Garmin GPS 400 PILOT GUIDE

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GPS 400

Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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Part Number Change Summary

190-00140-60

(Rev. C)

Changed to 8 inch x 8.5 inch format. Added TERRAIN, Additional Features section, and misc. changes

Revision Date of Revision Description

A 8/99 Initial Release B 8/00 Revised and Redrawn

RECORD OF REVISIONS

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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This manual reﬂects the operation of Main System Software version 5.01 or later. Some differences may be observed when comparing the information in this manual to other software versions.

Garmin International, Inc., 1200 East 151st Street, Olathe, Kansas 66062 USA p: 913.397.8200 f: 913.397.8282

Garmin AT, Inc., 2345 Turner Road SE, Salem, Oregon 97302 USA p: 503.391.3411 f: 503.364.2138

Garmin (Europe) Ltd., Unit 5, The Quadrangle, Abbey Park, Industrial Estate, Romsey, SO51 9DL, U.K. p: 44/0870.8501241 f: 44/0870.85

01251

Garmin (Asia) Corp., No. 68, Jangshu 2nd Road., Shijr, Taipei County, Taiwan p: 886/2.2642.9199 f : 886/2.2642-9099

Website Address: www.garmin.com Visit the Garmin website for the latest updates and supplemental information concerning the operation of this and other Garmin

products.

Except as expressly provided herein, no part of this manual may be reproduced, copied, transmitted, disseminated, downloaded, or stored in any storage medium, for any purpose without the express written permission of Garmin. Garmin hereby grants permission to download a single copy of this manual and of any revision to this manual onto a hard drive or other electronic storage medium to be viewed for personal use, provided that such electronic or printed copy of this manual or revision must contain the complete text of this copyright notice and provided further that any unauthorized commercial distribution of this manual or any revision hereto is strictly prohibited.

Garmin® and AutoLocate® are registered trademarks of Garmin Ltd. or its subsidiaries and may not be used without the express permission of Garmin.

GDL™, GPS 400™, GTX™, PhaseTrac12™ and Spell’N’Find™ are trademarks of Garmin Ltd. or its subsidiaries and may not be used without the express permission of Garmin.

NavData® is a registered trademark of Jeppesen, Inc.

November 2006 190-00140-60 Rev. C Printed in the U.S.A..

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1-1

1.1 Accessories and Packing List ................................. 1-1

1.2 Key and Knob Functions ......................................... 1-2

1.3 Takeoff Tour ............................................................... 1-5

SECTION 2: NAV PAGES .................................................. 2-1

2.1 Main Page Groups .................................................... 2-1

2.2 NAV Page Group ....................................................... 2-2

2.3 Default NAV Page .....................................................2-2

2.4 Map Page ...................................................................2-5

2.5 TERRAIN PAGE ......................................................... 2-15

2.6 NAV/COM Page ........................................................ 2-18

2.7 Position Page ..........................................................2-20

2.8 Satellite Status Page ............................................. 2-23

2.9 Vertical Navigation Page ...................................... 2-25

SECTION 3: DIRECT-TO NAVIGATION .........................3-1

3.1 Overview .................................................................... 3-1

SECTION 4: FLIGHT PLANS .............................................4-1

4.1 Flight Plan Catalog Page ........................................ 4-1

4.2 Active Flight Plan Page ........................................... 4-9

SECTION 5: PROCEDURES ............................................... 5-1

5.1 Approaches, Departures, and Arrivals ................. 5-1

5.2 Non-Precision Approach Operations .................... 5-3

5.3 Points to Remember for All Approaches ..........5-26

SECTION 6: WPT PAGES .................................................... 6-1

6.1 WPT Page Group ....................................................... 6-1

6.2 Airport Location Page ............................................. 6-4

6.3 Airport Runway Page .............................................. 6-5

6.4 Airport Frequency Page .......................................... 6-6

6.5 Airport Approach Page ...........................................6-8

6.6 Airport Arrival Page ............................................... 6-10

6.7 Airport Departure Page ........................................ 6-12

6.8 Intersection Page ................................................... 6-13

6.9 NDB Page .................................................................. 6-14

6.10 VOR Page ................................................................6-14

6.11 User Waypoint Page ............................................6-15

SECTION 7: NRST PAGES ................................................. 7-1

7.1 NRST Page Group .....................................................7-1

7.2 Nearest Airport Page ............................................... 7-4

7.3 Nearest Intersection Page ...................................... 7-5

7.4 Nearest NDB Page .................................................... 7-6

7.5 Nearest VOR Page ....................................................7-6

7.6 Nearest User Waypoint Page ................................. 7-7

7.7 Nearest Center (ARTCC) Page ................................ 7-8

7.8 Nearest Flight Service Station (FSS) Page ..........7-8

7.9 Nearest Airspace Page ............................................ 7-9

SECTION 8: AUX PAGES .................................................... 8-1

8.1 AUX Page Group .......................................................8-1

8.2 Flight Planning Page ................................................ 8-2

8.3 Utility Page .............................................................. 8-12

8.4 Setup 1 Page ...........................................................8-20

8.5 Setup 2 Page ...........................................................8-28

SECTION 9: TERRAIN .......................................................... 9-1

9.1 Introduction ............................................................... 9-1

9.2 TERRAIN Operation .................................................. 9-2

9.3 TERRAIN Alerts .......................................................... 9-6

SECTION 10: ADDITIONAL FEATURES ..................... 10-1

10.1 Trafﬁc Information Service (TIS) ...................... 10-1

10.2 Weather Data Link Interface ........................... 10-11

SECTION 11: FAULT DETECTION AND

EXCLUSION ............................................................................ 11-1

11.1 Detection and Exclusion ..................................... 11-1

11.2 Pre-Departure Veriﬁcation of FDE ....................11-2

SECTION 12: MESSAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, AND

TERMS ............................................................................ 12-1

NAV

12.1 Messages ................................................................ 12-1

12.2 Abbreviations ........................................................12-8

12.3 Navigation Terms ...............................................12-11

Appendix A: Data Card Use ..........................................A-1

Appendix B: Speciﬁcations ........................................... B-1

Appendix C: Map Datums ..............................................C-1

Appendix D: Troubleshooting Q & A .......................D-1

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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WARNINGS,

CAUTIONS, AND NOTES

WARNING: Navigation and terrain separation must NOT be predicated upon the use of the TERRAIN function. The TERRAIN feature is NOT intended to be used as a primary reference for terrain avoidance and does not relieve the pilot from the responsibility of being aware of surroundings during ﬂight. The TERRAIN feature is only to be used as an aid for terrain avoidance and is not certiﬁed for use in applications requiring a certiﬁed terrain awareness system. Terrain data is obtained from third party sources. Garmin is not able to independently verify the accuracy of the terrain data.

WARNING: The terrain data should be used only as an aid for situational awareness. Terrain data must not

be used as the sole basis for decisions or maneuvers to avoid terrain or obstacles. Terrain data must not be used for navigation.

WARNING: The altitude calculated by GPS 400 GPS receivers is geometric height above Mean Sea Level and could vary signiﬁcantly from the altitude displayed by pressure altimeters in aircraft. GPS altitude should never be used for vertical navigation. Always use pressure altitude displayed by pressure altimeters in the aircraft.

WARNING: The Jeppesen database used in the GPS 400 system must be updated regularly in order to ensure that its information remains current. Updates are released every 28 days. A database information packet is included in the GPS 400 package. Pilots using an outdated database do so entirely at their own risk.

WARNING: The basemap (land and water data) must not be used for navigation, but rather only for nonnavigational situational awareness. Any basemap indication should be compared with other navigation sources.

WARNING: For safety reasons, GPS 400 operational procedures must be learned on the ground.

WARNING: The United States government operates the Global Positioning System and is solely responsible for

its accuracy and maintenance. GPS is subject to changes which could affect the accuracy and performance of all GPS equipment. Portions of the Garmin GPS 400 utilize GPS as a precision electronic NAVigation AID (NAVAID). Therefore, as with all NAVAIDs, information presented by the GPS 400 can be misused or misinterpreted and,

therefore, become unsafe.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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WARNINGS,

CAUTIONS, AND NOTES

WARNING: Use the GPS 400, Weather Data Link Interface, TIS, and TERRAIN at your own risk. To reduce the risk of unsafe operation, carefully review and understand all aspects of the GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide documentation and the Flight Manual Supplement. Thoroughly practice basic operation prior to actual use. During ﬂight operations, carefully compare indications from the GPS 400 to all available navigation sources, including the information from other NAVAIDs, visual sightings, charts, etc. For safety purposes, always resolve any discrepancies before continuing navigation.

CAUTION: The GPS 400 display screen is coated with a special anti-reﬂective coating that is very sensitive to skin oils, waxes, and abrasive cleaners. CLEANERS CONTAINING AMMONIA WILL HARM THE ANTI-REFLECTIVE COATING. It is very important to clean the screen using a clean, lint-free cloth and an eyeglass lens cleaner that is speciﬁed as safe for anti-reﬂective coatings.

CAUTION: The Garmin GPS 400 does not contain any user-serviceable parts. Repairs should only be made by an authorized Garmin service center. Unauthorized repairs or modiﬁcations could void both the warranty and the pilot’s authority to operate this device under FAA/FCC regulations.

NOTE: All visual depictions contained within this document, including screen images of the GPS 400 panel and displays, are subject to change and may not reﬂect the most current GPS 400 system. Depictions of equipment may differ slightly from the actual equipment.

NOTE: This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.

NOTE: This product, its packaging, and its components contain chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer, birth defects, or reproductive harm. This notice is being provided in accordance with California’s Proposition 65. If you have any questions or would like additional information, please refer to our website at www.garmin.com/prop65.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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WARRANTY

LIMITED WARRANTY

This Garmin product is warranted to be free from defects in materials or workmanship for two years from the date of purchase. Within this period, Garmin will, at its sole option, repair or replace any components that fail in normal use. Such repairs or replacement will be made at no charge to the customer for parts and labor, provided that the customer shall be responsible for any transportation cost. This warranty does not cover failures due to abuse, misuse, accident, or unauthorized alterations or repairs.

THE WARRANTIES AND REMEDIES CONTAINED HEREIN ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING ANY LIABILITY ARISING UNDER ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE. THIS WARRANTY GIVES YOU SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS, WHICH MAY VARY FROM STATE TO STATE.

IN NO EVENT SHALL GARMIN BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER RESULTING FROM THE USE, MISUSE, OR INABILITY TO USE THIS PRODUCT OR FROM DEFECTS IN THE PRODUCT. Some states do not allow the exclusion of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitations may not apply to you.

Garmin retains the exclusive right to repair or replace the unit or software, or to offer a full refund of the purchase price, at its sole discretion. SUCH REMEDY SHALL BE YOUR SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY FOR ANY BREACH OF WARRANTY.

To obtain warranty service, contact your local Garmin Authorized Service Center. For assistance in locating a Service Center near you, visit the Garmin website at “http://www.garmin.com” or contact Garmin Customer Service at 800-800-1020.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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SECTION 1

INTRODUCTION

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 ACCESSORIES AND PACKING LIST

Congratulations on choosing the ﬁnest, most advanced panel mount IFR navigation/communication system available. The GPS 400 represents Garmin’s commitment to provide accurate, easy-to-use avionics.

Before installing and getting started with the GPS 400, please check to see that the package includes the following items. If any parts are missing or damaged, please contact a Garmin dealer immediately.

Standard Package:

• GPS 400 Unit

• NavData® Card

• Terrain Data Card

• Installation Rack

• Connectors

The Garmin dealer installs and conﬁgures the GPS

400. The GPS 400 is secured in the installation rack with the proper wiring connections performed. After installation, the NavData Card and the TERRAIN Data Card are installed into their correct slots on the front of the unit (see Appendix A). A Garmin dealer can answer any questions about the installation, such as location of antennas or any connections to other equipment in the panel.

NOTE: Help Garmin provide better support by

completing on-line registration. Registration ensures notiﬁcation of product updates, new products, and provides for lost or stolen unit tracking. Have the serial number of the GPS 400 available and connect to the website (www. garmin.com). Look for the product registration link on the home page.

• GPS Antenna

• Pilot’s Guide

• Quick Reference Guide

• 400/500-series Display Interface Pilot’s Guide Addendum

• Database Subscription Packet

• Warranty Registration Card

• GPS 400 Simulator CD-ROM

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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INTRODUCTION

1.2 KEY AND KNOB FUNCTIONS

The GPS 400 is designed to make operation as simple as possible. The key and knob descriptions (Figure 1-1) provide a general overview of the primary function(s) for each key and knob. The takeoff tour (Section 1.3) is intended to provide a brief overview of the primary functions of the GPS 400.

Experiment with the unit and refer to the reference

sections for more information.

Data is entered using the large and small knobs. Experiment with them to become efﬁcient at entering data. This greatly reduces the amount of time spent operating the GPS 400 in ﬂight.

1-2

NavData Card Slot

Power

TERRAIN Data Card Slot

CLR (clear)

Direct-to

Figure 1-1 Keys and Knobs

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

RNG (map range)

ENT (enter)

NRST (nearest)

OBS

MSG (message)

FPL (ﬂight plan)

PROC (procedures)

Large right knob

Small right knob

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INTRODUCTION

Left-hand Knob

The Power Knob controls unit power, turn clockwise

to turn the unit on.

See Appendix A for NavData and TERRAIN Data Card

insertion and removal.

Right-hand Keys and Knobs

The CLR Key is used to erase information, remove map detail, or to cancel an entry. Press and hold the CLR Key to immediately display the Default NAV Page.

Pressing the Direct-to Key allows the pilot to enter a destination waypoint and establishes a direct course to the selected destination (Section 3).

The RNG Key allows the pilot to select the desired map range. Use the up arrow to zoom out to a larger area, or the down arrow to zoom in to a smaller area.

The MENU Key displays a context-sensitive list of options. This options list allows the pilot to access additional features or make settings changes which relate to the currently displayed page.

The ENT Key is used to approve an operation or complete data entry. It is also used to conﬁrm information during power on.

The large right knob (CRSR) is used to select page groups: NAV, WPT, AUX, or NRST. With the on-screen cursor enabled, the large right knob allows the pilot to move the cursor about the page. The large right knob is also used to move the target pointer right (turn clockwise) or left (counterclockwise) when the map panning function is active.

The small right knob (CRSR) is used to select pages within one of the groups listed above. Press this knob momentarily to display the on-screen cursor. The cursor allows the pilot to enter data and/or make a selection from a list of options. When entering data, the small knob is used to select the desired letter or number and the large knob is used to move to the next character space. The small right knob is also used to move the target pointer up (turn clockwise) or down (counterclockwise) when the map panning function is active.

NOTE: Data is entered using the large and

small right knobs (Figure 1-2). Experiment with them to become efﬁcient at entering data. This will greatly reduce the amount of time spent operating the GPS 400 in ﬂight.

Figure 1-2 Blank Direct-to Page

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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INTRODUCTION

NOTE: When the GPS 400 displays a list of

information that is too long for the display screen, a scroll bar appears along the right-hand side of the display (Figure 1-3). The scroll bar graphically indicates the number of additional items available within the selected category. To scroll through the list, press the small right knob to activate the cursor, then turn the large right knob.

Scroll

Bar

Figure 1-3 Scroll Bar

Bottom Row Keys

The NRST Key displays the Nearest Airports Page. Then, turning the small right knob steps through the NRST pages.

Pressing the OBS Key selects OBS mode, which retains the current ‘active to’ waypoint as the navigation reference even after passing the waypoint (i.e., prevents sequencing to the next waypoint). Pressing the OBS Key again returns the unit to normal operation, with automatic sequencing of waypoints. When OBS mode is selected, the pilot may set the desired course to/from a waypoint using the ‘Select OBS Course’ pop-up window, or an external OBS selector on the HSI or CDI.

The MSG Key is used to view system messages and to alert the pilot to important warnings and requirements. See Section 12.1 for more information on messages.

The FPL Key allows the pilot to create, edit, activate, and invert ﬂight plans, as well as access approaches, departures, and arrivals. A closest point to ﬂight plan feature is also made available by pressing the FPL Key. See Section 4 for more information on ﬂight plans.

The PROC Key allows the pilot to select and remove approaches, departures, and arrivals from the ﬂight plan. When using a ﬂight plan, available procedures for the departure and/or arrival airport are offered automatically. Otherwise, the pilot may select the desired airport, then the desired procedure.

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GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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INTRODUCTION

1.3 TAKEOFF TOUR

reading within this Pilot’s Guide includes:

Overview

The Garmin GPS 400 provides the pilot accurate navigational data, along with non-precision and precision approach certiﬁcation in the IFR environment. The takeoff tour is designed to familiarize the pilot with:

• Powering up the unit

• Entering data

• Performing a simple direct-to

• Selecting IFR procedures

• Using some limited ﬂight plans

In addition, this section brieﬂy covers the Default NAV Page, the Map Page, and the NAV/COM Page, which are available as part of the NAV Page Group. These pages are used for most of the in-ﬂight navigation.

The takeoff tour assumes that the unit and antennas have been properly installed and that the GPS 400’s default settings have not been changed. If any of the factory default settings (position format, units of measure, selectable ﬁelds, etc.) have been changed, the pictures shown here may not exactly match what is shown on the GPS 400. Prior to using the GPS 400 for the ﬁrst time, Garmin recommends that the aircraft be moved to a location that is well away from buildings and other aircraft so the unit can collect satellite data without interruption.

This takeoff tour is intended to provide a brief introduction of the GPS 400’s major features. Sections 2 through 12 of this manual describe these features, and others, in additional detail. Refer to these sections, as needed, to learn or review the details regarding a particular feature.

Service staff is available during normal business hours (U.S. Central time zone) at the phone and fax numbers listed on page ii. Garmin can also be reached by mail (page ii) or at our website address, www.garmin.com.

Powering up the GPS 400

corner of the unit. Rotating it clockwise turns unit power on. After turning the unit on, a welcome page (Figure 1-4) is displayed while the unit performs a self test, followed sequentially by the the Land Data Page, then (if conﬁgured for TERRAIN) the Terrain Data Page, the Obstacle Data Page, and the Airport Terrain Data Page.

After becoming familiar with the basics, some suggested

• Flight plan features - Section 4

• IFR procedures - Section 5

• Waypoint information pages (database information) - Section 6

• Unit settings (conﬁguring the unit to the pilot’s preferences) - Section 8

If more information is needed, Garmin’s Customer

The GPS 400’s Power Knob is located at the top left

Figure 1-4 Welcome Page

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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SECTION 1

INTRODUCTION

The Database Conﬁrmation Page (Figure 1-5) appears next, which shows the current database information on the NavData Card (with the valid operating dates, cycle number, and database type indicated). The database is updated every 28 days and must be current for approved instrument approach operations. Information on database subscriptions is available inside the GPS 400 package.

Figure 1-5 Database Conﬁrmation Page

Acknowledging the database information:

Press the

ENT Key.

Instrument Panel Self-test Page

Once the database has been acknowledged, the Instrument Panel Self-test Page appears (Figure 1-6).

To ensure that the GPS 400 and any connected instruments are working properly, check for the following indications on the CDI/HSI , RMI, external annunciators, and other connected instruments:

• Course deviation - half left/no ﬂag

• TO/FROM ﬂag - TO

• Bearing to destination - 135°

• Distance to destination - 10.0 nm

• All external annunciators (if installed) - on

• Glideslope - half up/no ﬂag

• Time to destination - 4 minutes

• Desired

track - 149.5°

• Ground speed - 150 knots

The Instrument Panel Self-test Page (Figure 1-6) indicates the currently selected OBS course, fuel capacity (CAP), fuel on board (FOB), and fuel ﬂow (FF). The fuel capacity, fuel on board, and fuel ﬂow may be manually entered if the installation does not include connection to sensors which automatically provide these ﬁgures.

Entering fuel capacity, fuel on board, or fuel ﬂow ﬁgures (if not provided by sensors):

1-6

Figure 1-6 Instrument Panel Self-Test Page

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

1) Turn the large

right knob to select the ‘CAP’,

‘FOB’, or ‘FF’ ﬁeld.

2) Turn the small and large

right knobs to enter

the desired ﬁgure (Figures 1-6 and 1-7), then press the ENT Key.

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INTRODUCTION

Viewing the Checklists Page:

SECTION 1

Figure 1-7 Fuel Flow Selected

The Instrument Panel Self-test Page includes selections to set fuel on board (FOB) to full capacity and access the Checklists Page. This allows the pilot to quickly set fuel to full limits and display any checklists that have been entered, such as start up or takeoff checklists.

Setting fuel on board to full (if not provided by sensor):

1) Turn the large

right knob to highlight ‘Set Full

Fuel?’(Figure 1-8).

1) Turn the large

right knob to highlight ‘Go To

Chklist?’ (Figure 1-9) and press the ENT Key.

Figure 1-9 ‘Go To Chklist?’ Highlighted

2) Turn the large right knob to select the desired

checklist, then execute each step (Section

8.3, Utility Page: Checklists) in the selected checklist.

3) After completing the desired checklist(s), press

the small right knob to return to the Checklists Page. Press the small right knob again to return to normal operation on the Satellite Status Page or the Map Page.

Figure 1-8 ‘Set Full Fuel?’ Highlighted

2) Press the ENT Key and verify that fuel on board

(‘FOB’) now matches the fuel capacity (CAP) ﬁgure. Fuel on board is reduced, over time, based on the fuel ﬂow (FF) ﬁgure.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

4) Once instrument operation has been veriﬁed with the Instrument Panel Self-test Page displayed, press the

NOTE: The GPS 400 can hold up to nine checklists

with up to 30 entries in each checklist.

ENT Key.

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SECTION 1

INTRODUCTION

Satellite Status Page

The Satellite Status Page (Figure 1-10) appears as the

GPS 400 attempts to collect satellite information.

An ‘Acquiring’ status is displayed on the Satellite Status Page, and the signal strengths of any satellites received appear as ‘bar graph’ readings. This is a good indication that the unit is receiving signals and a position ﬁx is being determined. Following the ﬁrst-time use of the GPS 400, the time required for a position ﬁx varies, usually from one to two minutes.

Figure 1-10 Satellite Status Page

If the unit can only obtain enough satellites for 2D navigation (no altitude), the unit uses the altitude provided by the altitude encoder (if one is connected).

The ‘INTEG’ annunciator (bottom left corner of the screen) indicates that satellite coverage is insufﬁcient to pass built-in integrity monitoring tests. In the example above, not enough satellites are being received to determine a position. The Satellite Status Page shows the ID numbers for the satellites and the relative signal strength of each satellite received (as a bar graph reading).

‘Searching Sky’ indicates that satelllite almanac data is not availiable or has expired (if the unit hasn’t been used for six months or more). This means the unit is acquiring satellite data to establish almanac and satellite orbit information, which can take ﬁve to ten minutes. The data is recollected from the ﬁrst available satellite. The Satellite Status Page displays a ‘Search Sky’ status, and the message annunciator (MSG), above the MSG Key also ﬂashes to alert the pilot of a system message, ‘Searching the Sky’.

Viewing a system message:

Press the

MSG Key (Figure 1-11).

The Message Page appears and displays the status or warning information applicable to the receiver’s current operating condition.

Figure 1-11 Message Page

Returning to the previous page after viewing a message:

Press the

NOTE: The GPS 400 utilizes certain software

algorithms to ensure reliable GPS receiver operation. Receiver Autonomous Intergrity Monitoring (RAIM) and Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE) are two examples. These features allow navigation during Oceanic/Remote legs of a ﬂight using the GNC420. For further details, please refer to Sections 8.3 and 11.

MSG Key again.

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GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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SECTION 1

INTRODUCTION

Page Groups

NAV Group WPT Group AUX Group NRST Group

see Section 2 see Section 6 see Section 8 see Section 7

Table 1-1 Page Groups

The bottom right corner of the screen (Figure 1-12) indicates which page group (Table 1-1) is currently being displayed (NAV, WPT, AUX, or NRST), the number of pages available within that group (indicated by square icons), and the placement of the current page within that group (indicated by a highlighted square icon).

In addition to the NAV Page Group, additional page groups are available for waypoint information (WPT), auxiliary (AUX) functions such as ﬂight planning or unit settings, and listings for nearest (NRST) airports or other facilities.

NOTE: The NRST Page Group may be accessed

by using the large right knob as described in the preceding procedure or by pressing the NRST Key.

NAV Pages

There are seven pages available under the NAV Page

Group*:

• Default NAV Page

• Map Page

• TERRAIN Page (if conﬁgured)

• NAV/COM Page

• Position Page

• Satellite Status Page

• Vertical Navigation Page

The Default NAV Page, the Map Page, and the NAV/

COM Page are used for most of the in-ﬂight navigation.

Position of

Current Page

within Current

Current Page Group

Figure 1-12 Current Page and Page Group

Number of Pages in

Current Page Group

Page Group

Selecting the desired page group and page:

1) Turn the large right knob until a page from the

desired page group is displayed (Figure 1-12).

2) Turn the small right knob until the desired page

is displayed (Figure 1-12).

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

NOTE: *The NAV Page Group may have eight

or nine NAV pages available when the GPS 400 installation includes connection to trafﬁc and/or weather information sources. See Section 10 of this manual for more information.

Selecting the NAV Page Group and display the Default NAV Page:

Press and hold the

CLR Key.

Selecting the desired NAV Page:

Turn the small right knob until the desired

page is displayed.

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SECTION 1

INTRODUCTION

Map Page

After the GPS 400 acquires satellites and computes a position, the Map Page (Figure 1-13) appears automatically.

Map Display

Map Range

Present Position

Figure 1-13 Map Page

The Map Page displays the present position (using an airplane symbol) relative to nearby airports, VORs, NDBs, intersections, user waypoints, and airspace boundaries. The route is displayed as a solid line.

Data ﬁelds for destination waypoint (WPT), distance to waypoint (DIS), desired track (DTK), and ground speed (GS) appear on the right-hand side of the display. These ﬁelds are user selectable (Section 2.4, Selecting Desired On-screen Data) to allow the pilot to conﬁgure the unit. Available settings include: altitude, bearing, enroute safe altitude, estimated time of arrival, minimum safe altitude, and ground track.

A Map Setup Page is provided to designate the maximum range at which each map feature apppears. These settings provide an automatic decluttering of the map (based upon preferences) while adjusting the range. See Section 12.3 for deﬁnitions of these navigation terms.

While viewing the Map Page, the pilot can quickly declutter and remove many of the background map details by pressing the CLR Key (repeatedly) until the desired detail is depicted.

Desired Track

Data Fields

To change the map range, press the up arrow (to zoom out) or the down arrow (to zoom in) of the RNG (map range) Key. The current map range is depicted in the lower left corner of the Map Display.

Direct-to Navigation

The GPS 400 can use direct point-to-point navigation to provide guidance from takeoff to touchdown, even in the IFR environment. Once a destination is selected, the unit provides speed, course, and distance data based upon a direct course from the present position to the destination. A destination can be selected from any page with the Direct-to Key.

Selecting a direct-to destination:

1) Press the Direct-to Key. The Select Direct-to

Waypoint Page appears with the destination ﬁeld highlighted.

2) Turn the small letter of the destination waypoint identiﬁer. The destination waypoint may be an airport, VOR, NDB, intersection, or user waypoint, as long as it is in the database or stored in memory as a user waypoint.

3) Turn the large the cursor to the next character position.

4) Repeat steps 2 and 3 to spell out the rest of the waypoint identiﬁer (Figure 1-14).

Figure 1-14 Direct-to Waypoint Page

right knob to enter the ﬁrst

right knob to the right to move

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5) Press the ENT Key to conﬁrm the identiﬁer. The

‘Activate?’ function ﬁeld is highlighted (Figure 1-15).

Figure 1-15 ‘Activate?’ Highlighted

6) Press the ENT Key to activate a direct-to course

to the selected destination.

Once a direct-to destination is selected, press and hold

the CLR Key to display the Default NAV Page.

Default NAV Page

During most ﬂights, the Default NAV Page, the Map Page, and the NAV/COM Page are the primary pages used for navigation.

Selecting the Default NAV Page:

Press and hold the

Active Leg of

Flight Plan

TO/FROM Flag Course Deviation

CLR Key (Figure 1-16).

Indicator (CDI)

The Default NAV Page displays a graphic course deviation indicator (CDI), the active leg of the ﬂight plan (as deﬁned by the current ‘from’ and ‘to’ waypoints), and six user-selectable data ﬁelds. The default settings for these ﬁelds are distance to waypoint (DIS), desired track (DTK), bearing to waypoint (BRG), ground speed (GS), ground track (TRK), and estimated time enroute (ETE). See Section 12.3 for deﬁnitions of these navigation terms.

Changing the data ﬁelds:

1) From the Default NAV page, press the MENU

Key and select ‘Change Fields?’ (Figure 1-17).

Figure 1-17 Default NAV Page Menu

2) Turn the large right knob to select the data

ﬁeld to be changed.

3) Turn the small

right knob to display a list of

data options (Figure 1-18).

Figure 1-16 Default NAV Page

User-selectable

Data Fields

Figure 1-18 ‘Select Field Type’ Window

4) Press the ENT Key to select the desired data

item and return to the Default NAV Page.

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NAV COM Page

From the Default NAV Page, simply turn the small right knob until the NAV/COM Page (Figure 1-19) is displayed.

Departure, Enroute, or

Arrival Airport

Frequency Type

Figure 1-19 NAV/COM Page

The NAV/COM Page displays the available frequencies (communication and navigation frequencies are shown for reference only) for the departure airport, any enroute airports which are included in the ﬂight plan, and the ﬁnal destination airport. When using the direct-to function, frequencies are listed for the airport nearest to the starting position and the destination airport.

Frequency List

Displaying the frequency list for the desired ﬂight plan or direct-to airport:

1) Press the small right knob to activate the

cursor on the airport identiﬁer ﬁeld (in the GPS Window).

2) Turn the small

right knob to display the list

of airports (departure, arrival, and enroute) for the ﬂight plan or direct-to. Continue to turn the small right knob until the desired airport is selected.

3) Press the

ENT Key to display the frequency list

for the selected airport.

Displaying frequencies for a different airport along the ﬂight plan.

1) Press the small right knob to highlight the

airport identiﬁer ﬁeld.

2) Turn the small

right knob to display the list of

airports within the ﬂight plan (Figure 1-20).

1-12

Figure 1-20 Airport Window

3) Continue turning the small right knob to select the desired airport and press the ENT Key.

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IFR Procedures

Once the direct-to or ﬂight plan is conﬁrmed, the whole range of instrument procedures is available to the pilot. Departures (SIDs), arrivals (STARs), and non-precision and precision approaches are stored within the NavData Card and are available using the

Displaying the Procedures Page:

Press the

PROC Key (Figure 1-21).

Figure 1-21 Procedures Page

This introductory section shows examples of the steps required to select and activate a departure, arrival, or an approach.

Selecting a departure, arrival, or an approach:

1) Turn the large

right knob to select the desired

option (‘Select Departure?’, ‘Select Arrival?’ or‘ Select Approach?’) from the Procedures Page.

PROC (procedures) Key.

ﬁx (IAF) or provide a ‘vectors’ option to select just the ﬁnal course segment of the approach. Turn the small right knob to select the desired option and press the

ENT Key. The ‘vectors’

option extends the ﬁnal inbound course beyond the ﬁnal approach ﬁx, allowing the pilot to intercept the ﬁnal course segment beyond its normal limits.

Figure 1-22 Approach Window

5) For departures and arrivals, a window appears to select the desired transition. Turn the small right knob to select the desired option and press the ENT Key.

In the ﬂight plan or direct-to, the departure or arrival airport is replaced with the sequence of waypoints contained within the selected procedure.

2) Press the

ENT Key to display a list of available

procedures for the departure (when using SIDs) or arrival (when using approaches or STARs) airport.

3) Turn the small right knob to select the desired procedure and press the ENT Key.

4) For approaches, a window appears (Figure 1-22) to select the desired initial approach

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Nearest (NRST) Pages

The NRST Page Group provides detailed information on the nine nearest airports, VORs, NDBs, intersections, and user-created waypoints within 200 nm of the current position. In addition, pages are also provided to display the ﬁve nearest center (ARTCC/FIR) and Flight Service Station (FSS) points of communication, plus alert the pilot to any nearby special-use or controlled airspaces.

There are eight pages available in the NRST group:

• Nearest Airport Page

• Nearest NDB Page

• Nearest User Waypoint Page

• Nearest FSS Page

• Nearest Intersection Page

• Nearest VOR Page

• Nearest ARTCC Page

• Nearest Airspace Page

The communication frequencies and information may both be examined directly from the Nearest Airport Page.

runway

Displaying the NRST pages:

1) Press the NRST Key to select the Nearest

Airport Page (Figure 1-23).

2) Turn the small right knob to select the desired

NRST Page.

Displaying a list of nearby airports:

1) Press the NRST Key to select the Nearest

Airport Page (Figure 1-23).

Figure 1-23 Nearest Airport Page

2) To scroll through the list, press the small right knob, then turn the large right knob (Figure 1-24).

1-14

Figure 1-24 Scrolling the Nearest Airport List

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Viewing additional information for a nearby airport:

1) Press the small right knob to activate the

cursor.

2) Turn the large

right knob to select the desired

airport from the list.

3) Press the

ENT Key to display waypoint (WPT)

information pages for the selected airport (Figure 1-25).

Figure 1-25 Airport Location Page

4) To display runway and frequency information,

press the small right knob to remove the cursor and turn the small right knob to display the desired information page.

The Nearest Airport Page may be used in conjunction with the Direct-to Key to quickly set a course to a nearby facility in an in-ﬂight emergency. Selecting a nearby airport as a direct-to destination overrides the ﬂight plan or cancels a previously selected direct-to destination. The pilot will still have the option of returning to the ﬂight plan by cancelling the direct-to; see Section 3.1, Cancelling Direct-to Navigation.

Selecting a nearby airport as a direct-to destination from the Nearest Airport Page:

1) Press the small right knob to activate the

cursor.

2) Turn the large

right knob to select the desired

airport from the list.

3) Press the Direct-to Key.

4) Press the

ENT Key twice to navigate to the

nearby airport.

Selecting a nearby airport as a direct-to destination from the Airport Information Page:

1) Press the Direct-to Key.

2) Press the

ENT Key (Figure 1-26).

Figure 1-26 ‘Activate?’ Highlighted

3) Press the ENT Key again to navigate to the

nearby airport.

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Nearest (NRST) Airspace Page

The last page in the NRST Page Group, the Nearest Airspace Page (Figure 1-27), provides information for up to nine controlled or special-use airspaces near or in the ﬂight path. Airspace information appears on this page based on the same criteria used for airspace alert messages:

• If the projected course will take the aircraft inside an airspace within the next ten minutes, the message ‘Airspace ahead -- less than 10 minutes’ appears.

• If the aircraft is within 2 nm of an airspace and the current course will take the aircraft inside, the message ‘Airspace near and ahead’ appears.

• If the aircraft is within 2 nm of an airspace and the current course will not take the aircraft inside, the message ‘Near airspace less than 2nm’ appears.

• If the aircraft has entered an airspace, the message ‘Inside airspace’ appears.

Figure 1-27 Nearest Airspace Page

By default, airspace alert messages are turned off. When turned on, the message (MSG) annunciator located directly above the MSG Key ﬂashes to alert the pilot to the airspace message. See Section 8.4, Setup 1 Page: Airspace Alarms for information on enabling airspace alert messages.

Viewing an airspace alert message:

1) Press the MSG Key. The Messages Page appears

with the alert message (Figure 1-28).

Figure 1-28 Message Page

2) Press the MSG Key again to return to the

previous display.

Note that the airspace alerts are based upon threedimensional data (latitude, longitude, and altitude) to avoid nuisance alerts. The alert boundaries for controlled airspace are also sectorized to provide complete information on any nearby airspace. Additional information about a nearby airspace (such as controlling agency, frequency, and ﬂoor/ceiling limits) is available from the Nearest Airspace Page (Section 7.9).

1-16

Viewing additional airspace information:

1) Press the small right knob to activate the

cursor.

2) Turn the large airspace from the list.

3) Press the ENT Key to view the airspace information.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

right knob to select the desired

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INTRODUCTION

Flight Plans (FPL)

The GPS 400 lets the pilot create up to 20 ﬂight plans, with up to 31 waypoints in each ﬂight plan. Flight plans are created, edited, and activated using the FPL Key. The FPL Page Group includes two pages: the Active Flight Plan Page and the Flight Plan Catalog Page (Figures 1-29 and 1-30). The Active Flight Plan Page provides information and editing features for the ﬂight plan currently in use (referred to as ‘ﬂight plan 00’). The Flight Plan Catalog Page serves as the main page for creating new ﬂight plans, as well as editing or activating previously created ﬂight plans.

Figure 1-29 Active Flight Plan Page

Since using ﬂight plans is arguably one of the more complex features of the GPS 400, it will only be discussed brieﬂy here, with focus on creating a new ﬂight plan and activating it to use for navigation. After reading through this brief introduction, answers to additional questions about ﬂight plans can be found in Section 4, Flight Plans.

Creating a new ﬂight plan:

1) Press the

2) Turn the small

FPL Key.

right knob to select the Flight

Plan Catalog Page.

3) Press the

MENU Key to display the Flight Plan

Catalog Page Menu (Figure 1-31).

Figure 1-31 Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu

Figure 1-30 Flight Plan Catalog Page

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

4) Turn the large right knob to select ‘Create New Flight Plan?’ and press the ENT Key.

5) The cursor appears on the ﬁrst waypoint identiﬁer ﬁeld (located directly below ‘WAYPOINT’). Use the large and small

right knobs to enter the

identiﬁer of the ﬁrst waypoint in the ﬂight plan. (The small knob is used to select the desired letter or number and the large knob is used to move to the next character space.)

6) Press the ENT Key once the identiﬁer has been selected. The cursor moves to the next blank waypoint identiﬁer ﬁeld.

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7) Repeat steps 5 and 6 until all waypoints for the ﬂight plan have been entered (Figure 1-32).

Figure 1-32 Enter Flight Plan Waypoints

Once the ﬂight plan is created, it may be activated from the Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu. Activating the ﬂight plan places it into ‘ﬂight plan 00’ (a copy of it still resides in the original catalog location) and replaces any ﬂight plan which currently exists in ‘ﬂight plan 00’.

Activating the new ﬂight plan:

1-18

1) Press the

MENU Key to display the Flight Plan

Catalog Page Menu.

2) Turn the small

right knob to select ‘Activate

Flight Plan?’ (Figure 1-33) and press the ENT Key

Figure 1-33 Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu

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SECTION 2: NAV PAGES

2.1 MAIN PAGE GROUPS

SECTION 2

NAV PAGES

The GPS 400’s main pages are divided into four separate page groups: NAV, WPT, AUX, and NRST (Table 2-1). Each page group is comprised of multiple pages. The page groups are selected using the large right knob. The individual pages are selected using the small right knob.

Page Groups

NAV Group WPT Group AUX Group NRST Group

7 NAV Pages

see Section 6 see Section 8 see Section 7

Table 2-1 Page Groups

The bottom right corner of the screen (Figure 2-1) indicates which page group is currently being displayed (e.g., NAV, WPT, AUX, or NRST), the number of pages available within that group (indicated by the square icons) and the placement of the current page within that group (indicated by a highlighted square icon).

The bottom right corner of the screen is also used to display the GPS 400’s turn advisories (‘Turn to 230°’) and waypoint alerts (‘Next DTK 230°’) during flight plan and approach operations. See Section 5 for more information.

Position of

Current Page

within Current

Page Group

Current Page Group

Figure 2-1 Current Page and Page Group

Number of Pages in

Current Page Group

Selecting the desired page group (from any page):

Press and hold the CLR Key to select the

Default NAV Page. Turn the large

right knob

to select the desired page group (Table 2-1 and Figure 2-1).

Selecting the desired page within the group:

Turn the small right knob to select the desired

page (Figures 2-1 and 2-2).

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SECTION 2

Default NAV

Map

TERRAIN

NAV/COM

Position

Satellite Status

VNAV

(if configured)

NAV PAGES

2.2 NAV PAGE GROUP

The NAV Page Group includes seven pages (Figure 3-2). While viewing any NAV page, turn the small right knob to select a different NAV page. The pilot may ﬁnd this selection process convenient to cycle between the Default NAV Page and the Map Page, two of the most frequently used pages. Other pages are provided for terrain information, (if conﬁgured for TERRAIN) to list frequencies for the ﬂight plan, to show the current position, to display current satellite reception, and to make vertical navigation settings.

Figure 2-2 NAV Pages

NOTE: The NAV Page Group may have eight or

nine NAV pages available when the GPS 400 installation includes connection to trafﬁc and/or weather information sources. See Section 10 of this manual for more information.

2.3 DEFAULT NAV PAGE

The ﬁrst NAV page is the Default NAV Page (Figure 2-3). This page may be quickly selected from any page by pressing and holding the CLR Key.

Active Leg of Flight Plan

TO/FROM Flag

User-selectable

Data Fields

Current Page Group

Figure 2-3 Default NAV Page

The Default NAV Page displays a graphic course deviation indicator (CDI) across the top of the page. Unlike the angular limits used on a mechanical CDI coupled to a VOR or ILS receiver, full scale limits for this CDI are deﬁned by a GPS-derived distance (0.3, 1.0, or

5.0 nm), as indicated at both ends of the CDI. By default, the CDI scale automatically adjusts to the desired limits based upon the current phase of ﬂight: enroute, terminal area, or approach. The pilot may also manually select the desired scale setting as outlined in Section 8.4.

The graphic CDI shows the aircraft’s position at the center of the indicator, relative to the desired course (the moving course deviation needle). As with a traditional mechanical CDI, when off course simply steer toward the needle. The TO/FROM arrow in the center of the scale indicates whether the aircraft is heading TO (up arrow) the waypoint or FROM the waypoint (down arrow).

Course Deviation

Indicator (CDI)

Position of

Current Page

within Current

Page Group

Number of Pages in

Current Page Group

2-2

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NAV PAGES

NOTE: The GPS 400 always navigates TO a

waypoint unless the OBS switch is set (preventing automatic waypoint sequencing), or the aircraft has passed the last waypoint in the ﬂight plan.

Directly below the CDI appears the active leg of the ﬂight plan, or the direct-to destination when using the Direct-to Key. This automatically sequences to the next leg of the ﬂight plan as the aircraft reaches each interim waypoint. If no ﬂight plan or direct-to destination has been selected, the destination ﬁeld remains blank.

The symbols in Table 2-2 are used on the Default NAV Page (directly below the CDI), to depict the ‘active leg’ of a ﬂight plan or direct to:

Symbol Description

Direct-to a Waypoint

Course to a Waypoint, or Desired Course between Two Waypoints

Procedure Turn

Vectors-to-Final

Selecting Desired On-Screen Data

At the bottom of the Default NAV Page there are six user-deﬁnable ﬁelds which display the data needed as the ﬂight progresses (Figure 2-3). By default these ﬁelds display: distance to destination (DIS), desired track (DTK), bearing to destination (BRG), ground speed (GS), ground track (TRK) and estimated time enroute (ETE). However, each of these ﬁelds can be customized to display a different data item. Available data items include:

• Bearing to destination (BRG)

• Course to steer (CTS)

• Cross track error (XTK)

• Desired

• Distance to destination (

• Enroute safe altitude (ESA)

• Estimated time of arrival (ETA)

• Estimate time enroute (

• Fuel ﬂow (FLOW) (when conﬁgured)

• Ground speed (GS)

• Ground

track (DTK)

DIS)

ETE)

track (TRK)

DME Arc to the Left

DME Arc to the Right

Left-hand Holding Pattern

Right-hand Holding Pattern

Table 2-2 NAV Page Symbols

• Minimum safe altitude (

• Track angle error (TKE)

• Vertical speed required (

If no ﬂight plan or direct-to destination has been selected, only speed, track, altitude, and minimum safe altitude data may be displayed. All other data types appear as blank lines on the Default NAV Page until a destination is selected.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

MSA)

VSR)

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Selecting a different data item for any data ﬁeld:

1) Starting with the Default NAV Page, press the

MENU Key to display the Default NAV Page Menu (Figure 2-4).

Figure 2-4 Default NAV Page Menu

2) The ‘Change Fields?’ option is already

highlighted, so press the ENT Key to select this option.

3) Use the large

right knob to highlight the data

ﬁeld to be changed (Figure 2-5).

4) Turn the small right knob to display the list

of available data items (Figure 2-6). Continue turning the small right knob to select the desired data item from the list.

Figure 2-6 Select Field Type Window

5) Press the ENT Key to select the desired data

item and return to the Default NAV Page.

6) Press the small right knob momentarily to

remove the cursor from the page.

2-4

Figure 2-5 ‘DIS’ Field Highlighted

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Restoring Factory Settings

All data ﬁeld settings can be quickly returned to their

original factory settings.

Restoring all six data ﬁelds to factory default settings:

1) From the Default NAV Page, press the

Key to display the Default NAV Page Menu.

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the

‘Restore Defaults?’ option (Figure 2-7) and press the ENT Key.

Figure 2-7 Default NAV Page Menu

Dual Unit Considerations

A ‘Crossﬁll?’ option is also provided for the Default NAV Page. This option transfers a direct-to destination or ﬂight plan to a second Garmin 400/500-series unit. See Section 8.2, Flight Planning: Crossﬁll for additional details on using the crossﬁll option.

2.4 MAP PAGE

The second NAV page is the Map Page (Figure 2-8), which displays the present position using an airplane symbol, along with nearby airports, NAVAIDs, userdeﬁned waypoints, airspace boundaries, lakes, rivers, highways, and cities.

Map Display Data Fields

Map Range

NOTE: If the GPS 400 is unable to determine

a GPS position, the present position (airplane) symbol does not appear on the Map Page.

Different symbols are used to distinguish between waypoint types. The identiﬁers for any on-screen waypoints can also be displayed. (The identiﬁers are enabled by default.) Special-use and controlled airspace boundaries appear on the map, showing the individual sectors for Class B, Class C, and Class D airspaces.

Present

Position

Current Page

Group

Figure 2-8 Map Page

Number of Pages in

Current Page Group

Position of

Current Page

within Current

Page Group

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The symbols in Table 2-3 are used to depict the various

airports and NAVAIDs on the Map Page:

Symbol Description

Airport with hard surface runway(s); (primary runway shown)

Airport with soft surface runway(s) only

Private Airﬁeld

VOR

VOR/DME

DME

Localizer

Intersection

VORTAC

TACAN

NDB

Locator Outer Marker

Table 2-3 Map Page Symbols

The Map Display can be set to 23 different range settings from 500 feet to 2000 nautical miles (statute and metric units are also available). The range is indicated in the lower left-hand corner of the Map Display (Figure 2-8), and represents the top-to-bottom distance covered by the Map Display.

Selecting a map range:

1) Press the up arrow of the

RNG Key to zoom

out to a larger map area.

2) Press the down arrow of the RNG Key to zoom

in to a smaller map area and more detail.

An autozoom feature is available which automatically adjusts from an enroute range of 2000 nm through each lower range, stopping at a range of 1.0 nm as the aircraft approaches the destination waypoint. The autozoom feature is turned on/off from the Map Setup Page (described in Section 2.4).

The Map Page also displays a background map (or basemap) showing lakes, rivers, coastlines, highways, railways, and towns. When a map range is selected below the lower limit at which the map detail was originally created, an ‘overzoom’ indication appears on the Map Display, below the range reading (Figure 2-9).

The basemap has limited accuracy, and should not be used for navigation, but only for non-navigational situational awareness. Any basemap indication should be compared against other navigational sources for accuracy. Continuing to zoom in to lower range settings will cause ‘overzoom’ to be replaced with ‘no map’ and the geographic detail will be removed from the Map Display (airport and NAVAID detail remains).

2-6

Figure 2-9 Overzoom on Map Page

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NAV PAGES

The ‘Setup Map?’ option (described in Section 2.4) allows the pilot to deﬁne the maximum range at which each map feature appears. This provides the pilot with complete control to minimize screen clutter. The pilot can also quickly remove items from the map using the CLR Key.

Quickly decluttering the Map Display:

Press the

CLR Key momentarily (as often as

needed) to select the desired amount of map detail.

The CLR Key allows the pilot to quickly declutter the Map Display, providing four levels of map detail. Note the ‘-2’ (‘-1’ and ‘-3’ are also provided) sufﬁx designation in Figure 2-10, indicating each successive declutter level.

Map Panning

Another Map Page function is panning, which allows the pilot to move the map beyond its current limits without adjusting the map range. When the panning function is selected (by pressing the small right knob), a target pointer ﬂashes on the Map Display (Figure 2-11). A window also appears at the top of the Map Display showing the latitude/longitude position of the pointer, plus the bearing and distance to the pointer from the present position.

Pointer Position

Window

Figure 2-11 Panning on Map Page

Target Pointer

Map Detail Level

Figure 2-10 Detail Level on Map Page

The right-hand side of the Map Page includes four user-selectable data ﬁelds (Figure 2-8). By default, the displayed data is: destination waypoint name (WPT), desired track (DTK), distance to destination waypoint (DIS), and ground speed (GS). Any of these data ﬁelds may be changed to display a different data type, as outlined in Section 2.4. The pilot may also remove the four data ﬁelds from the map to show a larger map image, as described in Section 2.4.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Selecting and using the panning function to pan the Map Display:

1) Press the small right knob to activate the

panning target pointer.

2) Turn the small

right knob to move up (turn

clockwise) or down (counterclockwise).

3) Turn the large

right knob to move right (turn

clockwise) or left (counterclockwise).

4) To cancel the panning function and return to

the present position, press the small right knob.

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NAV PAGES

When the target pointer is placed on an object, the name of that object is highlighted (even if the name wasn’t originally displayed on the map). This feature applies to airports, NAVAIDs, user-created waypoints, roads, lakes, rivers, almost everything displayed on the map except route lines.

When an airport, NAVAID, or user waypoint is selected on the Map Page, information about the waypoint can be reviewed or the waypoint can be designated as the directto destination.

Reviewing information for an on-screen airport, NAVAID, or user waypoint:

1) Use the panning function (as described in the preceding procedure) to place the

target

pointer on a waypoint (Figure 2-11).

2) Press the ENT Key to display the Waypoint Information Page(s) for the selected waypoint (Figure 2-12).

Map Direct-to

Designating an on-screen airport, NAVAID, or user waypoint as the direct-to destination:

1) Use the panning function (‘Map Panning’ in this section) to place the waypoint.

2) Press the Direct-to Key to display the select Direct-to Waypoint Page, with the selected waypoint already listed (Figure 2-13).

Figure 2-13 +MAP Waypoint

target pointer on a

2-8

Figure 2-12 Information for On-Screen Waypoint

3) Press the CLR Key to exit the information

page(s).

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

3) Press the ENT Key twice to conﬁrm the selection and begin navigating to the waypoint.

The direct-to function can be used anywhere on the map. If nothing currently exists at the target position, a new waypoint called ‘+MAP’ (Figure 2-13) is created at the target pointer location before the direct-to is initiated.

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NAV PAGES

Airspace Information on the Map

When a special-use or controlled airspace boundary appears on the Map Display, the pilot can quickly retrieve information (such as ﬂoor/ceiling limits and controlling agency) directly from the map.

Viewing airspace information for an onscreen special-use or controlled airspace:

1) Use the panning function (‘Map Panning’ in this section) to place the target pointer on an open area within the boundaries of an airspace. If the area is congested and it is difﬁcult to select an open area, the pilot may need to zoom in or press the CLR Key to make the selection easier (Figure 2-14).

2) Press the ENT Key to display an options menu

(Figure 2-15).

Figure 2-15 Map Panning Options Window

3) ‘R e view Airspace?’ should already be highlighted. If not, select it with the small right knob. Press the ENT Key to display the Airspace Information Page for the selected airspace.

4) To display the COM frequency(ies) for the controlling agency, turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Frequencies?’ and press the ENT Key. Press the

CLR Key to return to the Airspace

Information Page.

Figure 2-14 Select Airspace with Target Pointer

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

5) Press the CLR Key to exit the Airspace Information Page.

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Map Setup

Many of the GPS 400’s functions are menu driven. Each of the main pages has an options menu, allowing customization of the page to the pilot’s preferences and/or selection of special features which speciﬁcally relate to that page. A Map Page Menu (Figure 2-16) provides additional settings to customize the Map Page and additional features related speciﬁcally to the Map Page.

Displaying the Map Page Menu:

Press the MENU Key with the Map Page

displayed (Figure 2-16).

Figure 2-16 Map Page Menu

The following options are available: ‘Setup Map?’, ‘Measure Dist?’, ‘Data Fields Off?’, ‘Change Fields?’, and ‘Restore Defaults?’.

‘Setup Map?’ allows conﬁguration of the Map Display to individual preferences, including map orientation, land data enable/disable, Jeppesen data enable/disable, automatic zoom, airspace boundaries, and text size.

Table 2-4 lists the settings available for each group:

Group Available Settings

Map Orientation, AutoZoom, Land Data,

Aviation Data

Weather

Lightning Mode/Symbol (when applicable)

Trafﬁc Trafﬁc Mode/Symbol/Label

(when applicable)

Airport Large/Medium/Small Airports and

Text

NAVAID VORs, NDBs, Intersections, and Text

Waypoint User Waypoints, Waypoint Text, Flight

Plan Wpts

Line Active Flight Plan, Lat/Long

Control Controlled Airspace: Class B, C, D

(tower zone)

Airspace Special-Use Airspace: Restricted,

MOA, Other

City Large/Medium/Small Cities and Text

Road Freeway, National Highway, Local

Hwy, Local Road

Other States/Prov, Rivers/Lakes, Railroads,

Wind Vector

Table 2-4

For most entries in Table 2-4, on, off, and range are the

available selections for display of each information type.

2-10

NOTE: Large, medium, and small classiﬁcations

are used on the GPS 400 for airports and cities. Large airports are those with a runway longer than 8100 feet. Medium airports include those with a runway longer than 5000 feet or with a control tower. Large cities are those with approximate populations greater than 200,000 and medium cities with greater than 50,000.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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NAV PAGES

Changing map orientation:

1) From the Map Page Menu, turn the large right

knob to highlight ‘Setup Map?’ (Figure 2-16) and press the ENT Key.

2) Turn the small right knob to select ‘Map’ (Figure 2-17) and press the ENT Key.

Figure 2-17 Map Setup Window

3) Turn the large right knob to highlight the ‘Orientation’ ﬁeld.

4) Turn the small right knob to select the desired option.

a) Select ‘DTK up’ to ﬁx the top of the Map Display

to the desired course.

c) Select ‘Track up’ (Figure 2-18) to adjust the

top of the Map Display to the current track heading.

Figure 2-18 Orientation Window

5) Press the ENT Key to accept the selected option

(Figure 2-19).

b) Select ‘North up’ to ﬁx the top of the Map

Display to a north heading.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 2-19 Map Setup Page

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Automatic Zoom

The automatic zoom feature automatically adjusts the map range from 2000 nm through each lower range, stopping at 1.0 nm when approaching the destination waypoint.

Enabling/disabling automatic zoom:

1) From the Map Page Menu, turn the large right

knob to highlight ‘Setup Map?’ and press the ENT Key.

2) Turn the small

press the ENT Key.

3) Turn the large right knob to highlight the ‘Auto

Zoom’ ﬁeld.

4) Turn the small right knob to select ‘On’ or

‘Off’.

5) Press the ENT Key to accept the selected

option.

To enable/disable the wind vector, all background land data, or all Jeppesen aviation data:

1) From the Map Page Menu, turn the large right

knob to highlight ‘Setup Map?’ and press the ENT Key.

2) Turn the small

press the ENT Key.

right knob to select ‘Map’ and

Displaying airports, NAVAIDs, active ﬂight plan waypoints, user-created waypoints, state/provincial boundaries, rivers/lakes, and cities:

1) From the Map Page Menu, turn the large right

knob to highlight ‘Setup Map?’ and press the ENT Key.

2) Turn the small right knob to select the

appropriate ‘Group’ name (per Table 2-2) and press the ENT Key.

3) Turn the large right knob to highlight the zoom

ﬁeld for the desired feature.

4) Turn the small right knob to select the

maximum range at which the feature should appear on screen (or select ‘Off’ to never display the selected feature).

5) Press the ENT Key to accept the selected

option.

6) Turn the large

right knob to highlight the text

ﬁeld for the desired feature.

7) Turn the small right knob to select the desired

text size, or select ‘None’ to disable text descriptions.

8) Press the ENT Key to accept the selected

option.

2-12

3) Turn the large right knob to highlight the

appropriate ﬁeld.

4) Turn the small right knob to select ‘On’ or

‘Off’.

5) Press the ENT Key to accept the selected

option.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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Displaying airspace boundaries, highways, roads, railroad lines, track log data, active ﬂight plan course lines, and lat/long grid lines:

1) From the Map Page Menu, turn the large right

knob to highlight ‘Setup Map?’ and press the ENT Key.

2) Turn the small right knob to select the

appropriate group name (per Table 2-2) and press the ENT Key.

3) Turn the large right knob to highlight the zoom

ﬁeld for the desired feature.

4) Turn the small right knob to select the

maximum range at which the feature should appear on screen (or select ‘Off’ to never display the selected feature).

5) Press the ENT Key to accept the selected

option.

Distance Measurements

The ‘Measure Dist?’ option provides a quick, easy method for determining the bearing and distance between any two points on the Map Display.

Measuring bearing and distance between two points:

1) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Measure

Dist?’ (Figure 2-20).

3) Turn the small and large

right knobs to place

the reference pointer at the desired location to measure FROM and press the ENT Key (Figure 2-21).

Figure 2-21 Using Pointer to Measure Distance and Bearing

4) Again, use the small and large right knobs

to place the reference pointer at the desired location to measure TO. The bearing and distance from the first reference location appears at the top of the Map Display.

5) To exit the ‘Measure Dist?’ option, press the

small right knob.

Selecting Full Screen Map

The ‘Data Fields Off?’ option provides a full-screen Map Display (Figure 2-22), without the four data ﬁelds along the right-hand side of the screen. Select this option when to display a larger map area. If this option has been selected and the data ﬁelds are off, ‘Data Fields On?’ appears as an option instead.

Figure 2-20 Map Page Menu

2) Press the ENT Key, an on-screen reference

pointer appears on the Map Display at the present position.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 2-22 Full Screen Map

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Turning the data ﬁelds off/on:

Turn the large

right knob to highlight ‘Data

Fields Off?’ (or ‘Data Fields On?’) and press the ENT Key.

Selecting Desired On-Screen Data

‘Change Fields?’ allows the pilot to choose the data displayed on the four user-selectable data ﬁelds along the right-hand side of the Map Page. There are 14 available data types, including bearing to destination, distance to destination, estimated time of arrival, ground speed, minimum safe altitude, and track. See Section 12.3 for descriptions of these (and other) navigation terms.

Changing a data ﬁeld:

1) From the Map Page Menu, turn the large right

knob to highlight ‘Change Fields?’ (Figure 2-

23) and press the ENT Key.

3) Turn the small right knob to select the desired

type of data (Figure 2-24) to appear on this ﬁeld and press the ENT Key.

Figure 2-24 Select Data Field Window

4) Press the small right knob to remove the

cursor.

NOTE: The on-screen trafﬁc information occupies

two data ﬁelds, leaving room to display only two additional data types. Trafﬁc information is only available when the GPS 400 installation includes connection to trafﬁc information sources. See Section 10, or the 400/500-series Pilot’s Guide Addendum, part number 190-00140-13.

2-14

Figure 2-23 Map Page Menu

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the data

ﬁeld to be changed.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Restoring Factory Settings

‘Restore Defaults?’ resets all four user-selectable data

ﬁelds to their original factory default settings.

Restoring the factory default settings:

From the Map Page Menu, turn the large right

knob to highlight ‘Restore Defaults?’ (Figure 2-25) and press the ENT Key.

Figure 2-25 Map Page Menu

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SECTION 2

NAV PAGES

2.5 TERRAIN PAGE

TERRAIN Page

The TERRAIN Page is the third page in the NAV Page Group. To display the TERRAIN Page, select the NAV Page Group and turn the small right knob until the TERRAIN Page is displayed (Figure 2-26). The TERRAIN Page displays terrain information, aircraft ground track, and GPS-derived MSL altitude. Altitude is shown in increments of 20 feet or in increments of 10 meters, depending on unit conﬁguration. The ‘G’ to right of the MSL altitude display reminds the pilot that altitude is GPS-derived.

NOTE: The TERRAIN Page does not appear on

GPS 400 units that are not properly equipped with or conﬁgured for TERRAIN. See Section 9 for a full description of TERRAIN functions.

Terrain Information

GPS-derived

MSL Altitude

Selectable Display Settings

The TERRAIN Page has two selectable view settings:

• 360˚ View - View from above aircraft depicting surrounding terrain on all sides

• 120˚ View - View of terrain ahead of and 60˚ to either side of the aircraft ﬂight path (Figure 2-26)

NOTE: The TERRAIN Page gives a ‘Track Up’

display orientation, as indicated by the ‘TRK’ label shown on the display. This is the only orientation available on this page.

Displaying a 360˚ view:

1) Select the TERRAIN Page and press the MENU

Key.

2) Select ‘View 360˚?’ (Figure 2-27).

Current Page Group

Figure 2-26 TERRAIN Page

Number of Pages in

Current Page Group

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Position of

Current Page

within Current

Page Group

Figure 2-27 TERRAIN Page Menu

3) Press the ENT Key. To switch back to a 120˚

view, repeat step 1, select ‘View 120˚?, and press the ENT Key.

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NAV PAGES

Seven display ranges are available, allowing for a more

complete view of the surrounding area.

Changing the display range:

1) Select the TERRAIN Page and press up or down on the

RNG Key to select the desired range:

1 nm, 2 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 25 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm (Figure 2-28).

DisplayRange Field

Figure 2-28

TERRAIN Display Range

Aviation information such as airports, VORs, and other NAVAIDs can be turned on or off from the TERRAIN Page.

Showing or hiding aviation data:

1) Select the TERRAIN Page and press the MENU

Key.

Figure 2-29 TERRAIN Page Menu

Inhibit Mode

The Garmin TERRAIN system provides an ‘inhibit mode’. This mode is designed to deactivate terrain alerting when they are deemed unnecessary by the pilot. Flying VFR into an area where unique terrain exists could cause the system to annunciate a nuisance alert. Pilots should use discretion when inhibiting the TERRAIN system and always remember to enable the system when appropriate. See Section 9.3 for more information on TERRAIN alerts.

Inhibiting TERRAIN:

1) Select the TERRAIN Page and press the MENU

Key. ‘Inhibit Terrain?’ is selected by default (Figure 2-30).

2-16

2) Select ‘Show (or Hide) Aviation Data’ (Figure

2-29) and press the ENT Key. Pressing the CLR Key when the TERRAIN Page is displayed can also be used to toggle aviation information on or off.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 2-30 TERRAIN Page Menu

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NAV PAGES

2) Press the ENT Key. The TERRAIN system is

inhibited. The ‘TER INHB’ annunciation is displayed in the terrain annunciator ﬁeld when terrain is inhibited (Figure 2-31).

Annunciator Field

Figure 2-31 TERRAIN Annunciator Field

Enabling TERRAIN:

1) Select the TERRAIN Page and press the MENU

Key. ‘Enable Terrain?’ is selected by default.

2) Press the ENT Key. The TERRAIN system is

functional again.

TERRAIN Symbols

The following symbols (Figure 2-32) are used to represent obstacles and potential impact points on the Terrain Page.

• Red Symbol - Terrain/Obstacle is within 100 feet above or below the aircraft altitude.

• Yellow Symbol - Terrain/Obstacle is between 1000 feet and 100 feet below the aircraft altitude

NOTE: Obstacle symbols are shown on display

zoom ranges up to 10 nm.

Unlighted Obstacles

<1000 feet AGL

Lighted

Obstacles

<1000 feet AGL

>1000 feet AGL

Impact Points

NOTE: The TERRAIN page will automatically

zoom to the smallest range scale that allows the display of the closest potential impact point(s).

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Unlighted Obstacles

Potential

Figure 2-32 TERRAIN Symbols

Lighted

Obstacles

>1000 feet AGL

2-17

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NAV PAGES

2.6 NAV/COM PAGE

The fourth NAV page is the NAV/COM (navigation communications) Page (Figure 2-33). The NAV/COM Page provides a list of the airport communication and navigation frequencies at the departure, enroute, and arrival airports. The NAV/COM Page makes selection of the frequencies needed along the ﬂight plan quick and convenient. If there is no active ﬂight plan with a departure airport, the NAV/COM Page displays the frequencies for the airport nearest the departure position.

Departure, Enroute,

or Arrival Airport

Frequency Type

Figure 2-33 NAV/COM Page

Current Page

Assigned Frequency and

Usage Information

(when applicable)

Number of Pages in

Group

Current Page Group

Position of

Current Page

within Current

Page Group

Selecting a frequency list for a departure, enroute, or arrival airport:

1) Press the small right knob to activate the

cursor.

2) Turn the large

right knob to place the cursor

on the airport identiﬁer ﬁeld (top line on the NAV/COM Page, see Figure 2-33).

3) Turn the small right knob to select the desired airport (Figure 2-34) and press the ENT Key.

Figure 2-34 Airport Window

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NAV PAGES

Scrolling through the list of frequencies:

1) Activate the cursor, if not already active, by

pressing the small right knob.

2) Turn the large

right knob to move the cursor

through the list of frequencies. If there are more frequencies in the list than can be displayed on the screen, a scroll bar along the right-hand side of the screen (Figure 2-35) indicates which part of the list is currently being displayed.

Scroll

Bar

Figure 2-35 Scroll Bar

NAV/COM frequencies are shown for reference

only.

If a listed frequency has sector or altitude restrictions,

the frequency is preceded by an ‘Info?’ designation.

Viewing usage restrictions for a frequency:

1) Turn the large

right knob to place the cursor

on the ‘Info?’ designation directly in front of the desired frequency (Figure 2-36).

Figure 2-36 ‘Info’ Highlighted

2) Press the ENT Key to display the restriction information (Figure 2-37).

Some listed frequencies may include designations for

limited usage, as follows:

• ‘TX’ - transmit only

• ‘RX’ - receive only

• ‘PT’ - part time frequency

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 2-37 Restriction Information Page

3) To return to the NAV/COM Page, press the ENT Key.

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NAV PAGES

2.7 POSITION PAGE

The Position Page (the ﬁfth NAV page) displays the present position (by default, in latitude and longitude) and altitude. The Position Page (Figure 2-38) also displays the current track, ground speed, time, and a reference waypoint ﬁeld. These ﬁelds are user-selectable to conﬁgure the page to the pilot’s own preferences and current navigation needs.

Graphic Track

Indicator

Reference

Waypoint Field

Figure 2-38 Position Page

Present Position

Current

Page Group

Number of Pages in

Current Page Group

User-selectable

Data Fields

The graphic track indicator at the top of the page indicates the direction the aircraft is heading, or track, only while moving. The graphic track indicator and the TRK indication directly below it provide the same information. Use the graphic track indicator for quick at-a-glance ground track information. Directly below are three userselectable ﬁelds, which by default display track, ground speed, and altitude. Barometric pressure (BARO) settings and minimum safe altitude (MSA) can also be displayed in these ﬁelds. MSA is the recommended minimum altitude within approximately ten miles of the present position. MSA is calculated from the information contained in the database and generally takes into account mountains, buildings, and other permanent features.

Position of

Current Page

within Current

Page Group

NOTE: Do not rely solely on MSA as an absolute

measure of safe altitude. Consult current area charts and NOTAMs.

Changing the user-selectable data ﬁelds:

1) Press the

MENU Key to display the Position

Page Menu (Figure 2-39).

Figure 2-39 Position Page Menu

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Change Fields?’ and press the ENT Key.

3) Turn the large right knob to highlight the data ﬁeld to be changed.

4) Turn the small

right knob to display the list of

available data items (Figure 2-40). Continue turning the small right knob to select the desired data item from the list.

Figure 2-40 Select Field Type Window

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NAV PAGES

5) Press the ENT Key to select the desired data

item and return to the Position Page.

6) Press the small right knob momentarily to

remove the cursor from the page.

The Position Page also features a reference waypoint ﬁeld, located at the bottom of the page, to indicate the bearing and distance to/from a selected waypoint. The reference waypoint ﬁeld can display bearing and distance information for a nearby airport (default), VOR, NDB, intersection, or user waypoint.

Changing the reference waypoint information:

1) Press the

MENU Key to display the Position

Page Menu (Figure 2-39).

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Change Fields?’ and press the ENT Key.

3) Turn the large right knob to highlight the waypoint type ﬁeld (bottom left corner of the page; default setting shows ‘APT’ see Figure 2-41).

4) Turn the small right knob to display the list

of available waypoint types (Figure 2-42). Continue turning the small right knob to select the desired data item from the list.

Figure 2-42 Category Window

5) If ‘WPT’ is selected as the waypoint type, the pilot can designate any airport, NAVAID, or user waypoint as a reference waypoint. Press the small right knob, turn the large right knob to highlight the waypoint identiﬁer ﬁeld (Figure 2-43), then use the small and large right knobs to enter the identiﬁer of the desired waypoint. Press the ENT Key to conﬁrm the selected waypoints. Press the small right knob to remove the cursor.

Figure 2-41 Waypoint Type Field Highlighted

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 2-43 Reference Waypoint Field Highlighted

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NAV PAGES

6) Press the ENT Key to select the desired type

and return to the Position Page.

7) To select between ‘bearing FROM’ or ‘

bearing

TO’ to the reference waypoint, turn the small right knob to select the desired bearing reference (Figure 2-44) and press the ENT Key.

Figure 2-44 Mode Window

8) Press the small right knob momentarily to

remove the cursor from the page.

Restoring Factory Settings

A ‘Restore Defaults?’ option allows the pilot to reset all data ﬁelds to their original factory default settings. This returns the three user-selectable ﬁelds at the top of the page and the reference waypoint ﬁelds to default settings.

Restoring the factory default settings:

1) Press the Page Menu (Figure 2-45).

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Restore Defaults?’ and press the ENT Key.

MENU Key to display the Position

Figure 2-45 Position Page Menu

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NAV PAGES

2.8 SATELLITE STATUS PAGE

The Satellite Status Page (the sixth NAV page) provides a visual reference of GPS receiver functions, including current satellite coverage, GPS receiver status, and position accuracy. The Satellite Status Page (Figure 2-46) is helpful in troubleshooting weak (or missing) signal levels due to poor satellite coverage or installation problems.

2 3

Figure 2-46 Satellite Status Page

Sky View

As the GPS receiver locks onto satellites, a signal strength bar appears for each satellite in view, with the appropriate satellite number (01-32) underneath each bar. The status of satellite reception is shown as follows:

• No signal strength bars - The receiver is looking for the satellites indicated.

• Hollow signal strength bars - The receiver has found the satellite(s) and is collecting data (Figure 2-47).

• Solid signal strength bars - The receiver has collected the necessary data and the satellite(s) is ready for use.

• Checkered signal strength bars - Excluded satellites (Figure 2-46).

The sky view display (at top left corner of the page) shows which satellites are currently in view and where they are. The outer circle of the sky view represents the horizon (with north at top of the page), the inner circle 45° above the horizon, and the center point directly overhead.

Estimated Position Error (EPE) and

Dilution of Precision (DOP)

GPS Receiver Status

Horizontal Uncertainty Level (HUL)

Satellite ID Numbers

Signal Strength Bars

Excluded Satellite

Current Page Group

Number of Pages in Current Page Group

Positon of Current Page within Current

Page Group

Figure 2-47 Hollow Signal Strength Bars

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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NAV PAGES

Each satellite has a 30-second data transmission that must be collected (hollow signal strength bar, see Figure 2-47) before the satellite may be used for navigation (solid signal strength bar, see Figure 2-46). Once the GPS receiver has determined the current position, the GPS 400 indicates position, track, and ground speed on the other navigation pages. The GPS receiver status ﬁeld (Figure 2-46) also displays the messages listed in Table 2-5 under the appropriate conditions.

Message Description

Searching Sky

The GPS receiver is searching the sky for ANY visible satellites. The pilot is informed of this status with a ‘Searching the Sky’ message.

The GPS receiver is acquiring satellites for navigation. In this mode,

Acquiring Sat

the receiver uses satellite orbital data (collected continuously from the satellites) and last known position to determine which satellites should be in view.

2D Navigation

3D Navigation

The GPS receiver is in 2D navigation mode. Altitude data is provided by an altitude serializer.

The GPS receiver is in 3D navigation mode and computes altitude using satellite data.

Poor Coverg The GPS receiver cannot acquire sufﬁcient satellites for navigation.

Rcvr Not Usbl

AutoLocate

The GPS receiver is unusable due to incorrect initialization or abnormal satellite conditions. Turn the unit off and on again.

The GPS receiver is looking for any available satellite. This process can take up to ﬁve minutes to determine a position.

Table 2-5 GPS Receiver Status Messages

The Satellite Status Page also indicates the accuracy of the position ﬁx, using Estimated Position Error (EPE), Dilution of Precision (DOP), and Horizontal Uncertainty Level (HUL) ﬁgures. DOP measures satellite geometry quality (i.e., number of satellites received and where they are relative to each other) on a scale from one to ten. The lowest numbers are the best accuracy and the highest numbers are the worst. EPE uses DOP and other factors to calculate a horizontal position error, in feet or meters. HUL is explained in Section 11.

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SECTION 2

VERTICAL NAVIGATION PROFILE

VERTICAL SPEED REQUIRED

DISTANCE TO TARGET

TIME AND DISTANCE TO PROFILE

TARGET ALTITUDE AND POSITION

AIRPORT

CURRENT ALTITUDE AND POSITION

NAV PAGES

2.9 VERTICAL NAVIGATION PAGE

The GPS 400’s Vertical Navigation Page (the last NAV page, see Figure 2-48) allows the pilot to create a threedimensional proﬁle which guides the pilot from the present position and altitude to a ﬁnal (target) altitude at a speciﬁed location. This is helpful when the pilot would like to descend to a certain altitude near an airport or climbing to an altitude before reaching a route or directto waypoint (Figure 2-49). Once the proﬁle is deﬁned, message alerts and additional data on the Default NAV Page and the Map Page provide guidance to the pilot.

NOTE: To use the vertical navigation features,

ground speed must be greater than 35 knots and the pilot must be navigating to a direct-to destination or using a ﬂight plan.

Figure 2-49 Vertical Navigation Proﬁle

Creating a vertical navigation proﬁle (Figure 2-49):

1) Press the small right knob to activate the

cursor.

Figure 2-48 VNAV (Vertical Navigation) Page

Target Altitude

Target Distance

Altitude Reference (AGL or MSL)

Target Reference

Vertical Speed Desired

Vertical Speed Required

Current Page Group

Number of Pages in Current Page Group

Positon of Current Page within Current

Page Group

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the

3) Turn the small and large

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

target altitude ﬁeld.

right knobs to select

the target altitude (Figure 2-50) and press the

ENT Key.

Figure 2-50 Target Altitude Field Selected

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4) Turn the small right knob to select ‘Above

Wpt’ (AGL) or ‘MSL’,(Figure 2-51) and press the ENT Key. ‘Above Wpt’ uses the altitude of a destination airport as stored in the Jeppesen NavData Card. ‘MSL’ lets the pilot set a speciﬁc target altitude for any waypoint category: airport, VOR, NDB, intersection, or user waypoint.

Figure 2-51 Reference Window

5) Turn the small and large right knobs to select

a distance from the target reference waypoint (Figure 2-52) and press the ENT Key. If the target altitude should occur at the target reference waypoint, enter a distance of zero.

6) Turn the small right knob to select ‘Before’ or ‘After’, and press the ENT Key. This setting designates whether the offset distance deﬁnes a point before the aircraft reaches the target reference waypoint or after the aircraft reaches the waypoint.

7) When using a ﬂight plan, the target refer ence waypoint itself can be speciﬁed from the waypoints contained in the ﬂight plan. By default, the last waypoint in the ﬂight plan is selected. To select a different waypoint, turn the small right knob to select the desired waypoint and press the ENT Key.

8) The default proﬁle utilizes a 400 fpm descent rate. To change the rate, turn the large

right

knob to highlight the ‘VS Proﬁle’ ﬁeld (Figure 2-53) and use the small and large right knobs to enter a new rate. Press the ENT Key when ﬁnished.

2-26

Figure 2-53 VS Proﬁle Field Selected

Figure 2-52 Reference Distance Selected

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SECTION 2

NAV PAGES

With the proﬁle set, the vertical speed required (VSR) is displayed on the Vertical Navigation Page. Expect the following to occur when using the vertical navigation feature:

• At one minute prior to reaching the initial descent point, a message ‘Approaching VNAV Proﬁle’ occurs. The descent (or climb) angle also locks to prevent changes in speed from altering the proﬁle.

• If selected, the vertical speed required (

VSR) readout on the Default NAV Page and the Map Page show the desired vertical speed to maintain the proper descent (or climb) angle.

• At 500 feet above (or below, for a climb) the target altitude, an ‘Approaching Target Altitude’ message is provided. The VSR readout on the Default NAV Page and the Map Page is blanked out, at this point.

Vertical navigation messages can be turned on or off; they are off by default. Turning the messages off allows the pilot to keep the previous proﬁle settings, without having them generate messages when the feature is not needed.

Disabling/Enabling the vertical navigation (VNAV) messages:

1) Press the MENU Key to display the Vertical

Navigation Page Menu (Figure 2-54).

Figure 2-54 VNAV Page Menu

2) With ‘VNAV Messages On?’ highlighted,

press the ENT Key. Or, if the messages are already on, to turn them off, make sure ‘VNAV Messages Off?’ is highlighted and press the ENT Key.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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NAV PAGES

Blank Page

2-28

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Page 55

SECTION 3: DIRECT-TO

NAVIGATION

3.1 OVERVIEW

The GPS 400’s direct-to function provides a quick method of setting a course to a destination waypoint. Once a direct-to is activated, the GPS 400 establishes a point-topoint course line (great circle) from the present position to the selected direct-to destination. Navigation data on the various NAV pages provides steering guidance until the direct-to is cancelled or replaced by a new destination.

Selecting a direct-to destination:

1) Press the Direct-to Key. The Select Direct-to

Waypoint Page appears (Figure 3-1), with the waypoint identiﬁer ﬁeld highlighted.

SECTION 3

DIRECT-TO NAVIGATION

Figure 3-2 Waypoint Identiﬁer Field Selected

3) Press the ENT Key to conﬁrm the selected waypoint, and press the ENT Key again to activate the direct-to function (Figure 3-3).

Figure 3-1 Select Direct-to Waypoint Page

2) Use the small and large right knobs to

enter the identiﬁer of the desired destination waypoint (Figure 3-2).

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 3-3 ‘Activate?’ Field Highlighted

When off course while navigating to a waypoint, the direct-to function may also be used to re-center the CDI (HSI) needle and proceed to the same waypoint.

Re-centering the CDI (HSI) needle to the same destination waypoint:

Press the Direct-to Key, followed by the

Key twice.

NOTE: When navigating an approach with the

missed approach point (MAP) as the current destination, re-centering the CDI (HSI) needle with the Direct-to Key cancels the approach.

ENT

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SECTION 3

DIRECT-TO NAVIGATION

Selecting a Destination by Facility Name or City

In addition to selecting a destination by identiﬁer, the Select Direct-to Waypoint Page (Figure 3-4) also allows the pilot to select airports, VORs, and NDBs by facility name or city location. If duplicate entries exist for the entered facility name or city, additional entries may be viewed by continuing to turn the small right knob during the selection process. See Section 6.1, Duplicate Waypoints for more information.

Identiﬁer, Symbol,

and Region

Flight Plan

Field

Figure 3-4 Select Direct-to Waypoint Page

Nearest Airport

Field

Selecting a direct-to destination by facility name or city:

1) Press the Direct-to Key. The Select Direct-to

Waypoint Page appears, with the waypoint identiﬁer ﬁeld highlighted.

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the

facility name (second line) or the city (third line) ﬁeld.

Facililty Name

City

3) Use the small and large

right knobs to enter

the facility name or city location of the desired destination waypoint (Figure 3-5). When spelling the facility name or city, the GPS 400’s Spell’N’Find feature selects the ﬁrst entry in the database based upon the characters entered up to that point.

Figure 3-5 Facility Name Selected

4) Continue turning the small right knob to scroll

through any additional database listings for the selected facility name or city. The pilot can also scroll backwards with the small right knob if the desired waypoint has been scrolled past.

5) Press the ENT Key to conﬁrm the selected waypoint, and press the ENT Key again to activate the direct-to function.

Selecting a Destination from the Active Flight Plan

When navigating an active ﬂight plan, any waypoint contained in the ﬂight plan may be selected as a direct-to destination from the Select Direct-to Waypoint Page. See Section 4, for more information on ﬂight plans.

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SECTION 3

DIRECT-TO NAVIGATION

Selecting a direct-to destination from the active ﬂight plan:

1) Press the Direct-to Key. The Select Direct-to

Waypoint Page appears, with the waypoint identiﬁer ﬁeld highlighted.

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the ﬂight

plan (FPL) ﬁeld (Figure 3-6).

Figure 3-6 Highlighted Flight Plan Field

3) Turn the small right knob to display a window

showing all waypoints in the active ﬂight plan (Figure 3-7).

Selecting the Nearest Airport as a Direct-to Destination

The Select Direct-to Waypoint Page always displays the nearest airports (from the present position) in the NRST ﬁeld. Nearby airports may also be selected as direct-to destinations using the steps described in Section 7.1.

Selecting a nearby airport as a direct-to destination:

1) Press the Direct-to Key. The Select Direct-to

Waypoint Page appears, with the waypoint identiﬁer ﬁeld highlighted.

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the

nearest airport (NRST) ﬁeld.

3) Turn the small right knob to display a window

showing up to nine nearby airports (Figure 3-8).

Figure 3-7 FPL (Flight Plan) Window

4) Continue turning the small right knob to

scroll through the list and highlight the desired waypoint.

5) Press the ENT Key to conﬁrm the selected waypoint, and press the ENT Key again to activate the direct-to function.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 3-8 Nearest Window

4) Continue turning the small right knob to

scroll through the list and highlight the desired airport.

5) Press the

ENT Key to conﬁrm the selected air-

port, and press the ENT Key again to activate the direct-to function.

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DIRECT-TO NAVIGATION

Shortcuts

Shortcuts are available when using the Direct-to Key, allowing the pilot to bypass the use of the small and large right knobs to enter the destination waypoint’s identiﬁer. A direct-to can be performed from any page displaying a single waypoint identiﬁer (such as the WPT pages for airports and NAVAIDs), or from pages that display a list of waypoints (e.g., the Nearest Airport Page).

Selecting an on-screen waypoint as a direct-to destination:

1) If a single airport, NAVAID, or user waypoint is displayed on-screen (Figure 3-9):

Figure 3-9 Single Waypoint Displayed

2) If a list of waypoints is displayed on-screen: a) Press the small right knob to activate the

cursor.

b) Turn the large

right knob to highlight the

desired waypoint (Figure 3-10).

Figure 3-10 Nearest List

c) Press the Direct-to Key followed by the

ENT Key twice.

3-4

a) Press the Direct-to Key. b) Press the

ENT Key twice.

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DIRECT-TO NAVIGATION

Selecting a Direct-to destination from the Map Page

Direct-to destinations may also be selected from the Map Page. If no airport, NAVAID, or user waypoint exists at the desired location, a waypoint named ‘+MAP’ is automatically created at the location of the panning pointer.

Selecting a direct-to destination from the Map Page:

1) From the Map Page, press the small right knob

to display a panning pointer.

2) Turn the small and large the panning pointer at the desired destination location.

3) If the panning pointer is placed on an existing airport, NAVAID, or user waypoint, the waypoint name is highlighted (Figure 3-11). Press the Direct-to Key and the ENT Key twice to navigate to the waypoint.

right knobs to place

Cancelling Direct-to Navigation

Once a direct-to is activated, the GPS 400 provides navigation guidance to the selected destination until the direct-to is replaced with a new direct-to or ﬂight plan, cancelled, or the unit is turned off.

Cancelling a direct-to:

1) Press the Direct-to Key to display the Select

Direct-to Waypoint Page.

2) Press the Page Menu (Figure 3-12).

Figure 3-12 Select Direct-to Page Menu

MENU Key to display the Direct-to

Figure 3-11 Panning Pointer Placed on Waypoint

4) If the panning pointer is placed on an open

location, press the Direct-to Key and the ENT Key twice to create a ‘MAP’ waypoint and navigate to it.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

3) With ‘Cancel Direct-to NAV?’ highlighted, press the ENT Key. If a ﬂight plan is still active, the GPS 400 resumes navigating the ﬂight plan along the closest leg.

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DIRECT-TO NAVIGATION

Specifying a Course to a Waypoint

When performing a direct-to, the GPS 400 sets a direct great circle course to the selected destination. The course to the destination can also be manually deﬁned using the ‘CRS’ course ﬁeld on the Select Direct-to Waypoint Page.

Manually deﬁning the direct-to course:

1) Press the Direct-to Key.

2) Use the small and large the destination waypoint.

3) Press the ENT Key to conﬁrm the selected waypoint, then turn the large right knob to highlight the course (‘CRS’) ﬁeld (Figure 3-13).

right knobs to select

4) Turn the small and large right knobs to select

the desired course (Figure 3-14) and press the

ENT Key.

Figure 3-14 Course Field Selected

5) Press the ENT Key again to begin navigation

using the selected destination and course.

6) To re-select a direct course from present position (or select a new manually-deﬁned course), simply press the Direct-to Key, followed by the ENT Key twice.

3-6

Figure 3-13 CRS (Course) Field Highlighted

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SECTION 4

FLIGHT PLANS

SECTION 4: FLIGHT PLANS

The GPS 400 lets the pilot create up to 20 different ﬂight plans, with up to 31 waypoints in each ﬂight plan. The Flight Plan Page Group consists of two pages (Active Flight Plan Page, Figure 4-1, and Flight Plan Catalog Page, Figure 4-2), accessed by pressing the FPL Key. The ﬂight plan pages allow the pilot to create, edit, and copy ﬂight plans.

Current Page

Figure 4-1 Active Flight Plan Page

4.1 FLIGHT PLAN CATALOG PAGE

The Flight Plan Catalog Page (Figure 4-1) allows the pilot to create, edit, activate, delete, and copy ﬂight plans. Flight plans numbered from 1 through 19 are used to save ﬂight plans for future use. ‘Flight plan 00’ is reserved exclusively for the ﬂight plan currently in use for navigation. Any time the pilot activates a ﬂight plan, a copy of the ﬂight plan is automatically transferred to ‘ﬂight plan 00’, overwriting any previously active ﬂight plan.

Creating a new ﬂight plan:

1) Press the knob to display the Flight Plan Catalog Page (Figure 4-2).

2) Press the Catalog Page Menu (Figure 4-3).

FPL Key and turn the small right

MENU Key to display the Flight Plan

Current Page

Figure 4-2 Flight Plan Catalog Page

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 4-3 Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu

3) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Create New Flight Plan?’ and press the ENT Key.

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FLIGHT PLANS

4) A blank Flight Plan Page appears for the ﬁrst empty storage location (Figure 4-4). Use the small and large right knobs to enter the identiﬁer of the departure waypoint and press the ENT Key.

Figure 4-4 Flight Plan Page

5) Repeat step 4 to enter the identiﬁer for each additional ﬂight plan waypoint.

6) Once all waypoints have been entered, press the small

right knob to return to the Flight

Plan Catalog Page.

Figure 4-5 Flight Plan Page

5) Use the small and large right knobs to enter

the identiﬁer of the new waypoint and press the ENT Key (Figure 4-6).

4-2

Flight Plan Editing

Adding a waypoint to an existing ﬂight plan:

1) Press the knob to display the Flight Plan Catalog Page.

2) Press the small right knob to activate the cursor.

3) Turn the large right knob to highlight the desired ﬂight plan and press the

4) Turn the large right knob to select the point to add the new waypoint. If an existing waypoint is highlighted, the new waypoint is placed directly in front of this waypoint (Figure 4-5).

FPL Key and turn the small right

ENT Key.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 4-6 Waypoint Identiﬁer Field Selected

6) Once all changes have been made, press the

small right knob to return to the Flight Plan Catalog Page (Figure 4-7).

Figure 4-7 Edited Flight Plan Page

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FLIGHT PLANS

Deleting a waypoint from an existing ﬂight plan:

1) Press the

FPL Key and turn the small right

knob to display the Flight Plan Catalog Page.

2) Press the small right knob to activate the cursor.

3) Turn the large right knob to highlight the desired ﬂight plan and press the

ENT Key.

4) Turn the large right knob to select the waypoint to be deleted and press the

CLR Key to display

a ‘remove waypoint’ conﬁrmation window.

5) With ‘Yes’ highlighted, press the

ENT Key to

remove the waypoint.

6) Once all changes have been made, press the small right knob to return to the Flight Plan Catalog Page.

A one-line user comment may be added to any ﬂight plan, which is displayed on the Flight Plan Catalog Page, next to the ﬂight plan’s number. By default, as the ﬂight plan is being created, the comment shows the ﬁrst and last waypoints in the ﬂight plan.

Changing the comment line for an existing ﬂight plan:

1) From the Flight Plan Catalog Page, press the

small right knob to activate the cursor.

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the

desired ﬂight plan and press the

ENT Key.

3) Turn the large right knob to select the

comment line at the top of the screen.

4) Use the small and large

right knobs to enter

the new comment (Figure 4-8). Press the ENT Key when ﬁnished.

Figure 4-8 Comment Line Selected

5) Once all changes have been made, press the

small right knob to return to the Flight Plan Catalog Page.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

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FLIGHT PLANS

Activating Flight Plans

Once a ﬂight plan is deﬁned through the Flight Plan Catalog Page (using the steps outlined previously in this section), it may be activated for navigation. Activating the ﬂight plan places it into ‘ﬂight plan 00’ and overwrites any previous information at that location.

Activating an existing ﬂight plan:

1) From the Flight Plan Catalog Page, press the

small right knob to activate the cursor.

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the desired ﬂight plan and press the MENU Key to display the Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu.

3) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Activate Flight Plan?’ and press the 4-9).

ENT Key (Figure

Inverting Flight Plans

After travelling along a ﬂight plan, the pilot may wish to reverse the route for navigation guidance back to the original departure point.

Activating an existing ﬂight plan in reverse order:

1) From the Flight Plan Catalog Page, press the

small right knob to activate the cursor.

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the desired ﬂight plan and press the MENU Key to display the Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu.

3) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Invert & Activate FPL?’ (Figure 4-10) and press the ENT Key. The original ﬂight plan remains intact in its ﬂight plan catalog storage location.

4-4

Figure 4-9 Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 4-10 Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu

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FLIGHT PLANS

Copying Flight Plans

To save a ﬂight plan currently located in ‘ﬂight plan 00’, be sure to copy it to an open catalog location (1-19) before the ﬂight plan is cancelled, overwritten, or erased.

Copying a ﬂight plan to another ﬂight plan catalog location:

1) From the Active Flight Plan Page, press the

MENU Key to display the Active Flight Plan Page Menu.

2) From the Flight Plan Catalog Page, press the

small right knob to activate the cursor, turn the large right knob to highlight the ﬂight plan to be copied, then press the MENU Key to display the Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu.

3) Turn the large

Flight Plan?’ (Figure 4-11) and press the ENT Key.

right knob to highlight ‘Copy

Deleting Flight Plans

Once ﬁnished with a ﬂight plan, it can easily be deleted from the Flight Plan Catalog Page or the Active Flight Plan Page.

Deleting a ﬂight plan:

1) From the Active Flight Plan Page: press the

MENU Key to display the Active Flight Plan Page Menu. OR

2) From the Flight Plan Catalog Page: press the

small right knob to activate the cursor, turn the large right knob to highlight the ﬂight plan to be deleted, then press the MENU Key to display the Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu.

3) Turn the large

Flight Plan?’ (Figure 4-12) and press the ENT Key.

right knob to highlight ‘Delete

Figure 4-11 Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu

4) By default, the next empty catalog location is offered. To select a different location, turn the large right knob to select the ﬂight plan number, use the small and large right knobs to enter a different number and press the ENT Key.

5) With ‘Yes?’ highlighted, press the

ENT Key to

copy the ﬂight plan.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 4-12 Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu

4) With ‘Yes?’ highlighted, press the ENT Key to

delete the ﬂight plan.

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FLIGHT PLANS

Flight Plan Catalog Options

The options (some covered on the preceding pages) available for the Flight Plan Catalog Page are listed in Table 4-1.

Menu Option Description

Activate Flight Plan? Allows the pilot to select the ﬂight plan for navigation guidance, as described previously in

this section

Invert & Activate FPL? Allows the pilot to reverse the highlighted ﬂight plan and select it for navigation guidance, as

described previously in this section Create New Flight Plan? Allows the pilot to create a new ﬂight plan, as described previously in this section Crossﬁll? Allows the pilot to transfer a Direct-to destination, the active ﬂight plan, any stored ﬂight plan

or user waypoints to a second 400/500-series Garmin unit. Some crossﬁll operations can be

done automatically

If both units are set to ‘auto’, a change in the direct-to destination or active ﬂight plan on one

unit is seen on the other

For additional information, see following procedure (in this section) or Section 8.2, Flight

Planning Page: Crossﬁll Copy Flight Plan? Allows the pilot to copy the selected ﬂight plan to a new ﬂight plan location, as described

previously in this section

The copy function is useful for duplicating an existing ﬂight plan before making changes Delete Flight Plan? Allows the pilot to remove the selected ﬂight plan from memory, as described previously in

this section

Deleting a ﬂight plan does not delete the individual waypoints contained in the ﬂight plan

from the database or user waypoint memory Delete All Flight Plans?

Sort List By Number?/ Sort List by Comment?

Allows the pilot to remove all ﬂight plans from memory

See following procedure in this section.

Allows the pilot to sort numerically by the ﬂight plan number or alphanumerically based upon

the comment assigned to each ﬂight plan

When one option is selected, the other option appears on the Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu

See following procedure in this section

Table 4-1 Flight Plan Catalog Menu Options

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FLIGHT PLANS

Crossﬁlling ﬂight plans between two 400/500-

Series Garmin units:

1) Select the ‘Crossﬁll?’ option from the Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu (Figure 4-13) and press the ENT Key.

Figure 4-13 Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu

2) Turn the large right knob to select the ‘Method’ ﬁeld (Figure 4-14).

4) If ‘Manual’ is selected: Turn the large right

knob to select the ‘Transfer’ ﬁeld, then turn the small right knob to select the type of information to transfer between units (active ﬂight plan, ﬂight plan, all user waypoints or a single user waypoint). When ‘Flight Plan’ or ‘User Waypoint’ is selected, a second ﬁeld appears to the immediate right of the ‘Transfer’ ﬁeld. Use the small and large right knobs to enter the number of the ﬂight plan or the name of the user waypoint to be transferred.

5) The ‘Cross-side’ field allows the pilot to designate the sending and receiving units in a crossﬁll operation. Turn the large

right

knob to select the ‘Cross-side’ ﬁeld, then turn the small right knob to select ‘To’ or ‘From’ (Figure 4-15). Press the

ENT Key to conﬁrm

the selection.

Figure 4-14 Crossﬁll Page

3) Turn the small right knob to select ‘Auto’ or ‘Manual’ and press the ENT Key. ‘Auto’ automatically transfers the active ﬂight plan or Direct-to selection to another 400/500-series Garmin unit, without user intervention.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 4-15 Transfer Window

6) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Initiate Transfer?’ and press the ENT Key.

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FLIGHT PLANS

Deleting all ﬂight plans:

1) Select the ‘Delete All Flight Plans?’ option from the Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu (Figure 4-16) and press the ENT Key.

Figure 4-16 Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu

2) A conﬁrmation window appears (Figure 4-17). With ‘Yes?’ highlighted, press the ENT Key.

Sorting the catalog listing by number or comment:

Select the ‘Sort List By Number?’ or ‘Sort List

By Comment?’ option (whichever is currently displayed) from the Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu (Figure 4-18) and press the ENT Key.

Figure 4-18 Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu

4-8

Figure 4-17 Delete All Flight Plans Window

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FLIGHT PLANS

4.2 ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN PAGE

The Active Flight Plan Page provides information and editing functions for ‘ﬂight plan 00’, the ﬂight plan currently in use for navigation. Once the pilot has activated a direct-to or ﬂight plan, the Active Flight Plan Page shows each waypoint for the ﬂight plan (or a single waypoint for a direct-to, Figure 4-19), along with the desired track (DTK) and distance (DIS) for each leg.

Figure 4-19 Active Flight Plan Page

Active Flight Plan Options

The options shown in Table 4-1 are available for the

Active Flight Plan Page.

Accessing the Active Flight Plan Menu Page:

1) Press the FPL Key to view the Active Flight Plan

Page.

2) Press the

Figure 4-20 Active Flight Plan Page Menu

MENU Key (Figure 4-20).

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FLIGHT PLANS

Menu Option Description

Activate Leg*

Activates/reactivates the ﬂight plan and selects the highlighted leg as the ‘active leg’ (the leg which is currently used for navigation guidance) Allows the pilot to transfer the active ﬂight plan between two 400/500-series Garmin units in a

Crossﬁll

dual unit installation (see Section 8.2, Flight Planning: Crossﬁll for additional information on this feature) Copies the active ﬂight plan to a ﬂight plan catalog location, as described previously in Section

Copy Flight Plan

4.1 The copy function is useful for duplicating the active ﬂight plan before making changes

Invert Flight Plan Reverses the active ﬂight plan (see Section 4.1, Activating Flight Plans and Inverting Flight Plans)

Allows the pilot to remove all waypoints from the selected ﬂight plan, as described previously in

Delete Flight Plan

Section 4.1 Deleting a ﬂight plan does not delete the waypoints contained in the ﬂight plan from the

database or user waypoint memory Allows the pilot to select a published instrument approach for the destination airport, or replace

Select Approach*

the current approach with a new selection (in many cases, it is convenient to select approaches using the PROC Key as described in Section 5.1) Allows the pilot to select a published standard terminal arrival route (STAR) for the destination

Select Arrival*

airport or replace the current arrival with a new selection (Section 5.1 for information on selecting arrivals using the PROC Key). Allows the pilot to select a published standard instrument departure (SID) for the departure airport or replace the current departure with a new selection (see Section 5.1 for information on

Select Departure*

selecting departures using the PROC Key) When using a direct-to, the GPS 400 uses the nearest airport as a reference when displaying

available departures Remove Approach* Deletes the currently selected approach from the active ﬂight plan Remove Arrival* Deletes the current STAR from the active ﬂight plan Remove Departure* Deletes the current SID from the active ﬂight plan

Calculates the bearing and closest distance that a ﬂight plan passes from a reference waypoint Closest Point of FPL*

May also be used to create a new user waypoint along the ﬂight plan at the location closest to

the reference waypoint

Change Fields*

Allows the pilot to select the desired data items to display on the Active Flight Plan Page, as

described in this section Restore Defaults* Returns the data items to factory defaults, as described in this section

Table 4-2 Active Flight Plan Page Menu Options

4-10

NOTE: A ‘*’ in Table 4-2 indicates a procedure for using the listed option follows in this section.

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FLIGHT PLANS

The data ﬁelds for DTK and DIS are user-selectable and may be changed to display cumulative distance (CUM) to each waypoint, estimated time of arrival (ETA), estimated time enroute (ETE), or enroute safe altitude (ESA).

Changing a data ﬁeld on the Active Flight Plan Page:

1) With the Active Flight Plan Page displayed,

press the MENU Key to display the Active Flight Plan Page Menu.

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Change Fields?’ (Figure 4-21) and press the ENT Key.

Figure 4-21 Active Flight Plan Page Menu

Restoring factory default settings for data ﬁelds on the Active Flight Plan Page:

1) With the Active Flight Plan Page displayed,

press the MENU Key to display the Active Flight Plan Page Menu.

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Restore Defaults?’ and press the ENT Key.

Activating a ﬂight plan along a speciﬁc leg:

1) Press the small right knob to activate the cursor and turn the large right knob to highlight the desired destination waypoint.

2) Press the

MENU Key, and select the ‘Activate

Leg?’ option from the Active Flight Plan Page Menu (Figure 4-23) and press the ENT Key.

3) Turn the large right knob to highlight the ﬁeld

to be changed.

4) Turn the small right knob to select the desired data item (Figure 4-22) and press the ENT Key.

Figure 4-22 Select Field Type Window

5) Press the small right knob to remove the cursor.

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 4-23 Active Flight Plan Page Menu

3) A confirmation window appears. With

‘Activate?’ highlighted, press the ENT Key.

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FLIGHT PLANS

Selecting an approach for a direct-to or ﬂight plan destination airport:

1) Choose the ‘Select Approach?’ option from the Active Flight Plan Page Menu (Figure 4-24) and press the ENT Key.

Figure 4-24 Active Flight Plan Page Menu

2) A window appears listing the available approaches (Figure 4-25) for the destination airport. Turn the small right knob to highlight the desired approach and press the ENT Key.

3) A second window appears listing available transitions (Figure 4-26) for the approach. Turn the small right knob to highlight the desired transition waypoint and press the ENT Key. The ‘Vectors’ option assumes the pilot will receive vectors to the ﬁnal course segment of the approach and will provide navigation guidance to intercept this ﬁnal course.

Figure 4-26 Transitions Window

4) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Load?’ or ‘Activate?’ and press the ENT Key. ‘Load?’ adds the approach to the ﬂight plan without immediately using the approach for navigation guidance. This allows the pilot to continue navigating the original ﬂight plan until cleared for the approach, but keeps the approach available for quick activation when needed.

4-12

Figure 4-25 Approach Window

5) For precision approaches, a reminder window appears indicating that GPS guidance on such approaches is strictly for monitoring only. To conﬁrm this reminder, highlight ‘Yes?’ and press the ENT Key.

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FLIGHT PLANS

Selecting an arrival for a direct-to or ﬂight plan destination airport:

1) Select the ‘Select Arrival?’ option from the Active Flight Plan Page Menu (Figure 4-27) and press the ENT Key.

Figure 4-27 Active Flight Plan Page Menu

2) A window appears listing the available arrivals (Figure 4-28) for the destination airport. Turn the small right knob to select the desired arrival and press the ENT Key.

3) A second window appears listing available transitions (Figure 4-29) for the arrival. Turn the small right knob to highlight the desired transition waypoint and press the

Figure 4-29 Transitions Window

ENT Key.

4) With ‘Load?’ highlighted, press the ENT Key.

Selecting a departure for the departure airport:

1) Select the ‘Select Departure?’ option from the Active Flight Plan Page Menu and press the ENT Key.

2) A window appears listing the available departures for the departure airport. Turn the small right knob to select the desired departure and press the ENT Key.

Figure 4-28 Arrivals Window

3) A second window appears listing available transitions for the departure. Turn the small right knob to highlight the desired transition waypoint and press the ENT Key.

4) With ‘Load?’ highlighted, press the

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

ENT Key.

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Removing an approach, arrival, or departure from the active ﬂight plan:

1) Select the ‘Remove Approach?’, ‘Remove Arrival?’, or ‘Remove Departure?’ option from the Active Flight Plan Page Menu (Figure 4-30) and press the ENT Key.

Figure 4-30 Active Flight Plan Page Menu

2) A confirmation window appears listing the procedure to be removed. With ‘Yes?’ highlighted, press the ENT Key.

Determining the closest point along the active ﬂight plan to a selected waypoint:

1) Select the ‘Closest Point of FPL?’ option from the Active Flight Plan Page Menu (Figure 4-31) and press the ENT Key.

2) A window appears with the reference waypoint

ﬁeld highlighted. Use the small and large right knobs to enter the identiﬁer of the reference waypoint and press the

ENT Key.

3) A confirmation window appears for the selected reference waypoint (Figure 4-32). Press the ENT Key to accept the waypoint.

Figure 4-32 Closest Point of Flight Plan Window

4) The GPS 400 displays the bearing (BRG) and distance (DIST) to the closest point along the ﬂight plan, from the selected reference waypoint. To create a user waypoint at this location and add it to the ﬂight plan, highlight ‘Load?’ and press the ENT Key. The name for the new user waypoint is derived from the identiﬁer of the reference waypoint.

4-14

Figure 4-31 Active Flight Plan Page Menu

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FLIGHT PLANS

Shortcuts

A number of shortcuts are available to save time when using the Active Flight Plan Page. These shortcuts speed the process of removing approaches, departures, and arrivals, and aid in selecting a speciﬁc ﬂight plan leg for navigation guidance.

On the preceding page, options to remove approaches, departures, and arrivals were introduced. This process may also be completed using the CLR Key, described as follows:

Removing an approach, departure, or arrival using the CLR Key:

1) With the Active Flight Plan Page displayed,

press the small right knob to activate the cursor.

2) Turn the large for the approach (Figure 4-33), departure, or arrival to be deleted. Titles appear in light blue directly above the procedure’s waypoints.

right knob to highlight the title

3) Press the CLR Key to display a conﬁrmation

window (Figure 4-34).

Figure 4-34 Remove Approach Window

4) With ‘Yes?’ highlighted, press the ENT Key to

remove the selected procedure.

This same process may also be used to remove

individual waypoints from the active ﬂight plan.

Removing a waypoint using the CLR Key:

1) With the Active Flight Plan Page displayed,

press the small right knob to activate the cursor.

Figure 4-33 Highlight Item To Be Deleted

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the

identifier for the waypoint to be deleted. Identiﬁers appear in green text.

3) Press the

CLR Key to display a conﬁrmation

window (Figure 4-35).

Figure 4-35 Remove Waypoint Window

4) With ‘Yes?’ highlighted, press the ENT Key to

remove the selected procedure.

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FLIGHT PLANS

The ‘Activate Leg?’ option is discussed previously in this section, which allows the pilot to specify which leg of the ﬂight plan is used for navigation guidance. A shortcut also exists for this operation, using the Direct-to Key.

Activating a speciﬁc leg of the active ﬂight plan:

1) Press the small right knob to activate the cursor and turn the large right knob to highlight the desired destination waypoint (Figure 4-36).

Figure 4-36 Destination Waypoint Highlighted

2) Press the Direct-to Key twice to display an ‘Activate Leg’ conﬁrmation window (Figure 4-37).

When using instrument procedures, this feature can be used not only to activate a speciﬁc point-to-point leg, but to also activate the procedure turn portion of an approach, follow a DME arc, or activate a holding pattern.

Any approach, departure, or arrival can be reviewed on the appropriate airport page in the Waypoint Page Group (Section 6.1).

Reviewing a procedure while viewing a ﬂight plan page:

1) With a ﬂight plan page displayed, press the

small right knob to activate the cursor.

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the

procedure header (Figure 4-38) and press the

ENT Key to select the WPT Page Group.

Figure 4-38 Procedure Header Highlighted

4-16

Figure 4-37 Activate Leg Window

3) With ‘Activate?’ highlighted, press the ENT

Key.

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5.1 APPROACHES, DEPARTURES, AND ARRIVALS

The GPS 400 allows the pilot to ﬂy non-precision and precision approaches to airports with published instrument approach procedures. All available approaches are stored on the Jeppesen NavData Card, and are automatically updated when the new card is inserted into the GPS 400. Subscription information for NavData cards is included in the GPS 400 package.

The Procedures Page (Figure 5-1) is displayed by pressing the PROC Key. The Procedures Page provides direct access to approaches, departures, and based upon the active ﬂight plan or direct-to destination. In either case, the departure and destination airports must have published procedures associated with them.

Selecting an approach, departure, or arrival:

1) Press the Page.

2) Turn the large Approach?’, ‘Select Departure?’, or ‘Select Arrival?’(Figure 5-1) and press the ENT Key.

PROC Key to display the Procedures

right knob to highlight ‘Select

arrivals,

3) A window appears listing the available

procedures (Figure 5-2). Turn the large right knob to highlight the desired procedure and press the ENT Key. (When a direct-to destination is selected, departures are offered for the nearest airport.)

Figure 5-2 Approach Window

4) A second window appears listing the available

transitions (Figure 5-3). Turn the large right knob to highlight the desired transition waypoint and press the ENT Key. The approach ‘Vectors’ option assumes the pilot will receive vectors to the ﬁnal course segment of the approach and will provide navigation guidance relative to the ﬁnal approach course.

Figure 5-1 Procedures Page

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 5-3 Transitions Window

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5) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Load?’ or ‘Activate?’ (approaches only) and press the ENT Key. ‘Load?’ adds the procedure to the ﬂight plan without immediately using it for navigation guidance. This allows the pilot to continue navigating the original ﬂight plan, but keeps the procedure available on the Active Flight Plan Page for quick activation when needed.

6) For precision approaches and some nonprecision approaches, a reminder window appears indicating that GPS guidance on such approaches is strictly for monitoring only. Use an external VOR/ILS receiver and CDI (or HSI) for primary navigation. To conﬁrm this reminder, highlight ‘Yes?’ and press the

ENT

Key.

Not all approaches in the database are approved for GPS use. When selecting an approach, a ‘GPS’ designation to the right of the procedure name (Figure 5-4) indicates the procedure can be ﬂown using the GPS receiver. Some procedures do not have this designation, meaning the GPS receiver may be used for supplemental navigation guidance only. ILS approaches, for example, must be ﬂown by tuning an external VLOC receiver to the proper frequency and coupling the VLOC receiver to the external CDI (or HSI).

Once an approach is selected, it may be activated for navigation from the Procedures Page. Activating the approach overrides the enroute portion of the active ﬂight plan, proceeding directly to the approach portion (for a full approach, directly to the initial approach ﬁx). Activating the approach also initiates automatic CDI scaling transition as the approach progresses.

Activating an approach:

1) Press the

PROC Key to display the Procedures

Page (Figure 5-5).

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Activate Approach?’ (Figure 5-5) and press the ENT Key.

Figure 5-5 Procedures Page

3) A conﬁrmation widow will appear (Figure 5-6). With ‘Yes?’ highlighted, press the ENT Key.

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Figure 5-4 ‘GPS’ Designations

Figure 5-6 Conﬁrmation Window

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Another Procedures Page option allows the pilot to activate the ﬁnal course segment of the approach. This option assumes the pilot will receive vectors to the ﬁnal approach ﬁx (FAF) and provides guidance to intercept the ﬁnal course, before reaching the FAF.

Activating the approach, with vectors to ﬁnal:

1) Press the

PROC Key to display the Procedures

Page.

2) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Activate

Vector-To-Final?’ (Figure 5-7) and press the

ENT Key.

Figure 5-7 Procedures Page

3) A conﬁrmation widow will appear (Figure 5-7).

With ‘Yes?’ highlighted, press the ENT Key.

5.2 NON-PRECISION APPROACH OPERATIONS

The GPS 400 provides non-precision approach guidance using its built-in GPS receiver. The GPS receiver can also be used as a supplemental aid for precision approaches, but external localizer and glideslope receivers must be used for primary approach course guidance.

Approaches designed speciﬁcally for GPS are often very simple and don’t require overﬂying a VOR or NDB. Many non-precision approaches have GPS overlays to let the pilot ﬂy an existing procedure (VOR, VOR/DME, NDB, RNAV, etc.) more accurately using GPS.

Many overlay approaches are complex (in comparison to GPS-only approaches). The GPS 400 displays and guides the pilot through each leg of the approach, automatically sequencing through each of these legs, up to the missed approach point (MAP). Approaches may be ﬂown ‘as published’ with the full transition using any published feeder route or initial approach ﬁx (IAF), or may be ﬂown with a vectors-to-ﬁnal transition.

NOTE: The following approach examples are

intended for instructional use only and are not to be used for navigation.

In many cases, it may be easiest to load the full approach while still some distance away, enroute to the destination airport. Later, if vectored to ﬁnal, use the steps above to select ‘Activate Vector-To-Final’—which makes the inbound course to the FAF waypoint active. Otherwise, activate the full approach using the ‘Activate Approach?’ option.

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‘Select’ and ‘Load’ the ap-

proach

Figure 5-8 Sample Approach

Select Destination

‘Activate’ the

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approach

4) Activate the full approach or vectors-to-ﬁnal, as appropriate. In some scenarios, it may be more convenient to immediately activate the approach and skip the load process outlined in the preceding step 3. The GPS 400 provides both options.

Approaches with Procedure Turns

The procedure turn portion of an approach is stored as one of the legs of the approach. For this reason, the GPS 400 requires no special operations from the pilot (other than ﬂying the procedure turn itself) beyond what is required for any other type of approach.



Lynchburg (VA) Regional

VOR or GPS Rwy 03







5-4

Approach operations on the GPS 400 typically begin with the same basic steps (refer to Figure 5-8 for the following steps):

1) Select the destination airport using the Directto Key, or as the last waypoint in the active

ﬂight plan.

2) Choose the ‘Select Approach?’ option from the Procedures Page (Section 5.1) or from the Active Flight Plan Page Menu (Section 4.2, Active Flight Plan Options).

3) Load the approach (often while enroute) in anticipation of its future use. This places the approach in the active ﬂight plan, but retains course guidance in the enroute section until the approach is ‘activated’.

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Figure 5-9 Sample Approach with Procedure Turn

This example uses the VOR Runway 03 approach for Lynchburg (Virginia) Regional Airport, KLYH, and assumes a departure from Frederick (Maryland) Municipal Airport, KFDK.

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The steps required to set up and ﬂy the approach are detailed below (refer to Figure 5-9 for the following steps):

1) Prior to departing KFDK, the destination (KLYH)

is selected using the Direct-to Key or by creating a ﬂight plan terminating at Lynchburg Regional.

2) While enroute to KLYH, view the ATIS frequency from the list on the NAV/COM Page (Section

2.6 and Figure 5-10). The ATIS frequency may be used to tune an external COM transceiver.

Figure 5-10 NAV/COM Page

3) Press the PROC Key (Figure 5-11) and select

the ‘VOR 03’ approach using the steps outlined in Section 5.1.

Figure 5-11 Procedures Page

4) From the Transitions Window (Figure 5-12), select LYH VOR (the IAF). Also, select ‘Load?’ to load, but not activate, the approach.

Figure 5-12 Approach and Transitions Windows

5) Press the PROC Key, select ‘Activate Approach?’ and press the ENT Key to activate the approach.

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Flying the Procedure Turn

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 

Figure 5-14 CDI Scale at 1.0 nm

2) Several miles prior to reaching the IAF (LYH), the pilot may wish to review the approach sequence. Press the FPL Key to display the Active Flight Plan Page. Press the small right knob, and then turn the large right knob to review each segment of the approach (Figure 5-15). When ﬁnished, press the FPL Key again to return to the previous page.

5-6

Figure 5-13 Sample Approach with Procedure Turn

Refer to Figure 5-13 for the following steps:

1) Within 30 nm of the destination airport, the GPS 400 switches from enroute to terminal mode (as indicated in the lower left corner of the screen). The switch to terminal mode is accompanied by a gradual Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) scale transition from 5.0 to 1.0 nm, full scale deﬂection (Figure 5-14).

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 5-15 Active Flight Plan Page

3) When approaching the IAF (LYH), a waypoint alert (‘NEXT DTK 205°’) appears in the lower right corner of the screen (Figure 5-16). As the distance (DIS) to the IAF approaches zero, the alert is replaced by a turn advisory (‘TURN TO 205°’). Dial the outbound course of 205° into the CDI (or HSI) using the OBS knob.

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Figure 5-16 Waypoint Alert

4) Fly the outbound course.

5) Approximately one minute after passing the FAF (LYH), the alert message ‘START PROC TRN’ appears in the lower right corner of the screen. Initiate the procedure turn at any time after receiving this alert message.

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Refer to Figure 5-17 for the following steps:

6) Course guidance is provided relative to the outbound leg from the FAF. No guidance through the procedure turn itself is given. The procedure turn is displayed on the Map Page and indicated as the active leg on the Default NAV Page and the Active Flight Plan Page. The CDI needle starts moving to the right.

7) When turning to intercept the inbound course, the GPS 400 sequences to the inbound leg to the FAF, the CDI needle swings to the opposite side to provide proper sensing along the ﬁnal course segment and ‘NEXT DTK 025°’ appears in the lower right corner of the screen (Figure 5-18).











Figure 5-17 Terminal Mode

Figure 5-18 Sequence to Inbound Leg

8) Turn to the ﬁnal approach course.

9) Within 2.0 nm of the FAF (LYH), the GPS 400 switches from terminal mode to approach mode. CDI scaling is tightened from 1.0 to

0.3 nm, full scale deﬂection.

10) When approaching the FAF, a waypoint alert (‘NEXT DTK 026°’) appears in the lower right corner. Make any course adjustments necessary for the ﬁnal course segment (FAF to MAP).

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11) After crossing the FAF, the destination sequences to the MAP (‘RW03’, the runway threshold, see Figure 5-19). Fly toward the MAP.

Figure 5-19 Sequence to MAP

NOTE: When viewing the Map Page, note that

the ﬁnal course segment is displayed in magenta (the active leg of the ﬂight plan always appears in magenta) and a dashed line extends the course beyond the MAP. The dashed line is provided for situational awareness only and should NOT be used for navigation. Follow the published missed approach procedures.

12) When approaching the MAP, a waypoint alert (‘APPRCHING WPT’) appears in the lower right corner.

Figure 5-20 ‘SUSP’ Annunciation

Flying the Missed Approach

After passing the MAP, if the runway is not in sight the pilot must execute a missed approach. The GPS 400 continues to give guidance along an extension of the ﬁnal course segment (FAF to MAP) until the pilot manually initiates the missed approach procedure (as mentioned previously in reference to the ‘SUSP’ advisory).



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5-8

13) After crossing the MAP, ‘SUSP’ appears above

the OBS Key (Figure 5-20), indicating that automatic sequencing of approach waypoints is suspended at the MAP. A ‘from’ indication is displayed on the CDI and Default NAV Page, but course guidance along the ﬁnal approach course continues. If a missed approach is required, use the OBS Key to initiate the missed approach sequence, as outlined, beginning on the following page.

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Figure 5-21 Sequence to MAP

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The OBS Key is used to initiate the missed approach,

as follows (refer to Figure 5-21 for the following steps):

1) Press the OBS Key. The missed approach

holding point (MAHP; in this case ‘SWARM’ intersection) is automatically offered as the destination waypoint (Figure 5-22).

Figure 5-22 Missed Approach Holding Point

NOTE: In some cases, an additional hold

waypoint is added to the missed approach sequence. This additional waypoint is used as an aid in establishing the holding pattern, especially where the MAP and MAHP are the same waypoint.

2) Follow the missed approach procedures, as published on the approach plate, for proper climb and heading instructions. The GPS 400 provides guidance to the holding pattern, along the 053° radial from LYH VOR.

3) An alert message in the lower right-hand corner of the screen recommends entry procedures for the holding pattern (i.e., ‘HOLD DIRECT’, ‘HOLD PARALLEL’, or ‘HOLD TEARDROP’, see Figure 5-23). When ﬂying the holding pattern, a timer appears on the Default NAV Page (Figure 5-24). The timer automatically resets on the outbound side of the hold when the aircraft is abeam the hold waypoint. The timer again resets as the aircraft turns inbound (within approximately

30° of the inbound course). This allows the pilot to use standard timing (typically one minute) to ﬂy the inbound and outbound legs of the hold.

Figure 5-23 ‘Hold Teardrop’ Annunciation

Figure 5-24 Hold Timer

4) The GPS 400 provides course guidance only on the inbound side of the holding pattern. When leaving the holding pattern to re-ﬂy the approach (or another approach) press the PROC Key to ‘Select Approach?’ or ‘Activate Approach?’ as previously described. Or, use the Direct-to Key to select another destination.

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Flying an Approach with a Hold

Starting where the previous example left off, assume weather conditions resulted in a missed approach at Lynchburg Regional. The pilot has decided to divert to Farmville Regional (KFVX) instead (refer to Figure 5-25 for the following steps).

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3) Press the ENT Key twice.

This time, the pilot selects the GPS runway 21 approach into Farmville Regional. The GPS runway 21 approach begins with a holding pattern at the IAF, BODRY intersection.

4) Press the PROC Key and select the ‘GPS 21’

approach. (Figure 5-27, also Section 5.1 for additional instructions.)

Figure 5-27 Approach Window

5) From the Transitions Window, select BODRY intersection as the IAF (Figure 5-28). Also, select ‘Activate?’ to load and activate the approach.

5-10

Figure 5-25 Approach with Hold

1) Press the Direct-to Key.

2) Use the small and large

right knobs to enter

the destination airport’s identifier (KFVX) (Figure 5-26).

Figure 5-26 Select Direct-To Waypoint Page

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Figure 5-28 TRANS ‘Transitions’ Window

6) Once the approach has been activated, the Active Flight Plan Page appears (Figure 5-29). The pilot may review the approach sequence by pressing the small right knob and turning the large right knob. Press the FPL Key to return to the navigation pages.

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Figure 5-29 Active Flight Plan Page

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holding pattern entry (Figure 5-31). (‘HOLD DIRECT’ or ‘HOLD PARALLEL’ may be offered on other similar approaches.)





Figure 5-30 Terminal Mode

Refer to Figure 5-30 for the following steps.

7) As in the last example, within 30 nm of the airport, the GPS 400 switches from enroute to terminal mode, and the CDI scale transitions from 5.0 to 1.0 nm, full scale deﬂection.

8) Just prior to crossing BODRY intersection, a ’HOLD TEARDROP’ alert appears in the lower right corner of the screen to suggest the proper





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Figure 5-31 ‘HOLD TEARDROP’ Annunciation

9) As mentioned in the missed approach example, the Default NAV Page displays a timer during the holding pattern (Figure 5-32). The timer can be used to ﬂy the one minute outbound portion of the holding pattern. (The holding pattern is displayed on the Map Page and indicated as the active leg on the Default NAV Page and the Active Flight Plan Page.)

Figure 5-32 Default NAV Page

10) When crossing the IAF, ‘SUSP’ appears above the OBS Key (Figure 5-32), indicating that automatic sequencing of approach waypoints is temporarily suspended. As the aircraft turns inbound, ‘SUSP’ is cancelled and the GPS 400 returns to automatic sequencing.

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NOTE: If the pilot needs to lose extra altitude or

speed by going around the holding pattern again, press the OBS Key to manually suspend waypoint sequencing before crossing the holding waypoint the second time. If this waypoint has already been passed, re-activate the holding pattern using the steps described in Section 5.2.

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Refer to Figure 5-33 for the following steps.

11) When approaching BODRY intersection, a waypoint alert (’APPRCHING WPT’) appears in the lower right corner of the screen (Figure 5-34).

Figure 5-34 Waypoint Alert

12) At 2.0 nm from the FAF (DEPOY intersection), the GPS 400 switches from terminal mode to approach mode. CDI scaling is tightened from

1.0 to 0.3 nm, full scale deﬂection.

5-12

Figure 5-33 Approach Mode

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13) When approaching the FAF, a waypoint alert (‘NEXT DTK 209°’) appears in the lower right corner (Figure 5-35). Make any course adjustments necessary for the ﬁnal course segment (FAF to MAP).

Figure 5-35 Final Approach

14) After crossing the FAF, the destination sequences to the MAP (‘RW21’, the runway threshold). With the needle centered, ﬂy toward the MAP, observing the altitude minimums dictated by the approach plate. When viewing the Map Page, note that the ﬁnal course segment is displayed in magenta, (the active leg of the ﬂight plan always appears in magenta) and a dashed line extends the course beyond the MAP. Do not follow this extended course. Instead, follow published missed approach procedures.

15) When approaching the MAP, a waypoint alert (‘APPRCHING WPT’) appears in the lower right corner.

16) After crossing the MAP, ‘SUSP’ appears above the OBS Key (Figure 5-36), indicating that automatic sequencing of approach waypoints is suspended at the MAP. A ‘from’ indication is displayed on the CDI and Default NAV Page, but course guidance along the ﬁnal approach course continues. If a missed approach is required, use the OBS Key to initiate the missed approach sequence, as outlined in this section.

Figure 5-36 Missed Approach

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Flying a DME Arc Approach

The GPS overlay for a DME arc approach uses additional Jeppesen-provided waypoints to deﬁne the arc. These waypoints are indicated by ‘D’ as the ﬁrst letter in the waypoint name. This is followed by three numbers which indicate the radial the waypoint lies on. The last letter indicates the radius of the arc.

Either of the following may be done to intercept the arc for a DME arc approach:

• Follow a speciﬁed radial inbound to intercept the IAF.

• Follow ATC vectors which allow the pilot to intercept the arc at any point along the arc.





This example is based upon a ﬂight from Hutchinson (Kansas) Municipal (KHUT) to Billard Municipal (KTOP) in Topeka, Kansas. The VOR/DME runway 22 approach is selected, along with ‘D258G’ as the IAF (refer to Figure 5-37 for the following steps).

1) Select Billard Municipal (KTOP) as the

destination, via the Direct-to Key or as the last waypoint in a ﬂight plan (Figure 5-38).

Figure 5-38 Select Waypoint Page

2) Press the PROC Key (Figure 5-39) and select

the ‘VOR 22’ approach (Figure 5-40) using the steps outlined in Section 5.1. From the Transitions Window, select ‘D258G’ as the IAF. Also, select ‘Load?’ (or ‘Activate?’, if already cleared for the approach).

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Figure 5-37 Enroute Mode

NOTE: As this manual was being written, the

letter/number DME arc names were being replaced with standard ﬁve-letter intersection names. Either naming convention may be used for an approach.

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Figure 5-39 Procedures Page

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Figure 5-40 Approach Window

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



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Billard Muni (Topeka, KS)

VOR or GPS Rwy 22

Figure 5-41 Terminal Mode

Refer to Figure 5-41 for the following steps.

3) Within 30 nm of KTOP, the GPS 400 switches from enroute mode to terminal mode and the CDI scale transitions from 5.0 to 1.0 nm, full scale deﬂection.

Figure 5-42 Procedures Page

5) When approaching the IAF (D258G), a waypoint alert (‘NEXT DTK 353°’) appears in the lower right corner of the screen (Figure 5-43). As the distance (DIS) to the IAF approaches zero, the alert is replaced by a turn advisory (‘TURN TO 353°’).

Figure 5-43 Waypoint Alert

6) Follow the arc; when the course select setting and desired track differ by more than 10°, a ‘Set course to ###°’ message appears on the Message Page.

4) If the approach has not yet been activated (in step 2), do so when cleared for the approach (Figure 5-42).

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7) The next point in the approach is an intermediate ﬁx, labeled ‘D025G’. When approaching this intermediate ﬁx, a waypoint alert (‘NEXT DTK 205°’) appears in the lower right corner of the screen (Figure 5-44). As the distance to this ﬁx approaches zero, the alert is replaced by a turn advisory (‘TURN TO 205°’). Dial this course into the CDI (or HSI) using the OBS knob.

Figure 5-44 Intermediate Approach Fix

8) At 2.0 nm from the FAF (TOP VOR), the GPS 400 switches from terminal mode to approach mode. CDI scaling is tightened from 1.0 to 0.3 nm, full scale deﬂection.

Refer to Figure 5-45 for the following steps.

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



Figure 5-45 Approach Mode

9) When approaching the FAF , ‘NEXT DTK 214°’ appears in the lower right corner of the screen (Figure 5-46). Select this course on the CDI (or HSI) using the OBS knob.

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Figure 5-46 Final Approach Fix

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10) After crossing the FAF, the destination sequences to the MAP (‘RW22’, the runway threshold). With the needle centered, fly toward the MAP, observing the altitude minimums dictated by the approach plate. When viewing the Map Page, note that the ﬁnal course segment is displayed in magenta (the active leg of the ﬂight plan always appears in magenta) and a dashed line extends the course beyond the MAP (Figure 5-47).

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Figure 5-48 ‘SUSP’ Annunciation

Vectors to Final

Take a second look at the ‘VOR 22’ approach into Billard Municipal. Instead of following the DME arc, ATC tells the pilot to expect vectors onto the ﬁnal approach course. There are several ways to select ‘vectors to ﬁnal’ with the GPS 400. The ﬁrst two options below normally require the least workload to accomplish:

Figure 5-47 Final Course Segment

11) When approaching the MAP, a waypoint alert (‘APPRCHING WPT’) appears in the lower right corner.

12) After crossing the MAP, ‘SUSP’ appears above the OBS Key (Figure 5-48), indicating that automatic sequencing of approach waypoints is suspended at the MAP. A ‘from’ indication is displayed on the CDI and Default NAV Page, but course guidance along the ﬁnal approach course continues. Do not follow this extended course. Follow published missed approach procedures using the

OBS Key to initiate the

missed approach sequence, as outlined in ‘Flying the Missed Approach’ in this section.

• When the approach is ﬁrst selected, choose ‘VECTORS’ from the Transitions Window.

• Load a full approach (including the IAF from the Transitions Window) as described in Section 5.1. When cleared, press the

PROC Key and select

‘Activate Vectors-To-Final?’.

• Load the full approach as described in Section

5.1. Use the Direct-to Key (by pressing it twice) from the Active Flight Plan Page to select the desired leg of the approach.

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Selecting ‘VECTORS’ from the Transitions Window:

1) Select Billard Municipal (KTOP) as the

destination, using the Direct-to Key, or as the last waypoint in a ﬂight plan.

2) Press the

PROC Key and select the ‘VOR 22’

approach using the steps outlined in Section

5.1.

3) From the Transitions Window, select ‘VECTORS’ (Figure 5-49).

Figure 5-49 Transitions Window

4) Select ‘Load?’ (or ‘Activate?’, if already cleared for the approach).

Activating vectors-to-ﬁnal from the Procedures Page:

1) Select Billard Municipal (KTOP) as the destination, using the Direct-to Key or as the last waypoint in a ﬂight plan.

2) Press the

PROC Key and select the ‘VOR 22’

approach using the steps outlined in Section

5.1.

3) From the Transitions Window, select ‘D258G’ as the IAF (Figure 5-50). Also, select ‘Load?’.

Figure 5-50 Transitions Window

4) When cleared, press the PROC Key and select ‘Activate Vector-To-Final?’ (Figure 5-51).

Figure 5-51 Procedures Page

Flying the Vectors Approach

With ‘vectors to ﬁnal’ selected, the CDI needle remains off center until the aircraft is established on the ﬁnal approach course. With the approach activated, the Map Page displays an extension of the ﬁnal approach course in magenta (magenta is used to depict the active leg of the ﬂight plan) and ‘VTF’ appears as part of the active leg on the Default NAV Page (as a reminder that the approach was activated with vectors-to-ﬁnal).

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Figure 5-52 Terminal Mode

In this example, we’ll assume ATC vectors result in a rectangular course to intercept ﬁnal, as follows (refer to Figure 5-52 for the following steps):

1) Within 30 nm of KTOP, the GPS 400 switches from enroute mode to terminal mode and the CDI scale transitions from 5.0 to 1.0 nm, full scale deﬂection.

2) If the approach has not already been activated, activate the approach (with vectors-to-ﬁnal). This allows the GPS 400 to provide guidance to the ﬁnal approach course.

Figure 5-53 Heading of 025°

4) ATC instructs the pilot to turn right to a heading of 115° (Figure 5-54).

Figure 5-54 Heading of 115°

5) ATC instructs the pilot to turn right to a heading of 175° to intercept the ﬁnal approach course. When converging with the ﬁnal approach course the needle moves toward the center. (In Figure 5-55, the needle has not yet returned to the on-screen CDI, since the current position is still

1.7 nm right of the ﬁnal approach course.)

3) ATC instructs the pilot to turn left to a heading of 025°. This places the aircraft parallel to the ﬁnal approach course in the opposite direction (Figure 5-53). CDI needle deﬂection is to the left.

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Figure 5-55 CDI Off Scale

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



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

Figure 5-56 Approach Mode

Refer to Figure 5-56 for the following steps.

6) At 2.0 nm from the FAF (TOP VOR), the GPS 400 switches from terminal mode to approach mode (Figure 5-57). CDI scaling is tightened from 1.0 to 0.3 nm, full scale deﬂection.

Figure 5-57 Approach Mode

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Figure 5-58 Waypoint Alert

8) After crossing the FAF, the destination sequences to the MAP (‘RW22’).

9) When approaching the MAP, a waypoint alert (‘APPRCHING WPT’) appears in the lower right corner.

10) After crossing the MAP, ‘SUSP’ appears above the OBS Key (Figure 5-59), indicating that automatic sequencing of approach waypoints is suspended at the MAP. A ‘from’ indication is displayed on the CDI and Default NAV Page, but course guidance along the ﬁnal approach course continues. Do not follow this extended course. Follow published missed approach procedures using the missed approach sequence, as outlined in this section.

OBS Key to initiate the

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7) When approaching the FAF, a waypoint alert (‘NEXT DTK 214°’) appears in the lower right corner (Figure 5-58).

Figure 5-59 Final Approach

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Course From Fix Flight Plan Legs

Certain approach, departure, and arrival procedures in the Jeppesen database contain course from ﬁx ﬂight plan legs. The GPS 400 is able to load these legs into the ﬂight plan along with the rest of the procedure data, and provide navigation along these legs.

There are three different types of course from ﬁx legs:

• Course from ﬁx to distance, or Course from ﬁx to DME distance

• Course from ﬁx to altitude

• Course from ﬁx to

Course from ﬁx to distance legs appear in the ﬂight plan like normal waypoints, but the destination name always begins with a ‘D’, followed by a distance in nm from the waypoint ﬁx (Figure 5-60).

manual sequence

Palmdale (CA) AF Plant 42

VOR/DME or GPS Rwy 25







Figure 5-61 KPMD Approach







DO NOT USE FOR NAVIGATION







This example uses the VOR/DME RWY 25 approach into Palmdale, California, (KPMD) and includes a teardrop course reversal (refer to Figure 5-61 for the following steps).

1) At the initial approach ﬁx (PMD), a waypoint alert (‘NEXT DTK 070°’) appears in the lower right corner of the screen. As the distance to the IAF approaches zero, the alert is replaced by a turn advisory (‘TURN TO 070°’). Dial the outbound course into the CDI (or HSI) using the OBS knob.

Figure 5-60 Active Flight Plan Page

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

2) Fly the ‘course from ﬁx to distance’ leg, as shown on the Active Flight Plan Page and the Default NAV Page (Figures 5-62 and 5-62). Note the magenta line in Figure 5-63, which represents the currently active leg of the approach. The distance (DIS) displayed is TO the ‘D13.0’ point. The ﬂight plan automatically sequences to the next leg upon reaching ‘D13.0’.

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Figure 5-62 Default NAV Page

Figure 5-63 Map Page

8) When approaching the MAP, a waypoint alert (‘APPRCHING WPT’) appears in the lower right corner of the screen.

9) After crossing the MAP, ‘SUSP’ appears above the

OBS Key, indicating that automatic

sequencing of approach waypoints is suspended at the MAP. If a missed approach is required, use the OBS Key to initiate the missed approach sequence, as outlined below.

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3) At 13.0 nm from the FAF, a waypoint alert (‘NEXT DTK 265°’) appears in the lower right corner of the screen. Turn to intercept the ﬁnal approach course and watch for the CDI needle to begin to center.

4) When approaching the intermediate ﬁx (CF25), a waypoint alert (‘NEXT DTK 265°’) appears.

5) Within 2.0 nm of the FAF (THERO), the GPS 400 switches from terminal mode to approach mode. ‘APR’ appears in the lower left corner of the screen—replacing ‘TERM’. CDI scaling is tightened from 1.0 to 0.3 nm, full scale deﬂection.

6) When approaching the FAF, ‘NEXT DTK 265°’ appears in the lower right corner of the screen.

7) After crossing the FAF, the destination sequences to the MAP (MA25).

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Course from ﬁx to altitude legs show the speciﬁc target altitude on the Active Flight Plan Page (Figure 5-64) and the Default NAV Page (Figure 5-65). The missed approach sequence for the Palmdale VOR/DME RWY 25 approach includes a course from ﬁx to altitude leg.

Figure 5-64 Acitve Flight Plan Page

Figure 5-65 Default NAV Page

MISSED APPROACH:



Palmdale (CA) AF Plant 42

VOR/DME or GPS Rwy 25







DO NOT USE FOR NAVIGATION

MISSED APPROACH

Climb to 5000’

outbound via PMD VOR

R-282, then climbing

RIGHT turn to 7000’ direct

PMD VOR and

hold.

Figure 5-66 Palmdale Missed Approach

In this instance, the leg corresponds to the initial phase of the missed approach, which reads ‘Climb to 5000’ outbound via PMD VOR R-282’. Refer to Figure 5-66 for the following steps.

1) After crossing the MAP, press the OBS Key.

The missed approach sequence is automatically offered, starting with the course from ﬁx to altitude leg. The ‘NEXT DTK 282°’ alert appears in the lower right corner of the screen.

2) Note that within a few seconds of pressing the

OBS Key to release suspend mode and start the approach sequence, ‘SUSP’ re-appears above the OBS Key as the GPS 400 returns to suspend mode. This is normal when ﬂying a course from ﬁx to altitude leg and indicates that automatic leg sequencing is suspended.

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3) Fly the outbound course. The Map Page depicts the ﬂight path extending indeﬁnitely from PMD VOR (Figure 5-67). The distance (DIS) on the Default NAV Page, the Map Page, and the Active Flight Plan Page increases, indicating the distance back to PMD VOR.

Figure 5-67 Map Page

4) Upon reaching the desired altitude (5000’), press the OBS Key to return to automatic leg sequencing. Conﬁrm that ‘SUSP’ no longer appears directly above the OBS Key.

5) An alert (‘NEXT DTK 126°’) appears, providing guidance to the inbound course (Figure 5-68) The actual

desired track (DTK) depends on the ground speed and distance from PMD VOR. Intercept and ﬂy the inbound course.

6) When approaching PMD VOR (the missed approach holding point), an alert message in the lower right-hand corner of the screen recommends the holding pattern entry procedure (‘HOLD PARALLEL’). When ﬂying the holding pattern, a timer appears on the Default NAV Page. The timer automatically resets on each outbound and inbound portion of the holding pattern.

7) Note that the GPS 400 again displays ‘

SUSP’

above the OBS Key. Automatic waypoint sequencing is suspended at the missed approach holding point. A waypoint alert (‘APPRCHING WPT’) appears in the lower right corner of the screen each time the aircraft approaches PMD VOR in the holding pattern.

8) When leaving the holding pattern, press the PROC Key to reactivate the approach, or select a different approach, or press the Direct-to Key to select another destination.

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Figure 5-68 Waypoint Alert

GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference

Garmin GPS 400 PILOT GUIDE

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 ACCESSORIES AND PACKING LIST

1.2 KEY AND KNOB FUNCTIONS

1.3 TAKEOFF TOUR

SECTION 2: NAV PAGES

2.1 MAIN PAGE GROUPS

2.2 NAV PAGE GROUP

2.3 DEFAULT NAV PAGE

2.4 MAP PAGE

2.5 TERRAIN PAGE

2.6 NAV/COM PAGE

2.7 POSITION PAGE

2.8 SATELLITE STATUS PAGE

2.9 VERTICAL NAVIGATION PAGE

3.1 OVERVIEW

SECTION 4: FLIGHT PLANS

4.1 FLIGHT PLAN CATALOG PAGE

4.2 ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN PAGE

SECTION 5: PROCEDURES

5.1 APPROACHES, DEPARTURES, AND ARRIVALS

5.2 NON-PRECISION APPROACH OPERATIONS