure that the trace data which is being corrected is within the graticule before the correction is applied.

Measurements near the bottom of the graticule

If you are using 10 dB/division and the measurements occur in the bottom division of the display, imperfect log ﬁdelity will cause errors in the correction.

Flatness correction and temperature drift

If the factors that contribute to poor ﬂatness are temperature dependent, the corrections will not be as effective.

Chapter 2 59

Making Measurements

Example 3: Modulation

What Is Modulation?

Modulation is the act of translating some low frequency or baseband signal (voice, music, data) to a higher frequency. In the modulation process, some characteristic of a carrier signal (usually amplitude or frequency) is changed in direct proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the baseband signal.

More information about amplitude and frequency modulation can be found in Agilent Technologies Application Note 150-1, literature number 5954-9130.

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

The following procedure describes how to measure signals with AM and FM types of modulation on them. It shows how to tune the signal onto the spectrum analyzer display. It demonstrates using the frequency count function and several marker functions to make measurements.

Stepping Through Modulation Measurements

Amplitude Modulation

1. Connect the signal source to the spectrum analyzer INPUT 50Ω.

2. Set the source to a carrier frequency of 100 MHz with amplitude modulation of about 34 kHz.

3. Set the spectrum analyzer center frequency to 100 MHz. Set the span to 500 kHz.

4. Figure 2-7 on page 61 illustrates the amplitude-modulated signal as seen on the spectrum analyzer display. Note the carrier signal. To determine its frequency, simply press

5. Additional modulation information can be easily determined from the carrier signal and a sideband. For example, the difference between the carrier frequency and the sideband frequency can be found by pressing The markers read the frequency difference between the two signals, which is equal to the modulating frequency. The marker also reads the difference in amplitude. This difference in amplitude between the two signals can be used to determine percentage of modulation (refer to Figure 2-8 on page 61).

PEAK SEARCH, MARKER DELTA, and NEXT PEAK.

PEAK SEARCH.

60 Chapter2

Figure 2-7 An Amplitude-Modulated Signal

Making Measurements

Example 3: Modulation

NOTE Unequal amplitudes of the lower and upper sidebands indicate

incidental FM on the input signal. Incidental FM can reduce the accuracy of percentage-of-modulation measurements.

Figure 2-8 Percentage of Modulation

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Making Measurements

Example 3: Modulation

The following equation also determines percentage of modulation using amplitude units in volts:

100×

------------------------=

where A A

= sideband amplitude, in volts

= carrier amplitude, in volts

Frequency Modulation

This section contains general information about frequency modulation, as well as a procedure for calculating FM deviation using a spectrum analyzer.

For sinusoidal modulation where either the modulation frequency or the FM deviation can be varied, the spectrum analyzer can be used to accurately set up a modulation index corresponding to a Bessel null. The following example illustrates how to verify the FM deviation accuracy of a signal generator with FM capability. We will use a carrier frequency of 100 MHz and test for FM deviation accuracy at a 25 kHz rate using the modulation index for the ﬁrst carrier null (2.401). Figure 2-9 illustrates how to set up the equipment for this measurement.

Figure 2-9 FM Deviation Test Setup

1. Connect the signal source to the spectrum analyzer INPUT 50Ω. Set the source to 100 MHz.

2. Press

PRESET to begin with the spectrum analyzer in a preset state

and change the settings as follows: a. Set center frequency to 100 MHz.

b. Set span to 100 kHz. c. Set resolution bandwidth to 1 kHz. d. Set video bandwidth to 1 kHz.

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Making Measurements

Example 3: Modulation

3. Figure 2-10 contains Bessel functions for determining modulation. (Table 2-1 and Table 2-2 on page 63 also contain modulation index numbers for carrier nulls and ﬁrst sideband nulls.)

Figure 2-10 Bessel Functions for Determining Modulation Index

Table 2-1 Carrier Nulls and Modulation Indexes

Order of Carrier Null Modulation Index

1 2.401 2 5.520 3 8.653 4 11.791 5 14.931 6 18.071 n (n > 6) 18.071 + π(n − 6)

Table 2-2 Sideband Nulls and Modulation Indexes

Order of First Sideband Null Modulation Index

1 3.83 2 7.02 3 10.17 4 13.32 5 16.47 6 19.62

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Making Measurements

Example 3: Modulation

4. Knowing that the desired deviation is 25 kHz, and choosing the modulation index of the ﬁrst carrier null, calculate the modulating frequency as follows:

Modulating Frequency

Modulating Frequency 10.412kHz=

5. Set the modulation rate on the signal generator to 10.412 kHz. If the signal source doesn't have an accurate internal modulation source, use an external source. You can use the delta count mode of the analyzer to accurately set the audio source frequency as follows:

Table 2-3

a. Press FREQ COUNT to activate the counter function, then press

COUNTER RES and set the counter resolution.

b. Press COUNTER ON OFF so that ON is underlined, and use the delta

count mode to read the difference between two sideband peaks (see Figure 2-11).

25kHz

--------------- -=

2.401

c. Now adjust the frequency deviation for a maximum null of the carrier. d. Calculate the FM deviation by multiplying the modulation index

(from Table 2-10) by the modulation rate: e. FM Deviation = 10.39 kHz × 2.401 f. FM Deviation = 24.95 kHz

Figure 2-11 Markers Show Modulating Frequency

64 Chapter2

• Gradually change the modulation frequency (or change the amplitude of the modulation signal) and observe the changes in the displayed nulls. Figure 2-12 illustrates a frequency-modulated signal with a small modulation index (modulation index of about 0.2) as it appears on a spectrum analyzer. Figure 2-13 on page 66 and Figure 2-14 on page 66 illustrate larger modulation index values. In the ﬁrst ﬁgure the null is at the carrier. In the second ﬁgure the null is at the ﬁrst sideband.

Figure 2-12 A Frequency-Modulated Signal

Making Measurements

Example 3: Modulation

Chapter 2 65

Making Measurements

Example 3: Modulation

Figure 2-13 FM Signal with Carrier at a Null

Figure 2-14 FM Signal with First Sidebands at a Null

NOTE Incidental AM from a source signal can cause the frequency null to shift, resulting in

errors to the procedureabove. Incidental AM is very low for most RF signal generators, but can be signiﬁcant in microwave signal generators. Nonsymmetrical side lobes indicate the presence of incidental AM. In such cases, the best technique for measuring

FM is to down-convert and use a modulation analyzer such as the Agilent 8901A/B.

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Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

What Is Harmonic Distortion?

Most transmitting devices and signal sources contain harmonics. Measuring the harmonic content of such sources is frequently required. In fact, measuring harmonic distortion is one of the most common uses of a spectrum analyzer. Harmonic distortion can be checked very quickly by using the measurement routine described below. This measurement routine measures harmonic amplitudes relative to the source frequency.

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

The following harmonic distortion measurement applies an important group of spectrum analyzer operating skills: setting the frequency span using start and stop frequencies; setting the video bandwidth; and making relative measurements using two markers. It also demonstrates setting a signal to center frequency using a marker, and setting the frequency step size to the value of the center frequency.

There are two common ways to measure harmonic distortion using a spectrum analyzer. Procedure A illustrates the faster method, which permits a simultaneous display of the fundamental and its harmonics. Procedure B takes longer to perform but provides a better measurement of harmonics closer to the noise ﬂoor.

Stepping through the Fast Harmonic Measurements: Procedure A

This example measures the harmonic content of a 1 MHz signal provided by a signal generator. You may use the 300 MHz calibrator signal of the spectrum analyzer, but be sure to adjust the spectrum analyzer start and stop frequencies to accommodate the source frequency and its harmonics.

1. Connect the signal source to the spectrum analyzer INPUT 50 Ω. Press

Measure the 1 MHz fundamental and its ﬁrst two harmonics

1. Set the start frequency to 450 kHz.

2. Set the stop frequency to 3.5 MHz.

PRESET to start the procedure from a preset state.

This displays the fundamental frequency and the second and third harmonics as shown in Figure 2-15 on page 68.

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Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

Figure 2-15 Input Signal and Harmonics

1. Set the video bandwidth to improve visibility by smoothing the noise:

a. Press b. Press c. Use the step down

BW. VIDEO BW AUTO MAN until MAN is selected.

⇓ key to select the video bandwidth.

2. For measurement accuracy, raise the peak of the fundamental to the reference level:

a. Press

PEAK SEARCH, MKR →, MARKER → REF LVL. The result is

shown in Figure 2-16.

68 Chapter2

Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

Figure 2-16 Peak of Signal is Positioned at Reference Level for Maximum

Accuracy

Place a second marker on the second harmonic

1. Set the peak threshold above the noise: a. Press PEAK SEARCH, MORE 1 OF 2, PEAK THRESHLD.

b. Adjust the dashed line to a level above the noise using either the

step keys or the knob.

2. Activate the second marker: a. Press

PEAK SEARCH, MARKER DELTA, NEXT PK RIGHT.

This places the anchor marker on the fundamental, and a second marker on the peak of the second harmonic, as shown in Figure 2-17 on page 70.

Chapter 2 69

Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

Figure 2-17 Harmonic Distortion in dBc (marker threshold set to −70 dB)

Find the harmonic distortion (method 1)

The difference in amplitude between the fundamental and second harmonic shown in the ﬁgure is about −50 dB, or 0.33 percent harmonic distortion (see Figure 2-18).

1. To measure the third harmonic, press

NEXT PK RIGHT again.

Measure additional harmonics

1. Continue reading amplitudes and comparing them to Figure 2-18 for each additional harmonic you want to measure.

PEAK EXCURSN

deﬁnes what is and what is not a peak; the next-peak routines ﬁnd the corresponding peak.

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Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

Figure 2-18 Percentage of Distortion versus Harmonic Amplitude

Find the harmonic distortion (method 2)

1. Another easy way of determining the percent of distortion is to change the units to volts:

a. Press

AMPLITUDE, MORE 1 OF 3, AMPTD UNITS, VOLTS. The

marker readout automatically changes to voltage units.

b. To determine the percentage of distortion, use the ratio given by

the marker and move the decimal point of this value two places to the right. However, the displayed ratio is limited to a minimum of

0.01, or 1 percent, before reaching zero.

Plot the display

1. You may want to plot the display for hard-copy documentation: a. Connect a graphics plotter (such as an Agilent 7440A ColorPro) to

the analyzer via GPIB. b. Set the plotter address to 5. c. On the spectrum analyzer, press

PLT until PLT is selected.

d. Press e. Press

PLOTTER CONFIG to view available plot functions. COPY to transfer the entire display to the plotter.

CONFIG, then COPY DEV PRNT

Other plotter functions let you select certain traces or parts of the display for plotting. The PLOT ORG DSP GRAT function lets you choose the plotter reference points to correlate to the display (DSP) or to the display graticule (GRAT).

Chapter 2 71

Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

An Alternative Harmonic Measurement Method: Procedure B

This method is somewhat longer, but because each signal is measured in a narrower span and resolution bandwidth, the signal-to-noise ratio is improved, making the results more accurate.

1. Using the present setup, clear the markers from the screen by pressing

HOLD is pressed, the display expands to the full size of the screen, for

easier viewing.

Measure the 1 MHz fundamental

1. Reduce the frequency span:

MKR, MARKERS OFF. Notice that when MARKERS OFF or

a. Press

PEAK SEARCH, which activates a marker on the

highest-level signal on-screen.

b. Reduce the frequency span to 1 MHz by pressing SPAN, SPAN

ZOOM.

c. Enter 1 MHz. The span zoom function lets you quickly "zoom" to a

narrower frequency span without losing the signal from the screen (because signal track is activated).

d. After the frequency span is reduced, turn off the signal-track

function by pressing

MKR, and setting SIG TRK ON OFF to OFF.

2. Set the center-frequency step-size to the frequency of the fundamental:

a. Press

MKR →, MARKER → CF STEP

3. For better amplitude accuracy, move the signal to the top of the graticule:

a. Press

MARKER → REF LVL. The resulting display should resemble

Figure 2-19 on page 73.

72 Chapter2

Figure 2-19 Input Signal Displayed in a 1 MHz Span

Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

Measure the second harmonic

1. Press

MKR, MARKER DELTA, FREQUENCY, and the step up › key. This

step retunes the spectrum analyzer center frequency to the second harmonic.

2. Adjust the harmonic to the reference level. (Note that the

REF LVL function is not available in marker-delta mode.) This

MARKER →

displays the amplitude of the second harmonic as shown in Figure 2-20 on page 74.

Find the harmonic distortion

1. Use Figure 2-18 on page 71 to convert the difference between the second harmonic and the fundamental to a percentage of distortion. Again, units can be changed to volts in order to read the voltage ratio of the two signals.

Measure additional harmonics

1. Foreachadditional harmonic you wish to measure, press the step up

› key and adjust the reference level. Note the arrow in the upper-left

corner of the graticule indicates that the anchor markerisoff-screen. However, the results are still valid.

Chapter 2 73

Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

Figure 2-20 Second Harmonic Displayed in dBc

Percent of Harmonic Distortion

The total percent of harmonic distortion of a signal is also measured frequently. For this measurement, the amplitude of each harmonic must be measured in linear units (for example, volts) instead of dBc. To display amplitude units in volts, press

AMPTD UNITS, and VOL TS. The amplitude values of these signals are

used in the equation below to compute total harmonic distortion:

A2()2A3()2A4()2.... An()

+ + + 100×

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Where: = the amplitude of the fundamental frequency, in volts

= the amplitude of the second harmonic, in volts

= the amplitude of the third harmonic, in volts

= the amplitude of the fourth harmonic, in volts

= the amplitude of the nth harmonic, in volts

If the signal amplitudes are measured carefully, as in the previous example, this procedure measures percent-of-harmonic distortion very accurately.

AMPLITUDE, MORE 1 OF 3,

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Making Measurements

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

What Is Intermodulation Distortion?

In crowded communication systems, signal interference of one device with another is a common problem. For example, two-tone, third-order intermodulation often is a problem in narrow-band systems. When two signals (F

second-order harmonics that are generated (2F third-order intermodulation distortion products,whicharelocatedclose

to the original signals at 2F intermodulation distortion can also occur. These distortion products are

generated by such system components as ampliﬁers and mixers.

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

and F2) are present in a system, they can mix with the

and 2F2), creating

and 2F1−F2. Higher order

2−F1

The following procedure describes how to measure third-order intermodulation distortion. It shows how to tune two signals onto the spectrum analyzer display and demonstrates setting the resolution bandwidth, mixer level, and reference level. It also incorporates several marker functions.

Stepping through the Measurement

Set up the test

1. To test a device for third-order intermodulation, connect the equipment as shown in Figure 2-21 on page 76. This example uses a 6 dB directional coupler, and two sources set to 20 MHz and 21 MHz. You may substitute other source frequencies, but for this example, maintain a frequency separation of about 1 MHz. The device under test is a 26 dB preampliﬁer. The low-pass ﬁlters are required to stop the signal from the two sources from causing distortion due to reﬂecting the signal. If you are performing this procedure only for practice using the instrument, you don't need the low-pass ﬁlters.

Chapter 2 75

Making Measurements

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

Figure 2-21 Third-Order Intermodulation Test Setup

2. Set one source to 20 MHz and the other source to 21 MHz, for a frequency separation of 1 MHz.

3. Set the sources equal in amplitude (for this example, we have set the sources to −30 dBm).

Reduce the frequency span

4. Tune both signals onto the display by setting the center frequency to

20.5 MHz.

5. Reduce the frequency span to 5 MHz for a span wide enough to include the distortion products on the display. For frequency separations other than those used in this example, choose a span greater than three times the separation of the source signals.

NOTE A quick way to get to a smaller frequency span is to use SPAN ZOOM.

SPAN ZOOM activates a highest-peak marker, turns signal track on, and

zooms down to the span selected by the user. To activate the span zoom function, press SPAN, SPAN ZOOM, and enter

5 MHz. Be sure to turn signal track off before changing other spectrum analyzer settings.

Center and adjust the signals on the display

6. Press

FREQUENCY.

7. Using the knob, center the two signals on the display, as shown in Figure 2-22 on page 77.

76 Chapter2

Making Measurements

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

8. To resolve the distortion products, reduce the resolution bandwidth until the distortion products are visible:

a. Press b. Use the step down

BW.

⇓ key to reduce the resolution bandwidth.

9. Reduce the video bandwidth, if necessary.

10.To make sure the input signals are equal in amplitude: a. Press

PEAK SEARCH, MARKER DELTA, and NEXT PEAK.

b. Adjust the signal source with the corresponding marker on it

until the difference in amplitude reads zero.

NOTE If you need to choose a speciﬁc resolution bandwidth to verify that the

distortion products are at a certain level below the source signal, refer to Example 1 in this chapter.

Figure 2-22 Signals Centered on Spectrum Analyzer Display

Set the reference level

11.Forgreatest measurement accuracy, position the peaks of the source signals at the reference level. The spectrum analyzer function

MARKER → REF LVL lets you set the reference level using a marker:

a. Place a marker on the source signal of highest amplitude by

pressing

Chapter 2 77

PEAK SEARCH, MARKER NORMAL.

Making Measurements

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

b. Set the reference level to this value by pressing MKR →,

MARKER → REF LVL. Figure 2-23 on page 78 illustrates the

resulting display.

Figure 2-23 Signal Peak Set to Reference Level

Maximize dynamic range

12.Distortion-free dynamic range is important for this type of measurement. To maximize such dynamic range:

a. Set the mixer input level to −30 dBm by pressing

MORE 1 OF 3, MAX MXR LEVEL.

AMPLITUDE,

b. Enter −30 dBm.

The spectrum analyzer automatically sets the attenuation so the maximum signal level is −30 dBm at the input mixer when the signal is at or below the reference level (see Example 1). You will hear the input attenuator click; notice that the value of the attenuator is now 20 dB (see Figure 2-24 on page 79).

This change to the maximum mixer level can affect the noise, so you may need to adjustment the resolution and video bandwidths.

Set a second marker and measure the distortion product

Once a marker is activated, the marker delta function activates a second marker and displays the difference between the two markers. Relative measurements can then be performed easily.

78 Chapter2

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

13.To measure a distortion product:

Making Measurements

a. Press b. To activate a second marker, press c. Press

PEAK SEARCH to place a marker on a source signal.

MARKER DELTA.

NEXT PK LEFT or NEXT PK RIGHT to set the second marker

on the peak of the distortion product that is beside the signal source (see Figure 2-24).

The difference in frequency and amplitude between the two markers is displayed in the active function block.

Figure 2-24 Intermodulation Distortion Measured in dBc

Create a title for the measurement

The screen title function lets you create a title on the screen, and a label for the recall menu.

14.To create a title: a. Press

DISPLAY, SCREEN TITLE.

b. Use the softkeys from the screen-title menu and the knob (to

choose the letters) to create a title. The title appears in the upper-right corner of the graticule; it can be up to two rows of 16 characters each (see Figure 2-25).

c. Press

Chapter 2 79

TITLE DONE when the title is complete.

Making Measurements

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

Figure 2-25 Display with Title

Save the measurement information

The save and recall functions allow you to store data for later viewing.

15.To save the instrument state: a. Press

SAVE, SAVE STATE.

b. Press a softkey to enter the instrument state data into the

16.To view this menu, press RECALL, RECALL STATE. If a stored state has not been titled, the menu reads STATE followed by the register number chosen.

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Making Measurements

Example 6: AM and FM Demodulation

What is AM and FM Demodulation?

Amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) are common modulation techniques used to broadcast information. In the United States and Canada, the AM broadcast band is 535 kHz to 1605 kHz, while the FM broadcast band covers 88 MHz to 108 MHz.

Demodulation of AM and FM signals can be done with any spectrum analyzer with zero span capability and with a wide enough bandwidth to fully encompass the modulated signal. An easier method of examining a demodulated signal is to use the built-in AM and FM demodulator and speaker in the 8560 E-Series and EC-Series spectrum analyzers.

Forsimplicity, in our example we will demodulate only an FM signal. To demodulate and listen to an AM signal, repeat the same steps, but activate

AM DEMOD ON OFF instead of FM DEMOD ON OFF.

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

The following procedure illustrates the use of the built-in AM and FM demodulator and speaker. The example includes tuning the spectrum analyzer to a band of interest, activating and moving a marker to the signal that is to be demodulated, and demodulating and listening to the signal with the built-in demodulator and speaker.

Stepping through the Measurement

Set up the test

1. Provide a signal to the spectrum analyzer by connecting an antenna to the input port of the spectrum analyzer.

Chapter 2 81

Making Measurements

Example 6: AM and FM Demodulation

Figure 2-26 AM and FM Demodulation Test Setup

Set the start and stop frequencies

2. Tune to the FM band by setting the start frequency of the spectrum analyzer to 88 MHz, and the stop frequency to 108 MHz:

a. Press b. Press c. Press

Figure 2-27 FM Band

FREQUENCY. START FREQ; enter 88 MHz. STOP FREQ; enter 108 MHz (see Figure 2-27).

Set a marker

3. To demodulate an FM signal, you must activate a marker before you turn on the demodulator. For your convenience, the AM and FM demodulation menu contains the marker functions.

82 Chapter2

Making Measurements

Example 6: AM and FM Demodulation

a. Press AUX CTRL AM/FM DEMOD to access the demodulation menu. b. Activate a marker by pressing

MARKER NORMAL.

c. Position the marker on the signal of interest. If the signal of

interest is the highest in amplitude, press PEAK SEARCH directly, as in Figure 2-28 on page 83.

Figure 2-28 Place a marker on the signal of interest, then demodulate.

Set the time

4. For this example, before demodulating the signal, set the demodulation time to 30 seconds:

a. pressing

MORE 1 OF 2, DEMOD TIME.

b. Enter 30 seconds. This sets the actual time that the built-in

demodulator will demodulate the signals so you may listen to it.

Demodulate the signal

5. Press

MORE 2 OF 2, then set FM DEMOD ON OFF to ON.You may have

to adjust the volume of the speaker using the volume knob located on the front panel, under the display.

NOTE You also can use AM or FM demodulation when the frequency span of

the spectrum analyzer is zero. To obtain continuous demodulation in zero span, set the trigger mode to external by pressing

EXTERNAL. Setting the spectrum analyzer to the external trigger mode

TRIG,

(without actually supplying a trigger) gives you an uninterrupted signal. Otherwise, demodulation will occur only during the spectrum analyzer sweep.

Chapter 2 83

Making Measurements

Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

What Are Stimulus-Response Measurements?

Stimulus-response measurements require a source to stimulate a device under test (DUT), and a receiver to analyze the frequency-response characteristics of the DUT. Characterization of a DUT can be made in terms of its transmission or reﬂection parameters. Ripple, ﬂatness, and rejection are examples of transmission measurements. A typical reﬂection measurement is return loss.

A spectrum analyzer combined with a tracking generator forms a stimulus-response measurement system. With the tracking generator as the swept source and the spectrum analyzer as the receiver, operation is analogous to a single-channel scalar network analyzer. Because the tracking generator is a narrow-band system, its output frequency must be made to track the spectrum analyzer input frequency precisely, resulting in a wide dynamic range. This wide dynamic range will be illustrated in the following example.

Figure 2-29 Block Diagram of a Spectrum Analyzer and Tracking Generator

System

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

The following procedure describes how to use the 8560E/EC Option 002 spectrum analyzer with built-in tracking generator system to measure the rejection range of a bandpass ﬁlter, which is a type of transmission measurement.

84 Chapter2

Making Measurements

Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

The same measurement can be made using an 8560E/EC (without Option 002), Agilent 8561E/EC, Agilent 8562E/EC, Agilent 8563E/EC, Agilent 8564E/EC or Agilent 8565E/EC spectrum analyzer with an Agilent 85640A, Agilent 85644A, or Agilent 85645A tracking generator. This example illustrates several functions in the 8560E/EC Option 002 tracking-generator menu: adjusting the tracking-generator output power, source calibration, and normalization.

Because the procedure for conducting a reﬂection measurement is similar, use this example as your guide. You may also refer to the

Agilent Technologies Spectrum Analyzer Seminar, Application Note 150-7, or Applicaton Note 1212 for more information about reﬂection

measurements.

Stepping through the Measurement

There are four basic steps for performing any stimulus-response measurement (either transmission or reﬂection):

1. Set up the spectrum analyzer settings

2. Calibrate

3. Normalize

4. Measure

Set up the test

1. To measure the rejection of a bandpass ﬁlter, connect the equipment as shown in Figure 2-30. This example uses a bandpass ﬁlter with a center frequency of 321.4 MHz and a speciﬁed rejection of −85 dB, as the device under test (DUT).

Figure 2-30 Transmission Measurement Test Setup

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Set the spectrum analyzer

2. To activate the tracking generator menu, press

TRACKING GENRATOR. The tracking-generator output power is

displayed in the active function block. Because the ﬁlter (DUT) is not particularly sensitive, an output power of −10 dBm should not damage it.

3. Activate the tracking-generator power level by pressing

OFF until ON is selected.

If ERR 901 TGFrqLmt appears in the error message area, set the start frequency to 300 kHz.(Stimulus-responsemeasurementsusing an 8560E/EC Option 002 are speciﬁed from 300 kHz to 2.9 Ghz.) Due to the current resolution of the annotation, changing the start frequency to 300 kHz will be denoted only in smaller spans.

4. Put the sweep time of the analyzer into stimulus-response auto-coupled mode by pressing

MORE 1 OF 3, then SWP CPL SR SA

until SR is selected. In stimulus-response mode, the auto-coupled sweep times usually are much faster for swept-response measurements (see Figure 2-31).

Figure 2-31 Tracking-Generator Output Power Activated

AUX CTRL,

SRC PWR ON

5. Because we are interested only in bandpass-ﬁlter rejection, tune the center frequency so the ﬁlter roll off takes up most of the trace on the display (see Figure 2-32).

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-32 Adjust analyzer settings according to the measurement

requirement.

6. Decrease the resolution bandwidth to increase sensitivity, and narrow the video bandwidth to smooth the noise. In Figure 2-33, the resolution bandwidth has been decreased to 3 kHz.

NOTE The minimum resolution bandwidth supported in stimulus-response

measurements is 300 Hz.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-33 Decrease the resolution bandwidth to improve sensitivity.

NOTE Tracking Error

Adjusting the resolution bandwidth may result in a decrease in amplitude of the signal. This is known as a tracking error. Tracking errors occur when the tracking generator output frequency does not exactly match the input frequency of the spectrum analyzer. The resulting product from the spectrum analyzer input mixer is not at the center of the IF bandwidth. Tracking errors are most notable when using narrow resolution bandwidths.

Compensate for the tracking error, by using either the manual or the automatic tracking adjustment. These keys are on the second softkey menu page of

TRACKING GENRATOR under the AUX CTRL key.

Automatic Tracking

Once the automatic tracking routine is activated in a wide resolution bandwidth, it is not necessary to use the tracking adjust again when decreasing the resolution bandwidth. The automatic tracking routine uses the 300 Hz resolution bandwidth to perform the tracking adjustment.

Toactivatethe automatic tracking routine, press press

MAN TRK ADJ to display the DAC values of the coarse- and

ﬁne-tracking adjustments. In this example, the automatic tracking routine was performed, and the resolution bandwidth was decreased to 300 Hz, without encountering any tracking error (see Figure 2-34).

TRACKING PEAK,then

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-34 Manual tracking adjustment compensates for tracking error.

Calibrate

Calibration in a transmission measurement is done using a through (thru). A thru essentially is a conductor that is connected in place of the device under test.

7. To calibrate using a thru: a. Press

THRU.

AUX CTRL, TRACKING GENRATOR, SOURCE CAL MENU, CAL

b. The guided calibration routine prompts you to connect the thru,

as illustrated in Figure 2-35. Connect the thru, then press STORE

THRU to store the thru trace in trace B and in an internal memory

location in the analyzer. The state information of the thru-calibration trace is stored in

state register number 9. This trace can be recalled for future use. Figure 2-36 shows what appears on-screen after the thru trace is stored.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-35 Guided calibration routines prompt the user.

Figure 2-36 The thru trace is displayed in trace B.

Normalize

Normalization eliminates the frequency response error in the test setup. When normalization is on, trace math is performed on the active trace:

A − B + NRP → A

1. where: A is the active trace.

B is the stored thru calibration trace. NRP is the normalized reference position.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

The units of the reference level, dB, reﬂect this relative measurement (see Figure 2-37).

• To normalize, press softkey is located on the ﬁrst page of the tracking-generator menu.)

An arrow appears on each side of the graticule when normalization is activated. These two arrows mark the normalized reference position, or the position where 0 dB insertion loss (transmission measurements) or 0 dB return loss (reﬂection measurements) will normally reside.

You can set the dB value of the normalized reference position using the

NORM REF LVL adjustment under the AMPLITUDE key. Changing NORM REF POSN changes the position of the normalized trace, within

the range of the graticule.

Figure 2-37 Normalized Trace

NORMLIZE ON OFF until ON is selected. (This

Measure

Measure the range using the delta markers:

1. Press

PEAK SEARCH, MARKER DELTA.

2. Use the knob to position the second marker in the rejection area of the bandpass ﬁlter as shown in Figure 2-38.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-38 Measure the rejection range with delta markers.

Activating normalization changes the softkeys that appear in the amplitude menu:

REF LVL. Although both these functions reposition the trace on the

display,

RANGE LVL adjusts attenuation and gain, while NORM REF LVL

RANGE LVL appears, and REF LVL is replaced by NORM

does not change the spectrum analyzer settings.

NORM REF LVL, like NORM REF POSN, is a trace math function that lets

you change the position of the normalized trace within the range of the graticule, without changing spectrum analyzer settings. See Figure 2-39. As a result, your measurement remains calibrated. However, using these two trace math functions may mean that the top of the screen does not represent the gain-compression limit.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-39 NORM REF LVL adjusts the trace without changing analyzer

settings.

RANGE LVL increases the dynamic range of the measurement by

changing the input attenuator and IF gain. It is equivalent to

REF LVL

used in signal analysis measurements. Both RANGE LVL and REF LVL ensure that the input signal is not in gain compression.

To increase the dynamic range of the measurement, press

RANGE LVL.

Note that while increasing the dynamic range, more errors are introduced into the measurement, such as attenuator switching. However, as Figure 2-40 shows, the dynamic range level has increased by 18 dB, when using

RANGE LVL.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-40 Increase the dynamic measurement range by using RANGE LVL.

If the actual measured signal is beyond the gain-compression limit, or below the bottom graticule of the display, an error message will appear in the lower right corner of the display. In the case shown here, the passband information is adjusted off-screen in order to view the rejection range with better resolution. Changing the analyzer settings to raise the passband information above the top of the screen results in an ERR 903

A>DLMT.

In normalized mode, ERR 904 B>DLMT also may appear if:

• The calibration trace is off-screen, or

• No calibration has been performed after a preset, or

• Trace B is blank. To clear this error and ensure a calibrated measurement, recalibrate

and perform a store-thru operation.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Using Range Level versus Using Normalized Reference Level

The following example illustrates the difference between

RANGE LVL

and NORM REF LVL. The normalized frequency response of a preampliﬁer is shown in Figure 2-41. The normalized trace is cut off at the top of the graticule. This is conﬁrmed by the step up

⇓ key when a

marker is activated, and the ERR 903 A>DLMT error message appears in the error message block.

Figure 2-41 Normalized Frequency Response Trace of a Preampliﬁer

By increasing

NORM REF LVL to 30 dB, as shown in Figure 2-42, the

trace moves down on the screen. Note that (1) the input attenuator value remains at 10 dB, (2) the marker-amplitude readout displays 13.2 dB, and (3) the ERR 903 A>DLMT error message is still displayed, even though the signal appears to be fully within the graticule.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-42 NORM REF LVL is a trace function.

Figure 2-43

After returning

NORM REF LVL to 0 dB,increaseRANGELVL to30dB. As

shown in Figure 2-43, the trace moves fully within the graticule. Compare the settings: (1) input attenuator value has changed to 40 dB, (2) the marker-amplitudereadout displays −6.3 dB, and (3)theERR 903 A>DLMT error message no longer appears.

RANGE LVL adjusts analyzer for compression-free measurements.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-42 shows that NORM REF LVL is a trace function that can position the active trace without changing analyzer settings. The ERR 903 A>DLMT error message is an indicator that the actual measured trace may fall outside of the analyzer measurement range with the current settings. Compression-free measurements are assured by adjusting

RANGE LVL and changing the input attenuator and IF gain.

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Example 8: External Millimeter Mixers (Unpreselected)

External millimeter mixers can be used to extend the frequency coverage of the 8560 E-Series and EC-Series spectrum analyzers. (The 8560E/EC Option 002 and Option 327 do not have external mixing capability.) Agilent Technologies manufactures external mixers that do not require biasing and cover frequency ranges from 18 GHz to 110 GHz. Other manufacturers sell mixers that extend the range to 325 GHz, but may require biasing. The 8560 E-Series and EC-Series spectrum analyzers support both types of mixers.

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

The 8560 E-Series and EC-Series spectrum analyzers contain an extensive menu of functions that help with millimeter measurements. This example explains how to connect external mixers to the spectrum analyzer, how to choose the band of interest, how to store conversion-loss factors, and how to use the optional automatic signal-identiﬁcation functions.

Stepping through the Measurement

Set up the equipment

1. Figure 2-44 illustrates how to connect an external harmonic mixer to the spectrum analyzer.

CAUTION The spectrum analyzer local-oscillator output power is +16.5 dBm. Be

sure that your external harmonic mixer can accommodate this power level before connecting it to the analyzer.

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Example 8: External Millimeter Mixers (Unpreselected)

Figure 2-44 External Mixer Setup (a) without Bias; (b) with Bias

NOTE Good-quality shielded SMA-type cables should be used to connect the

mixer to the spectrum analyzer to ensure that no signal attenuation occurs. Agilent 5061-5458 SMA-type cables may be used. Do not over-tighten the cables; the maximum torque should not exceed 112 N-cm (10 in-lb).

Select the Frequency Band

2. Specify unpreselected external mixing by pressing

MXR PRE UNPR until UNPR is selected.

CONFIG, then EXT

3. To select a frequency above 18 GHz: a. Press

AUX CTRL, EXTERNAL MIXER to set the analyzer to external

mixer mode.

b. Enter the desired frequency directly using the center-frequency

function.

c. Notice in Table that some frequencies overlap and fall into two

bands. Tobe sure that the desired band is selected, refer to Table and select the desired frequency band, then use the full band function to enter this band.

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Example 8: External Millimeter Mixers (Unpreselected)

d. In the external mixer menu, press FULL BAND, then press the

step up

› key until the letter preceding BAND in the active function

area corresponds to the desired frequency band.

In this example, we'll look at U-band, which ranges from 40 GHz to 60 GHz, as shown in Figure 2-45. The

LOCK HARMONIC function "locks"

the spectrum analyzer in that band, ensuring that the spectrum analyzer sweeps only the chosen band. set to ON when

FULL BAND is pressed.

LOCK ON OFF is automatically

Table 2-4 External Mixer Frequency Ranges

Frequency Band

K 18.0 to 26.5 6− 30 dB A 26.5 to 40.0 8− 30 dB Q 33.0 to 50.0 10− 30 dB U 40.0 to 60.0 10− 30 dB V 50.0 to 75.0 14− 30 dB E 60.0 to 90.0 16− 30 dB W 75.0 to 110.0 18− 30 dB F 90.0 to 140.0 24− 30 dB D 110.0 to 170.0 30− 30 dB G 140.0 to 220.0 36− 30 dB Y 170.0 to 260.0 44− 30 dB J 220.0 to 325.0 54− 30 dB

Frequency Range (GHz)

Mixing Harmonic

Conversion Loss

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HP 8560e schematic

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

1 Quick Start Guide

What You'll Find in This Chapter

How to Use This Guide

Differences between 8560 EC-Series and E-Series Spectrum Analyzers

Introducing Your New Spectrum Analyzer

Initial Inspection

Turning the Spectrum Analyzer On for the First Time

Making a Basic Measurement

Reference Level Calibration

Front Panel Overview

Display Annotation

Rear Panel Overview

Assistance

Cleaning

Safety Symbols

General Safety Considerations

8560 E-Series and EC-Series Spectrum Analyzer Documentation Description

Manuals Available Separately

2 Making Measurements

Making Measurements

Example 1: Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth)

What Is Resolution Bandwidth?

Spectrum Analyzer Function Used

Stepping Through a Measurement of Two Equal Amplitude Signals

Stepping Through a Measurement of Two Signals of Unequal Amplitude

Example 2: Improving Amplitude Measurements with Ampcor

What Is Ampcor?

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

Stepping Through an Ampcor Measurement

Ampcor Limitations

Example 3: Modulation

What Is Modulation?

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

Stepping Through Modulation Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

What Is Harmonic Distortion?

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

Stepping through the Fast Harmonic Measurements: Procedure A

An Alternative Harmonic Measurement Method: Procedure B

Percent of Harmonic Distortion

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

What Is Intermodulation Distortion?

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

Stepping through the Measurement

Example 6: AM and FM Demodulation

What is AM and FM Demodulation?

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

Stepping through the Measurement

Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

What Are Stimulus-Response Measurements?

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

Stepping through the Measurement

Example 8: External Millimeter Mixers (Unpreselected)

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

Stepping through the Measurement