Fortinet 2417T112 User Manual

FortiAP 221E, 223E

QuickStart Guide

7/5/2018

Copyright© 2018 Fortinet, Inc. All rights reserved. Fortinet®, FortiGate®,

FortiCare® and FortiGuard®, andcertain other marks are registered trademarks of Fortinet,

Inc.,in the U.S. and other jurisdictions, and other Fortinet names herein may also be

registered and/or common law trademarks of Fortinet. All other product or company names

may be trademarks of their r espective owners. Performance and other metrics contained

herein w ere attained in i nternal lab tests under i deal conditions,and actual performance and

other r esults may vary. N etwork variables, different network environments and other

conditions may affect performancer esults. Nothing herein represents any binding

commitment by Fortinet, and Fortinet disclaims all warranties, whether express or i mplied,

except to the extentFortinet enters a binding wr itten contract, signedby Fortinet’s General

Counsel, wi th a purchaser that expressly warrants that the identified product wi ll perform

according to certain expressly-identified performance metrics and, in such event, only the

specific performance m etrics expressly identified in such binding wri ttencontract shall be

binding on Fortinet. For absoluteclarity, any such warranty wil l be lim ited to performance in

thesame ideal conditions as in Fortinet’s internal l ab tests. In no event does Fortinet make

any commitment r elated to future deliverables, features, or development, and circumstances

may change such that any forward-lookingstatements herein are notaccurate. Fortinet

disclaims in full any covenants, representations,andguarantees pursuant hereto, whether

express or implied. Fortinet reserves the ri ght to change, modify, transfer, or otherwise

revise this publication without notice, andthem ost current version of thepublication shall be

applicable.

5 GHz

2.4 GHz

X2 2.4 GHz
X2 5 GHz
(Model 223E)

Box Includes

or

FortiAP device QuickStart

Guide

Wall Mounting Hardware Antennae

3

Before YouBegin

Write down details typically provided by your network administrator or ISP.

Static IPaddress

IPaddress ___________________

Subnet Mask ___________________

Default Gateway ___________________

Primary/Secondary DNS ___________________

DHCP

It is normal to not require a hostname, but your ISP might require it.

Hostname ___________________

QuickStart Guide Video

https://video.fortinet.com/video/177/

fortigate-and-fortiap

4

FortiAP 221E - Device Front

Off: 5G Wireless disabled/off

Green: 5G wireless radio

enabled

Green Blinking: Transmitting

or receiving data

Off: 2.4G wireless disabled/off

Green: 2.4G wireless radio

enabled

Green Blinking: Transmitting

or receiving data

LED1: 5G WiFi Status

LED2: 2.4G WiFi Status

Off: Ethe

rnet link administratively disabled/off

Green: Ethernet link is active
Green Blinking: Transmitting or receiving data

STRAP MODE:

Off: No authentication (default)

Green: Enable authentication (option)

LED3: Ethe

rnet port

LED5: Power

Off: Bluetooth disabled/off

Green: Bluetooth enabled/on
Green Blinking: Transmitting or receiving data

LED4: Bluetooth status

Off: No Power

Green: Power on and

ready for operation

Green Blinking: Device

booting or upgrading

5

FortiAP 223E - Device Front

Off: 5G Wireless disabled/off

Green: 5G wireless radio

enabled

Green Blinking: Transmitting

or receiving data

Off: No Power

Green: Power on and

ready for operation

Green Blinking: Device

booting or upgrading

Off: Bluetooth disabled/off

Green: Bluetooth enabled/on
Green Blinking: Transmitting or

receiving data

LED5: Power

LED4: Bluetooth status

LED3: Ethernet port

LED1: 5G WiFi status

LED2: 2.4G WiFi status

Off: Ethe

rnet link administratively disabled/off

Green: Ethernet link is active
Green Blinking: Transmitting or receiving data

STRAP MODE:

Off: No authentication (default)

Green: Enable authentication (option)

Off: 2.4G wireless disabled/off

Green: 2.4G wireless radio

enabled

Green Blinking: Transmitting

or receiving data

6

FortiAP 221E - Device Rear

LAN/PoE

Power connection
for optional power
adapter.
12V DC,
center positive.

LAN/PoE

Power connection
for optional power
adapter.
12V DC,
center positive.

2.4 GHz

Antenna

5.0 GHz

Antenna

2.4 GHz
Antenna

5.0 GHz
Antenna

FortiAP 223E - Device Rear

7

Installation

8

The unit can be mounted on a wall or ceiling using the mounting hardware
provided.

The electrical wall box must be pre-installed.

9

 Basic Connection

WAN/POE

Network Core/FortiGate

Connect the FortiAP device to a FortiGate controller or an Internet connection.

Ensure that the Power over Ethernet (PoE) cable is connected to an
applicable port on your FortiGate device or PoE injector.

Caution: Adequate grounding must be provided to the FortiAP unit and

the PoE injector, in compliance with your local electrical code or
regulations.

Warning: This device complies with IEEE 802.3af PoE specification. Do

not use any PoE injectors that are not IEEE 802.3af compliant as they
may damage your device.

10

FortiAPSetup

Deployment through a FortiGate

Ensure that you are running the Fortinet recommended version of
software. Please check support.fortinet.com for more information.

If FortiGate is on the same network as the FortiAP:

1. Use FortiGate to preauthorize the FortiAP device.

2. Refer to the “Access Point Deployment” section of the FortiWiFiand

FortiAP Configuration Guide found at http://forti.net/ap-docs.

3. Plug the FortiAP into your local Ethernet connection. The FortiAP will self­configure.

Or

1. Instead of preauthorizing, you can use the FortiGate to authorize the
FortiAP device after you have connected the FortiAP to the network.

2. Within two minutes of connecting the FortiAP to the FortiGate, the device
appears on the Managed FortiAP page in the Web-based Manager:
authorize and assign a profile to the device.

11

If FortiGate is not on the same network as the FortiAP:

1. Log into FortiAP directly (IP address: 192.168.1.2) with username admin
and no password, and specify the IP address of the controlling FortiGate.

2. Connect to FortiAP via the CLI using the instructions in the “Connecting to
FortiAP CLI” section of the FortiWiFi and FortiAPConfiguration guide.

3. Specify the IP address of the controlling FortiGate:

cfg -a AC_IPADDR_1=0.0.0.0
cfg -c

where 0.0.0.0 is the address of the FortiGate.

4. The FortiAP device connects to FortiGate, and then you can authorize the
FortiAP.

12

Cautions and Warnings

Environmental specifications

Ambient operating temperature: 0°C–40°C

Refer to specific Product Model Data Sheet for EnvironmentalSpecifications (Operating Temperature,
Storage Temperature, Humidity, and Altitude).

Référez à la Fiche Technique de ce produit pour les caractéristiques environnementales (Température
de fonctionnement, température de stockage, humidité et l'altitude).

Safety

Battery – Risk of explosionif the battery is replaced by an incorrect type. Do not dispose of batteries in a
fire. They may explode. Dispose of used batteries according to your local regulations. IMPORTANT:
Switzerland: Annex 4.10 of SR814.013 applies to batteries.

Batterie – Risque d'explosion si la batterie est remplacée par un type incorrect. Ne jetez pas les batteries
au feu. Ils peuvent exploser. Jetez les piles usagées conformément aux réglementations locales.
IMPORTANT: Suisse: l'annexe 4.10 de SR814.013 s’appliquent aux batteries.

警告

本電 池如果 更換不 正確會 有爆炸 的危 險

請依 製造商 說明書 處理用 過之電 池

Caution: This equipment is to be used in a Network Environment 0 per IECTR 62101. This product is
connected only to PoE networks without routing to the outside plant.

Attention: Ce matériel doit être utilisé dans un Environnement Réseau 0 par IECTR 62101. Ce produit
est uniquement connecté aux réseaux PoE sans installation externe de routage.

This product is intended to be supplied by a Listed Direct Plug-In Power Unit marked LPS or Class 2 and
rated 12 Vdc, 2A or by 54 Vdc from PoE source.

Le produit doit être alimenté par un bloc d'alimentation à courant continu homologué UL de 12 Vdc, 2A
nominalmarqué LPS ou Class 2 ou par une source d’alimentation par Ethernet de 54 Vdc (PoE).

13

Regulatory Notices

Federal Communication Commission (FCC) – USA

This device complies with Part 15 of FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the followingtwo conditions:

(1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and
(2) this device must accept any interference received; includinginterference that may cause undesired
operation.

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device,
pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designedto provide reasonable protection
against harmful interference in residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate
radiofrequency energy, and if it is not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, it
may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that
interference will not occur in a particular installation.

If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be
determinedby turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouragedto try to correct the interference
by one or more of the following measures:

Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is
connected.
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

WARNING: Any changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible
for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment

This equipment complies with FCC radiationexposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment.
This equipment shouldbe installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm between the radiator and
your body. This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or
transmitter.

Caution: Operationof this device is restricted to indoor use only.

For operationwithin 5.15– 5.25 GHz frequency range, it is restricted to indoor environment.

This device meets all the other requirements specified in Part 15E, Section 15.407 of the FCC Rules.

14

Industry Canada Equipment Standard for Digital Equipment (ICES) –
Canada

This Class B digital apparatus complies with CanadianICES-003.

Cet appareilnumériquede la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.

Innovation, Science and Economic Development (ISED) – Canada

This device contains licence-exempt transmitter(s)/receiver(s) that comply with Innovation, Science
and Economic Development Canada’s licence-exempt RSS(s). Operation is subject to the following two
conditions:

1. This device may not cause interference.

2. This device must accept any interference, includinginterference that may cause
undesiredoperation of the device.

L’émetteur/récepteur exempt de licence contenu dans le présent appareil est conforme aux CNR
d’Innovation, Sciences et Développement économiqueCanada applicables aux appareils radio exempts
de licence. L’exploitation est autorisée aux deux conditions suivantes:

1. L’appareil ne doit pas produirede brouillage;

2. L’appareil doit accepter tout brouillage radioélectrique subi, même si le brouillage est
susceptible d’en compromettre le fonctionnement.

For product availablein the USA/Canadamarket, only channel1–11 can be operated. Selection of other
channels is not possible.

Pour les produits disponibles aux États-Unis/Canadadu marché, seul le canal 1 à 11 peuvent être
exploités. Sélection d'autres canaux n'est pas possible.

This equipment complies with ISED radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment.
This equipment shouldbe installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm between the radiator &
your body.

Cet équipement est conforme aux limites d'exposition aux rayonnements ISED établies pour un
environnement non contrôlé. Cet équipement doit être installéet utilisé avec un minimum de 20cm de
distance entre la source de rayonnement et votre corps.

15

The maximum antenna gain permitted for devices in the band 5725-5850 MHz shall be such that the
equipment still complies with the e.i.r.p. limits specified for point-to-point and non-point-to-point
operationas appropriate.

Le gain maximal d’antennepermis (pourles dispositifs utilisant la bande5725-5850 MHz) doit se
conformer à la limite de p.i.r.e. spécifiée pour l’exploitation point à point et non point à point, selonle cas.

Caution: The device for the band 5150-5250MHz is only for indoor usage to reduce potential for harmful
interference to co-channelmobile satellite systems.

Attention: Le dispositif de la bande5150-5250 MHz est réservé à un usage intérieurafin de réduire
l'interférence nuisible potentielle aux systèmes mobiles par satellite co-canal.

This device has been designed to operate with an antenna having a maximum gain of 3.89 dBi for 2.4
GHz and 5.55 dBi for 5 GHz. Antenna having a higher gain is strictly prohibited per regulations of ISED.
The required antenna impedance is 50 ohms.

Under ISED regulations, this radiotransmitter may only operate using an antenna of a type and
maximum (or lesser) gain approved for the transmitter by ISED. To reduce potential radio interference to
other users, the antenna type and its gain should be so chosen that the equivalent isotopically radiated
power (e.i.r.p.) is not more than that necessary for successful communication.

Ce dispositif a été conçu pour fonctionner avec une antenne ayant un gain maximal de 3.89 dBi pour2,4
GHz et 5.55 dBi pour 5 GHz. Une antenne ayant un gain supérieursont strictement interdites par la
réglementation d'ISED. L'impédance d'antenne requise est de 50 ohms.

Conformément à la réglementation d'ISED, cet émetteur radio peut fonctionnerseulement avec une
antenne d’un type et d'un gain maximal (ou inférieur) approuvé pour l'émetteur par ISED. Dans le but de
réduire les risques de brouillage radioélectrique aux autres utilisateurs, il faut choisir le type d'antenne et
son gainde sorte que la puissance isotrope rayonnéeéquivalente (p.i.r.e.) ne dépasse pas l'intensité
nécessaire à l'établissement d'une communication réussie.

This radio transmitter (IC: 7280B-2507T121) has been approved by ISED to operate with the antenna
types listed below with the maximum permissible gain and requiredantenna impedance for each
antenna type indicated. Antenna types not included in this list, having a gaingreater than the maximum
gain indicated for that type, are strictly prohibited for use with this device.

Le présent émetteur radio (IC: 7280B-2507T121) a été approuvé par ISED pour fonctionner avec les
types d'antenne énumérés ci-dessous et ayant un gain admissible maximal et l'impédance requise pour

16

chaque type d'antenne. Les types d'antenne non inclus dans cette liste, ou dont le gain est supérieurau
gain maximal indiqué, sont strictement interdits pour l'exploitation de l'émetteur.

This device and it's antennas(s) must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other
antenna or transmitter except in accordance with IC multi-transmitter product procedures.

Cet appareilet son antenne (s) ne doit pas être co-localisés ou fonctionnement en association avec une
autre antenne ou transmetteur.

Gain (dBi)

Qty Antenna Type Connector

2.4GHz 5 GHz

Internal AntennaM odel

2 PIFA IPEX 3.89 -

2 PIFA IPEX - 5.55

External Antenna Model

2 Dipole

2 Dipole

1 Chip IPEX 2.93 -

RP SMA

Plug

RP SMA

Plug

2.0 -

- 3.0

Bluetooth

17

European Conformity (CE) - EU

This is a Class B product. In a domestic environment, this product may cause radio interference, in
which case the user may be requiredto take adequate measures.

The product transmits within the frequency ranges and less than or equalto the power listed below:

2412-2472MHz less than 20dBm
5180-5240MHz less than 23dBm
5260-5320MHz less than 23dBm *
5500-5700MHz less than 30dBm *

Note: * Only with DFS bands certification.

This equipment shouldbe installed and operated with minimum distance 32cm between the radiator and
your body.

Simplified EU Declaration of Conformity
This declaration is only valid for Fortinet products (including, combinations of software, firmware and
hardware) providedby Fortinet or Fortinet’s authorized partners to the end customer directly for use
within the EU or countries t hat have implemented the EU Directives and/or spectrum regulation. Any
Fortinet products not obtained directly from Fortinet or Fortinet’s authorized partners may not comply
with EU Directives and Fortinet makes no assurances for such products.

Български
Този продукт е в съответствие с Директива2014/53/ЕС.

Česky
Tento produkt je v souladu se směrnicí 2014/53/EU.

Dansk
Dette produkt er i overensstemmelse med direktiv 2014/53/EU.

Deutsch
Dieses Produkt entspricht der Richtlinie2014/53/EU.

Eesti
See toode vastab direktiivile 2014/53/EL.

18

English
This product is in compliance with Directive 2014/53/EU.

Español
Este producto cumple con la Directiva 2014/53/UE.

Ελληνική
Το προϊόν αυτό συμμορφώνεται με την Οδηγία 2014/53/ΕΕ.

Français
Ce produit est conforme à la Directive 2014/53/UE.

Hrvatski
Ovaj proizvod je u skladu s Direktivom 2014/53/EU.

Italiano
Questo prodotto è conforme alla Direttiva 2014/53/EU.

Latviski
Questo prodotto è conforme alla Direttiva 2014/53/EU.

Lietuvių
Šis gaminys atitinka direktyvą 2014/53/ES.

Malti
Dan il-prodott huwa konformi mad-Direttiva 2014/53/UE.

Magyar
Ez a termék megfelel a 2014/53/EU irányelvnek.

Nederlands
Dit product is in overeenstemming met Richtlijn 2014/53/EU.

Norsk
Dette produktet er i samsvar med direktiv 2014/53/EU.

Polski
Ten produkt jest zgodny z dyrektywą 2014/53/UE.

Português
Este produto está em conformidade com a Diretiva 2014/53/UE.

19

Rumunski
Acest produs este în conformitate cu Directiva 2014/53/UE.

Slovensky
Tento produkt je v súlade so smernicou 2014/53/EÚ.

Slovensko
Ta izdelek je v skladu z Direktivo 2014/53/EU.

Suomi
Tämä tuote on direktiivin 2014/53/EU mukainen.

Svenska
Denna produkt överensstämmer med direktiv 2014/53/EU.

Note: The full declaration of conformity for this product is available at the link below:

https://site.fortinet.com/ProductRegulatory/EU

The device is restricted to indoor use only when operating in the 5150 to 5350 MHz frequency range in
the following countries:

AT BE BG HR CY CZ DK

EE FI FR DE EL HU IE

IT LV LT LU MT NL PL

PT RO SK SI ES SE UK

Voluntary Control Council for Interference (VCCI) – Japan

この装置 は、クラスＢ機 器 です。この装 置は、住宅環境 で使用 することを目的 としていますが、この装置 がラ

ジオやテレビジョン受信 機に近接して使用されると、受 信障 害を引き起こすことがあります。

取扱 説明書 に従って正しい取り扱 いをして下さい。

20

National Telecommunications Commission (NCC) – Taiwan

低功 率電波 輻射性 電機管 理辦法

第十 二條 經 型式認 證合格 之低功 率射 頻 電機 ，非 經許 可 ，公司 、商 號或 使 用者 均 不得 擅 自變 更 頻

率、加 大功率 或變更 原設計 之特性 及功能 。

第十 四條 低 功率射 頻電機 之使用 不得 影 響飛 航 安全 及 干擾 合法通 信；經發現 有干擾 現象時 ，應立

即停 用，並改 善至無 干擾時 方得繼 續使用 。

前項 合法通 信，指依 電信法 規定作 業之無 線電 通 信。

低功 率射頻 電機須 忍受合 法通信 或工 業 、科學 及 醫療 用 電波 輻 射性 電 機設 備之干 擾。

使用 此產品時應避 免影響 附近雷 達系 統 之操 作 。

電磁 波曝露 量MPE標準值1mW/cm2，本 產品使 用時建 議應距 離人體 20cm

21

Fortinet Product License Agreement / EULA and Warranty Terms

Trademarks and Copyright Statement

Fortin et®, Forti Gate®, and FortiGua rd® are regi stered t radem arks of Fo rtine t, Inc., a nd ot her Forti net n ame s m ay also b e trade marks,
registe red or oth erwise, of Forti net. All other product or compa ny nam es may be tradem arks of thei r respective ow ners. Cop yright ©
2016 Fortin et, In c., All Ri ght s reserved. C onte nts and terms are sub ject to change by Fortin et wi thou t prio r n oti ce. No pa rt of th is
publ icat ion may be reprodu ced in any form or by any me ans or used t o ma ke any deri vative such as tran slati on, tra nsformat ion , or
adap tati on w itho ut pe rmissio n from Fo rtine t, Inc., a s sti pul ated by the Unite d States Co pyright Act of 1 976.

Prod uct Licen se Agree ment
The pa rties to t his ag reeme nt are you , the end customer, a nd ei the r (i ) w here you h ave purchased your Product wit hin the Ame ricas,
Fortin et, In c., o r (i i) whe re you ha ve purchased you r Produ ct o utside of th e Americas, Forti net Singapore Private L im ited (each refe rred
to he rein a s "Forti net"). CAREFULLY READ THE FOLLOWING LEGAL AGREEMENT (THE OR TH IS “AGREEMENT” OR “EULA”). USE OR
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This is a l icen se, not a sales ag reement, b etwe en you a nd Forti net . The te rm "Software", as used t hroug hout this Agreem ent, incl udes
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22

Software; (b ) ren t or le ase any rig hts in t he Software in any form to an y th ird p arty o r m ake the Software a vail abl e or accessibl e to th ird
parti es in a ny othe r m ann er; (c) except a s provided in secti on 5, transfer assign or subl icense rig ht to any oth er person o r e nti ty, (d)
remove a ny proprietary noti ce, la bel s, or marks o n the Software, Products, a nd con tain ers, or (e) u se the Soft ware fo r th ird-pa rty trai ni ng,
comme rcial t ime -sharing or service bureau use or use th e Softwa re to provide services to th ird pa rties except a s e xpressly set fo rth in
thi s Agreem ent.

3. P roprietary Righ ts.
All rig hts, ti tle, int erest, and al l copyrigh ts to the Software a nd a ny copy m ade the reof by you and to any Product rema in w ith Fo rtine t.
You acknowl edge tha t no ti tle to th e in tel lectua l pro perty in t he Software or oth er Products i s t ransferred to you an d you wi ll not a cquire
any righ ts t o the Software o r o ther Products except fo r t he specific li cense as expressly set forth i n sectio n 1 (“Li cense Grant”) abo ve. You
expressly a gree a nd acknow led ge th at Forti net o wns and shall retai n al l i nte ll ectual prope rty rights in and to, and you h ave no
int ell ectual prop erty ri ghts i n and to, th e Products and the Soft ware other tha n the Licen se Grant. You agree to keep conf ide nti al a ll
Fortin et confi den tia l informa tio n and onl y to use such i nform atio n for th e purposes f or whi ch Fortine t di sclosed it .

4. Term and Te rmin ation.
Except fo r evalu atio n an d bet a li censes or othe r licen ses, such a s subscription li censes, where the te rm of t he l icense i s l im ite d per th e
evalu ati on/b eta o r o ther ag reeme nt, i n the orderi ng d ocuments or othe rwise, th e term of th e li cense is for th e du ration of Forti net 's
copyright in th e Softwa re. Fortinet m ay termi nate thi s Agree men t, and the l icen ses a nd ot her righ ts h erei n, imme dia tel y wi tho ut no tice
if you b reach or fa il to comp ly wit h any of the terms and condi tio ns o f thi s Agree men t or for oth er reasons as state d in Fortin et’s ot her
docum enta tion. You ag ree tha t, up on such termina tio n, you will cease usi ng th e Software and a ny Product and eit her destroy al l copi es
of the Fortin et do cumen tati on o r ret urn al l m ateri als to Fo rtine t.

5. Transfer.
If you are a Fortinet cont racted an d aut horized resell er or di stributo r o f Products, you ma y transfer (not ren t or lease unl ess spe cifical ly
agree d to i n writ ing by Fortin et) the Software to one end u ser o n a p erman ent b asis, provid ed th at: (i) you e nsure that your custome r
and t he en d user recei ves a cop y o f thi s Agreem ent, is bou nd b y i ts t erms and condi tio ns, and , by sell ing the Produ ct o r Soft ware, you
hereb y ag ree to enfo rce th e term s i n thi s Agreeme nt ag ain st such e nd user, (i i) you at a ll tim es compl y with all ap pli cable Uni ted
States export cont rol l aws and regul ati ons, an d (ii i) you ag ree to re fund any fee s pa id to you b y an end user who purchased Produ ct(s)
from you but d oes not agree to the terms cont ain ed i n thi s Agree men t and therefore wi shes to return the Product(s)as p rovided for in
thi s Agreem ent. Further, i f you are a non -auth orized resel le r o f Products, you are no t aut horized to sel l Product(s) o r Softw are, bu t,
regardl ess, by sel li ng Produ ct(s) or Software, you hereb y a gree you are bo und b y th e restrictio ns and obl iga tio ns herei n and are bo und
to: (i) ensure tha t your customer a nd th e end user receive a copy o f thi s Agree men t and are bo und i n fu ll by all restrictio ns and
obl iga tio ns herei n (ii ) e nforce th e restrictio ns a nd o bli gat ion s i n thi s Agreemen t aga inst such custom er and /or end user, (ii i) comp ly
with al l ap pli cable Uni ted Stat es e xport control la ws and reg ulatio ns and all oth er applicab le l aws, an d (iv) refun d any fees p aid to you
by a custome r a nd/o r e nd u ser wh o pu rchased Product(s) from you bu t doe s not agree to th e restrictio ns and obl iga tio ns con tai ned i n
thi s Agreem ent and t herefo re wishe s to return th e Product(s) a s provided for in this Agreem ent. Notwi thstan ding an ything to th e
contrary, distributo rs, resel lers and othe r Fo rtine t partn ers (a) are n ot ag ents of Fortin et an d (b) are no t auth orized to bi nd Fo rtine t in
any way.

6. Li mi ted Warran ty.
Fortin et provid es thi s l im ited warrant y fo r i ts produ ct o nly to t he sin gle end -user p erson or en tity tha t orig ina ll y p urchased th e Product
from Fortinet or its au thori zed resell er or di stributo r a nd p aid for such Product. The warranty is on ly vali d for Products whi ch are pro perly
registe red on Fo rtine t’s Suppo rt Website, http s://support.fortin et.com , or such other websit e as provid ed by Forti net, or for whi ch the
warranty oth erwise starts according to Fortinet’s po li cies. The warranty peri ods di scussed belo w wil l start a ccording to Fortin et’s p oli cies
posted at http://w ww.fo rtinet.com/a boutus/legal .htm l or such oth er website as provi ded b y Fortinet. It i s th e Fortinet distribu tor’s an d
resell er’s responsi bil ity to m ake cle ar to th e end user the d ate t he pro duct was ori gin all y shipp ed from Fortin et, a nd i t is the end user’s
responsib il ity to u nderstan d the origina l ship date from t he pa rty from whi ch the end u ser p urchased th e prod uct. All w arranty clai ms
must be submi tte d in writi ng to Fortin et be fore th e expi ratio n of th e warran ty term or such clai ms are w aived in full . Fortinet provides
no wa rranty for any be ta, donation or evalu ati on Products, for any spa re parts not purchased directl y fro m Forti net b y th e end-user, for
any accessories, or for an y stan d-alo ne soft ware. Forti net warrants that the hardw are porti on o f the Products, i nclu din g spare p arts
unl ess n oted othe rwise ("Hardware") wi ll b e free from m ateri al d efects in workman ship a s com pared to th e fun ctiona l speci ficati ons for
the p eriod set forth as foll ows an d appli cable to th e Product type ("Hardware Warranty Period"): a th ree hu ndred sixty-five (365) da y
li mit ed wa rranty for the Hardwa re excludi ng spa re parts, po wer suppl ie s, a nd accessories (provid ed, sol ely wi th respe ct to FortiAP and

23

Meru AP ind oor Wi-Fi a ccesspoi nt Hard ware ap pli ance p roducts and FortiSwi tch Hardwa re app liance prod ucts o ther th an th e
FortiSwit ch-5000 seri es (for both excludi ng spa re parts, po wer suppl ie s, a nd a ccessories), the warrant y herein shall la st f rom th e start of
the warranty peri od as di scussed a bove un til five (5) years fol lo win g the product a nnou nced end-of-l ife d ate), a nd, f or spare parts,
powe r sup pli es, an d accessories, solel y a ni nety (90) da ys li mi ted warranty. Forti net 's sole obl iga tio n shal l be to rep air or of fer
repla cemen t Hardw are for th e def ective Ha rdware at no charg e to th e origin al o wner. Thi s obl iga tio n is exclusi ve o f transpo rt fees,
lab or, de-i nstal lati on, installa tio n, reconfigu ratio n, or retu rn shipm ent a nd h andl in g fee s a nd costs, and Fortin et shal l ha ve no
obl iga tio n rela ted t hereto . Such repai r o r re pla cemen t wil l b e rende red by Forti net a t an a utho rized Forti net service f acili ty as
dete rmin ed by Forti net. The rep lacem ent H ardware n eed not b e ne w or of an id enti cal m ake, mo del , or part; Fortinet ma y, i n i ts
discretio n, repl ace th e def ective Ha rdware (or an y p art thereof) wit h any recond iti one d Product tha t Fortin et reasonabl y d eterm ine s i s
substanti al ly equ ival ent (or supe rior) in a ll mat erial respects to th e defective Ha rdware. Th e Hardw are Warranty Period for the repai red
or replacemen t Hardw are shal l be for the great er of the rema ini ng H ardware Warran ty Perio d or ni net y da ys from the del ivery o f the
repai red or replacem ent H ardware. If Forti net d etermine s i n it s reasonabl e di scretion t hat a mat erial def ect is in capabl e of correction o r
that i t i s no t practi cal to rep ai r o r rep lace d efecti ve Hardwa re, the price pa id b y th e ori gin al p urchaser for the defe ctive Hardware wi ll be
refund ed b y Forti net upon return to Fortin et of the d efecti ve Hardwa re. All Hardware (or part there of) that is repl aced by Forti net, or for
whi ch t he pu rchase price i s ref unde d, shal l b ecome the p roperty of Fortinet upon repl aceme nt or refu nd. Fo rtine t warrants th at the
software a s i ni tial ly ship ped with the Hardwa re Products w ill substan tia lly conform to Fo rtine t's th en current functio nal specifi catio ns for
the Software, as set fo rth in the a ppl icabl e documen tati on for a peri od o f nin ety (90) da ys ("Software Warranty Period "), i f the Soft ware
is prope rly instal le d on appro ved Hardware and ope rated a s con temp lat ed i n it s do cumen tati on. Fo rtine t's sol e obl ig ati on shal l b e to
repai r o r o ffer replacem ent Software for th e no n-conforming Software wi th soft ware th at substan tia lly conf orms to Forti net's fun ctiona l
specifi cations. This oblig ati on i s e xclusive of tran sport fee s, l abo r, de-in stall ati on, i nstal lation , reconfi gurat ion , or return shi pment and
hand li ng fe es and costs, an d Forti net sha ll have no obl ig atio n rel ated theret o. Except as othe rwise ag reed by Forti net i n wri tin g, the
warranty repl acem ent Softw are is provi ded o nly to the o rigi nal li censee, a nd i s subject to the te rms and condi tion s o f the license
grante d by Forti net fo r t he Software. The Software Warrant y Perio d shal l exten d for an add iti ona l ni net y (90 ) d ays af ter any warranty
repla cemen t softwa re is del ivered . If Forti net d eterm ine s i n it s rea sonabl e di scretion that a ma terial no n-conformance is i ncapab le o f
correction o r th at i t is not practical to rep air or rep lace th e no n-conforming Software, t he pri ce pai d by the orig ina l licensee f or the n on­conform ing Software wi ll be refund ed b y Forti net; provide d tha t the non-conformi ng Softw are (and all copi es thereo f) is first returned to
Fortin et. The li cense grant ed respecting a ny Software fo r w hich a refund is gi ven au toma tical ly termina tes im med iate ly upo n refu nd.
For purpo se o f the abo ve h ardwa re and sof tware wa rrantie s, the te rm “functi ona l specif icati ons” mea ns solel y t hose specificati ons
auth orized a nd p ubl ished by Fortinet tha t expressly state i n such specifi catio ns that they are th e fun ction al spe cificati on s refe rred to i n
thi s sectio n 6 o f thi s Agreem ent , and , in t he even t no such spe cificati ons are p rovide d to you with the Soft ware or Ha rdware, t here shal l
be no warrant y on such Software.

7. Di sclaim er of Othe r Warran tie s an d Restri ctions.
EXCEPT FOR THE LIM ITED WARRANTY SPECIFIED IN SECTION 6 ABOVE, THE PRODUCT AND SOFTWARE ARE PROVIDED "AS-IS"
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND INCL UDING, WITHOUT LI MITATION, ANY IM PLIED WARRANTY, I MPLIED OR EXPRESS
WARRANTYOF M ERCHANTABILITY, OR WARRANTY FOR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IF ANY
IMPLIED WARRANTY CANNOT BE DISCLAIMED IN ANY TERRITORY WHERE A PRODUCT IS SOLD, THE DU RATION OF SUCH
IMPLIED WARRANTY SHALL BE LIM ITED TO NINETY (90) DAYS FROM THE DATE OF ORIGINAL SHIPMENT FROM FORTINET. EXCEPT
AS EXPRESSLY COVERED UN DER THE LIMITED WARRANTY PROVIDED HEREIN, THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY, SELECTION
AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PRODUCT IS WITH THE PURCHASER OF THE PRODUCT. N OTWITHSTANDING ANYTHING TO THE
CONTRARY, THE HARDWARE WARRANTY PERIOD D ISCUSSED ABOVE DOES NOT APPLY TO CERTAIN FORTINET PRODUCTS,
INCLU DING FORTITOKEN WHICH H AS A 36 5 DAY WARRANTY FROM THE DATE OF SHIPMENT FROM FORTINET’S FACILITIES, AND
THE SOFTWAREWARRANTY D OES NOT APPLY TO CERTAIN FORTIN ET PRODUCTS, INCL UDING FORTIGATE-ONE AND VDOM
SOFTWARE. YOU HEREBY ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREETHAT NO VENDOR C AN ASSURE COMPLETE SECURITY AND N OTHING
HEREIN OR ELSEWHERE SHALL BE D EEMED TO IMPLY A SECURITY GUARANTEE OR ASSURANCE.
The wa rranty in Sectio n 6 a bove do es not a ppl y i f the Software, Product or any oth er equ ipm ent upon whi ch the Soft ware i s au thori zed
to be used (a) ha s b een a lte red, except b y Fo rtine t or its au thori zed representati ve, (b) h as not b een instal le d, op erated, repa ired,
upda ted t o the lat est version, o r m aintai ned in a ccordance wi th in structions supp li ed by Forti net, (c) has be en subjected to ab normal
physical o r e lectrical stress, m isuse, n egl ige nce, or accident; (d) i s l icensed for be ta, eval uat ion , don ati on, te sting or dem onstrati on
purpo ses or fo r w hich Forti net doe s no t charge a purchase p rice or li cense fee. In the case of b eta, testin g, eval uat ion , don atio n or free
Software o r Produ ct, t he en d user acknowl edg es and agree s th at such Softwa re or Product may cont ain bugs or errors and could cause

24

system fai lures, data l oss a nd ot her issues, an d the end user agree s th at such Softwa re or Product is provid ed “as-is” wit hout any
warranty whatsoever, an d Forti net d isclai ms any warran ty o r l ia bil ity wh atsoever. An end user’s use of evalu ati on or be ta Softw are or
Product is li mi ted to thi rty (30 ) d ays from orig inal shi pme nt un less otherwise ag reed i n wri ting by Fortin et.

8. Governi ng Law.
Any di spute s ari sing o ut of thi s Agreem ent or Fortin et’s l imited warranty shal l b e governe d by the la ws o f the state of Cal iforn ia, w ithout
regard to the confli ct of l aws prin cipl es. In the event of an y dispute s a rising out o f thi s Agreem ent or Fortin et’s l im ite d warrant y, th e
parti es submi t to th e ju risdicti on o f the f ederal an d state cou rts l ocated in San ta Cl ara Cou nty, Cal if ornia , as app li cable .

9. Li mi tati on o f Liabi lity.
TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW AND NOTWITHSTANDING ANYTHING TO THE CONTR ARY, FORTINET IS NOT L IABLE
UNDER ANY CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE, TORT, STRICT LIABILITY, I NFRINGEMENT OR OTHER L EGAL OR EQUITABLE THEORY FOR
ANY LOSS OF USE OF THE PRODUCT OR SERVICE OR ANY DAMAGESOF ANY KIND WHATSOEVER, WHETHER DIRECT, SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL (INCL UDING, BUT NOT LIM ITED TO, DAMAGES FOR LOSSOF GOODWILL, L OSS OF PROFIT,
LOSS OF OPPORTUNITY, LOSS OR DAMAGE RELATED TO USE OF THE PRODUCT OR SERVICE IN CONNECTION WITH HIGH R ISK
ACTIVITIES, DE-INSTALLATION AND INSTALLATION FEES AND COSTS, DAMAGE TO PERSONAL OR REAL PROPERTY, WORK
STOPPAGE, COMPUTER FAILURE OR MALFUN CTION, COMPUTER SECURITY BREACH, C OMPUTER VIRUS INFECTION, LOSS OF
INFORMATION OR DATA CONTAINED IN, STORED ON, OR INTEGRATED WITH ANY PRODUCT IN CLUDI NG ANY PRODUCT
RETURNED TO FORTINET FOR WARRANTY SERVICE) RESULTING FROM THE U SE OF THE PRODUCT, RELATING TO WARRANTY
SERVICE, OR ARISING OUT OF ANY BREACH OF THE LIM ITED WARRANTY IN SECTION 6 ABOVE, EVEN IF FORTINET H AS BEEN
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THE SOLE REMEDY FOR A BREACH OF THE L IMITED WARRANTY IS REPAIR,
REPLACEMENT OR REFUND OF THE D EFECTIVE OR NON-CONFORM ING PRODUCT AS SPECIFICALLY STATED IN SECTION 6
ABOVE.

10. Im port / Export Requi reme nts; FCPA Compl ian ce.
You are ad vised that the Products m ay be sub ject to the U nite d States Export Admi nistrati on R egul ati ons an d oth er im port an d export
law s; d iversion contrary t o Uni ted States law and regul ati on i s p rohib ite d. You ag ree to compl y w ith a ll app li cable internati ona l an d
nati ona l l aws that app ly to th e Products a s w ell as end user, end -use, and desti nati on restri ctions i ssued by U.S. and othe r
governm ents. For ad dition al i nfo rmati on o n U.S. export con trols see ww w.bi s.doc.gov. Fortinet assumes no responsib il ity or li abi li ty for
your fai lure to obtain any necessary i mp ort and export approval s, a nd Forti net reserves the righ t to te rmin ate o r suspe nd shi pme nts,
services an d suppo rt in t he even t Fortin et ha s a reasona ble basis to suspect any im port o r e xport viol ati on. You rep resent th at ne ith er
the Unite d States Bureau of Industry a nd Security no r a ny othe r g overnme ntal agency h as issued sanctions ag ain st you or otherwise
suspende d, revoked o r d eni ed you r e xport privil ege s. You agree not t o use or tran sfer t he Products for an y u se relat ing to nu clear,
chemi cal or b iol ogi cal we apo ns, or mi ssile te chnol ogy, un less auth orized b y the Un ited States Governme nt by regula tion or specifi c
writte n li cense. Addi tio nal ly, you a gree not to d irectly or i ndi rectly export, i mp ort or transmi t the Products con trary to the laws or
regul ati ons of a ny othe r g overnme ntal ent ity tha t has ju risdicti on o ver such expo rt, im port, tra nsmission or use. Furth ermore , you
represent t hat you unde rstand, a nd you h ereby ag ree to com pl y wi th, a ll requi reme nts of th e U.S. Forei gn Co rrupt Practices Act and al l
othe r a ppl icabl e l aws. For bet a, testing, evalu atio n, do nati on or free Products and /or rela ted services, you h ereby ag ree, represen t and
warrant to Fortin et th at (a) receip t of th e Products and/or services com ply wi th al l p oli cies and you ha ve obta ine d al l ne cessary
appro vals for such Products a nd/o r services, (b) the Products a nd/o r services are n ot provided i n exchan ge fo r Fo rtine t mai nta ini ng
current busi ness o r f or new b usine ss op portun iti es, and (c) the Products a nd/o r services are n ot be ing received f or the b enefit o f, and
are no t bei ng transferred to, any governmen t enti ty, representati ve o r a ffi lia te.

11. U.S. Government End Users.
The Softwa re and accompa nying docum enta tio n are deemed to be "comm ercial compu ter softwa re" and "comm ercial compu ter
software d ocume ntat ion ," respe ctively, pu rsuant to DFAR Section 2 27.7 202 a nd FAR Section 12.2 12, a s a ppl icabl e. Any use,
mod ifi catio n, reprod uctio n, rel ease, performance, di splay or di sclosure of t he Softwa re and accompa nying docum enta tio n by the
Uni ted State s Governm ent shall be governed sole ly by the te rms of th is Agreeme nt an d shal l be prohi bi ted e xcept to the extent
expressly p ermi tted by t he te rms o f thi s Agree men t and its successors.

12. Ta x Li abili ty.
You agree to be responsi ble for paym ent o f any sale s o r u se taxes imposed a t any ti me o n thi s t ransaction .

25

13. Gen eral Provisi ons.
Except a s specifical ly perm itte d and requi red i n sectio n 5 (“Transfer”) a bove, you agree not to assign t his Agreem ent o r t ransfer any of
the ri ghts or ob li gati ons un der thi s Agree men t wit hout the p rior writ ten con sent of Fo rtine t. This Agreem ent shall be b ind ing upo n, an d
inu re to th e ben efi t of, the successors and permi tted assigns of the p artie s. Th e Uni ted Nati ons Con venti on on Cont racts fo r th e
Internatio nal Sales of Goods is expressly exclud ed. Th is Agreeme nt an d oth er Fortin et ag reeme nts may be amende d or supplem ente d
onl y b y a w riti ng th at refers expl icitl y to the agree men t sign ed on beh alf of bo th pa rties, or, fo r t his Agreem ent, as othe rwise expressly
provide d in the lea d-in a bove Sectio n 1 a bove, pro vided , notw ithstandi ng anythin g to the contra ry and except fo r th is Agreem ent wh ich
may be ame nded or upd ated as expressly provide d in the l ead -in a bove Sectio n 1 ab ove, for any a men dme nt or other ag reeme nt to be
bin din g on Fortin et, such am end men t or oth er agree men t must be signed by Forti net’s General Cou nsel. N o wai ver wil l be im pli ed
from conduct or fai lu re to en force righ ts n or effe ctive unless in a writi ng sig ned on b ehal f of t he pa rty a gai nst whom the wai ver i s
asserted. If any part o f thi s Agreem ent is fou nd un enfo rceable , tha t part wi ll be enfo rced to the ma ximum exten t permitte d and the
remai nde r sha ll conti nue i n fu ll force and effe ct. You acknowl edge that you have rea d thi s Agreeme nt, un derstand it, and a gree t o be
boun d by it s te rms and con dit ion s.

14. P rivacy.
Fortin et’s col lecti on, u se, protecti on a nd tran sfer of your pe rsonal i nfo rmati on i s g overned by the Forti net privacy p olicy o n the Fortin et
web site (http ://www .forti net.com /ab outu s/privacy.html ).

15. Ope n S ource So ftware .
Fortin et’s prod ucts m ay in clude software m odule s th at are l icen sed (or subli censed) to the u ser u nder th e GNU General Publ ic Li cense,
Version 2, o f June 1 991 (“GPL”) o r GNU Lesser General Publ ic Licen se, Version 2. 1, of Fe bruary 199 9 (“LGPL”) or oth er ope n source
software l icen ses wh ich, among other right s, p ermi t the u ser t ouse, copy, m odi fy and redistrib ute m odu les, or portion s t hereof , and may
also req uire attrib uti on di sclosures and access to th e source code ("Open Source Software"). The GPL requ ires tha t for any Open Source
Software covered under the GPL, wh ich is di stribu ted to someo ne i n an executab le b ina ry format, th at th e source code a lso be mad e
avail abl e to those u sers. For an y Ope n Source Software covered und er the GPL, the source code is ma de avai la ble on th is CD or
down loa d pa ckage. If an y Open Source Softwa re li censes req uire that Fo rtine t provid e righ ts t o use, copy or m odi fy a Open Sou rce
Software p rogram t hat a re broad er than the ri ghts gran ted i n th is agree men t, the n such righ ts shall take precedence o ver th e rig hts and
restriction s h erein . Fortin et wi ll provid e, for a charge refl ectin g ou r stan dard d istribu tio n costs, t he com ple te ma chine -readab le copy o f
the m odi fie d softwa re modul es. To obt ain a comp let e ma chine -readab le cop y, p lea se send your wri tten request, a lon g wi th a che ck in
the a mou nt of US $ 25.0 0, to General Publi c L icense Source Co de Re que st, Fortine t, Inc., 8 99 Kife r Rd, Sunn yvale, CA 940 86 USA. In
order to re ceive the mod ifi ed soft ware m odul es, you m ust al so i nclu de th e fol lo win g in formation : (a) Nam e, (b) Address, (c) Tele pho ne
num ber, (d) E-mai l Address, (e) Product purchased (i f app li cable ), (f) Product Seria l Nu mbe r (i f app licab le). All op en source softw are
mod ule s a re li censed free of charge . There i s n o warranty f or these m odu les, to the e xtent permit ted b y a ppl icabl e law. The copyright
hol ders provide the se sof tware m odu les “AS-IS” wi tho ut warran ty o f any kind , ei ther expressed o r i mp li ed. In no e vent wi ll the cop yright
hol der for th e open source software be l ia ble to you f or dam ages, i nclud ing any specia l, i ncidental or consequent ial dam age s a rising
out o f the u se or in abi li ty to use the softwa re mod ule s, e ven if such hol der ha s be en a dvised o f the p ossibi lit y o f such dam ages. A ful l
copy of thi s licen se, in cludi ng a ddi tio nal open source software license disclo sures and third pa rty l icense d isclosures app li cable to
certain Fortin et prod ucts, m ay obt ain ed by cont acting Fortin et’s L egal Dep artme nt at l egal@fortin et.com .

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LIC ENSEGNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

Copyrig ht (C) 198 9, 19 91 Free Soft ware Fou nda tion , Inc.

59 Tem pl e Place, Sui te 33 0, Boston, M A 0 211 1-1307 USA

This Li cense appli es to an y p rogram o r o ther wo rk wh ich conta ins a n oti ce pla ced by the copyright h older saying it m ay be di stribu ted
unde r the te rms of thi s General Public Licen se. The "Program", be low , refers to an y such p rogram o r w ork, a nd a "work ba sed on the
Program" mea ns eit her the Program or an y d erivati ve work under copyright l aw: that is to say, a wo rk conta ining the Program or a
porti on of it, e ith er verbati m or wi th m odi ficati ons an d/or tran slate d in to an othe r l ang uage. (Herei naft er, transla tio n is included wi thou t
li mit ation i n the term "mo dif icati on".) Each licen see is ad dressed as "you".

TERMS AND COND ITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

Version 2, Jun e 1991

26

Activitie s ot her tha n copyin g, di stribut ion and mod ifi catio n are not covered by th is Licen se; the y are outsid e it s scope. The act o f
runni ng th e Program i s not restricte d, an d the outp ut from the Program is covered o nly i f its conte nts constitu te a w ork b ased on the
Program (in depe nde nt of h aving bee n ma de by runn in g the Program). Wheth er that is true d epen ds on wh at th e Program d oes.

1. You m ay copy a nd d istribu te verbat im copie s of the Program 's source code as you receive i t, i n any m edi um, p rovide d tha t you
conspicuo usly and a pprop riate ly pub li sh on ea ch copy an ap propri ate cop yright no tice a nd di sclaimer of w arranty; keep intact all the
noti ces t hat refe r to thi s Licen se a nd to the absence o f any warranty; and g ive an y o ther recip ien ts o f the Program a cop y o f thi s License
alo ng wi th th e Program. You ma y charge a fe e for the physical act of tran sferring a copy, and you ma y a t your opt ion offe r wa rranty
protecti on i n exchange for a fee.

2. You m ay mod ify your copy or copi es of the Program or a ny p ortio n of i t, th us formi ng a work based o n the Program, a nd copy an d
distrib ute such m odi ficat ion s or wo rk un der the terms of Section 1 abo ve, provide d tha t you al so me et al l of these con dition s:
a) You mu st cau se t he m odi fie d fil es to carry p romi nen t noti ces statin g tha t you chang ed th e fi les an d the date of any cha nge .
b) You mu st cau se a ny work that you di stribute or pub li sh, that in w hol e or in part contain s o r i s d erived f rom th e Program o r a ny part
thereo f, to b e li censed a s a whol e at no charge to a ll t hird p artie s u nder th e term s o f thi s License.
c) If th e mo di fied program norm all y reads comm and s i nteracti vely whe n run, you must cause i t, wh en starte d runni ng f or such
int eractive use i n th e mo st o rdina ry wa y, to prin t or di splay an anno uncem ent i nclu din g an appropriate copyrigh t noti ce and a no tice
that t here i s n o warran ty (or el se, saying that you provid e a wa rranty) a nd th at users ma y red istribu te th e progra m un der the se
condi tio ns, and t ell in g the user how t o view a copy of th is License. (Excepti on: if th e Program i tself is in teractive b ut do es n ot no rmal ly
print such an an nou nceme nt, your wo rk ba sed on t he Program is not re qui red to p rint a n ann oun cemen t.)
These requ irem ents ap ply to the m odi fie d work as a wh ole . If i dent ifi abl e section s o f tha t work are no t derived from t he Program , and
can be reasonab ly conside red indep endent and sepa rate wo rks in t hem selves, then thi s L icense, a nd i ts terms, do not a ppl y t o tho se
sections wh en you d istribute th em a s sep arate works. But whe n you d istribu te th e same sections as pa rt o f a wh ole whi ch is a wo rk
based o n the Program, the di stribut ion of th e who le m ust be o n the terms of thi s Li cense, wh ose pe rmission s fo r o ther l icensee s extend
to the ent ire wh ole , and thus to e ach an d every part rega rdle ss of wh o wrote it. . Thus, it is not the i nte nt of t his section to cla im right s
or contest your rig hts to wo rk wri tten e nti rely by you; rath er, the int ent i s t o exercise the righ t to cont rol the di stributi on o f deri vative or
collective works based o n the Program. In add iti on, mere a ggreg atio n of a noth er work not b ased o n the Program wi th th e Program (or
with a wo rk based on th e Program) o n a vol ume of a storage or di stribu tion mediu m do es n ot bri ng th e oth er work und er the scope of
thi s Li cense.

3. You m ay copy a nd d istribu te th e Program (or a w ork b ased on it, unde r Secti on 2) i n ob ject code or executab le f orm un der the terms
of Section s 1 and 2 ab ove provid ed th at you also do one o f the fol lowing :
a) Accomp any it with the compl ete correspondi ng machin e-readable source code, wh ich m ust be d istribu ted u nde r th e term s o f
Sections1 a nd 2 a bove o n a m edi um custom aril y u sed for softw are in terchang e; or,
b) Accomp any it with a written o ffer, val id for at le ast three years, to gi ve any thi rd party, fo r a charge n o mo re than your cost of
physicall y perform ing source distributi on, a compl ete machi ne-rea dabl e copy of the correspon din g source code, to be distribute d und er
the te rms of Sectio ns 1 and 2 ab ove on a med ium customa rily used for softwa re int erchange; or,
c) Accompan y i t wit h the inf ormati on you received as to the offe r t o di stribute correspondi ng sou rce cod e. (This al terna tive i s a ll owed
onl y fo r n oncom mercia l di stribution and onl y i f you recei ved the program in obj ect code o r e xecutabl e fo rm wit h such an o ffer, i n accord
with Subsection b ab ove.)
Source cod e for a w ork m ean s th e preferred form of the work for ma king m odi ficat ion s to it. Fo r a n executa ble work, complete source
code m eans al l th e source code for al l modul es it con tai ns, plu s a ny associated int erface de finiti on fi le s, p lus the scripts u sed to con trol
compi la tion and insta llatio n of t he executa ble. How ever, as a specia l excepti on , the sou rce cod e di stribute d ne ed no t in clude anythi ng
that i s norma ll y d istribu ted (i n ei ther source or bina ry form ) with t he m ajo r com pon ents (compi le r, kernel, and so o n) of th e ope ratin g
system on wh ich th e executab le runs, unl ess that com ponent i tself a ccompan ies the executab le. If di stributi on of executa ble or obj ect
code i s m ade by offeri ng a ccesst o copy from a desi gnat ed pl ace, th en o fferin g equival ent a ccess to copy the source code from the
same p lace cou nts as distrib uti on of the sou rce cod e, even thou gh th ird pa rties are n ot com pel led to copy the source al ong w ith t he
obj ect code.

4. You m ay not cop y, m odi fy, subli cense, o r d istribu te th e Program e xcept as expressly p rovided und er thi s License. Any atte mpt
othe rwise to cop y, m odi fy, subl icense o r d istribu te th e Program i s voi d, and wi ll auto mat ically termi nate your righ ts u nde r th is Li cense.
Howe ver, p artie s wh o ha ve received cop ies, or rig hts, from you under thi s L icense will no t have th eir l icenses term ina ted so l ong as
such parties rem ai n in ful l com pli ance.

5. You are not req uired to accept this Li cense, sin ce you have n ot sig ned i t. Ho wever, no thin g el se grant s you p ermi ssion to m odi fy or
distrib ute t he Program or its de rivative w orks. The se a ction s a re prohi bit ed by l aw i f you do not a ccept thi s Li cense. The refore, b y

27

mod ifyin g or di stribut ing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you ind icate your acceptan ce of thi s Licen se t o do so, and
all it s te rms a nd con diti ons fo r cop ying, d istrib utin g or modi fying t he Program or works based on it.

6. Each tim e you redistrib ute th e Program (o r a ny w ork b ased on the Program), the recipi ent a utom ati call y recei ves a li cense from the
origi nal li censor to cop y, d istribu te or m odi fy t he Program subje ct t o the se terms and condi tio ns. You ma y n ot im pose a ny furthe r
restriction s o n the recipi ents' exercise of th e rights grante d he rein. You are no t responsi ble for enf orcing com plian ce b y third p artie s to
thi s Li cense.

7. If, as a consequ ence of a court j udgm ent or all egatio n of p aten t in fring eme nt or for any o ther rea son (not l im ite d to p aten t issues),
condi tio ns a re im posed on you (wh ethe r b y court o rder, ag reeme nt or ot herwi se) th at contradict th e condi tio ns of th is Licen se, the y do
not e xcuse you f rom the condi tio ns of this Licen se. If you cannot distribu te so as to satisfy si mul tane ously your ob li gati ons un der thi s
Licen se and a ny othe r p ertin ent o bli gat ion s, t hen a s a conseque nce you m ay not d istribu te th e Program a t all. For exam pl e, if a pa tent
li cense would n ot pe rmit royal ty-free redi stribut ion of th e Program b y al l t hose wh o receive copies di rectly or in directl y th rough you,
then the o nly wa y you cou ld sat isfy b oth i t an d thi s L icense w oul d be to refrai n en tirel y f rom di stribut ion of th e Program.
If any po rtion of th is section is hel d i nvali d or un enfo rceable und er any particula r circumstance, th e bal ance o f the section i s intende d
to ap ply an d the section as a who le i s i nte nded to a ppl y i n oth er circumstances.
It is no t the purpose o f thi s secti on to ind uce you to inf ringe any pa tents or ot her prop erty ri ght cl aim s o r t o contest val idi ty of an y such
claims; thi s secti on ha s th e sole purpo se of prot ecting the i nte grity of t he free software distrib uti on system, wh ich i s i mpl em ente d by
publ ic l icense practices. Man y p eopl e ha ve mad e ge nerous cont ribution s to the w ide range of softw are di stribute d through that system
in rel ia nce on con sistent a ppl icati on o f that system ; it i s up to the a utho r/dono r t o deci de i f he o r she is wil li ng t o di stribute software
throug h an y ot her system and a l icensee can not i mp ose tha t choice.
This section is in tend ed to make t horoughl y cle ar what is bel ie ved to b e a conseq uence o f the rest o f thi s L icense.

8. If the di stribut ion and /or use of t he Program is restricted i n certai n coun tries ei ther by pa tent s or b y copyrig hted int erfaces, the
origi nal copyrigh t hol der wh o pl aces the Program und er thi s L icense m ay add an expl icit geo graphi cal d istribu tio n li mi tati on e xcludi ng
those cou ntrie s, so th at di stribution is perm itte d on ly in o r amo ng coun tries no t thus excluded. In such case, thi s Licen se i ncorpo rates
the l im ita tio n as if w ritten in the b ody of th is Li cense.

9. The Free Softwa re Found ati on m ay p ubl ish revised and /or new versions of th e Gene ral Publ ic Li cense from t im e to ti me . Such new
versions wil l b e simi la r i n spi rit to t he present version, but m ay dif fer in deta il to ad dress n ew prob lem s o r concerns. Each versio n is
given a di sting uishi ng version num ber. If the Program specifi es a version num ber of t his Li cense whi ch app li es to it and "any l ate r
version", you ha ve the o pti on of followi ng t he te rms a nd con dition s ei the r o f that version or of any la ter version p ubl ished by the Free
Software Fo unda tio n. If th e Program d oes no t specify a version num ber of t his Li cense, you m ay choose a ny versio n ever publi shed b y
the Free Software Fo unda tio n.

10. If you wi sh to in corporate parts of th e Program i nto othe r free programs whose d istributio n conditi ons are di fferent, wri te to t he
auth or to ask for pe rmission . For software whi ch i s copyrighted by the Free Softwa re Foun dati on, w rite to the Free Softwa re Found ati on;
we some tim es make e xceptio ns f or thi s. Our d ecision wil l b e gui ded by the t wo go als of p reserving th e free status of all d erivati ves o f
our free sof tware a nd of promo tin g the sharing and reuse of sof tware g eneral ly.

11. BECAUSETHE PROGRAM IS L ICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR TH E PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT
PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOL DERS AND/OR OTHER
PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INC LUDING, BUT
NOT LIMI TED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF M ERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. TH E ENTIRE
RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU
ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR C ORRECTION.

12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO I N WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY
OTHER PARTY WHO MAY M ODIFY AND/OR R EDISTRIBUTETHE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR
DAMAGES, INCLU DING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, I NCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGESARISING OUT OF THE U SE OR
INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INC LUDIN G BUT NOT LIM ITED TO L OSS OF DATA OR D ATA BEING RENDERED I NACCURATE OR
LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTYH AS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

NO WARRA NTY

28

GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

Copyrig ht (C) 199 1, 19 99 Free Soft ware Fou nda tion , Inc.

59 Tem pl e Place, Sui te 33 0, Boston, M A 0 211 1-1307 USA

This Li cense Agreem ent a ppl ies to a ny software library o r o ther prog ram wh ich contain s a n oti ce pla ced by the copyright hol der or oth er
auth orized p arty saying i t ma y be di stribute d und er the terms of this Lesser Gene ral Publ ic Li cense (also cal led "this Li cense"). Each
li censee is ad dressed as "you".
A "li brary" m eans a col le ction o f softwa re functi ons and /or da ta prep ared so as to be conven ien tly linked with app lication program s
(which u se som e of those functio ns and d ata) to form e xecutabl es.
The "Li brary", be low , refers to an y such software library or work whi ch has bee n di stribut ed un der these terms. A "work b ased on the
Lib rary" means either the Li brary o r a ny derivative work und er copyright law : that is to say, a work cont ain ing the L ibra ry or a p ortio n of
it, e ith er verbati m or wi th m odi ficati ons an d/or tran slated straigh tforwa rdly into another l ang uage . (Herei nafter, transla tio n is in clude d
with out l im ita tio n in the t erm "mod ifi catio n".)
"Source code " fo r a work mea ns the p referred fo rm of the wo rk for m aking mod ifi catio ns to it . For a l ibrary, comp let e source code m ean s
all the source code fo r a ll mod ule s i t conta ins, plus any associat ed i nterfa ce d efi nit ion fil es, pl us the scripts used to control comp il atio n
and i nstal la tion of th e li brary.
Activitie s ot her tha n copyin g, di stribut ion and mod ifi catio n are not covered by th is Licen se; the y are outsid e it s scope. The act o f
runni ng a program usin g the Lib rary i s n ot restricted, and outp ut from such a prog ram i s covered o nly i f its conte nts constit ute a work
based o n the Li brary (i ndep end ent o f the u se of the Li brary i n a tool for writi ng i t). Wheth er that is true d epen ds on wh at th e Li brary
does an d wha t the program tha t uses the L ibrary does.

1. You m ay copy a nd d istribu te verbat im copie s of the L ibrary's com pl ete sou rce code as you receive i t, i n any m edi um, p rovide d tha t
you conspi cuously and app ropria tely pu bli sh on e ach copy an a pprop riate copyright noti ce and discla ime r o f warran ty; kee p in tact al l
the n oti ces th at refer to thi s L icense a nd to the a bsence of any warrant y; a nd distribu te a cop y of thi s License al ong wit h the Lib rary.
You may charge a fe e for the physical act of tran sferring a copy, and you ma y a t your opt ion offe r wa rranty protection i n exchan ge fo r a
fee.

2. You m ay mod ify your copy or copi es of the Library o r a ny portion of it, thus formi ng a work based on th e Li brary, and cop y a nd
distrib ute such m odi ficat ion s or wo rk un der the terms of Section 1 abo ve, provide d tha t you al so me et al l of these con dition s:
a) The m odi fie d work must i tself b e a soft ware l ibrary.
b) You mu st cau se t he fi le s m odi fie d to carry p romi nen t noti ces sta ting tha t you chang ed th e fi les an d the date of any cha nge.
c) You m ust cause the whol e of the w ork to be l icen sed at no charge t o al l thi rd pa rties under the terms of t his Li cense.
d) If a fa cili ty in the modi fied Li brary ref ers to a fun ction or a tab le of da ta to b e supp lie d by an appl icat ion program tha t uses the
facil ity, ot her tha n as an a rgument passed when the facil ity is invoked, th en you m ust ma ke a goo d fai th e ffort to ensure th at, i n the
event a n app li catio n doe s n ot supp ly such functi on or ta ble , the facil ity stil l op erate s, a nd pe rforms wha tever part o f its pu rpose
remai ns me ani ngfu l.
These requ irem ents ap ply to the m odi fie d work as a wh ole . If i dent ifi abl e section s o f tha t work are no t derived from t he Li brary, and
can be reasonab ly conside red indep endent and sepa rate wo rks in t hem selves, then thi s L icense, a nd i ts terms, do not a ppl y t o tho se
sections wh en you d istribute th em a s sep arate works. But whe n you d istribu te th e same sections as pa rt o f a wh ole whi ch is a wo rk
based o n the Li brary, t he di stribu tion of th e who le m ust be on th e term s of thi s Li cense, wh ose pe rmission s fo r o ther l icensee s e xtend
to the ent ire wh ole , and thus to e ach an d every part rega rdle ss of wh o wrote it. Thus, it is not t he i nten t of th is section to cla im ri ghts or
contest your rig hts to wo rk wri tten e nti rely by you; rath er, the int ent i s to exercise the right to control the di stributi on o f deri vative or
collective works based o n the Library. I n add iti on, mere a ggreg ation of a nother work not b ased o n the Lib rary wi th th e Li brary (o r wi th a
work based o n the Lib rary) on a volu me o f a storag e or di stributi on m edi um doe s not brin g the oth er work u nde r the scope o f thi s
Licen se.

3. You m ay opt to app ly the terms of the ordi nary GNU Gene ral Publ ic Li cense in stead o f thi s L icense to a gi ven copy of t he Li brary. To
do th is, you m ust alt er all the noti ces that refer to th is Licen se, so that they refe r to the ordin ary GNU General Public Licen se, version 2
instea d of t o thi s L icense. (If a ne wer version th an version 2 of t he ordina ry GNU Gen eral Pub lic Li cense ha s a ppea red, th en you can
specify tha t version i nstead if you wish.) Do not m ake an y other chan ge i n the se noti ces.
Once thi s chan ge i s m ade in a gi ven copy, it is irreversibl e for th at copy, so th e ordi nary GNU Gene ral Publ ic Li cense app li es t o al l
subseque nt copi es and deri vative works mad e from that cop y. This opt ion is usefu l whe n you wi sh to cop y pa rt of th e code o f the
Lib rary i nto a program tha t is not a li brary.

TERMS AND COND ITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

Version 2.1 , Februa ry 19 99

29

4. You m ay copy a nd d istribu te th e Li brary (or a porti on or de rivati ve of it , und er Section 2 ) i n ob ject cod e or executable form u nder th e
terms of Secti ons 1 an d 2 ab ove provided that you a ccompan y i t wi th the compl ete correspondi ng m achi ne-readabl e source code,
whi ch m ust be distrib uted und er the t erms of Sectio ns 1 and 2 ab ove on a mediu m customa rily used for softwa re interchang e.
If di stributi on of ob ject code is ma de by of ferin g access to cop y fro m a d esign ated pla ce, then offe ring equi vale nt access to copy the
source code from the same p lace sati sfies th e requireme nt to distribute the sou rce code , even t houg h thi rd pa rties are n ot comp ell ed t o
copy the source al ong wit h the obj ect code.

5. A program tha t contai ns no d erivati ve of an y p ortio n of th e Li brary, but i s desig ned t o work wit h the Lib rary by be ing compile d or
li nked wi th i t, is called a "work t hat u ses th e Li brary". Such a wo rk, i n isolati on, is not a deri vative wo rk of the L ibrary, an d the refore fa ll s
outsid e the scope of t his Li cense.
Howe ver, l in king a "work th at uses the Li brary" wi th the Li brary creates a n executa ble that is a de rivative o f the Lib rary (be cause it
contai ns porti ons of the Li brary), rather th an a "wo rk tha t uses the l ib rary". The e xecutabl e i s th erefore covered by thi s L icense. Secti on 6
states terms fo r d istribu tio n of such executabl es.
When a "wo rk tha t uses the Lib rary" uses mat erial from a hea der fi le t hat i s p art of the Li brary, the obj ect code fo r t he wo rk ma y b e a
derivat ive work of th e Li brary even th ough the source code i s no t.
Whethe r this is true is especia ll y sig nif icant i f th e work can be li nked wi thou t the Lib rary, o r i f the work is itsel f a l ib rary. The threshol d
for thi s to be true is no t precisel y d efin ed b y l aw.
If such an o bje ct fil e uses onl y num erical param eters, da ta structure layouts and accessors, and smal l m acros and smal l i nl ine functi ons
(ten l ine s o r l ess i n l engt h), then the use of th e ob ject fi le is unrestricte d, rega rdless of wh ethe r i t is l egal ly a d erivati ve work.
(Executab les contain ing thi s ob ject code pl us p ortio ns of th e Li brary will stil l fa ll under Section 6 .) Oth erwise, if th e work is a d erivati ve
of the Li brary, you may di stribu te the obj ect code f or the w ork under th e term s of Section 6 . Any e xecutabl es contai ni ng that work al so
fal l un der Section 6, wh ethe r o r n ot they a re li nked directly wi th th e Li brary i tself.

6. As a n excepti on to the Secti ons abo ve, you ma y a lso comb ine or li nk a "work that u ses th e Li brary" wi th th e Li brary to prod uce a wo rk
contai ni ng po rtion s o f the L ibrary, an d di stribute tha t work unde r t erms of your choi ce, provi ded t hat th e term s p ermit mod ifi catio n of
the work fo r you r o wn use a nd reverse en gin eerin g for de bug gin g such mo difi cati ons. You mu st give p romi nent noti ce wit h each cop y
of the work that the L ibra ry is used in i t an d tha t the L ibrary an d its use a re covered by thi s L icense. You must sup ply a copy of thi s
Licen se. If the work duri ng executi on displ ays cop yright notices, you m ust in clude the copyright n oti ce for the Lib rary am ong them, as
wel l as a refe rence di recting the user to the copy of th is Licen se. Also, you m ust do o ne of these thin gs:
a) Accomp any the work with the compl ete correspondi ng m achin e-reada ble source code fo r th e Li brary includi ng wh atever chan ges
were used in the wo rk (whi ch mu st b e di stribute d un der Section s 1 and 2 abo ve); and, if th e work is an executab le l in ked wit h the
Lib rary, wi th the comp le te ma chine -readab le "wo rk tha t uses the L ibra ry", as obj ect code and/ or source code, so th at th e user can
mod ify the Lib rary and then rel ink to p roduce a mod ifi ed e xecutabl e conta ini ng the m odi fie d Li brary. (It is und erstood t hat th e user
who cha nges th e conte nts of de fin iti ons fil es in the L ibrary wi ll not n ecessarily be a ble to recom pil e th e app li catio n to u se t he
mod ifi ed d efin iti ons.)
b) Use a sui tabl e shared li brary m echan ism fo r l in king wi th the Li brary. A sui tabl e m echani sm is on e tha t (1) uses at run t ime a copy of
the l ib rary al ready presen t on t he user's compu ter system, rathe r th an cop ying l ibra ry fun ction s i nto the executa ble , and (2) wil l o perate
prope rly w ith a mo dified version of t he l ibrary, i f the u ser i nstal ls one , as lo ng as th e mo difi ed versio n is i nterface-com pati bl e wit h the
version that the work was made wi th.
c) Accompan y th e work wit h a wri tten o ffer, val id f or at l east three years, to gi ve the same u ser th e ma teria ls specifi ed i n Subsection 6a ,
above, for a charge no m ore th an th e cost of pe rformi ng th is distri buti on.
d) If di stribut ion of the work is ma de by of fering access to cop y from a designated pla ce, offe r e qui valen t access to cop y th e ab ove
specifi ed m ateri als from the sam e pl ace.
e) Verify that t he user has a lrea dy received a cop y o f these m ate rial s or th at you h ave al ready sent th is user a copy.
For an execut abl e, the requi red fo rm of th e "work that uses t he Li brary" m ust in clude any dat a and uti li ty p rogram s ne ede d for
reprodu cing th e executa ble from i t. Ho wever, as a special e xception, the mat erial s to be distrib uted nee d not incl ude a nythi ng th at is
norma ll y d istribu ted (i n ei ther source or bina ry form ) with t he m ajo r com pon ents (compi le r, kernel, and so o n) of th e ope ratin g system
on wh ich the executab le ru ns, unl ess th at com pone nt i tself a ccompanies the executab le. It ma y happe n tha t thi s req uire men t
contradi cts th e li cense restricti ons of other prop rieta ry librari es that d o no t norma ll y a ccompan y th e ope ratin g system. Such a
contradi ction mea ns you cannot use bo th th em a nd th e Li brary t oget her in an e xecutabl e tha t you di stribut e.

7. You m ay pla ce library fa cili tie s th at are a work based on th e Li brary side-by-side i n a singl e library togethe r wi th o ther l ibrary
facil iti es not covered by thi s L icense, a nd di stribu te such a com bin ed l ibra ry, provi ded t hat th e sepa rate di stribut ion of th e work based
on th e Li brary a nd o f the o ther l ibrary facil it ies is ot herwi se p ermi tted , and provide d tha t you do these t wo thi ngs:

30

a) Accomp any the combi ned li brary w ith a copy of th e same work based o n the Li brary, uncombin ed wi th an y o ther l ibrary facilit ies.
This mu st b e di stribut ed un der the terms of the Sections abo ve.
b) Give prom ine nt no tice with t he com bin ed l ibrary of th e fact th at pa rt of i t is a wo rk ba sed on t he Li brary, and expla ini ng where t o
fin d the accompa nying uncom bin ed fo rm of th e same work.

8. You m ay not cop y, m odi fy, subli cense, l ink wi th, o r d istribute th e Li brary e xcept as expressly provide d und er thi s L icense. Any att emp t
othe rwise to cop y, m odi fy, subl icense, l in k wi th, or distrib ute t he Li brary is void , and wil l a utom ati cally te rmin ate your rig hts und er thi s
Licen se. Howe ver, parties w ho ha ve received cop ies, o r ri ghts, from you un der thi s L icense w il l no t have th eir l icenses term ina ted so
lon g as such parti es rema in i n ful l com pl ian ce.

9. You are not req uired to accept this Li cense, sin ce you have n ot sig ned i t. Ho wever, no thin g el se grant s you p ermi ssion to m odi fy or
distrib ute t he Li brary or its de rivative w orks. The se action s a re prohi bi ted b y l aw i f you do not a ccept thi s Li cense. Therefore, by
mod ifyin g or di stribut ing the L ibrary (or any work based on th e Li brary), you in dicate your acceptan ce of this Licen se to do so, and all it s
terms and condi tio ns for copyin g, di stribut ing or mod ifyin g the Li brary o r w orks based on i t.

10. Each ti me you redi stribute the L ib rary (or any wo rk ba sed on the Li brary), the recip ie nt au toma tical ly receives a l icense f rom the
origi nal li censor to cop y, d istribu te, l ink wi th or m odi fy the L ibrary subj ect to these terms an d condi ti ons. You may n ot i mpo se any
furthe r restricti ons on the reci pie nts' e xercise o f the rights g ranted herei n. You a re not responsibl e fo r e nforcin g comp liance by thi rd
parti es with thi s License.

11. If , as a consequence o f a court j udg men t or alleg atio n of p aten t in fring eme nt or fo r a ny o ther rea son (not l im ite d to p aten t issues),
condi tio ns a re im posed on you (wh ethe r b y court o rder, ag reeme nt or ot herwi se) th at contradict th e condi tio ns of th is Licen se, the y do
not e xcuse you f rom the condi tio ns of this Licen se. If you cannot distribu te so as to satisfy si mul tane ously your ob li gati ons un der thi s
Licen se and a ny othe r p ertin ent o bli gat ion s, t hen a s a conseque nce you m ay not d istribu te th e Li brary a t al l. For exampl e, i f a pa tent
li cense would n ot pe rmit royal ty-free redi stribut ion of th e Li brary b y a ll t hose wh o receive cop ies di rectly or in directl y through you, th en
the o nly way you cou ld satisfy b oth i t an d thi s L icense w oul d be t o refrai n ent irel y from di stribution of the Li brary.
If any po rtion of th is section is hel d i nvali d or un enfo rceable und er any particula r circumstance, th e bal ance o f the section i s intende d
to ap ply, an d the section as a who le i s intende d to a ppl y i n other circumstan ces.
It is no t the purpose o f thi s secti on to ind uce you to inf ringe any pa tents or ot her prop erty ri ght cl aim s o r t o contest val idi ty of an y such
claims; thi s secti on ha s th e sole purpo se of prot ecting the i nte grity of t he free software distrib uti on system wh ich is i mpl eme nted by
publ ic l icense practices. Man y p eopl e ha ve mad e ge nerous cont ribution s to the w ide range of softw are di stribute d through that system
in rel ia nce on con sistent a ppl icati on o f that system ; it i s up to the a utho r/dono r t o deci de i f he o r she is wil li ng t o di stribute software
throug h an y ot her system and a l icensee can not i mp ose tha t choice. This section is in tend ed to make t horoughl y cle ar what is bel ie ved
to be a consequ ence o f the rest o f thi s License.

12. If the d istrib utio n an d/or use o f the L ibrary is restricted in certa in cou ntrie s e ithe r b y p aten ts o r b y cop yrighte d in terfaces, the
origi nal copyrigh t hol der wh o pl aces the L ibrary under thi s L icense m ay add an explici t geo graphi cal d istribu tio n li mi tati on e xcludi ng
those cou ntrie s, so th at di stribution is perm itte d on ly in o r amo ng coun tries no t thus excluded. In such case, thi s Licen se i ncorpo rates
the l im ita tio n as if w ritten in the b ody of th is Li cense.

13. Th e Free Softwa re Foun dati on m ay pub li sh revised and /or ne w versions of th e Le sser Gene ral Publ ic Li cense from t im e to ti me .
Such n ew version s wi ll be si mil ar in spirit to th e present version, but ma y d iffe r i n de tai l to a ddress new probl ems or concerns. Each
version i s gi ven a d istingui shin g version n umb er. If the Li brary spe cifie s a version nu mbe r o f thi s L icense wh ich ap pli es to i t and "any
lat er version", you ha ve the o ption of foll owi ng t he te rms a nd con diti ons ei the r o f that version or of any la ter version p ubl ished by the
Free Softwa re Found ati on. If the L ibrary does n ot speci fy a li cense version numb er, you ma y cho ose any version ever publ ishe d by the
Free Softwa re Found ati on.

14. If you wi sh to in corporate parts of th e Li brary i nto othe r f ree prog rams who se d istrib utio n cond iti ons are i ncomp ati ble with the se,
write t o the auth or to ask for pe rmission . For software which i s copyrighte d by the Free Softwa re Foun dati on, w rite to the Free Software
Found ati on; we somet imes m ake excepti ons fo r th is. Our decision w ill be gui ded by the tw o goa ls of p reserving th e free stat us of al l
derivat ives of ou r f ree softwa re and of prom oti ng th e sharing an d reuse of software g ene rall y.

15. Th e warrant y disclai mer conta ine d in Sections 11 and 12 o f the p recedin g GPL Licen se is in corporated herei n.

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