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8026B
Service manual
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Fluke 8026B Service manual

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8026B
Digital
Multimeter
P/N 646414
JUNE 1982
ei982,
John Fluke Mfg. Co., Inc.,
All rights reserved. Litho in
Instruction Manual
IFLUKEI
U.S.A.
Dear Customer:
Congratulations! We at Flulce are proud to present you with tiie Model8026 B Multimeter.
This instrument represents the very latest in integrated circuit and display technology. As a result, the end product is a rugged and reliable instrument whose performance and design exhibit the qualities of a finely engineered lab instrument.
To fully appreciate and protect your investment, the manual. As always. Fluke stands behind your 8026B with a full 2-year warranty and a worldwide service organization. If the need arises, please don't hesitate to call on us.
Thank you for your trust and confidence.
John Fluke Mfg. Co., Inc.
we
suggest you take a few moments to read
8026B
Table of Contents
SECTION TITLE PAGE
1 INTRODUCTION AND SPECIFICATIONS 1-1
1-1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1.
PREPARING FOR OPERATION 1-2
1-4. Unpacking 1-2 1-7. Battery and'or Fuse Installation/Replacement 1-2
1-9. PHYSICAL FEATURES 1-4 1-11.
INITIAL CHECK-OUI PROCEDURE 1-4
1-13. ACCESSORIES 1-8
1-15. SPECIFICATIONS 1-8
2 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS 2-1
2-1.
jNTRODUCnON 2-1
2-.V INPUT POWER 2-1
2-1.
Battery Life 2-1
2-6.
Line Power Operation 2-1
2-8. OPERATING NOTES 2-1
2-10. Input Overload Protection 2-2 2-12. Input Connections to COMMON 2-3 2-14. Fuse Check ;... 2-3 2-16. Fuse Replacement 2-3 2-18.
The Display 2-3 2-22. OPERATION 2-4 2-24. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2-4
2-26. AC Measurement 2-4 2-32.
Voltage AC DC 2-10
2-35.
CurremAC.'DC 2-10
2-39. Resistance 2-13 2-43. Continuity 2-15
2-46. Conductance 2-16 2-50. APPLICATIONS 2-16
2-52. Transistor Tester 2-16
2-57.
leakage Tester 2-19
;• (continued on page ii)
8026B
TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued
SECTION TITLE PAGE
3 THEORY OF OPERATION 3-1
3-1.
INTRODUCTION 3-1 . 3-3. OVERAI.l. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPI ION 3-1 3-8. BLOCK DIAGRAM ANALYSIS 3-1
3-9. A/ V Converter 3-1 3-18. Input Signal Conditioners 3-6
4 MAINTENANCE 4-1
4-1.
INTRODUCTION 4-1
4-3,
SERVICE INFORMATION 4-1
4-7.
GENERAL INFORMAIION 4-2
4-8.
Access Information 4-2
4-17.
Cleaning 4-5
4-19.
Battery/Backup Fuse Replacement 4-5
4-21.
PERFORMANCE TES I 4-6
4-23.
Initial Procedure 4-6
4-25.
Display lest 4-6
4-27.
Resistance/Conductance lest 4-7
4-29.
Continuity Test 4-7
4-31.
DC Voltage Test 4-8
4-33.
AC Voltage Test 4-8
4-35.
DC Current 1 est 4-9
4-37.
CALIBRATION 4-10
4-40.
IROUBLESHOOTING 4-11
5 LIST OF REPLACEABLE PARTS 5-1
5-1.
INTRODUCTION 5-1
5^. HOW TO OBTAIN PARTS 5-1
6 ACCESSORY INFORMATION 6-1
6-1.
INTRODUCTION 6-1 6-3. DELUXE CARRYING CASE (C-90) 6-1 6-5. TEMPERATURE PROBE (80T-I50C and 80T-I50K) . 6-1 6-6. Introduction 6-1 6-8. Specifications , 6-1 6-9. CURRENT TRANSFORMER (801-600) 6-4
6-10. Introduction 6-4 6-12. Specifications 6-4 6-13. HIGH VOLTAGE PROBE (80K-6) 6^
6-14. Introduction 6-4
6-16. Specifications 6-4 6-17. HIGH VOLTAGE PROBE (80K-40) 6-4 6-18. Introduction 6-4 6-20. Specifications 6-4 6-21.
HIGH FREQUENCY PROBE (83RF) 6-5
// (continued on page iii)
8026B
TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued SECTION TITLE PAGE
6-22. Introduction 6-5 6-24. Specifications 6-5 6-25. HIGH FREQUENCY PROBE (85RF) 6-5 6-26. Introduction 6-5 6-28. Specifications 6-5 6-29. BATTERY ELIMINATOR (A81-115) 6-6 6-31.
CURRENT SHUNT (80J-10) 6-6
6-32. Introduction 6-6 6-34. Specifications 6-7 6-35. AC/TX'CURRENT PROBE (Y8100) 6-7 6-36. Introduction 6-7 6-39. .Specifications 6-7 6-40. AC CURRENT TRANSFORMER (Y810I) 6-8 6-41 Introduction 6-8 6-43. Specifications 6-8
6^. SAFETY DESIGNED TEST LEAD SF I (Y8132) .... 6-8
6^6. DEI.U.XF TEST LEAD SET (Y81-34) 6-8 6-48. SLIM FLEX TEST LEAD SEI (Y8140) 6-8
7 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAIMS 7-1
APPENDIX A A-1
8026B
List of Tables
TABLE TITLE PAGE
1-1 1-2
1-3
2-1 2-2 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5
4-6
5-1 5-2. 5-3 5^. 6-1
8026B Controls. Indicators and Connectors 1-6
8026B Accessones 1-9
8026B Specifications 1-9
Input Overload Limits 2-2 Voltage/Current Capability of Resistance Ranges 2-15 List of Recommended Test Equipment 4-2 Resistance/ Conductance Checks 4-7.
DC Voltage Checks 4-8.
AC Voltage Test 4-9.
DC Current (mA) Checks 4-10 Troubleshooting Guide 4-12 8026B Final Assembly 5-3. AI Main PCB Assembly 5-6. A2 Annunciator PCB Assembly 5-10
Federal Supply Codes for Manufacturers 5-12
A8I Model Numbers and Input Power 6-6
8026B
List of illustrations
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
I-I. Removing the Battery Cover 1-3 I-2. Battery Removal 1-4 1-3. Controls, Indicators and Connectors 1-5
2-1.
Volts Operation 2-5
2-2.
Current Operation 2-6
2-3.
Resistance Operation 2-7
2-4.
Conductance Operation 2-8 2-5. Continuity Operation 2-9 2-6.
Waveform Conversion 2-11 2-7.
Voltage Measurement Error Calculations 2-12 2-8. Current Measurement Error Calculations 2-14 2-9. Conductance-to-Resistance Conversion 2-17 2-10. Transistor Beta Test Fixture 2-18 3-1.
Model 8026B Simplified Block Diagram 3-3 3-2. Dual Slope A/ D Converter 3-4 3-3. Input Signal Conditioners 3-8
4-1.
Calibration Adjustment Locations 4-3 4-2.
LCD Display Assembly 4-4
5-1.
8026B Final Assembly 5-5 5-2. Al Main PCB Assembly 5-9 5-3. A2 Annunciator PCB Assembly 5-11 6-1.
8026B Accessories 6-2
v/v;
8026B
Section 1
Introduction and Specifications
1-1.
INTRODUCTION
1-2. Your John Fluke Model 8026B is a pocket-size digital multimeter that is ideally suited for application in the field, lab, shop or home. Some of the features of your instrument are:
• All VOM functions plus conductance and continuity (8 in all) are included as standard.
DC Voltage - 100 /iV to lOOOV AC Vohage - IOO ^lV to 750V DC Current - I /lA to 2000 mA AC Current - 1 jiA to 2000 mA Resistance - 0. in - 20 Mn Diode Test Conductance - O.I ns to 200 ns and .001 ms to 2 ms (S = Siemens = 1/n). Continuity - Provides an immediate audible indication when continuity is detected.
• True rms ac measurement for signals up to 10 kHz.
• CONDUCFANCE - Allows fast, accurate, noise-free resistance measurements up to 10,000 Mn.
• An easy-to-read high contrast 3 1/2 digit liquid crystal display.
• Each range has: .
Full auto-polarity operafion Overrange indication
Effective protection from overloads
• Dual slope integration measurement technique to ensure noise-free measurements.
• Easy calibration - few adjustments.
1-1
8026B
Lightweight - 369 grams (13 ounces).
Up to 200 hours of continuous operation can be expected from a single, inexpensive, 9V, alkaline battery (transistor radio/calculator type).
Low battery voltage automatically detected and displayed.
Line operation is possible using a Model A81 Battery Eliminator (see Section 6. Accessories).
Protected test leads - finger guards on the probes and shrouded contacts on the
connectors discourage accidental contact with circuit voltages.
A full line of accessories that extend the range and scope of your instrument.
1-3. PREPARING FOR OPERATION 1-4. Unpacking
1-5. Your 8026B was packed and shipped in an especially designed protective container. This manual, the multimeter, one 9V battery, and two test leads (one red and one black) should be packed in the shipping container. Check your shipment thoroughly. If anything is wrong with your shipment, contact the place of purchase immediately. If satisfaction is not obtained, contact the nearest John Fluke Service Center. A list of these service centers is located at the end of this manual.
1-6. If reshipment is necessary, please use the original shipping container. container is not available, a new one can be obtained from the John Fluke Mfg. Co., Inc. Please state the instrument model number when requesting a new shipping container.
1-7. Battery and/or Fuse Installation/Replacement
1-8. Your 8026B is designed to operate on a single, inexpensive, 9V battery ofthe transistor radio/calculator variety (NEDA 1604). When you receive your 8026B the battery will not be installed in the DMM. Once the battery is installed, you can expect a typical operating life of up to 2(X) hours with an alkaline battery or IOO hours with a carbon-zinc battery. When the battery has exhausted about 80% of its useful life, the BT indicator will appear in the upper left corner of the display. Your 8026B will operate properly for at least 20 hours after BT appears. Use the following procedure to install or replace the battery and to replace the fuse.
WARNING
TO AVOID ELECTRICAL SHOCK HAZARDS REMOVE THE INPUT SIGNAL AND THE TEST LEADS FROM THE INPUT TERMINALS, AND SET THE POWER SWITCH TO OFF BEFORE OPENING THE BATTERY COMPARTMENT.
1.
Set the 8026B power switch to OFF.
2.
Remove the test leads from external circuit connections and from the 8026B
input terminals.
1-2
I f
the original
3.
Open the battery compartment on the bottom of the 8026B using the method
shown in Figure 1-1.
4.
Tilt the battery out as shown in Figure 1-2.
5.
If fuse Fl is to be replaced, use a pointed tool such as a probe tip or small screwdriver to pry FT from its holder. Replace the defective fuse with fuse type AGX2.
(Instruments that accomodate metric fuses use 5 x 20 mm 2A 250V type F.)
6. Disconnect the battery clip from the battery.
7.
Press the battery clip onto the replacement battery and return both to the battery compartment.
8. Make sure the battery leads are routed by the broad side ofthe battery and fully within the confines ofthe battery compartment before sliding the cover into place.
WARNING
DO NOT OPERATE THE 8026B UNTIL THE BATTERY COVER IS IN PLACE AND FULLY CLOSED.
USE THUMBS TO PUSH BATTERY COVER FROM 8026B CASE. INDEX FINGERS SHOULD BE USED TO PREVENT COVER FROM FLYING AWAY.
8026B
BACK SIDE OF 8026B
Figure 1-1. Removing the Battery Cover
1-3
8026B
\
lp^
/^
1
.••r
%^
'^v^i>
" . . .
1^
•^r>--j
:i;s:W
Figure 1-2. Battery Removal
1-9. PHYSICAL FEATURES
1-10. Before using your 8026B we suggest that you take a few minutes to get acquainted with your instrument. All of the externally accessible physical features of the 8026B are shown in Figure 1-3 and described in Table 1-1. Locate each feature on your 8026B as you
read the description.
1-11.
INITIAL CHECK-OUT PROCEDURE
1-12. Now that you have installed the battery, and know where everything is, let's make
sure the unit is working properly. We'll run through a simple check-out procedure, starting with turn-on. No equipment other than the test leads will be required. If a problem is encountered, please recheck the battery, fuses, switch settings, and test lead connections
before contacting your nearest authorized John Fluke Service Center.
NOTE
This
procedure is intendedto verify overall instrument operation, andisnot meant as a substitute for the formal Performance Test given in Section 4. Limits shown e.xceed the specifications because the procedure uses one
measurement to check another.
1.
Set the power switch to OFF and all range and function switches to the released
(out) position.
2.
Set the power switch to ON and observe the display. It should read 00.0 ±0.1.
3.
Connect the red test lead to thhe V/n input terminal.
4.
Touch the red probe tip to the COMMON input terminal, and sequentially depress each of the six range switches starting at the top (20 Mn). The display should read zero ±one digit and the decimal point should be positioned as follows:
1-4
8026B
a. 20M - 0.00
b.
2000k - 000
c. 200k - 00.0 d. 20k - 0.00 e. 2k - .000 f. 200 - 00.0
5.
Press the 20V range switch and remove the probe from the COMMON input
terminal.
6. Look inside of the battery eliminator connector on the right side of the 8026B and locate the connector contacts (center post and side contact as shown in Figure
1-3).
7.
Touch the red probe lip to the center post of the battery eliminator connector.
The display should read approximately -6V dc.
8. Touch the probe tip to the side contact ofthe battery eliminator connector. The display should read approximately 2.8V dc. Notice that the difference between the two readings is equal to the battery vohage (typically 8V to 9V dc). Remove the probe from the battery jack.
9-f
, I
non
[_l.tM«OW
'%
i^
8 7 6
Figure 1-3. Controls, Indicators and Connectors
...u
1-5
8026B
Table 1-1. 8026B Controls, Indicators and Connectors
ITEM
NO.
1
2
3
4
5
NAME
Display
Power Switch
Tilt Bail
Battery Eliminator and Connector
Battery Compartment
and Cover
FUNCTION
A 3-1/2 digit display (1999 max, with decimal point and minus polarity indication,
met values, overrange conditions, and
a low battery condition.
A slide switch used to turn the instrument off and on.
A removable fold-out stand which allows the instrument to be either tilted tor bench-top applications or hung
from a hook in the absence of a work
surface.
An external input power connector for use with the Model A81 Battery
Eliminator accessory. (A81 is available in a variety of voltage and plug configurations. See Section 6.)
Cover for the 9V battery and the current-protection fuse. Refer to figure 1-1 for battery cover removal instructions.
used to indicate measure-
1-6
6
7
8
V/n/S Input Connector
COMMON Input Connector
mA Input Connector
Protected test lead connector used as the high Input for all voltage,
resistance, continuity and conduc­tance measurements. Will accept banana plugs.
Protected test lead used as the low or common input for all measurements. Will accept banana plugs
Protected test lead connector used as the high input for all current
measurements Will accept banana
plugs.
Table 1-1. 8026B Controls, Indicators and Connectors (cont)
ITEM
NO.
NAME
FUNCTION
8026B
10
mA,'V-0/S Switch
Range Switches
A push-push switch (push on - push off, do not pull to select function) which is operated in conjunction with the high input connectors to select either the mA/V or Q (conductance) measurement functions. When the switch is in or depressed O is selected. The mA or V function is selected in the out position depending upon the location of the high input
Interlocked push-button switches for selecting ranges; i.e., press the desired range switch to select that range and cancel previous switch depressions. Do not pull the switches to select a range.
Voltage: 200 mV, 2V, 20V, 200V
1000V dc/750V ac
Current: 2 mA, 20 mA. 200 mA.
2000 mA
Resistance: 2000. 2 kO, 20 kO. 200
kO.
Conductance: 100 nS or 2 mS (S =
Siemens = 1/0 = international unit of conductance). ductance requires simultaneous depres­sion of two range switches.
lead.
2000 kO. 20 MO
Con-
DC/AC/ I))) Switch
A push-push switch (push on - push off. do not pull to select function) used to select the ac or dc measurement function when measuring current or voltage. When in, or depressed, the ac function is selected. Output selects dc. When used with the O or S functions, the in position enables the audible continuity tone.
1-7
8026B
9. Depress the lower function button (n) and sequentially depress each of the six range switches. The display should read I as the most significant digit with no other numbers shown. This is the standard overrange indication. Notice that the decimal point changes position with the range switch settings just as it did in step 4 of this procedure.
10.
Touch the red probe tip to the COMMON input terminal, and sequentially
press each of the range buttons. The display should read zero at each range setting.
Lead resistance may be sufficient to cause one or two tenths
(0.1
or 0.2n) indication
on the 200n range.
11.
Touch the red probe tip to the mA input connector and press the 200n switch.
The display should read 99.0 to lOI.O.
12.
Press the 2 kn switch. The display should read .099 to.
101.
Remove the probe
from the mA input connector.
13.
Simultaneously depress the 2000 kn and the 20 Mn range switches. This selects the 200 nS range. The display should read 00.0 to OI.O (minimum conductance, maximum resistance).
14.
Touch the red probe tip to the COMMON input connector. An overrange
indication should be displayed since conductance is the reciprocal of resistance.
15.
Connect the black test lead to the COMMON input connector.
16.
Depress both AC/ DC switch and the 750V ac range switch. Set the mA/ V-n
switch to the voltage (out) position.
WARNING
THE LOCAL LINE VOLTAGE IS MEASURED IN THE FOLLOWING STEP. BE CAREFUL NOT TO TOUCH THE PROBE TIPS WITH YOUR FINGERS, OR TO ALLOW THE PROBE TIPS TO CONTACT EACH OTHER.
17.
Measure the local ac line voltage at a convenient output receptacle. The
voltage should be displayed with I volt resolution.
18.
If the 8026B has responded properly to this point, it is operational and ready
for use.
1-13. ACCESSORIES
I-14. Table 1-2 lists the accessories available for use with the Model 8026B. Detailed
information about each accessory is provided in Section 6.
1-15. SPECIFICATIONS
I-16. Table 1-3 lists the 8026B specifications.
1-8
ACCESSORY
Table 1
-2.
8026B Accessories
8026B
DESCRIPTION
A81 C-90 80T-150C 80T-150F 801-600 80K-6 80K-40 80J-10 83RF 85RF Y8100 Y8101 Y8132 Y8134 Y8140
Table 1-3. 8026B Specifications
The following specifications assume a operating temperature of to 80% unless otherwise noted.
FUNCTIONS
DC VOLTS
RANGE
±200 mV
±2V
±20V
±200V ± 1000V
18°
C to 28° C (64° F to 82°
DC Volts, AC Volts, DC Current, AC Current, Resistance, Conductance, and Continuity.
RESOLUTION
lOO^V 1 mV 10 mV 100 mV IV
Battery Eliminator
Vinyl Carrying Case Temperature Probe °C Temperature Probe °F Current Transtormer 2" jaws High Voltage Probe High Voltage Probe Current Shunt High Frequency Probe High Frequency Probe AC/DC Current Probe Current Transformer 7/16" jaws Safety Designed Test Lead Set Deluxe Test Lead Set Slim Flex Test Lead Set
1-year
calibration cycle and an
F)
at a relative humidity up
ACCURACY
±(0.1%
of reading -1-1 digit)
Overvoltage Protection 1000V dc or peak ac on all ranges. Input Impedance 10 MO, all ranges.
Normal Mode Rejection Ratio >60 dB at 50 Hz and 60 Hz. Common Mode Rejection Ratio (1 kO unbalance) >100 dB at dc, 50 Hz and 60 Hz.
Response Time Less than one second.
1-9
8026B
Table 1-3. 8026B Specifications (cont)
AC VOLTS (True RMS, AC-Coupled)
ACCURACY*
RANGE
200 mV 2V 20V
200V 750V
'Applicable from 5% of range to full range.
Overioad Protection 750V rms or 1000V peak continuous, except
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (1 kO unbalance) >60 dB at 50 Hz and 60 Hz. Voll-Hz Product IxW maximum (for example, 200V @ 5 kHz). Input Impedance 10 MO In parallel with <100 pF.
Crest Factor 3:1
DC CURRENT
RESOLUTION
100
A/V 1 mV 10 mV
0.1V IV
45 Hz
to 1 kHz
±(0.5%
1 kHz 2 kHz
to 2 kHz to 5 kHz
+ 2 digits)
±(1%
-I-
2 digits)
±(1%
-F 3 digits)
ywitW^^0&^;:-xM :mmmB
200 mV ac ranges (15 seconds maximum above 300V rms ac).
5 kHz
to 10 kHz ±(2%
-F 3 digits)
mmm-
RANGE
2 mA 20 mA 200 mA 2000 mA
Overioad Protection
AC CURRENT
RANGE 2 mA
20 mA 200 mA
2000 mA 'Applicable from 5% of range to full range. Overioad Protection 2A/250V fuse, in series with a 3A/600V fuse.
Crest Factor 3:1
1-10
RESOLUTION
1 pA
10
M
100A(A
1 mA
RESOLUTION
1 pA 10
A/A 100/yA 1 mA
ACCURACY
±(0.75% + 1 digit)
45 Hz to 450 Hz ±(3%
±(1.5%
of reading
2A/250V fuse, in series with a 3A/600V fuse.
ACCURACY-
450 Hz tol kHz
rdg +2 d)
jNpt Specjfie^
of reading -t-2 digits)
BURDEN
VOLTAGE
0.3V max.
0.9V max.
BURDEN VOLTAGE
0.3V rms max
0.9V rms max
RESISTANCE
RANGE
200n
RESOLUTION
2kn-w-
20 kO 200 kO
2000 kO 20 MO
Table 1-3. 8026B Specifications (cont)
ACCURACY
0.1O
±(0.2%
of reading 1-3 digits)
in
±(0.1%
ion
of reading +^ digit)
loon
1 kn 10 kn
:v(2%
of reading * i digit)
FULL-
SCALE
VOLTAGE
<0.25V >1.0V <0.25V
>0.7V <0.25V
>.7V
8026B
MAXIMUM
TEST
CURRENT
.35 mA
1.1 mA
13/JA
13A(A
0.13/iA
0.13
A/A
Overioad Protection
Open Circuit Voltage Diode Test (Hi-Lo Ottms)
CONDUCTANCE
RANGE
2 mS
200 nS
Overioad Protection .
Open Circuit Voltage
Diode Test
CONTINUITY (for Passive Circuit Testing)
Ranges All resistance ranges. (2 kn range
Indication
CONTINUITY Audible tone OPEN CIRCUIT No audible tone
500V dc rms ac on all ranges. 15 seconds maximum above 3(X) volts.
Less than 1.5V on all ranges except 2 kn range is less than 3.5V. 2 kn, 200 kn, and 20 Mn ranges supply enough voltage to turn on junctions
allowing a "Diode Test". The 2 kn range is preferred and is marked with a diode
symbol.
200n, 20 kn, and 2000 kn ranges
can make in-circuit measurements without
turning on silicon junctions.
ACCURACY
±(0.2%
of reading fl digit)
±(2.0%
of reading +10 digits)
500V dc/rms ac on all ranges. 15 seconds
max. above 300V. 2 mS <3.5V 200 nS <1.5V
Both ranges will forward bias a typical PN
junction.
recommeded for lowest resistance
threshold)
1-11
8026B
Response Time
Overioad Protection
Table 1-3. 8026B Specifications (cont)
50 ps (Minimum duration of continuity or open to toggle audible tone) on 2 kO range. Pulse stretcher holds tone on or off for approximately 200 ms.
. 500V dc/rms ac on all ranges.
GENERAL
Maximum Common Mode Voltage Power Requirements
BATTERY LIFE
Carbon Zinc
BATTERY INDICATOR ..
DisDiav
Size
Weight
ENVIRONMENTAL
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Temperature Coefficient ..
. Relates solely to insulation or grounding
properties defined in lEC 348.
. 500V dc/rms ac.
.. Single 9V battery, NEDA 1604.
.. 200 hours typical. .. 100 hours typical.
"BT"
on display illuminates when
approximately 20% of battery life remains.
.. 3% digit LCD (2,000 count), autozero,
autopolarity.
.. L X W X H: 18.0 cm x 8.6 cm x 4.5 cm
(7.1 in X 3.4 in x 1.8 in)
.. 0.37 kg. (13 oz)
.. 0°C to 50°C (32° F to 122°F) operating.
-35°C to +60°C (-31 °F to 140°F) storage.
.. 0 to 80%, 0°C to 35°C, 0 to 70%, 35°C to
50° C
(95-122° F)
.. <0.1 times the applicable accuracy
specification per °C for 0°C to 18°C and 28°C to 50°C (32°F to64.4°F and 50.4°F to 122°F).
1-12
8026B
Section 2
Operating Instructions
2-1.
INTRODUCTION
2-2.
To fully use the measurement capabilities of your 8026B, a basic understanding of its measurement techniques and limitations is required. This section of the manual provides that infonnation. plus a few applications that may prove useful. For example, did you know your 8026B will provide direct-reading dc current gain (beta) measurements for both N PN and PN P transistors? Read this section ofthe manual, to find out how it's done.
2-3.
INPUT POWER
2-4.
Battery Life
2-5.
The 8026B is designed to operate on an single, inexpensive 9V battery of the transistor radio/calulator variety (NEDA 1604). If an alkaline battery is used, a typical operating life of up to 200 hours can be expected. Carbon-zinc batteries will have a useful life of up to 100 hours, in either event, the 8026B will display a Bl (in upper, left-hand corner) when the battery has exhausted approximately 80% of appears, the battery is capable of properly operating the 8026B for at least another 20 hours.
its
useful life. When Bl first
CAUTION
To ensure multimeter operation within the accuracy specifications, the tiattery should t>e replaced when the voltage measured at the center of the tiattery eliminator connector falls below -3.00 volts (with respect to the COMMON Input). It the battery voltage falls to a point where the"BT" is displayed and the digital display Is Inactive or no longer responds to an Input signal, the battery should be replaced Immediately to prevent damage to the LCD.
2-6.
Line Power Operation
2-7.
You can operate your 8026B from line power by using the A81 Battery Eliminator
Accessory. Refer to Section 6 for additional information about the A8I.
2>8.
OPERATING NOTES
2-9.
The following paragraphs will familiarize you with the capabilities and limitations
of your Model 8026B and instruct you in routine operator maintenance.
2-1
8026B
2-10. Input Overload Protection
CAUTION
Exceeding the maximum Inpul overload limits can damage your Instrument. transient overload protection circuit against short duration high energy pulses. protection pulses, and about 0.6 watts average rate pulses, such components; replacement, flameproof fusible resistor. Use exact replacement
2-11.
Each measurement function and its associated ranges are equipped with input
to
approximatly iWe pulses
as RJ1 - RJ4, Rl and R2. If any of use
those Irom
only Fluke parts
Is
designed Into
The
per
lor
lower amplitude
a TV set, can
to
ensure product safety.
components used limit
second
for 6 KV, 10
damage
these components require
to
the
8026B
to
microsecond
pulses.
Fast repetition
the
protection
(R2 Is a
ensure safety.)
protect
the
special
overload protection. The overload limits for each function and range are given
1.
Table 2-1. Input Overload Limits
SELECTED FUNCTION
Voltage
SELECTED
RANGE
200
mV, 2V,
20V, 200V. 750V
ac,
1000V
dc
INPUT
CONNECTIONS
V/n/S and
'
COMMON
MAX. INPUT OVERLOAD
10OOV dc
or
peak ac on dc ranges. 1000V dcor 750V rms on
ac 15 seconds above 300V on 200 mV
ac range.
Current
2 mA, 20 mA, 200 mA, 2000
mA
mA and COMMON
2A and 500V dc/rms ac max. Fuse-protected byFI (2A, 250V) in cir­cuits with open circuit voltage
^50V
ac. Fuse
F2
(3A, 600V)
provides protection from niisuse — open circuit voltage C600V
dc/rms
ac.
Resistance
Conductance,
or
Continuity
200n, 2 kn, kn,
200 kn, 2000 kn, 200 nS,
20 Mn,
2 mS
20
V/n/S
and
COMMON
500V
dc or rms ac. 15 seconds maximum above 300 volts.
A
It
in
Table
range
max.
dc/rms
2-
-
2-2
ANY
ANY
COMMON
500V dc/rms with respect
to
earth ground.
ac
8026B
2-12.
Input Connections to COMMON
WARNING
TO AVOID ELECTRICAL SHOCK AND /OR INSTRUMENT DAMAGE DO NOT CONNECT THE COMMON INPUT TERMINAL TO ANY SOURCE OF MORE THAN 500 VOLTS DC OR RMS AC ABOVE EARTH GROUND.
2-13.
The 8026B may be operated with the COM MON input terminal at a potential of up to 500V dc or 500V rms ac above earth ground, if this limit is exceeded, instrument damage may occur. This, in turn, may result in a safety hazard for the operator.
2-14. Fuse Check
2-15.
The current (mA) function contains two fuses. Check them as follows:
1.
Complete the set up steps for the RESISTANCE (n) function and select the 2
kn range.
2.
Touch the red test probe to the mA input jack so that the V-n input and m.A
input are connected together.
3.
If the display reads approximately .100 kn, both fuses are good.
4.
If the display reads overrange (a I followed by blank digits), one or both fuses
need replacement. See the following paragraph for replacement instructions.
2-16. Fuse Replacement
2-17.
All ac and dc current ranges are fuse protected. Two series fuses are used:
1.
FI, 2A@ 250V, replaceable at the battery compartment (see section 1 "Battery
or Fuse Installation/Replacement").
2.
F2, 3A@ 600V backup fuse (see section 4, Battery/Backup Fuse
Replacement).
2-18. The Display
2-19. The Front Panel Display on your 8026B is a 3-1/2 digit Liquid Crystal Display. The 1/2 digit is the extreme left digit location. So, the displayed value can range from000 through 1999. For convenience, in discussion, the 1999 is rounded to 2000. The decimal point position is determined by selected range and is not affected by the measurement function selected. Polarity, on the other hand is only used for the dc voltage and current measurement functions. A minus sign indicates that the input signal is negative with respect to the COMMON input terminal. Positive inputs are indicated by the absence of the minus sign.
NOTE
The minus sign (-) may flash momentarily as the 8026 B comes out of an overrange condition. This will most likely be seen in the ohms mode as the open circuit lest leads are applied to an in-range resistance value. If the minus sign remains on for in-range ohms readings, the circuit is live (a
negative voltage etc.),
and incorrect resistance readings will he observed.
is
pre.sent at the input terminals due to charged capacitors,
2-3
8026B
2-20. The Display has two abnormal status indicators, one for low battery power and one for instrument overrange. A "BT" is displayed when approximately 80% of the battery's life is exhausted (battery replacement is indicated). And, a "I" followed by three blanked digits is displayed (decimal point may be present) as an overrange indication. This
does not necessarily mean that the instrument is being exposed to a damaging input
condition. For example, when measuring resistance an open-input will cause an overrange indication.
NOTE
When the 8026B is powered with the A8I Battery Eliminator the "BV
indicator may come on. However, instrument operation will he normal.
2-21.
1'he liquid crystal display used in the 8026B is a rugged and reliable unit which will
give years of satisfactory service. Display life can be extended by observing the following
practices:
1.
Protect the display from extended exposure to bright sunlight.
2.
Keep the voltmeter out of high temperature, high humidity environments, such
as,
the dash of a car on a hot, sunny day. Otherwise, the display may temporarily
turn black. Recovery occurs at normal operating temperature.
3.
Note that the display operation may be slowed in extremely low temperature
environments. No damage will occur to the LCD, but response time is greatly
increased. Recovery occurs at normal operating temperature.
2-22.
OPERATION
2-23.
The five figures, 2-1 through 2-5, each illustrate one ofthe measurement functions ofthe Model 8026B. Each figure has two parts. The top part shows your 8026B as it should look when ready to perform that type of nieasurement. The bottom part ofthe figure lists, in sequential order, the steps you should perform to make that type of measurement with your 8026B. To operate your 8026B turn to the operation figure corresponding to the measurement function desired and perform the steps listed in the figure. Operate the Model 8026B in accordance with the Input Overload Protection and the Input Connections to COMMON portions of the Operating Notes presented earlier in this section.
2-24. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
2-25.
The following paragraphs offer you techniques that improve the measurement accuracy of your 8026B. While these techniques are in general use throughout the electronics industry, these paragraphs offer specifiee information for use with your 8026B.
2-26. AC Measurement
2-27.
The 8026B employs a true rms ac converter for ac signal measurements. The true rms value of an ac signal may be defined as the equivalent dc value that dissipates the same amount of heat in a resistor as the relative ac signal. Consider the following example: a light bulb is energized with an ac signal and the brightness is measured. The ac source is then removed from the light bulb and replaced by a variable dc source. The level of the dc signal is adjusted so that the brightness of the light bulb is the same as it was for the ac signal. This dc level is equivalent to the rms value of the ac signal. This cumbersome method is not practical for handheld multimeters, so an active log-antilog analog computation is continuously performed on the input signal.
2-4
VOLTS (V)
OUT FOR DC
(IN FOR AC)
IN FOR 20V RANGE
OUT FOR V FUNCTION
*NOTE: The function switches are push-push type. Do not pull them to the out
position.
• Connect the test leads as shown above.
• Depress the switch beside the range desired (20V is shown selected).
• Set the AC/DC switch out for DC or in For AC (DC is shown selected).
8026B
• Ensure that all other switches are at the out or off positions.
WARNING
TO AVOID ELECTRICAL SHOCK AND/OR INSTRUMENT DAMAGE, DO NOT CONNECT THE 8026B TERMINALS TO SOURCES THAT EXCEED THE FOLLOWING LIMITS WHEN MEASURING VOLTAGES:
COMMON:
V-n-S: TERMINAL (INTHE AC FUNCTION, 200 mV RANGE, SOURCES GREATER
THAN 300V DC OR RMS AC SHOULD NOT BE CONNECTED LONGER THAN
IS SECONDS).
• Connect the test leads to the circuit being measured.
• Read the measured value on the display. The minus sign will appear if the V-n-S terminal is negative with respect to the COMMON terminal.
500V DC OR RMS AC WITH RESPECT TO EARTH GROUND.
lOOOV DC OR 750V RMS AC WITH RESPECT TO THE COMMON
Figure 2-1. Volts Operation
2-5
8026B
CURRENT (inA)
OUT FOR DC
(IN FOR AC)
IN FOR RANGE
OUT FO FUNCTION
*NOTE:
The
position.
• Connect the test leads as shown.
• Depress the switch beside the range desired (20 mA range shown
• Set the AC/DC switch out for DC or in for AC.
• Ensure that all other switches are at the out or off positions.
function switches are push-push type. Do not pull them to the out
selected).
WARNING
TO AVOID ELECTRICAL SHOCK AND/OR INSTRUMENT DAMAGE, DO
NOT
CONNECT
FOLLOWING LIMITS WHEN MEASURING CURRENT:
COMMON: mA:
CURRENT
AC.
DO NOT ATTEMPT CURRENT MEASUREMENT WHERE THE POTEN­TIAL IS GREATER THAN GROUND.
• Connect the test leads to the circuit being measured.
• Read the measured value on the display. In DC the minus sign will appear if the mA terminal Is negative with respect to the COMMON terminal. this section.
2-6
THE 8026B
SOOV
DC OR RMS AC WITH RESPECT TO EARTH GROUND.
OF 2
If unit falls to read properly, see Fuse Check located earlier in
TERMINALS
AMPS
OR OPEN
SOOV
DC OR
Figure 2-2. Current Operation
TO SOURCES THAT EXCEED
CIRCUIT VOLTAGE
RMS
AC WITH RESPECT
OF 6(X)V
TO
DC/RMS EARTH
THE
RESISTANCE (Q) /<\
IN FOR 20 kn
RANGE
IN FOR n FUNCTION
*NOTE: The function switches are push-push type. Do not pull them to the out
position.
• Connect the test leads as shown.
• Depress the mA-V-O-S switch.
• Depress the switch beside the range desired (20k is shown selected).
8026B
• Ensure that all other switches are at the out or off positions.
• Make sure that the device being measured contains no electrical energy.
WARNING
TO AVOID ELECTRICAL SHOCK AND/OR INSTRUMENT DAMAGE, DO NOT CONNECT THE 8026B TERMINALS TO SOURCES THAT EXCEED THE FOLLOWING LIMITS WHEN MEASURING RESISTANCE OR CONTINUITY:
COMMON:
V-n-S: (15 SECONDS MAXIMUM ABOVE SOOV.)
• Connect the test leads across the device being measured.
• Read the measured value on the display.
SOOV DC OR RMS AC WITH RESPECT TO EARTH GROUND.
SOOV DC OR RMS AC WITH RESPECT TO THE COMMON TERMINAL.
Figure 2-3. Resistance Operation
2-7
8026B
CONDUCTANCE (S)
DEPRESS BOTH AT THE SAME TIME FOR 200 nS RANGE
IN FOR S — FUNCTION
*NOTE: The function switches are push-push type. Do not pull them to the out
position.
Connect the test leads as shown.
Depress the mA-V-O-S function switch.
AT THE SAME TIME, depress both of the range switches.
(The 200 nS range is shown selected.)
Ensure that all other switches are at the out or OFF positions.
Ensure that the device being measured contains no electrical energy.
WARNING
TO AVOID ELECTRICAL SHOCK AND/OR INSTRUMENT DAMAGE, DO NOT CONNECT FOLLOWING LIMITS WHEN MEASURING VOLTAGES:
THE 8026B
TERMINALS
TO SOURCES
THAT
EXCEED
THE
COMMON:
V-O-S: (15 SEC MAX ABOVE SOOV.)
Connect the test leads across the device being measured. Read the measured value in the display.
See Measurement Techniques section for Conductance-Resistance Conversion chart.
2-8
SOOV
SOOV
DC OR RMS AC WITH RESPECT TO EARTH GROUND.
DC
OR RMS AC WITH RESPECT TO THE COMMON
Figure 2-4. Conductance Operation
TERMINAL.
CONTINUITY
IN FOR AUDIBLE TONE
IN FOR 2 kn FUNCTION
IN FOR n FUNCTION
*NOTE:
The
position.
• Connect the test leads as shown.
• Depress the mA-V-n-S function switch.
• Depress the 2 kn range switch.
function switches are push-push type. Do not pull them to the out
8026B
• Depress the AC/DC function switch.
• Ensure that all other switches are at the out position.
• Ensure that the device being measured contains no electrical energy.
WARNING
TO AVOID ELECTRICAL SHOCK AND/OR INSTRUMENT DAMAGE, DO NOT
CONNECT
FOLLOWING LIMITS WHEN MEASURING CONDUCTANCE:
COMMON: V-n-S:
SOOV DC OR RMS AC WITH RESPECT TO THE COMMON
(15 SEC MAX ABOVE SOOV.)
• Connect the leads to the circuit being measured.
• Continuity between the test leads will cause the audible tone to sound.
THE 6026B
SOOV
DC OR RMS AC WITH RESPECT TO EARTH GROUND.
Figure 2-5. Continuity Operation
TERMINALS
TO SOURCES
THAT
EXCEED THE
TERMINAL.
2-9
8026B
2-28.
It should be noted that accurate measurements can only be guaranteed for ac input
signals that have some reasonable limits with regard to the frequency and shape ofthe
waveform. To help define what these reasonable limits are. a parameter known as "crest factor" has been developed. Crest factor is defined as the peak signal value divided by the rms value of the signal (with any dc component removed). Forexample, the crest factor of a
10%
duty-cycle rectangular pulse train is 3.16, and the crest factor of a sine wave is 1.41.
2-29. It should also be noted that signals with high crest factors usually have wide
bandwidth requirements which may be near the specified frequency limits for the selected range. Both crest factor and frequency response should be carefully considered when
evaluating reading accuracies. Refer to Section 1 for the 8026B specifications for ac
measurements.
2-30. Most analog and digital multimeters use average-responding ac converters. The gain in an average-responding ac converter is adjusted so that the multimeter measures sinusoidal signals correctly. However, if a signal is not perfectly sinusoidal, the multimeter with the average-responding ac converter will not measure the signal correctly. Figure 2-6 shows how the 8026B readings compare with average-responding multimeter readings for
seven common waveforms.
2-31.
You can also use the values in Figure 2-6 to calculate other waveform parameters from readings displayed on the 8026B. For example, if a rectified full wave sine wave is being measured and the 8026B displays the value 0.435 (V ac). then the pk-pk vohage would be
1.414V
(the same as the 0-pk voltage). The dc component would be 0.900V (this
could be verified by switching to the dc volts function). For another example, suppose the
8026B measures a rectified half wave sine wave and displays the value 1.000 pk or 0-pk voltage would be
1 OOOV
x (2.000
-=-
0.771) = 2.594V. The dc component would
(V
ac). The pk-
be l.tXWV X (0.636 -r 0.771) = 0.825V. For this same signal, an average-responding multimeter would measure I.OOOV x (0.764 -=- 0.771) = 0.991V, an error of 0.9%.
2-32.
Voltage AC/DC
2-33.
The 8026B is equipped with five ac and five dc voltage ranges; 200 mV, 2V, 20V,
2(X)V. 750V ac/
ICMXIV
dc. All ranges present an input resistance of 10 Mil shunted by less than IOO pF. When making measurements, be careful not to exceed the overload limits given earlier in lable 2-1.
2-34. Measurement errors, due to circuit loading, can result when making either ac or dc voltage measurements on circuits with high source resistance. However, in most cases the error is negligible «0.1%) as long as the source resistance of the measurement circuit is 10 kn or less. If circuit loading does present a problem, the percentage of error can be calculated using the appropriate formula in Figure 2-7.
2-35. Current AC/DC
WARNING
WHEN MEASURING CURRENT, DO NOT EXCEED THE MAXIMUM COMMON MODE VOLTAGE SPECIFICATION FOR THE
INSTRUMENT. THE OPERATOR IS PROTECTED FROM POSSIBLE INJURY AND THE INSTRUMENT IS PROTECTED FROM POSSIBLE DAMAGE BY A 250V FUSE IN SERIES WITH A SOOV FUSE.
2-10
SOOV
DCOR RMS AC
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