Hanna Instruments HI 83216-01 User Manual
Instruction Manual
HI 83216
Multiparameter Bench
Photometer
for Pool & Spa Applications
www.hannainst.com
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Dear Customer,
Thank you for choosing a Hanna product. Please read this instruction manual carefully before using the
instrument. This manual will provide you with the necessary information for the correct use of the
instrument. If you need additional technical information, do not hesitate to e-mail us at tech@hannainst.com.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION .............................................................................................................................................. 3
ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................................................ 3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
SIGNIFICANCE OF POOL AND SPA TESTING .............................................................................................................................. 4
SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
PRECISION AND ACCURACY ................................................................................................................................................ 8
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION ................................................................................................................................................. 8
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................................................. 10
TIPS FOR AN ACCURATE MEASUREMENT .......................................................................................................................... 11
HEALTH & SAFETY.......................................................................................................................................................... 14
METHOD REFERENCE TABLE ............................................................................................................................................. 14
OPERATIONAL GUIDE ....................................................................................................................................................... 15
SETUP ........................................................................................................................................................................... 17
HELP MODE ................................................................................................................................................................... 19
ALKALINITY .................................................................................................................................................................... 20
CALCIUM HARDNESS ....................................................................................................................................................... 22
FREE CHLORINE ............................................................................................................................................................. 25
TOTAL CHLORINE ............................................................................................................................................................ 27
CYANURIC ACID .............................................................................................................................................................. 29
pH ................................................................................................................................................................................ 31
ERRORS AND WARNINGS ................................................................................................................................................. 32
DATA MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................................................................................ 33
STANDARD METHODS ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
ACCESSORIES ................................................................................................................................................................ 34
WARRANTY .................................................................................................................................................................... 35
HANNA LITERATURE ........................................................................................................................................................ 35
All rights are reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited without the written consent of the copyright owner, Hanna
Instruments Inc., Woonsocket, Rhode Island, 02895 , USA.
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PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Please examine this product carefully. Make sure that the instrument is not damaged. If any damage
occurred during shipment, please notify your local Hanna Office.
Each Meter is supplied complete with:
• Four Sample Cuvettes and Caps
• Cloth for wiping cuvettes (1 pcs)
• Scissors
• AC/DC Power Adapter
• Instruction Manual
Note: Save all packing material until you are sure that the instrument works correctly. Any defective item
must be returned in its original packing with the supplied accessories.
ABBREVIATIONS
EPA: US Environmental Protection Agency
°C: degree Celsius
°F: degree Fahrenheit
μg/L: micrograms per liter (ppb)
mg/L: milligrams per liter (ppm)
g/L: grams per liter (ppt)
mL: milliliter
HR: high range
MR: medium range
LR: low range
PAN: 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphtol
TPTZ: 2,4,6-tri-(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
HI 83216 is a multiparameter bench photometer dedicated for Pool & SPA applications. It measures 6
different methods using specific liquid or powder reagents. The amount of reagent is precisely dosed to
ensure maximum reproducibility.
HI 83216 bench photometer can be connected to a PC via an USB cable. The optional HI 92000
Windows® Compatible Software helps users manage all their results.
HI 83216 has a powerful interactive user support that assists the user during the analysis process.
Each step in the measurement process is help supported. A tutorial mode is available in the Setup Menu.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF POOL AND SPA TESTING
A major family leisure pursuit is the enjoyment of Swimming Pool and Spa facilities world-wide. A basic necessity
of Pool water treatment, to ensure such enjoyment, is to maintain the water in a safe and pleasant condition
for the bathers.
In order to achieve such an objective, swimming pool water requires testing on daily, and sometimes hourly bases
for disinfection residuals and pH. Equally important, Calcium Hardness and Alkalinity parameters should be
monitored on weekly bases to ensure the pool water is maintained in a balanced condition, thus to avoid system
failure because of corrosion or scale formation.
DISINFECTION RESIDUAL AND pH CONTROL
In terms of swimming pool treatment, disinfection or sanitizing basically means to rid the pool of bather pollution,
destroy bacteria, and control nuisance organisms like algae, which may occur in the pool, filtration equipment,
and piping.
There are a number of techniques used, namely, chlorine, bromine and ozone dosing systems, of which chlorine
is the most common.
Chlorine
Chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent that destroys mostly organic pollutants, bacteria and can combine with
nitrogen containing compounds, forming chloramines. Only a part of the original quantity dosed chlorine,
remains active and continues its disinfecting action.
From the free chlorine you can distinguish combined chlorine, as that part which combines with nitrogen
containing compound and that is less efficient as a disinfectant. The addition of these two parts gives total
chlorine. A pool manager needs to aim perfection where free equals total chlorine, and thus to maintain the
combined chlorine concentration near zero. The presence of chloramines is not desired because of the distinctive
‘swimming pool’ smell caused by combined chlorines like di-chloramines. Beside this unpleasant odour it does
irritate the eyes and the mucous membranes.
Commercially chlorine for disinfection may be available as a gas (Cl2), a liquid like sodium hypochlorite or bleach
(NaOCl) or in a solid state like calcium hypochlorite, chloro-hydantoins or chloro-cyanuric acid compounds. These
compounds, once dissolved in water do establish equilibrium between the hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the
hypochlorite ions
provides the strongest disinfecting and oxidising characteristic of chlorine solutions.
The amount of hypochlorous acid in chlorinated water dependends upon the pH value of the solution. Changes
in pH value will effect the HOCl equilibrium in relation to the hydrogen and hypochlorite ion.
As depicted by the curve on the next page, HOCl decreases and OCl¯ increases as pH increases. At a low pH,
almost all the free chlorine is in the molecular form HOCl and at a pH of around 7.5, the ratio between HOCl and
OCl¯ is 50:50. Since the ionic form OCl¯ is a slow acting sanitizer while the molecular HOCl is a fast acting, it
is important to measure regularly the pH. As a general rule a pH of about 7.2 is recommended to maintain fast
acting disinfection conditions.
(OCl¯). Although both forms are considered free chlorine, it is the hypochlorous acid that
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THE WATER BALANCE AND LANGELIER INDEX (LI)
The pool water characteristics need to be maintained in a balanced condition to avoid system failure. Measuring
the water balance is extremely important to predict if the water is corrosive, scaling or balanced.
A saturation index developed by Dr. Wilfred Langelier is widely used to predict the balance of swimming pool
waters. It is an estimation of the solutions ability to dissolve or precipitate calcium carbonate deposits. A certain
level of this precipitation (filming) is desired to insulate pipes and boilers from contact with water. When no
protective filming is formed, water is considered to be corrosive. On the other hand scaling does cause failure
because of incrustation problems.
In the treatment and monitoring of pool water, the pool manager must ensure that related parameters as
alkalinity, hardness and pH are duly taken into consideration.
Calcium Hardness
The presents of calcium in the system is desired to ensure filming on those places where the temperature is
relatively high, like in boilers and pipes transporting warm water. Scaling must be avoided because it reduces
heat transfer and pump capacity. Beside the calcium carbonate deposits in the pipes, high scaling values do
cause cloudy water.
It is recommended to maintain the calcium hardness value within the range from 200 to 400 ppm as calcium
carbonate (CaCO3).
Alkalinity
Alkalinity is the measure of the total concentration of alkaline substances, mostly bicarbonates, dissolved in the
water. The higher the alkalinity the more resistant the water is to pH change, the alkalinity
At the same time, high alkaline water is a major contributor to scaling problems like incrustation in filtration
equipment, pumps, and piping.
It is recommended to maintain the alkalinity value within the range from 80 to 125 ppm as calcium carbonate
(CaCO3).
buffers
the water.
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pH
The pH of the water is an important factor since at lower pH the corrosion rate increases. If the alkalinity values
are sufficiently high it will not be difficult to control the pH. Most pools managers do prefer to keep the pH
between 7.2 and 7.4, that does ensure low corrosion rates and a sufficient activity of chlorine.
Langelier Index (LI)
The Langelier Index is a powerful tool to calculate the water balance, and to predict corrosion or scaling problems.
Theoretically, a LI of zero indicates perfect water condition for swimming pools. If LI>0, scaling and staining of the water
is present, and if LI<0 the water is corrosive and highly irritating. A tolerance of ±0.4 is normally acceptable.
The Langelier formula is expressed as:
LI = pH + TF + HF + AF – 12.5
where:
LI = Langelier Index (also called Saturation Index)
pH = pH of the water
TF = temperature factor
HF = hardness factor, log(Ca Hardness, ppm as CaCO3)
AF = alkalinity factor, log(Alkalinity, ppm as CaCO3)
To calculate the exact Langelier Index of your water please use the WATER
INDEX reference tables at the end of this chapter to find the Temperature, Hardness and Alkalinity factors.
Recommendations
For most pools, water is balanced if:
• The pH value is maintained within the recommended ranges of pH 7.2 - 7.6
• Ideally the Alkalinity should be maintained within a range of 80 - 125 ppm
• The Calcium Hardness should be maintained within a range of 200 - 400 ppm.
To calculate your water balance three tests are required, measure the Calcium Hardness, the Alkalinity and the
pH of the pool water. Find the
Hardness and Alkalinity Factor in the WATER INDEX reference tables below.
The water temperature is in general controlled between 24oC (76oF) and 34oC (94oF) to ensure pleasant bather comfort. The
Temperature Factor in this temperature range has minor importance; therefore an average value of 0.7 may be used
A simple calculation classifies your water in corrosive, scaling, acceptable or ideal balanced, with treatment recommendations:
Water Balance = pH + TF + HF + AF
..
.
..
Water Balance
11.0 – 12.0
12.1 – 12.3
12.4 – 12.6
12.7 – 12.9
13.0 – 14.0
Condition of Water
Corrosive
Acceptable Balance
Ideal Balance
Acceptable Balance
Scale forming
Recommendation
Increase pH and/or Alkalinity
Retest water frequently
Retest water frequently
Reduce pH and/or alkalinity
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WATER INDEX REFERENCE TABLES
Temperature Calcium Hardness Alkalinity
°C
°F
TF
0
32
0
4
39
0.1
8
46
0.2
12
54
0.3
16
60
0.4
20
68
0.5
24
75
0.6
28
82
0.7
32
90
0.7
36
97
0.8
40
104
0.9
50
122
1.0
EXAMPLE:
Pool water conditions
Temperature 30°C
pH 7.2
Alkalinity 80 mg/L
Hardness 230 mg/L
mg/L
(as CaCO3)
5
25
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
1000
HF
(as CaCO3)
0.7
1.4
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.0
Factor value
(nearest values)
TF = 0.7
pH = 7.2
AF = 1.9
HF = 2.4
mg/L
5
25
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
1000
AF
0.7
1.4
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.0
Water Balance = pH + TF + HF + AF = 7.2 + 0.7 + 2.4 + 1.9 = 12.2
Conclusion: the water is acceptable balanced but there is some risk that the water becomes corrosive;
frequently testing is recommended.
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SPECIFICATIONS
Light Life Life of the instrument
Light Detector Silicon Photocell
Environment 0 to 50°C (32 to 122°F);
max 90% RH non-condensing
Power Supply external 12 Vdc power adapter
Auto-Shut off built-in rechargeable battery
Dimensions 235 x 200 x 110 mm (9.2 x 7.87 x 4.33")
Weight 0.9 Kg
For specifications related to each single method (e.g. range, resolution, etc.), refer to the related
measurement section.
PRECISION AND ACCURACY
Precision is how closely repeated measurements agree
with each other. Precision is usually expressed as
standard deviation (SD).
Accuracy is defined as the nearness of a test result to
the true value.
Although good precision suggests good accuracy, precise
results can be inaccurate. The figure explains these
definitions.
For each method, the precision is expressed in the
related measurement section.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Absorption of light is a typical phenomenon of interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter.
When a light beam crosses a substance, some of the radiation may be absorbed by atoms, molecules or
crystal lattices.
If pure absorption occurs, the fraction of light absorbed depends both on the optical path length through the
matter and on the physical-chemical characteristics of substance according to the Lambert-Beer Law:
-log I/Io = ε
A = ε
c d
λ
or
c d
λ
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Where:
-log I/I
= Absorbance (A)
o
Io= intensity of incident light beam
I = intensity of light beam after absorption
ε
= molar extinction coefficient at wavelength λ
λ
c = molar concentration of the substance
d = optical path through the substance
Therefore, the concentration "c" can be calculated from the absorbance of the substance as the other factors
are known.
Photometric chemical analysis is based on the possibility to develop an absorbing compound from a specific
chemical reaction between sample and reagents.
Given that the absorption of a compound strictly depends on the wavelength of the incident light beam, a
narrow spectral bandwidth should be selected as well as a proper central wavelength to optimize measurements.
The optical system of HI 83216 is based on special subminiature tungsten lamps and narrow-band
interference filters to guarantee both high performance and reliable results.
Two measuring channels allow a wide range of tests.
Instrument block diagram (optical layout)
A microprocessor controlled special tungsten lamp emits radiation which is first optically conditioned and beamed
through the sample contained in the cuvette. The optical path is fixed by the diameter of the cuvette. Then
the light is spectrally filtered to a narrow spectral bandwidth, to obtain a light beam of intensity Io or I.
The photoelectric cell collects the radiation I that is not absorbed by the sample and converts it into an
electric current, producing a potential in the mV range.
The microprocessor uses this potential to convert the incoming value into the desired measuring unit and to
display it on the LCD.
The measurement process is carried out in two phases: first the meter is zeroed and then the actual
measurement is performed.
The cuvette has a very important role because it is an optical element and thus requires particular attention. It
is important that both the measurement and the calibration (zeroing) cuvette are optically identical to provide the
same measurement conditions. Most methods use the same cuvette for both, so it is important that measurements
are taken at the same optical point. The instrument and the cuvette cap have special marks that must be
aligned in order to obtain better reproducibility.
The surface of the cuvette must be clean and not scratched. This is to avoid measurement interference due to
unwanted reflection and absorption of light. It is recommended not to touch the cuvette walls with hands.
Furthermore, in order to maintain the same conditions during the zeroing and the measurement phases,
it is necessary to cap the cuvette to prevent any contamination.
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FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION
1) Open Cuvette Lid
2) Indexing mark
3) Cuvette point
4) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
5) Splash proof keypad
6) ON/OFF power switch
7) Power input connector
8) USB connector
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KEYPAD DESCRIPTION
The keypad contains 8 direct keys and 3 functional keys with the following functions:
Press to perform the function displayed above it on the LCD.
ESC
Press to exit the current screen.
Press to access the select method menu.
Press to move up in a menu or a help screen, to increment a set value, to access second level
functions.
Press to move down in a menu or a help screen, to decrement a set value, to access second
level functions.
Press to log the current reading.
RCL
HELP
SETUP
Press to recall the log.
Press to display the help screen.
Press to access the setup screen.
TIPS FOR AN ACCURATE MEASUREMENT
The instructions listed below should be carefully followed during testing to ensure most accurate results.
• Color or suspended matter in large amounts may cause interference, and should be removed by
treatment with active carbon and filtration.
• Ensure the cuvette is filled correctly: the liquid in the cuvette forms a convexity on the top; the bottom
of this convexity must be at the same level as the 10 mL mark.
COLLECTING AND MEASURING SAMPLES
• In order to measure exactly 0.5 mL of reagent with the 1 mL syringe:
(a) push the plunger completely into the syringe and insert the tip into the solution.
(b) pull the plunger up until the lower edge of the seal is exactly on the 0.0 mL mark.
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