3.1 . Voltage and Current in Resistance
Measurements
5.1
.
Test Equipment Required
5.2
.
Millianimeter Accuracy Check
~
..
.............................
............................
....................
................
LIST
OF
TABLES
Page Number
5.3
1.0
54
3-2
54
5-2
5.5
6-1
.
Input Resistance Chccks
.
Power Supply Voltages
.
Tubc Replacement
.
Rcplaccablc Parts
..........................
Pagc
.....................
.....................
.........................
:54
541
iii
5-3
6-2
n
List
of
Illustrations
Model
4
12A
n
.1
t,p’
Number
1-1.
Model
412A
DC
Vacuum Tube
Voltmeter
4-1.
Block Diagram
5-1.
Input Resistance Check
5-2.
AC
Rejection Check
53.
Location
54.
Input Circuit Board
5-5.
Modulator Waveform
54.
Demodulator Assembly
5-7.
input Cable Connections.
5-8.
Simplified Schematic, Voltmeter
Switching
5-9.
Simplified Schematic, Ammeter
Switching
.
.
.
. . . .
. . . . . . .
of
Adjustments
. . . .
. . .
. . * .
.
.
.
. .
. .
.
. .
. .
.
. . . . . .
.
. . . .
.
.
. . . . . .
. . .
.
. . . .
.
.
. .
.
. . .
.
.
.
.
...........
.
.
. .
.
...........
. . . . .
...........
.
...........
. . . . .
. .
. .
.
...........
...........
. . .
. . . . .
...........
...........
. . . .
...........
.
. . .
.
...........
.
. .
.....e.....
,
. .
.
.
LIST
’
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page Number
5-1O.Simplified Schematic, Ohmmeter
,
.
,
1-1
,
.
,
.
.
.
..
.
...
...
.
..
...
...
.
.5-10
.
.
.5-11
4-1
5-2
53
54
56
5-7
s-8
59
6-1.
6-2.
6-3.
7-1.
7-2.
7-3.
74.
7-5
.
. . .
.
Switching
Location
Cabinet Model
Location
Rack Model
Voltage
Location of Chassis Mounted.Parts,
Cabinet Model
Location
Rack Model
Location
Schematic Diagram
Power
of
of
Probe
of
of
Supply Backdating
. . . . . .
Mechanical Parts,
.
.
. . . . . . . .
Mechanical Parts,
.
. . .
. . . . . . .
Assembly
. . . .
Chassis Mounted
. . .
. . .
Switch
. . .
.
. . . .
.
.
.
. . . .
. . .
. . . . . .
.
. . . . . . .
. . . .
Components
.
.
.
. . .
.
Parts,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. . .
.
. .
. .
..........
..........
.
..........
.
..........
..........
e.........
..........
..........
.
..........
Page
.
.5-I
. .
6-5
.
.
6.6
. . 6-7
.
.
7-2
. .
7-3
..
74
.
.
7-5
.
.
7-7
2
8
b
'5
Section
VOLTMETER
9
b
AMMETER
I
Table
1-1.
Voltage Range: Positive and negative voltages from
millivolt
ranges
Accuracy
Input Resistance:
and
30
100
200
AC Rejection: A voltage at power line
line frequency
reading
1500
fuull
scale to
:
+
1
%
of full scale on any range
10
10
mV ranges
megohms
21%
megohmsf.l%
megohms
less
t
40
than
1
volts.
1000
volts full scale in
megohms
on
30
on
100
%
on
300
dB
greater
1%.
Peak voltage must not exceed
1%
on 1 mV, 3 mV,
mV range
mV range
mV range and above
or
twice power
than full scale affects
Specifications
1
13
AMPLIFIER
Voltages and Currents:
Open Circuit Short Circuit
Range
XI
XI0
XI00
XlOOo
XlOK
XlOOK
XIM
XlOM
Xl00M
Voltage Cain:
AC
Rejection: 3 dB at
Volts
10
mV
100
mV
IV
1v 1
1v
1v
1v
1v
1v
1000
maximum
1
Hz,
80
Current
100~
.Olp
dB at
Model
10
mA
10
mA
10
mA
mA
lop
'P
.lp
50
A
A
A
A
A
and
4
60
12A
Hz
d
Current Range: Positive and negative currents from
1
microampere full scale to 1 ampere full scale in
thirteen ranges
Accuracy
v
tnput Resistance
Range Resistance* Voltage
:
2
2% of full scale on any range
:
tnternal Shunt Full
Scale
Drop
Output: Proportional
full scale; maximum current,
corresponds to
Output Impedance:
Less
Noise:
than 5 mV
Drift: negligible
to
meter indication; 1 volt at
1
.O
on upper scale.)
Less
than 2 ohms at dc
RMS
on
1
mA.
any range
(Full
scale
GENERAL
.001
mA
.003
mA
.01
mA
.03
mA
.I
mA
.3
mA
1
mA
3
mA
10
mA
30
mA
100
mA
300
mA
1000
mA
*For
total insertion resistance add
25
rcsistance at
C
I000
3
I6
100
3
I
.6
IO
3.16
.3
ohms
ohms
ohms
ohms
ohms
ohms
1
16
.1
.I
.I
.I
.I
ohm
ohm
ohm
olim
olim
ohin
ohm
0.07
1
mV
0.9486
0.9486
1
mV
mV
mV
1 mV
0.9486
0.9486
10
30
100
mV
1
mV
mV
1
mV
3
mV
mV
mV
mV
ohms copper lead
Isolation Resistance: At least
by 0.1~
F
between common terminal and case
100
megohms shunted
(power line) ground
Common Mode Rejection: May be operated up to
500
Vdc
or
130
Vac from ground
f10%,
5040
Hz,
35
11-1/2
W
in. high,
7-1/2
Power: 115/230 V
Dimensions: Cabinet Mount:
in. wide,
10
in. deep
Rack Mount:
OHMMETER
Hesistaticc Ibiige: Rcsistancc from
center-scale to
raiiges
decade
a
Accuracy:
f-
5%
of
IO0
niegolims center-scale in nine
reading froni
scale
'I
14
0.3
to 3 on Ohms
I
olim
001
29-5
Model
4 12A
Section
I
SECTION
GENERAL
1-1.
INTRODUCTION.
1-2.
The Hewlett-Packard Model
Tube Voltmeter is
a
multifunction instrument which
measures the entire range
resistance normally encountered in electronic equipment.
1-3.
The Model
mV full scale to
arranged in a
of
full scale. The input circuit
from
power line ground.
14.
The Model
current from
accuracy
3,
1-5.
412AIAR
of
10
sequence.
Resistance measurement capability
is
2%
from
412AIAR
IO00
V full scale in thirteen ranges
1,3,
10
sequence. Voltmeter accuracy is
412AlAR
1.OpA
of
full scale. Current ranges are also in a
1.0
measures positive
full scale
ohm center scale
412A/AR
of
dc voltages, current, and
DC
Vacuum
measures dc voltage from
is
isolated from the case and
or
negative dc
to
1.0
A
full scale with an
of
the Model
to
I00
megohms
1.0
1%
1,
I
INFORMATION
center scale in nine decade rangcs. Resistaiicc nieasureiiieiit
is
5%
accuracy
16.
The Model
between
voltage proportional to the input. Ainplificr giiiil is froiii
-1000
to
t1000,
depending on range selected.
1-7.
SPEC1
FlCATlO NS.
1-8.
Complete specifications
are listed in Table
1-9.
INSTRUMENT AND MANUAL IDENTIFICATION.
1-10.
Hewlett-Packard uses a twoscctioii cigltbdigit scrial
number
number
(OOO-00000).
of
your instrumcnt do not agrcc witti thosc
title page of this manual, changc sliects supplicd
will
manual
explain the diffcrenccs bctwccii
instrument and the Model
manual.
'
.3
and
3
412AIAR
1-1.
If
has a dc aiiiylifier output
for
the first tlircc digits
412AIAll
on
the resistance scale.
the dip- Modcl41
of
dcscribcd
2AIAR
tlic
scrial
on
tlic
with
tlic
your
in
lliis
412A-A-30188
Figure
00
1
295
1.1.
Model
412A
DC
Vacuum Tube Voltmctcr
0
Model 4 12A
h
Section
I1
2-1.
INTRODUCTION.
2-2. Tliis section contains instructions necessary for
installation
the Model 412AIAR
DC
Vacuum Tube
of
Voltmeter. Included are initial inspection procedures,
cy
power and grounding requirements, installation
information, and instructions for repackaging for shipment.
2-3.
INITIAL INSPECTION.
2-4.
This
instrument was carefully inspected both
and
mechanically
of
free
mars or scratches, and in perfect electrical order
upon receipt.
inspected for physical damage
clcctrical
procedure outlined in Paragraph
electrically before shipment. It should be
To
confirm this, the instrument should be
in
transit.
performance
of
tlic instrument, using the
5-5.
If
there is damage or
Also
deficiency, see tlic warranty on the inside front cover of
this manual.
2.5.
POWER
2-6.
P
Y
The Model 412AIAR can be operated from any
source
slide switch
Power dissipation is approximately
REQUIREMENTS.
of
115
or
230
on
the rear panel selects the desired voltage.
volts at
50
or
35
60
Hz.
watts.
The
SECTION
IN
STACLATIO
test the
115/230
V
II
N
2-1
0.
INSTA 1 LATlO N.
2-1
I.
The Model 412A is intended
instrument, having a top-mounted handle and rubbcr fcct.
2-12. The Model 412AR is intended for rack mounting.
Front panel height
2-13.
REPACKAGING
2-14.
The following paragraphs contain a general guidc for
repackaging
the original container is
is
5-7/32 inches.
FOR
SHIPMENT.
of
tlie instrument. Rcfcr to Paragraph
to
be
uscd;
have any questions, contact your
Service Office. (SCC Appendix
B
NOTE
If
the instrumcnt is to be sliippcd
I
Icwlctt-i’ackard for scrvicc
attach a tag to tlic instrumcnt idcntifying
the owncr and indicating tlic scrvicc
repair
to
be accomplislicd. lncludc tlic
model number
of
tltc instrumcnt.
corrcspondcnce, identify tlic instrumcnt
by modcl numbcr, scrial numbcr prcfix,
and scrial numbcr.
for
use
as
a
2-16
if
it
is
not.
local
-lip-
Salcs
for office locatiwis.)
to
or
repair.
or
In
any
bcncli
2-15
If
you
and
if
G
R
0
U
N
D
I
NG
2-7.
2-8.
To protect operating personnel, the National
REQUl
Electrical Manufacturer’s Association
that tltc instrument panel and cabinet
R
EMENTS.
(NEMA)
recommends
be
grounded. This
instrument is equipped with a threeconductor power cable
wluch, when plugged into an appropriate receptacle.
on
grounds the instrument. The offset pin
the connector is
tlie ground wire.
2-9.
To
preserve the protection feature when operating the
instrument from a twocontact outlet, use a threeprong
4b
two-prong adapter and connect the green pigtail
adapter to ground.
NOTE
Operating the Model 412A/AR without
grounding the third (power line ground)
wire
of
the power cable will result
of
the meter and oscillation
1
29-5
zero offset
the pointer.
4
J
00
in
of
2-15. Place the instrumcnt
suitable packing material and
metal bands.
be
purchased from your ncarcst
If
original containcr
in
original conhincr with
scat
wcll
with strong tapc
is
not aviilablc, onc
hp
Salcs
and
or
CBR
Scrvicc
Office.
2-16.lf original container
is
not to hc uscd, procccd
as
follows:
a. Wrap instrument
in
hcavy
papcr or plastic hcfurc
placing in an inncr containcr.
to
on
the
b.
Place packing material around a11
instrumcnt and protcct panel facc
strips
.
with
c. Place instrument and inncr containcr
carton
tapc
or
wooden box and scal wcll with strong
or
metal hands.
sidcs
of
cardhturd
in
a hcavy
a
d. Mark shipping containcr
INSTIWMENT,”
“FRAGILE,” ctc.
“DI~LICATE
2-1
hlodcl4
12A
Section
111
SECTION
0
PER
AT1
N
G
3-1.
INTRODUCTION.
3-2.
The
-lip-
Model 412A/AR
Voltmeter nieasures dc voltages from
full
lo00 V
Current measurement ranges are from
1000
to
The Model
1.0
ohm center
Resistance measurenicnt accuracy is
.3
and
provided.
+1000,
1
.O
V
at full scale. and maxinium current load is
3-3.
LOW-LEVEL ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA.
34.
Stray low-level electrical phenomena may cause error
in
low voltage measurements. When using the lower voltages
of the Model 412A, consider the possibility
voltages produced by thermoelectric effects, residual
charges on capacitors, battery action,
cables,
scale with
mA
full
scale, with accuracy
41
2A/AR makcs resistaricc measurements from
3
on
the ohms scale. A dc amplifier output is also
Voltage
depending
an
accuracy of
scale
to
100
gain of tlic amplificr is from
on
range selcctcd. Amplifier output is
DC
Vacuum Tube
1.0
mV full scale to
1%
of
full
scale.
0.001
mA
full
scale
of
2%
of
full scale.
megohms center scale.
5%
of
reading between
-1000
to
1
.O
mA.
of
low-level
or
flexing
of
coaxial
IN
STRU
3-7.
3-8.
111
CTiO
TURN-ON PROCEDURE.
a. Make sure the proper fuse is installed for operation
with the power line voltage to be used. A
slow-blow fuse should be used for
operation, and a
operation.
b. Connect
Allow
VOLTAGE
NS
BEFORE CONNECTING PRIMARY
POWER, MAKE SURE THE REAR
PANEL 115/230 V SLIDE SWITCH
IS
SET
TO
THE POWER LlNE
VOLTAGE
INCORRECT SETTING MAY
RESULT IN DAMAGE TO THE
INSTRUMENT.
to
ac power and turn instrument ON.
a
S-minute warm-up period.
MEASUREMENT.
TO
BE
0.4
A slow-blow fuse for
USED.
0.6
I
IS
230
A
V
V
3-5.
The voltagc probe, currentlresistance lead, and
common lead
have a very low thermoelectric effect with copper, the most
commonly used conductor. However, some component
leads such as transistors and reed relays may have leads
of
made
thermoelectric voltage when joined with copper. Whenever
possiblc, connect tlic
possible, the voltage probe and common lead should both
In:
conncctcd
and both connection points maintained at the same
tc
111
pcra
34.
To minimize tlic possibility
making
probe tip and common lcad alligator clip are clean.
surc
tlic component leads or other points of connection are
clean. The prcsence
niay cause noticeable nieasiirement error due to battery
action.
of
the Model 412A/AR are all designed to
such alloys as nickel-iron, which produce a
412A
leads to copper. If this
to
the
smic
kind
of
inctal compncnt lead,
t
urc.
of
battery action when
low
voltage mcasurcments, make sure the 412A
Also
of
sonic chemicals such
NOTE
Operating the Model 412A/AR without
grounding the third (power line ground)
of
wire
zero offset
the pointer.
the power cable will result in a
of
the meter and oscillation
as
solder flux
of
is
not
be
a.
Set
FUNCTION switch to VOLTS, and select
proper polarity.
b. Set RANGE switch to desired range.
set
switch to high range and downrange as
necessary.
c.
Connect VOLTS and
component, and read voltage.
DO
NOT OVEKLOAD THE
INSTRUMENT. MOMENTARY
OVERLOADS UP TO TEN TIMES
FULL SCALE WILL NOT DAMAGE
THE INSTRUMENT; HOWEVER,
CURRENT SHUNTS, AND
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
STANDARDS ARE NOT
PROTECTED FROM EXTREME
OVERLOAD.
33.
CURRENT MEASUREMENT.
a. Set FUNCTION switch to
b.
Set RANGE switch to desired range.
select high range and downrange as necessary.
COM
If
in doubt,
leads across circuit
MA.
If
in doubt,
or
00
1
29-5
3-1
section
.
3-10.
111
c. Deenergize circuit
d. Connect
COM leads.
e.
Energize circuit,
up-scale indication, and read current.
When making current measurements,
make
the circuit common
ground (&)terminals on rear panel.
RESISTANCE
a.
Set
FUNCTION switch
b.
If resistance
make sure
c.
Connect
measured, using
to
412A
into circuit,
NOTE
sure
there
is
no connection between
MEASUREMENT.
to
be
power
is
412A
across circuit
MA/OHMS
be
measured.
set
POLARITY
6)
and power line
to
OHMS.
measured
turned
off.
and COM leads.
using
MA/OHMS
switch
is
part of a circuit,
or
component
to
and
for
be
Model
41
2A
d.
Set
RANGE switch
near center scale as possible, and read resistance on
OHMS
scale.
3-1
1.
When measuring the resistance
such as transistors and diodes, it is often desirable
what voltage and current were present in obtaining the
resistance measurement. Table
voltage and shortcircuit current available at
during resistance measurements. Voltage and current are
read on the top scale
The meter reading is directly proportional
across the device being measured, and inversely
proportional
device being measured on the
.25
on
the
top
100
mV (Table
across the device. To determine the current, subtract the
meter reading
multiply by the shortcircuit current listed in Table
Since the current shown
indicates
measured. The resistance measurement, then, indicates an
equivalent resistance
20
mV, and a current
of
to
the resistance scale. The meter
scale. Since full-scale voltage for the
a
current
of
the current.
34),
of
.2
from the full scale reading
of
of
so
that meter indication is as
of
non-linear devices
3-1
lists the open-circuit
the
412A
the meter
this indicates a voltage
for
all
resistance ranges.
to
the voltage
As
an example, assume that
XI0
range gives a reading
also
indicates
XI0
of
of
for
the
XI0
range
is
10
8
mA through the device being
2.5
ohms, with an applied voltage
of
8
mA.
to
know
leads
.2
range is
20
mV
1,
and
3-1
mA,
this
a
of
on
.
Resistance Range
XI
XI0
XI00
X1
K
XlOK
XlOOK
XIM
XlOM
XlOOM
Table
3-1.
Voltage and Current in Resistance Measurements
1
OpenCircuit Volts
1
on top scale)
(at
10
mV
100
mV
IV
1v
1v
IV
IV
1v
1v
ShortCircuit Current
0
on tot, scale)
(at
10
mA
10
mA
10
mA
1
mA
l00pA
IO
pA
lPA
0.1
pA
0.01
pA
3-2
00
1
29-5
Model
4
12A
Section
111
3-12.
AMPLIFIER OPERATION.
3-13.
The Model
used to drive devices
permanent record
4
412A/AR
such
of
measurements. Output level is
DC
Amplifier Output may be resistance) may cause errors in meter indication and
as an analog recorder to provide a amplifier
1
.O
volt range
at full scale; maximum rated load current is
currents
to
in
excess
of
1.0
gain.
Amplifier gain is from
-1000
on the
loo0
mA (less than
+lo00
range.
1000
1
.O
mA.
ohms load
on the
Load
,001
Y
00 1 29-5
I‘
3-3
Model
41 2A
Section
1V
SECTION
THEORY
4-1.
GENERAL.
4-2.
The kp- Model
amplifier circuit to produce a meter indication proportional
to the voltage, current, or resistance being measured.
4-3.
BLOCK
44.
Figure
The following paragraphs describe operation of the various
circuits.
4.5.
RANGE AND FUNCTION SELECTION.
4-6.
The Voltage Divider. Current Shunts, and Resistance
Standards circuits provide a
input in all ranges and functions. Full scale
reading
Simplified schematics
and
functions are shown in Figures
47.
FILTERS.
4-8.
input filtering is provided to attenuate any ac
components present in the input signal. The second fdter
section filters the Demodulator output.
DIAGRAM ANALYSIS.
4-1
of
1
on
412AIAR
is
a block diagram
the top scale of the meter for all ranges.
of
the switching circuits
uses a chopper-stabilized
of
the Model
0.9
mV output for full-scale
5-8
through
412AIAR.
is
defined as a
for
all ranges
5-10,
OF
IV
OPERATION
4-9.
MODULATOR, AMPLIFIER, DEMODULATOR,
AN0
CHOPPER.
4-10. A
sets the Modulator/Demodulator frequency at
line frequency. The Modulator output is an ac signal
proportional
stabilized at
output
synchronized with the Modulator
signal
Cathode Follower. This voltage is the same polarity as the
input signal.
4-11.
SELECTION.
4-12.The Cathode Follower drives the Meter and the
Amplifier Output. Polarity selection provides upscale
meter reading for either polarity input. The Polarity switch
is disabled in the
light-beam chopper driven by a synchronous motor
516
power
to
the Model
1
,111
of
1
.O
volt for a full-scale input. The Demodulator
is
converted to a steady dc, which
CATHODE FOLLOWER AND POLARITY
412A
input. The amplifier
by the feedback network, resulting in an
so
that the amplified ac
is
applied
gain
to
the
is
DC
OHMS
function.
is
RANOC
SELtCllOW
00
129-5
r
Figure
I
4-1.
Block Diagram
4-1
6
Section V
INSTRUMENT
DC
Voltage Standard
Variable Line Transformer
DC
Voltmeter
AC
Voltmeter
~ ~ ~~
Oscilloscope
TYPE
Table
5-1.
Test Equipment Required
REQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS
Range:
Accuracy:
Current Rating:
Output Voltage:
Range:
Resolution
Input Resistance:
Range: to
Range: to
Sensitivity:
(or
253 Vac)
0-300V
0.1%
1
V
to
300
:
10
mV
300
V
10
Ma
0.01
10
to
127
V
100
Vlcm
mA
Vac
Ma
hp- 738BR Voltmeter
Calibrator
1
Superior Electric
Powerstat 3PF116
(for
1
15
V line) 3PF216
V
(for 230
hp- 427A Voltmeter
hp-
427A Voltmeter
hp- 427A Voltmeter
hp
120B
line)
Oscilloscope
Model 412A
Precision Resistors
Oscillator
Resistance:
1
10
100
1K
10
30K
100K
300
K
1M
10
100
10
-~
~
Frequency : 60 Hz
Output:
K
M
M
M
5W
1W
1/2
W
IO
V peak
Accuracy
i
1.0%
2
1.0%
f
1.0%
f
1.0%
+,
1.0%
?
0.1%
2
0.1%
2
0.1%
2
0.1%
2
1.0%
2
1.0%
k
0.1%
:
Part Number:
-hP-
-hP-
hP-
-hp-
-hP- 07574442
Daven
Dale
Dale MFS-112
-hP
-hP
-hP-
-hP-
-hp-
200CD Wide Range
Oscillator
08
1
I-OoFiO
07574346
0757.040
07574280
1
DAS-5
MF-I
06984 16
0698-5049
0733401
08
1
1-2475
1
7
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