®
Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II
Three Phase Energy and Power Quality Analyzer
Users Manual
EN
January 2012, rev.1 06/12
© 2012 Fluke Corporation, All rights reserved. Printed in the EU
All product names are trademarks of their respective companies.
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Table of Contents
Chapter Title Page
1 General Aspects .................................................................................. 1-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 1-1
Limited Warranty & Limitation of Liability...................................................... 1-2
Shipment Note ................................................................................................... 1-3
Contacting a Service Center............................................................................... 1-4
Safety Information: Read First........................................................................... 1-4
Safe Use of Li-ion Battery Pack ........................................................................ 1-7
2 About This Manual .............................................................................. 2-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 2-1
Users Manual Contents...................................................................................... 2-1
3 Features of Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II .................................................. 3-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 3-1
General Measurements ...................................................................................... 3-1
Measuring modes to investigate details ............................................................. 3-2
Logging of Measuring Values in Meter Screens ............................................... 3-3
4 Basic Operations and Menu Navigation............................................ 4-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 4-1
Tilt Stand and Hang Strap.................................................................................. 4-2
Powering the Analyzer....................................................................................... 4-3
Installation and Replacement of a Battery Pack ................................................ 4-4
SD Memory Card............................................................................................... 4-5
Initial Setup........................................................................................................ 4-5
Display Brightness............................................................................................. 4-6
Locking the keyboard ........................................................................................ 4-6
Menu Navigation ............................................................................................... 4-6
Display Contrast ................................................................................................ 4-6
Reset to Factory Defaults................................................................................... 4-7
5 Display Information............................................................................. 5-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 5-1
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Users Manual
Phase Colors ...................................................................................................... 5-2
Screen Types...................................................................................................... 5-2
Screen information common for all screen types............................................... 5-3
6 Input Connections............................................................................... 6-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 6-1
Input Connections .............................................................................................. 6-1
7 Scope Waveform and Phasor............................................................. 7-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 7-1
Scope Waveform................................................................................................ 7-1
Scope Phasor...................................................................................................... 7-2
Tips and Hints.................................................................................................... 7-3
8 Volts/Amps/Hertz................................................................................. 8-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 8-1
Meter screen....................................................................................................... 8-1
Trend.................................................................................................................. 8-2
Events ................................................................................................................ 8-3
Tips and Hints.................................................................................................... 8-4
9 Dips & Swells....................................................................................... 9-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 9-1
Trend.................................................................................................................. 9-3
Events Tables..................................................................................................... 9-5
Tips and Hints.................................................................................................... 9-6
10 Harmonics............................................................................................ 10-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 10-1
Bar Graph Screen............................................................................................... 10-1
Meter screen....................................................................................................... 10-3
Trend.................................................................................................................. 10-4
Tips and Hints.................................................................................................... 10-4
11 Power & Energy................................................................................... 11-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 11-1
Meter screen....................................................................................................... 11-2
Trend.................................................................................................................. 11-3
Tips and Hints.................................................................................................... 11-4
12 Energy Loss Calculator ...................................................................... 12-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 12-1
Energy Loss Calculator Display ........................................................................ 12-2
Meter.................................................................................................................. 12-3
Tips and Hints.................................................................................................... 12-4
13 Power Inverter Efficiency ................................................................... 13-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 13-1
Meter screen....................................................................................................... 13-2
Trend.................................................................................................................. 13-3
Tips and Hints.................................................................................................... 13-3
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14 Unbalance ............................................................................................ 14-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 14-1
Phasor screen ..................................................................................................... 14-1
Meter Screen ...................................................................................................... 14-2
Trend.................................................................................................................. 14-3
Tips and Hints.................................................................................................... 14-4
15 Inrush ................................................................................................... 15-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 15-1
Inrush Trend Display ......................................................................................... 15-1
Tips and Hints.................................................................................................... 15-4
16 Monitor - Power Quality Monitoring................................................... 16-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 16-1
Power Quality Main Screen............................................................................... 16-4
Trend Display .................................................................................................... 16-5
Events Table ...................................................................................................... 16-5
Bar Graph Screen............................................................................................... 16-7
Tips and Hints.................................................................................................... 16-8
Contents (continued)
17 Flicker................................................................................................... 17-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 17-1
Meter screen....................................................................................................... 17-1
Trend.................................................................................................................. 17-2
Tips and Hints.................................................................................................... 17-3
18 Transients ............................................................................................ 18-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 18-1
Waveform Display............................................................................................. 18-2
Tips and Hints.................................................................................................... 18-3
19 Power Wave ......................................................................................... 19-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 19-1
Power Wave Screen ........................................................................................... 19-1
Meter screen....................................................................................................... 19-3
Waveform screen ............................................................................................... 19-3
Tips and Hints.................................................................................................... 19-4
20 Mains Signaling ................................................................................... 20-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 20-1
Trend.................................................................................................................. 20-2
Events Table ...................................................................................................... 20-3
Tips and Hints.................................................................................................... 20-4
21 Logger .................................................................................................. 21-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 21-1
Start Menu.......................................................................................................... 21-1
Meter screen....................................................................................................... 21-2
Trend.................................................................................................................. 21-3
Events ................................................................................................................ 21-4
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Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II
Users Manual
22 Shipboard V/A/Hz ................................................................................ 22-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 22-1
Meter screen....................................................................................................... 22-1
Trend.................................................................................................................. 22-3
Events ................................................................................................................ 22-4
23 Cursor and Zoom ................................................................................ 23-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 23-1
Cursor on Waveform Displays........................................................................... 23-1
Cursor on Trend Displays .................................................................................. 23-2
From Events Table to Trend Display with Cursor On....................................... 23-3
Cursor on Bar graph Displays............................................................................ 23-4
24 Setting up the Analyzer....................................................................... 24-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 24-1
USER PREFerences........................................................................................... 24-4
MANUAL SETUP............................................................................................. 24-6
Limits Adjustments............................................................................................ 24-13
Manual Setup - How to change the wiring configuration.............................. 24-10
Manual Setup - How to change scale of Scope Display................................ 24-11
25 Using Memory and PC ........................................................................ 25-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 25-1
Using memory.................................................................................................... 25-1
Use of PC........................................................................................................... 25-4
26 Tips and Maintenance......................................................................... 26-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 26-1
Cleaning the Analyzer and its Accessories........................................................ 26-1
Storing the Analyzer .......................................................................................... 26-1
Keeping the Battery in Good Condition ............................................................ 26-1
Installation of Options ....................................................................................... 26-2
Parts and Accessories......................................................................................... 26-2
Troubleshooting................................................................................................. 26-4
27 Specifications ...................................................................................... 27-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 27-1
Electrical Measurements.................................................................................... 27-2
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Introduction
This chapter informs you about a number of general and important aspects concerning the
Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II Three Phase Energy and Power Quality Analyzer (hereafter
referred to as ‘Analyzer’).
This concerns:
• Warranty and Liability Conditions.
• Shipment Note: Survey of items that should be included in your Analyzer Kit.
• Contacting a Fluke Service Center.
• Safety Information: Read First!
• Safe Use of Li-ion Battery Pack.
Chapter 1
General Aspects
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Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II
Users Manual
Limited Warranty & Limitation of Liability
Each Fluke product is warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship
under normal use and service. The warranty period is three years for the Analyzer and
one year for its accessories. The warranty period begins on the date of shipment. Parts,
product repairs and services are warranted for 90 days. This warranty extends only to the
original buyer or end-user customer of a Fluke authorized reseller, and does not apply to
fuses, disposable batteries or to any product which, in Fluke's opinion, has been misused,
altered, neglected or damaged by accident or abnormal conditions of operation or
handling. Fluke warrants that software will operate substantially in accordance with its
functional specifications for 90 days and that it has been properly recorded on nondefective media. Fluke does not warrant that software will be error free or operate
without interruption.
Fluke authorized resellers shall extend this warranty on new and unused products to enduser customers only but have no authority to extend a greater or different warranty on
behalf of Fluke. Warranty support is available if product is purchased through a Fluke
authorized sales outlet or Buyer has paid the applicable international price. Fluke reserves
the right to invoice Buyer for importation costs of repair/replacement parts when product
purchased in one country is submitted for repair in another country.
Fluke's warranty obligation is limited, at Fluke's option, to refund of the purchase price,
free of charge repair, or replacement of a defective product which is returned to a Fluke
authorized service center within the warranty period.
To obtain warranty service, contact your nearest Fluke authorized service center or send
the product, with a description of the difficulty, postage and insurance prepaid (FOB
Destination), to the nearest Fluke authorized service center. Fluke assumes no risk for
damage in transit. Following warranty repair, the product will be returned to Buyer,
transportation prepaid (FOB Destination). If Fluke determines that the failure was caused
by misuse, alteration, accident or abnormal condition of operation or handling, Fluke
will provide an estimate of repair costs and obtain authorization before commencing the
work. Following repair, the product will be returned to the Buyer transportation prepaid
and the Buyer will be billed for the repair and return transportation charges (FOB
Shipping Point).
THIS WARRANTY IS BUYER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY AND IS IN
LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT
NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. FLUKE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR
ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR
LOSSES, INCLUDING LOSS OF DATA, WHETHER ARISING FROM BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, RELIANCE OR ANY OTHER
THEORY.
Since some countries or states do not allow limitation of the term of an implied warranty,
or exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, the limitations and
exclusions of this warranty may not apply to every buyer. If any provision of this
Warranty is held invalid or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, such
holding will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision.
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General Aspects
Shipment Note 1
Shipment Note
The following items are included in your Analyzer Kit:
Note:
This Shipment Note reflects the contents of the standard product. The
contents of a special version may be different. The difference is indicated in
a Manual Supplement that is part of the shipment.
Note:
When new, the Analyzer’s rechargeable Li-ion battery is not charged.
Refer to Chapter 4 – Powering the Analyzer.
Figure 1-1. Contents of Analyzer Kit
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Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II
Users Manual
# Description
1 Power Quality Analyzer Fluke 43x Series II + Side Strap, Battery Pack BP290 (28 Wh) and 8 GB
SD Memory Card Installed
2 Decal Set for Input Sockets (EU & UK, EU, China, UK, US, Canada)
3 Hang Strap
4 Alligator Clips. Set of 5
5 Test Leads, 2.5 m + Color Coding Clips. Set of 5
6 Power Adapter
7 Line Plug Adapter Set (EU, US, UK, Australia/China, Switzerland, Brazil, Italy) or Regional Power
Cord.
8 Safety Instructions Booklet (Multi-Language)
9 CD-ROM with Manuals (Multi-Language), PowerLog Software, and USB drivers
10 USB Interface Cable for PC Connection (USB-A to mini-USB-B)
11 Flexible 6000 A AC Current Probe (not in Basic Version)
Fluke 434-II/435-II: Fluke 437-II:
12 Soft Carrying Case C1740 Hard Case with Rollers C437-II
Safety Information: Read First
The Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II Three Phase Energy and Power Quality Analyzer
complies with:
IEC/EN61010-1-2001,
CAN/CSA C22.2 No 61010-1-04 (including
UL std No 61010-1,
Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control and Laboratory
Use, Part 1: General requirements, Rated: 600V CAT IV 1000V CAT III Pollution
Degree 2.
CSAus approval),
c
Use the Analyzer and its accessories only as specified in the Users Manual. Otherwise,
the protection provided by the Analyzer and its accessories might be impaired.
A Warning identifies conditions and actions that pose hazard(s) to the user.
A Caution identifies conditions and actions that may damage the Analyzer.
The following international symbols are used on the Analyzer and in this manual:
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General Aspects
Safety Information: Read First 1
See explanation in
manual
Earth
Alternating Current
Safety Approval
Current Clamp
Li-Ion
Direct Current
Double Insulation
(Protection Class)
Recycling information
Conforms to relevant
Australian standards
Do not apply around or
remove from hazardous
live conductors.
Warning
To avoid electrical shock or fire:
• Review the entire manual before use of the Analyzer and its
accessories.
• Carefully read all instructions.
• Do not work alone.
Safety Approval
Conformité Européenne
Disposal information
RoHS China
Do no dispose of this
product as unsorted
municipal waste. Go to
Fluke’s website for
recycling information
• Do not use the product around explosive gas, vapor, or in
damp or wet environments.
• Use the product only as specified, or the protection supplied
by the product can be compromised.
• Use only insulated current probes, test leads and adapters as
supplied with the Analyzer, or indicated as suitable for the
Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II Analyzer.
• Keep fingers behind the finger guards on the probes.
• Before use, inspect the Analyzer, voltage probes, test leads
and accessories for mechanical damage and replace when
damaged. Look for cracks or missing plastic. Pay special
attention to the insulation surrounding the connectors.
• Verify the Analyzer’s operation by measuring a known voltage.
• Remove all probes, test leads and accessories that are not in
use.
• Always connect the Power Adapter first to the AC outlet before
connecting it to the Analyzer.
• Do not touch voltages >30 V ac rms, 42 V ac peak, or 60 V dc.
• Use the ground input only to ground the Analyzer and do not
apply any voltage.
• Do not apply input voltages above the rating of the instrument.
• Do not apply voltages in excess of the marked ratings of the
voltage probes or current clamps.
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Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II
Users Manual
• Use only correct measurement category (CAT), voltage, and
• Do not exceed the Measurement Category (CAT) rating of the
• Comply with local and national safety codes. Use personal
• The battery door must be closed and locked before you
• Do not operate the product with covers removed or the case
• Take special care during fitting and removal of the flexible
• Do not use exposed metal BNC or banana plug connectors.
amperage rated probes, test leads, and adapters for the
measurement.
lowest rated individual component of a product, probe, or
accessory.
protective equipment (approved rubber gloves, face
protection, and flame resistant clothes) to prevent shock and
arc blast injury where hazardous live conductors are exposed.
operate the product.
open. Hazardous voltage exposure is possible.
current probe: de-energize the installation under test or wear
suitable protective clothing.
• Do not insert metal objects into connectors.
• Use only the power supply, Model BC430 (Power Adapter).
• Before use check that the selected/indicated voltage range on
the BC430 matches the local line power voltage and frequency
(refer to figure below). If necessary set the slider switch of the
BC430 to the correct voltage.
• For the BC430 use only AC line plug adapters or AC line cords
that comply with local safety regulations.
• Remove the input signals before you clean the product.
• Use only specified replacement parts.
Slider switch on Power Adapter to select line power voltage (Note: for Adapters without
slider switch, refer to Instruction Sheet as supplied with device):
115V 230V
Max. Input Voltage at Voltage Banana Inputs to Ground:
Input A (L1), B (L2), C (L3), N to Ground: 1000 V CAT III, 600 V CAT IV.
Max. Voltage at Current BNC Inputs (See marking):
Input A (L1), B (L2), C (L3), N to Ground: 42 V peak.
Voltage ratings are given as “working voltage”. They should be read as V ac rms
(50-60 Hz) for AC sinewave applications and as V dc for DC applications.
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General Aspects
Measurement Category IV (CAT IV) refers to the overhead or underground utility service
of an installation. CAT III refers to distribution level and fixed installation circuits inside
a building.
If Safety Features are Impaired
If the Analyzer is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the protection
provided by the Analyzer may be impaired.
Before use, inspect the test leads for mechanical damage and replace damaged test leads!
If the Analyzer or its accessories appear to be impaired or not functioning properly, do
not use it and send it in for repair.
Note
To accommodate connection to various line power sockets, the Power
Adapter is equipped with a male plug that must be connected to a line plug
adapter appropriate for local use. Since the PowerAdapter is isolated, you
can use line plug adapters with or without a protective ground terminal.
The 230 V rating of the Power Adapter is not for use in North America. A
line plug adapter complying with the applicable National Requirements
may be provided to alter the blade configurations for a specific country.
Safe Use of Li-ion Battery Pack 1
Safe Use of Li-ion Battery Pack
The Battery Pack Fluke model BP29x has been tested in accordance with the UN Manual
of Tests and Criteria Part III Subsection 38.3 (ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.3) – more commonly
known as the UN T1..T8 – tests, and have been found to comply with the stated criteria.
The Battery Pack has been tested acc. to EN/IEC62133. As a result they can be shipped
unrestricted internationally by any means.
Recommendations to safe storage of battery pack.
• Do not store Battery Packs near heat or fire. Do not store in
sunlight.
• Do not remove a Battery Pack from its original packaging until
required for use.
• When possible, remove the Battery Pack from the equipment
when not in use.
• Fully charge the Battery Pack before storing it for an extended
period to avoid a defect.
• After extended periods of storage, it may be necessary to
charge and discharge the Battery Packs several times to
obtain maximum performance.
• Keep the Battery Pack out of the reach of children and
animals.
• Seek medical advise if a battery or part of it has been
swallowed.
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Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II
Users Manual
Recommendations to safe use of the Battery Pack.
• The Battery Pack needs to be charged before use. Use only
• Do not leave a battery on prolonged charge when not in use.
• The Battery Pack gives the best performance when operated at
• Do not put Battery Packs near heat or fire. Do not put in
• Do not subject Battery Packs to severe impacts such as
• Keep the Battery Pack clean and dry. Clean dirty connectors
• Do not use any charger other than that specifically provided
Fluke approved power adapters to charge the battery pack.
Refer to Fluke’s safety instructions and Users Manual for
proper charging instructions.
normal room temperature 20 °C ± 5 °C (68 °F ± 9 °F).
sunlight.
mechanical shock.
with a dry, clean cloth
for use with this equipment.
• Do not use any battery which is not designed or recommended
by Fluke for use with the product.
• Take careful notice of correct placement of the battery in the
product or the External Battery Charger.
• Do not short-circuit a Battery Pack. Do not keep Battery Packs
in a place where the terminals can be shorted by metal objects
(e.g. coins, paperclips, pens or other).
• Never use a Battery Pack or charger showing visible damage.
• Batteries contain hazardous chemicals that can cause burns
or explode. If exposure to chemicals occurs, clean with water
en get medical aid. Repair the product before use if the battery
leaks.
• Alteration of Battery Pack: there shall be no attempt to open,
modify, reform or repair a Battery Pack, which appears to be
malfunctioning, or which has been physically damaged.
• Do not disassemble or crush Battery Packs
• Use the battery only in the application for which it is intended.
• Retain the original product information for future reference.
Recommendations to safe transport of Battery Packs
• The Battery Pack must adequately be protected against short-
circuit or damage during transport.
• Always consult the IATA guidelines describing safe air
transport of Li-ion batteries.
• Check-in luggage: Battery Packs are only allowed when
installed in the product.
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General Aspects
• Hand carried luggage: a number of Battery Packs as required
for normal and individual use is allowed.
• Always consult national/local guidelines that are applicable for
shipment by mail or other transporters.
• A maximum of 3 Battery Packs may be shipped by mail. The
package must be marked as follows: PACKAGE CONTAINS
LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES (NO LITHIUM METAL).
Recommendations to safe disposal of a Battery Pack.
• A failed Battery Pack shall be properly disposed of in
accordance with local regulations.
• Dispose of properly: do not dispose of the battery as unsorted
municipal waste. Go to Fluke’s website for recycling
information.
• Dispose in discharged condition and cover the battery
terminals with isolation tape.
Safe Use of Li-ion Battery Pack 1
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Introduction
This Users Manual gives full and comprehensive information on how to use the Fluke
Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II Three Phase Energy and Power Quality Analyzers effectively
and in a safe manner. Read it carefully to learn about safe use of the Analyzer and its
accessories and to take full advantage of all measuring modes.
Information in this manual may be subject to minor changes without notice.
On the last pages of this manual there is an index that lists the most important subjects in
the manual with the manual pages where they can be found. Addionally you can use the
Edit, Find function of Acrobat Reader to find certain subjects. Use for instance the word
‘Transients’ to find all information on Transients.
Users Manual Contents
• Introduction: Title, Table of Contents.
Chapter 2
About This Manual
• Chapter 1. General Aspects: Warranty and Liability, Shipment Note, Contacting a
Service Center, Safety information (Read First!), Safe Use of Li-ion Battery Pack.
• Chapter 2. Overview of manual contents (this chapter).
• Chapter 3. Summary of measuring modes and how to use them in a logical order.
• Chapter 4. Basic operations: Tilt Stand and Hang Strap, Powering, Installation and
Replacement of a Battery Pack, SD Memory Card, Display adjustment, Keyboard
Locking, Reset, Menu Navigation.
• Chapter 5. Display information: Screen types, General Screen Information, Screen
Symbols.
• Chapter 6. Input Connections: Use of voltage and current probes.
• Chapter 7 ... 22. Explanation of measuring functions with tips & hints:
- Scope Waveform & Phasor (7),
- Volts/Amps/Hertz (8),
- Dips & Swells (9),
- Harmonics (10),
- Power & Energy (11),
- Energy Loss Calculator (12),
- Power Inverter Efficiency (13),
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Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II
Users Manual
• Chapter 23. Cursor and Zoom: how to investigate measurement details.
• Chapter 24. Setting up the Analyzer: a comprehensive explanation of adjustments to
• Chapter 25. Using Memory and PC: how to save, recall and delete screenshots and
• Chapter 26. Tips and Maintenance: Cleaning, Storage, Batteries, Installation of
• Chapter 27. Specifications: Electrical, Mechanical, and Safety characteristics.
- Unbalance (14),
- Inrush Currents (15),
- Power Quality Monitoring (16).
- Flicker (17),
- Transients (18),
- Power Wave (19),
- Mains Signaling (20),
- Logger (21).
- Shipboard V/A/Hz (22)
customize measurements.
data formats. How to make hard copies of measurement results and setup of
communication with PC.
options, Replaceable parts, Troubleshooting.
• Appendices: Measurement principles of Power Measurement and Energy Loss
Calculation, Installing USB Drivers, Instrument Security Procedures (English only).
Remark: for a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or Compliance Information on the
supplied Li-ion Battery Pack refer to Fluke’s website.
• Index.
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Features of Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II
Introduction
The Analyzer offers an extensive and powerful set of measurements to check power
distribution systems. Some give a general impression of power system performance.
Others are used to investigate specific details. This chapter gives an overview on how to
perform measurements in a logical order.
The measuring modes are described in detail in Chapter 7 to 22. Each measuring mode is
explained in a separate chapter.
Refer to Chapter 27 Specifications for an overview of the parameters that are measured in
each measuring mode and their accuracies.
After you have switched on a certain measurement, a settling time of about
10 seconds will pass before the measurement is started. During this time
the U (Unstable) symbol shows in the screen header. Moreover the timer
counts down from –10 seconds. A measurement has no unstable period
when used with a timed start.
Chapter 3
Note
Fluke 435-II and 437-II have additional features such as Flicker, Transients, Power
Wave, Mains Signaling, Wave Event, Rms Event, and 0.1 % voltage input accuracy.
Moreover Fluke 437-II has additional features such as Shipboard V/A/Hz and the
possibility to measure in 400 Hz power systems, and has a heavy duty Hard Case
with rollers.
In Fluke 434-II the functions Flicker, Transients, Power Wave and Mains Signaling
can be installed optionally. If not installed, they show up in the menu in grey color.
General Measurements
To check if voltage leads and current clamps are connected correctly, use Scope
Waveform and Scope Phasor. The clamps are marked with an arrow to facilitate proper
signal polarity. Chapter 6 Input Connections explains how to make connections.
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Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II
Users Manual
To get a general impression of the quality of a power system use MONITOR. The
MONITOR function displays a screen with Bar Graphs that show quality aspects of the
phase voltages. A Bar Graph changes from green to red if the related aspect does not
meet the active set of limits. An example of a set of limits is the set according to the
EN50160 norm. This set is present as a fixed set in the Analyzer’s memory. Also user
definable sets can be stored in memory.
Numerical data is shown by Volts/Amps/Hertz. For this press the MENU key. Then
select Volts/Amps/Hertz and press F5 – OK to display a Meter screen with the present
values of voltages (rms and peak), currents (rms and peak), frequency and Crest Factors
per phase. Press F5 – TREND so display the course over time of these values.
Measuring modes to investigate details
Phase voltages. Should be close to the nominal value. Voltage waveforms must be a sine
wave that is smooth and free from distortion. Use Scope Waveform to check the
waveform shape. Use Dips & Swells to record sudden voltage changes. Use Transients
mode to capture voltage anomalies.
Phase currents. Use Volts/Amps/Hertz and Dips & Swells to check current/voltage
relations. Use Inrush Current to record sudden current increases like motor inrush.
Crest Factor. A CF of 1.8 or higher means high waveform distortion. Use Scope
Waveform to see waveform distortion. Use Harmonics mode to identify harmonics and
THD (Total Harmonic Distortion).
Harmonics. Use Harmonics mode to check for voltage and current harmonics and THD
per phase. Use Trend to record harmonics over time.
Flicker. Use Flicker to check short and long term voltage flicker and related data per
phase. Use Trend to record these values over time.
Dips & Swells. Use Dips & Swells to record sudden voltage changes as short as half a
cycle.
Frequency. Should be close to nominal value. Frequency is normally very stable. Select
Volts/Amps/Hertz to display frequency. The course of frequency over time is recorded in
the Trend screen.
Unbalance. Each phase voltage should not differ more than 1 % from the average of the
three. Current unbalance should not exceed 10 %. Use Scope Phasor or Unbalance mode
to investigate unbalances.
Energy Loss Calculator. Helps to determine where energy losses occur and to visualize
their impact on your energy bill.
Power Inverter Efficiency. Measures the efficiency and amount of energy being delivered
by inverters that convert single phase DC into single or three phase AC.
Mains Signaling. Can be used to analyze the level of remote control signals that often are
present on power distribution systems.
Logger. Allows you to store multiple readings with high resolution in a long memory.
The readings to logged are selectable.
Power Wave. The Analyzer functions as a high resolution 8 channel scope recorder.
Hint: in general the most efficient way to troubleshoot electrical systems, is to begin at
the load and work towards the building’s service entrance. Measurements are taken along
the way to isolate faulty components or loads.
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Features of Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II
Logging of Measuring Values in Meter Screens 3
Logging of Measuring Values in Meter Screens
All measuring values in a Meter screen are logged. The average, minimun and maximum
values are logged with an adjustable average time (default value: 1 s) during the time that
the measurement is running. The average time is adjustable via the key sequence SETUP,
F4 – MANUAL SETUP, F3 – FUNCTION PREF. Use the arrow keys to select the
desired Average time. Also the total duration of the measurement and the start delay are
adjustable.
When the measurement is stopped by operation of function key F5 – HOLD the logged
data is saved on SD-card as Measurement xx. The measurement data is available via the
MEMORY key and function key F1 – RECALL DELETE. Next use the up/down arrow
keys to select the desired measurement and open it with function key F5 - RECALL. The
logged values are visible under F3 – TREND. Cursor and Zoom can be used to zoom in
on signal details.
If you resume the measurement via key sequence F5 – RUN, F3 – TIMED you enter a
menu that allows you to adjust average time, duration and start moment for that particular
measurement.
Note: under the LOGGER key you can log a maximum of 150 readings. The set or
reading to be logged is user definable. Refer to Chapter 21 for more information.
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Chapter 4
Basic Operations and Menu Navigation
Introduction
This chapter deals with a number of general aspects of the Analyzer’s operation:
• Tilt Stand and Hang Strap
• Powering the Analyzer
• Installation and Replacement of a Battery Pack
• SD Memory Card
• Display Brightness
• Locking the keyboard
• Menu navigation
• Display Contrast
• Reset to Factory Defaults
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US
Users Manual
Tilt Stand and Hang Strap
The Analyzer has a tilt stand that allows viewing the screen at an angle when placed on a
flat surface. Figure 4-1 shows this. Also shown in this Figure is the location of the USB
Interface connector. This interface also allows RS-232 communication with GPS430
option.
Mini
B
Figure 4-1. Tilt stand and location of USB interface connector
A hang strap is supplied with the Analyzer. The figure below shows how to attach the
strap correctly to the Analyzer.
Figure 4-2. Fixing the hang strap
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Basic Operations and Menu Navigation
Powering the Analyzer 4
Powering the Analyzer
The Analyzer has a built-in rechargeable Li-ion battery that can power it for more than 7
hours when fully charged. When powered by battery, the battery condition symbol in the
screen header indicates the charge condition. This symbol ranges from fully charged to
empty:
Analyzer’s screen after the key operations: SETUP, F2 – VERSION & CAL, F2 –
BATT. INFO. Additional to this, the battery itself is provided with a 5 segment fuel
gauge. Each segment represents about 20 % of the battery’s total capacity.
When empty, allow the battery to fully charge with the Power Adapter. A full charge
takes at least 4 hours with the Analyzer turned off. When turned-on charging takes much
longer.
No damage will occur if the charger is connected for long periods, e.g. over the weekend.
The Analyzer automatically switches to trickle charging. At delivery the battery may be
empty and it is recommended to charge it before use.
Concerning the use of the Power Adapter bear the following in mind:
• Use only the Power Adapter as supplied with the Analyzer.
• Before use check that the voltage and frequency as indicated on the Power Adapter
and in the accompanying Instruction Sheet match with local line power.
If required set the slider switch of the Power Adapter to the correct voltage.
. Detailed information on the battery condition can be found on the
• Connect the Power Adapter to the ac outlet.
• Connect the Power Adapter to the INPUT for the Power Adapter input on the right
top side of the Analyzer.
• To avoid overheating of the battery during charging, do not exceed the allowable
ambient temperature as given in the specifications.
Note
The Analyzer can not be powered up when the battery cover is not correctly
closed.
Caution
To prevent decrease of battery capacity, charge it at least twice
a year.
Power On/Off:
To save battery power, the Analyzer display dims automatically when no keys are
operated during a certain time. This time is adjustable.
Press to power up or down with the last setup configuration.
The welcome screen shows what Analyzer settings are
currently in use. At power on a single beep can be heard.
When a key is operated, the display turns on again.
For the adjustment of Auto-off time see Chapter 20, USER PREFerences.
Attention: the Analyzer switches off automatically when powered by battery only if no
further knobs are operated after power-on (i.e. when the welcome screen is displayed).
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Users Manual
Installation and Replacement of a Battery Pack
Never Operate the Analyzer with the Battery Cover removed!
Hazardous voltage exposure may occur.
To install or replace a Battery Pack, proceed as follows:
• Remove all probes and/or test leads.
• Fold the standup to the Analyzer.
• Unlock the battery cover at the rear of the Analyzer (turn the screws a quarter turn
• Lift the standup and battery cover and remove it (Figure 4-4).
• Lift one side of the battery and remove it (Figure 4-5)
• Install a battery and close the cover (turn the screws a quarter turn clockwise).
All measurement data that is stored on the SD Memory Card will stay available when the
Analyzer is disconnected from its power sources.
As an option a double capacity battery and an external battery charger are available.
Refer to chapter 23 paragraph Parts and Accessories for more information.
Warning
counter clockwise as shown in Figure 4-3).
Figure 4-3. Unlocking the Battery Cover
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Basic Operations and Menu Navigation
Figure 4-4. Removing the Battery Cover
SD Memory Card 4
SD Memory Card
Never Operate the Analyzer with the Battery Cover removed!
Hazardous voltage exposure may occur.
The Analyzer has a SD Memory Card for storage of measurement data. This data is
retained also when the Analyzer is disconnected from its power sources. If the Memory
card is not installed, only momentary measurement data is available.
The Memory Card is located in the Analyzer’s battery compartment and can be reached
in the same way as the battery. To lock or unlock the Card press it in the direction of the
arrow shown in the compartment. Also the correct position of the Card is shown there.
Remark: the standard battery can stay in place during exchange of a Memory Card. A
Double Capacity battery however must be removed to get access to the Memory Card.
To avoid malfunctioning of the Memory Card, do not touch its contacts.
Figure 4-5. Removing the Battery
Warning
Note
Initial Setup
When you power the Analyzer for the first time, after a Factory Default, or if it has been
disconnected from all power sources, you will have to adjust a number of general settings
that match your local situation.
This concerns: Information language, Nominal Frequency, Nominal Voltage, Phase
Identification, Phase Colors, Date and Time. The setups are done step-by-step and
explained in detail in Chapter 24.
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Users Manual
Display Brightness
Locking the keyboard
The keyboard can be locked to prevent unwanted operation during unattended
measurements:
Press repeatedly to dim/brighten the backlight.
Keep pressed for more than 5 seconds for extra brightness
for better visibility in strong sunlight (when powered by
battery).
Low brightness saves battery power.
ENTER
Menu Navigation
Most of the Analyzer functions are menu operated. Arrow keys are used to navigate
through menus. The Function keys F1 ... F5 and the ENTER key are used to make
selections. Active Function key selections are highlighted with a black background.
How to use the menus is illustrated in the example below on how to adjust the Analyzer
for use with a certain printer type.
SETUP
F1
ENTER
Press for 5 seconds to lock or unlock the keyboard.
The SETUP menu pops up.
Submenu SETUP USER PREF appears.
Highlight RS-232: .
The PRINTER submenu appears. In this menu you can
adjust PC communication baudrate.
Adjust the required transmission speed: .
F5
Press to return to the next higher menu SETUP USER
PREF. This menu is the starting point for many adjustments
such as Display Contrast Adjustment and Reset to Factory
Defaults.
Display Contrast
Use submenu SETUP, USER PREF. as a starting point. How to get there is explained
above under Menu Navigation:
Adjust the Display Contrast to your personal taste.
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Basic Operations and Menu Navigation
Reset to Factory Defaults 4
Reset to Factory Defaults
Proceed as follows to reset the Analyzer to factory default settings (initial setups, limits,
etc.):
Turn power off, then press and hold SAVE SCREEN and turn on again. You should hear
a double beep,
OR
Use submenu SETUP, USER PREF. as a starting point. How to get there is explained
above under Menu Navigation:
F1
Press to start the reset to default settings. Because of the risk
of unwanted erasure of data, a confirm menu pops up.
F5
Press to confirm the reset.
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Introduction
The Analyzer uses five different screen types to present measuring results in the most
effective way. The features these screens have in common are explained in this chapter.
Details that are specific for a certain measuring mode are presented in the chapter
explaining that mode. The screen header is presented in the selected information
language. The figure below gives an overview of the screen types 1 .. 6; common features
are explained under A ... F.
Chapter 5
Display Information
Figure 5-1. Survey of Display Types
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Phase Colors
Measuring results belonging to different phases are presented with individual colors. If for a certain phase - voltage and current are displayed simultaneously, the voltage color
has a dark tone and the current has a light tone.
The set of phase colors can be chosen via the SETUP key and function key F1 – USER
PREF. Then select Phase Colors with the up/down arrow keys. Next press ENTER to
reach the menu. Within the menu use the up/down arrow keys to choose the desired
colors and confirm with the ENTER. For detailed information see Chapter 24.
Screen Types
Below you will find a brief description of each screen type and its purpose. The
measuring mode it is used for is given as well as the manual chapter (Ch.) with detailed
information. Bear in mind that the amount of screen information depends on the number
of phases and the wiring configuration. Refer to Figure 5-1, item 1 ... 6.
1
Meter screen: gives an instantaneous overview of a big number of
important numerical measuring values. All these values are logged as
long as the measurement is on. They are stored in memory when the
measurement is stopped. Used for all measurements except Monitor
(Ch. 16) and Power Wave (Ch. 19).
Trend screen: this type of screen is related to a Meter screen. Trend
2
shows the course over time of measuring values from the Meter screen.
After selection of a measuring mode, the Analyzer starts recording all
readings in the Meter screen. Used for all measurements.
Waveform screen: shows voltage and current waveforms as displayed
3
on an oscilloscope. Channel A (L1) is reference channel and 4 complete
cycles are displayed. The nominal voltage and frequency determine the
measuring grid size. Used for: Scope Waveform (Ch. 7), Transients
(Ch. 18), Power Wave (Ch. 19), and Wave Event in Fluke 435-II/437II.
Phasor screen: shows the phase relation between voltages and currents
4
in a vector diagram. The vector of reference channel A (L1) points to
the positive horizontal direction. The A (L1) amplitude is also reference
for the measuring grid size. Used for: Scope Phasor (Ch. 7) and
Unbalance (Ch. 14).
Bar Graph screen: shows the density of each measuring parameter as a
5
percentage by means of a Bar Graph. Used for: Harmonics (Ch. 10),
and Power Quality Monitor (Ch. 16).
Events list: lists the events that occurred during the measurement with
6
data such as start date/time, phase and duration. Used for all
measurements except Power Wave (Ch. 19).
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Display Information
Screen information common for all screen types 5
Screen information common for all screen types
Refer to Figure 5-1, item A ... F
A
Measuring mode: the active measuring mode is shown in the screen
header.
Measuring values: main numerical measuring values. Background
B
colors differ per phase and for voltage or current. If Cursor is on, the
values at the Cursor are shown.
Status indicators. The following symbols may appear on the screen to
C
show the state of Analyzer and measurements:
: Indication that the 150/180 cycle (3 s) aggregation interval (50/60
Hz) is active. With no indication, the aggregation interval is 10/12
cycles (50/60 Hz). The indication is of use for rms based readings.
Time that a measurement has been going on. Format:
hours, minutes, seconds. When waiting for a timed start, time counts
down with prefix -.
Measurement may be unstable. E.g. applicable for frequency
readout during absence of voltage at reference phase A (L1).
Indicates according to IEC61000-4-30 flagging convention that a
dip, swell or interruption has occurred during the displayed aggregation
interval. Indicates that an aggregated value may not be reliable.
/ Recording of measurement data is on / off.
Phasor rotation indicator.
Battery/Line power indication. During battery operation the
battery charge condition is displayed.
Keyboard locked. Press ENTER 5 seconds to unlock/unlock.
Main area with measuring data: features are explained under 1 ... 6.
D
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E
Status line: following information appears on the screen. How to adjust
these items is explained in Chapter 20 – General Settings. Following
information is given:
Date of Analyzer’s real time clock. Date format may be
month-day-year or day-month-year.
Time of day or cursor time.
Nominal line voltage and frequency: are a reference for
the measurements.
GPS signal strength indicator.
Number of phases and wiring configuration for the
measurement.
Name of the limits used for the power quality MONITOR
and Event Detection.
Softkey text area: softkey functions that can be selected with F1 ... F5
F
are indicated in white. Functions currently not available are indicated in
gray. Active Function key selections are highlighted with a black
background.
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Introduction
This chapter explains how to make connection to the power distribution system under test
and how to adjust the Analyzer settings.
Check that the Analyzer setup meets the characteristics of the system under test and the
accessories that are used. This concerns:
• wiring configuration
• nominal frequency
• nominal voltage
• limits used for power quality monitor and event detection
• properties of voltage leads and current clamps
For a quick verification of the key elements, use the setup wizard attainable via the
SETUP key and function key F3 – SETUP WIZARD. Refer to Chapter 24 for more
information.
Chapter 6
Input Connections
The actual setup is shown in the welcome screen that appears after power up. To change
the setup, refer to Chapter 24.
Input Connections
The Analyzer has 4 BNC inputs for current clamps and 5 banana-inputs for voltages.
Note: use only the current clamps as supplied or clamps that are recommended for safe
use with the Analyzer. These clamps have a plastic BNC connector. The use of insulated
BNC connectors is necessary for safe measurements.
Self-adhesive decals are supplied corresponding to wiring color codes used in the USA,
Canada, Continental Europe, the UK, and China. Stick the decals that fit to your local
wiring codes around the current and voltage inputs as shown in Figure 6-1.
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Figure 6-1. Mounting the decals for voltage and current inputs
De-energize power systems before making connections whenever possible. Always use
appropriate equipment for personal protection. Avoid working alone and work according
to the warnings listed in Chapter 1, Safety Information.
For a 3-phase system make the connections as shown in Figure 6-2.
Figure 6-2. Connection of Analyzer to 3-phase distribution system
First put the current clamps around the conductors of phase A (L1), B (L2), C (L3), and
N(eutral). The clamps are marked with an arrow indicating the correct signal polarity.
Next make the voltage connections: start with Ground and then in succession N, A (L1),
B (L2), and C (L3). For correct measuring results, always connect the Ground input.
Always double-check the connections. Make sure that current clamps are secured and
completely closed around the conductors.
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Input Connections
Input Connections 6
For single phase measurements, use current input A (L1) and the voltage inputs Ground,
N(eutral), and phase A (L1).
A (L1) is the reference phase for all measurements.
Before making any measurements, set the Analyzer up for the line voltage, frequency,
and wiring configuration of the power system you want to measure. This is explained in
Chapter 24, General Settings.
Scope Waveform and Phasor display are useful to check if voltage leads and current
clamps are connected correctly. In the vector diagram the phase voltages and currents A
(L1), B (L2), and C (L3) should appear in sequence when observing them in clockwise
direction as shown in the example in Figure 6-3.
Figure 6-3. Vector diagram for correctly connected Analyzer
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Introduction
Scope mode shows voltages and currents in the power system under test by means of
waveforms or vector diagram. Also numerical values are shown such as phase voltages
(rms, fundamental, and at cursor), phase currents (rms, fundamental and at cursor),
frequency, and phase angles between voltages and currents.
Scope Waveform and Phasor can be used in combination with an other active
measurement such as for instance Volts/Amps/Hertz and does not interrupt logging of
readings.
Scope Waveform
To access the Scope Waveform screen:
Chapter 7
Scope Waveform and Phasor
c
The Scope Waveform screen offers an oscilloscope style of display of voltage and/or
current waveforms with a fast update rate. The screen header shows the related rms
voltage/current values (10/12 cycle rms or 150/180 cycle rms). Four waveform periods
are displayed. Channel A (L1) is the reference channel.
Available function keys:
SCOPE
F1
F2
Selection of waveform set to be displayed: VOLT displays
all voltages, AMP displays all currents. A (L1), B (L2), C
(L3), N (neutral) give simultaneous display of phase voltage
and current for the selected phase.
Switch cursor on/off. Use the left/right arrow keys to move
the cursor horizontally along the waveform.
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F3
F4
F5
Access to the Phasor screen. For description see below.
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to vertical zoom.
Switch back to active measurement (e.g.
Volts/Amps/Hertz). If Scope Waveform/Phasor is the only
active measurement: switch to MENU.
Cursor. When the Cursor is on, the waveform values at the Cursor are displayed in the
screen header.
Zoom. Allows you to expand or shrink the display vertically to view details or to see the
complete graph within the screen area.
Zoom and Cursor are operated by the arrow keys and are explained in Chapter 23.
The Range of waveforms is preadjusted for a good display in almost all cases. This is
based upon Nominal Voltage (Vnom) and Current range (A Range).
If desired, you can change the Volt and Amp range. Press in sequence:
the SETUP key, F4 - MANUAL SETUP, F2 – SCOPE SCALE. There are separate
adjustments for PHASE and NEUTRAL (to be selected with F3).
Also the PHASOR rotation indication can be set to your preference. Press in sequence:
the SETUP key, F4 - MANUAL SETUP, F3 – FUNCTION PREFerence. Use the
up/down arrow keys to select Phasor and the left/right arrow keys to select pos(itive) or
neg(ative).
Scope Phasor
To access the Phasor screen:
d
The Phasor screen displays the phase relation between voltages and currents in a vector
diagram. The vector of reference channel A (L1) points in the positive horizontal
direction. Additional numerical values are fundamental phase voltage and/or current,
frequency, and phase angles. The screen header shows rms voltage and/or current values.
Available function keys:
F3
F1
F3
F5
Selection of additional data to be displayed: all voltages, all
currents, or voltage and current phase by phase.
Return to the Scope Waveform.
Switch back to active measurement (e.g.
Volts/Amps/Hertz). If Scope Waveform/Phasor is the only
active measurement: switch to MENU .
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Scope Waveform and Phasor
Tips and Hints 7
Tips and Hints
Scope Waveform gives a clear view of current and voltage waveform shapes. Voltage
waveforms in particular should be smooth and sinusoidal. If you see voltage distortion, it
is a good idea to check the harmonics display. The rms voltages and frequency should be
close to their nominal values.
Waveform and Phasor display are also useful to check if voltage leads and current clamps
are connected correctly. In the vector diagram the phase voltages A (L1), B (L2), and C
(L3) should appear in sequence at equal distance (120 degrees). Current vectors should
have the same direction as the voltage vector with usually less than 30 degree phase shift.
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Introduction
Volts/Amps/Hertz displays a Meter screen with important numerical measuring values.
The related Trend screen shows the changes over time of all values in the Meter screen.
Events such as dips and swells are listed in a table.
Fluke 437-II is able to perform measurements in 400 Hz power systems (Marine,
Aerospace, Rail, Military).
Meter screen
To access the VOLTS/AMPS/HERTZ Meter screen:
Chapter 8
Volts/Amps/Hertz
c
d
The Meter screen gives an overview of voltages and currents in all phases. The rms
voltages are shown neutral-to-line and line-to-line. Also frequency and Crest Factors are
shown. The Crest Factor CF indicates the amount of distortion: a CF of 1.41 means no
distortion and higher than 1.8 means high distortion. Use this screen to get a first
impression of power system performance before examining the system in detail with
other measuring modes. The number of columns in the Meter screen depends on the
power system configuration. Use the up/down arrow keys to scroll the Meter screen.
MENU
ENTER
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The figures in the Meter screen are present values that may update constantly. Changes in
these values over time are recorded as soon as the measurement is turned on. The
recording is visible in the Trend screen.
Logging. All measuring values in meter screen are logged. Refer to Chapter 3, paragraph
Logging of Measuring Values for more information.
The Cycle Aggregation Interval for rms based measurements such as Vrms and Arms can
be set to 10/12 cycles or 150/180 cycles. To adjust press in sequence: the SETUP key, F4
– MANUAL SETUP, F3 – FUNCTION PREF and the up/down arrow keys to select
Cycle Aggrega(tion) and use the left/right arrow keys to adjust.
Available function keys:
F1
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Meter screen.
Trend
To access the VOLTS/AMPS/HERTZ Trend screen:
All values in the Meter screen are recorded, but the Trends from each row in the Meter
screen are displayed one at a time. Press Function key F1 to assign the up/down arrow
keys to row selection.
e
F3
F4
Access to the Trend screen. For description see below.
Access to the Events screen. The number of events that
occurred is shown. For description see below.
F5
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
F3
The traces build up from the right side. Readings in the header correspond to the most
recent values plotted on the right.
Available function keys:
F1
F2
F3
F4
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Trend screen.
Access to cursor and zoom menu.
Return to Meter screen.
Access to Events menu. The number of events that occurred
is shown. For description see below.
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Volts/Amps/Hertz
Events 8
Cursor. When the Cursor is on, the Trend values at the Cursor are displayed in the screen
header. Moving the Cursor off the left or right side of the screen brings the next screen
into the viewing area.
Zoom. Allows you to expand or shrink the display vertically or horizontally to view
details or to fit a complete graph within the screen area. Zoom and Cursor are operated by
the arrow keys and explained in Chapter 23.
Cursor is active in Hold mode only.
Offset and Span of the Trends are auto ranging for a good display in almost al cases. If
desired, you can change Offset and Span of active measurements. Press in sequence:
the SETUP key, F4 – MANUAL SETUP, F1 – TREND SCALE. Use the up/down arrow
keys to select the item to be adjusted and the left/right arrow keys to adjust. There are
separate adjustments for PHASE and NEUTRAL (to be selected with Function key F3).
See Chapter 24 for more information.
Events
To access the VOLTS/AMPS/HERTZ Events screen:
f
F5
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
F4
The Events table lists all threshold crossings of phase voltages. Thresholds according to
international standards or user-definable thresholds can be used. Threshold adjustment is
reached via the SETUP key and Limits. For detailed information see Chapter 24, Limits
Adjustments.
In Normal mode major event characteristics are listed: start time, duration, and voltage
magnitude. Detail shows details of threshold crossings per phase.
The following Abbreviations and Symbols are used in the tables:
Abbreviation Description Symbol Description
CHG Rapid Voltage Change Rising voltage edge
DIP Voltage Dip Falling voltage edge
INT Voltage Interruption Change upwards
SWL Voltage Swell Change downwards
TRA Transient
AMP Amp value exceeded
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Available function keys:
F1
Switch to wave event display: this will show a scope
waveform around the selected event. Available in Fluke
435-II and 437-II.
F2
F3
F4
Tips and Hints
Voltage and frequency should be close to the nominal values of for example 120 V,
230 V, 480 V, 60 Hz, or 50 Hz.
The voltages and currents in the Meter screen can e.g. be used to check if power applied
to a 3-phase induction motor is in balance. Voltage unbalance causes high unbalanced
currents in stator windings resulting in overheating and reduced motor life. Each of the
phase voltages should not differ more than 1 % from the average of the three. Current
unbalance should not exceed 10 %. In case of too high unbalance, use other measuring
modes to further analyze the power system.
A Crest Factor close to 2.0 indicates high distortion. CF = 2.0 can e.g. be found if you
measure the current drawn by rectifiers that only conduct at the sine wave top.
Switch to rms event display: this will show the ½ cycle rms
trend around the selected event. Available in Fluke 435-II
and 437-II.
Switch between NORMAL and DETAILED event table.
Return to Trend screen.
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Introduction
Dips & Swells records Dips, Interruptions, Rapid Voltage Changes, and Swells.
Dips (Sags) and Swells are fast deviations from the normal voltage. Magnitude may be
ten up to hundreds of volts. Duration may vary from a half cycle to a few seconds as
defined in EN61000-4-30. The Analyzer allows you to choose nominal or sliding
reference voltage. A sliding reference voltage uses measured values filtered with a
1-minute time constant.
During a dip the voltage drops; during a swell the voltage rises. In three phase systems a
dip begins when the voltage on one or more phases drops below the dip threshold and
ends when all phases are equal to or above the dip threshold plus hysteresis. The trigger
conditions for dips and swells are threshold and hysteresis. Dips and swells are
characterized by duration, magnitude, and time of occurrence. Figure 9-1 and 9-2 explain
this.
Chapter 9
Dips & Swells
Figure 9-1. Characteristics of a voltage dip
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Users Manual
During an Interruption the voltage sinks well below its nominal value. In three phase
systems an interruption begins when the voltage on all phases are below threshold and
ends when one phase is equal to or above the interruption threshold plus hysteresis. The
trigger conditions for interruptions are threshold and hysteresis. Interruptions are
characterized by duration, magnitude and time of occurrence. Figure 9-3 explains this.
Figure 9-2. Characteristics of a voltage swell
INTERRUPTION-INT-
NOMINAL
VOLTAGE
HYSTERESIS
THRESHOLD
duration
time
0 VOLT
Figure 9-3. Characteristics of a voltage interruption
magnitude
Rapid voltage changes are quick transitions of the rms voltage between two steady-states.
Rapid voltage changes are captured based on steady voltage tolerance, steady time,
minimum step detected, and minimum rate (%/s). When a voltage change crosses the dip
or swell thresholds, it is considered a dip or swell and not a rapid voltage change.
Additional to detection based upon voltage step (Vstep), detection based upon maximum
voltage change (Vmax) can be selected when setting up the limits. Note that the
Norwegian FoL requires detection on Vmax. The event list shows the voltage step and
transition time. The detailed event list shows the Vmax relative to the nominal voltage.
Figure 9-4 explains this.
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Dips & Swells
Steady time
Trend 9
Voltage tolerance
Normal voltage
In addition to the voltage also current is recorded. This allows you to see cause and effect
of deviations.
Function key F4 – EVENTS accesses event tables where voltage events are listed in
sequence.
Trend
To access to the Dips & Swells Trend screen:
Maximum voltage change
Voltage step
Transition time
Figure 9-4. Characteristics of a rapid voltage change
Rate of change
Voltage tolerance
Steady time
c
MENU
d
e
ENTER
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For the main screen all configured voltage (Vrms half cycle) and current (Arms half
cycle) channels are recorded to allow viewing of cause and effect of deviations. Not all
channels are displayed simultaneously. The up/down arrow keys allow selection of the
set of trends to be displayed.
The screen builds up from the right side of the screen and the corresponding values are
displayed in the screen header.
Available function keys:
F1
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Trend screen.
F2
F3
F4
Access to cursor and zoom menu.
Access to Meter screen.
Access to Events tables. The number of events that occurred
is shown. For description see below.
F5
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
Logging. All measuring values in Meter screen are logged. Refer to Chapter 3, paragraph
Logging of Measuring Values for more information.
Cursor. When the Cursor is on, the Trend values at the Cursor are displayed in the screen
header. Moving the Cursor off the left or right side of the screen brings the next of six
screens into the viewing area.
Zoom. Allows you to expand or shrink the display vertically or horizontally to view
details or to fit a complete graph within the screen area. Zoom and Cursor are operated by
the arrow keys and are explained in Chapter 23.
Offset and Span of the Trends are auto ranging for a good display in almost al cases. If
desired, you can change Offset and Span of active trends. Press in sequence:
the SETUP key, F4 – MANUAL SETUP, F1 – TREND SCALE. Use the up/down arrow
keys to select the item to be adjusted and the left/right arrow keys to adjust. See Chapter
24 for more information. In this chapter is also explained how to adjust to Nominal or
Sliding Reference.
Event criteria such as threshold, hysteresis and others are preset, but they may be
adjusted. The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key, F4 – MANUAL SETUP
and Limits setup. See Chapter 24, Limits Adjustments.
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Dips & Swells
Events Tables 9
Events Tables
To access the Dips & Swells Events Tables:
f
The Events table lists all threshold crossings of phase voltages. Thresholds according to
international standards or user-definable thresholds can be used. Threshold adjustment is
reached via the SETUP key, F4 – MANUAL SETUP and Limits. For detailed
information see Chapter 24, Limits Adjustments.
With the Analyzer in HOLD mode you can see event details in the modes WAVE
EVENT and RMS EVENT. With the up/down arrow keys you can select a certain event
in the table.
WAVE EVENT (in Fluke 435-II and 437-II) gives oscilloscope style waveforms of the
selected event. The event is in the horizontal mid of screen.
RMS EVENT (in Fluke 435-II and 437-II) gives a trend display with the event in the mid
of screen (provided that there is sufficient data available after the event).
F4
In Normal mode major event characteristics are listed: start time, duration, and voltage
magnitude. Detail shows details of threshold crossings per phase.
The following Abbreviations and Symbols are used in the tables:
Abbreviation Description Symbol Description
CHG Rapid Voltage Change Rising voltage edge
DIP Voltage Dip Falling voltage edge
INT Voltage Interruption Change upwards
SWL Voltage Swell Change downwards
TRA Transient
AMP Amp value exceeded
Available function keys:
F1
F2
F3
F4
Access to WAVE EVENT display.
Access to RMS EVENT display.
Switch between NORMAL and DETAILED event table.
Return to Trend screen.
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Tips and Hints
The occurrence of Dips (Sags) and Swells may indicate a weak power distribution
system. In such a system voltage will change considerably when a big motor or a welding
machine is switched on or off. This may cause lights to flicker or even show visible
dimming. It may cause reset and loss of data in computer systems and process controllers.
By monitoring the voltage and current trend at the power service entrance, you can find
out if the cause of the voltage dip is inside or outside the building. The cause is inside the
building (downstream) when voltage drops while current rises; it is outside (upstream)
when both voltage and current drop.
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Introduction
Harmonics measures and records harmonics and interharmonics up to the 50th. Related
data such as DC components, THD (Total Harmonic Distortion), and K-factor are
measured. Harmonics are periodic distortions of voltage, current, or power sinewaves. A
waveform can be considered as a combination of various sinewaves with different
frequencies and magnitudes. The contribution of each of these components to the full
signal is measured. Readings can be given as a percentage of the fundamental, as a
percentage of all harmonics combined (rms value), or as rms value. Results may be
viewed in a Bar Graph display, a Meter screen, or a Trend display. Harmonics are often
caused by non-linear loads such as switched mode power supplies in computers, TV’s
and adjustable speed motor drives. Harmonics can cause transformers, conductors, and
motors to overheat.
Note: the number of harmonics is limited to DC and harmonics 1 … 13 for measurements
in 400 Hz power systems such as offered in Fluke 437-II. Measurement of
Interharmonics is disabled. The phase angle is not displayed. For further information
refer to the Specifications in Chapter 27.
Chapter 10
Harmonics
Bar Graph Screen
To access to the Harmonics Bar Graph screen:
c
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d
e
ENTER
The Bar Graph display shows the percentage contribution of each of the components
related to the full signal. A signal without distortion should show a 1
st
harmonic (= the
fundamental) at 100 % while the others are at zero: in practice this will not occur because
there always is a certain amount of distortion resulting in higher harmonics.
A pure sinewave becomes distorted when higher frequency components are added to it.
Distortion is represented by the THD percentage. The display can also show the
percentage of the DC component and the K-factor. The K-factor is measurend for current
and power and displayed in the screen header. It is a number that quantifies potential
overload in transformers due to harmonic currents. Higher order harmonics influence the
K-factor more than low order harmonics.
The table below shows the number of Bar Graphs displayed simultaneously in one
screen:
Harmonics Harmonics & Interharmonics
All phase display 1 ... 17 1 ... 9
Single phase display 1 ... 50 1 ... 25
The left/right arrow keys are used to position the Cursor on a particular bar. The screen
header will show for that bar phase identifier, harmonic number, frequency, and phase
angle. If not all bars are shown on the screen, you can bring the next set within the
viewing area by moving the Cursor off the left or right end of the screen. The up/down
arrow keys are used for vertical zoom: 100 %, 50 %, 20 %, 10 %, or 5 % at full scale can
be selected.
Press in sequence: the SETUP key, F4 – MANUAL SETUP, F3 – FUNCTION PREF and
use the up/down arrow keys to select Harmonics measurement parameters and if required
adjust them with the left/right arrow keys. For detailed information see Chapter 24,
FUNCTION PREFerences.
Filtering. When measuring harmonics with interharmonics off, harmonics group is used
and a 1.5 s smoothing filter is active. When measuring harmonics with interharmonics on,
harmonics subgroup and interharmonics centered subgroup are used and no filter is
active. Refer to IEC61000-4-7 for information on grouping.
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Harmonics
Meter screen10
Available function keys:
F1
Selection of harmonics type: Voltage, Current, or Real
Power (Watt). Power harmonics can have positive and
negative polarity.
F2
F3
F5
Meter screen
To access the Harmonics Meter screen:
f
The Meter screen display shows many measurements that are grouped per phase. Use the
up/down arrow keys to scroll all measurements within the viewing area.
F3
Selection of waveform set to be used: A (L1), B (L2), C
(L3), N (neutral) or ALL
Access the Meter screen.
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
The Events table attainable under Function key F4 lists all threshold crossings of phase
voltages. Thresholds according to international standards or user-definable thresholds can
be used. Threshold adjustment is reached via the SETUP key and Limits. For detailed
information see Chapter 24, Limits Adjustments.
Available function keys:
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Meter screen.
Return to Bar Graph screen.
Access the Trend screen. For description see below.
Access to Events tables.
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
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Trend
To access the Harmonics Trend screen:
g
Trend shows how harmonics and related parameters vary over time: Cursor and Zoom
can be used in HOLD mode to investigate trend details. All values in the Meter screen are
recorded, but the Trends from each row in the Meter screen are displayed one at a time.
Use the arrow keys to scroll the Trend screen.
Press in sequence: the SETUP key, F4 – MANUAL SETUP, F3 – FUNCTION PREF and
use the up/down arrow keys to select Harmonics measurement parameters and if
necessary adjust them with the left/right arrow keys. For detailed information see Chapter
24, FUNCTION PREFerences.
Available function keys:
F4
F1
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll the Trend screen.
F2
F3
F4
F5
Access to cursor and zoom menu.
Return to Meter screen.
Access to events tables.
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
Tips and Hints
The harmonic number indicates the harmonic frequency: the first harmonic is the
fundamental frequency (60 or 50 Hz), the second harmonic is the component with two
times the fundamental frequency (120 or 100 Hz), and so on. The harmonics sequence
can be positive (+), zero (0), or negative (-). The table below gives an overview.
Order 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
Frequency
60 Hz
50 Hz
Sequence + - 0 + - 0
Order 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th ...
Frequency
420 Hz
350 Hz
120 Hz
100 Hz
480 Hz
400 Hz
180 Hz
150 Hz
540 Hz
450 Hz
240 Hz
200 Hz
600 Hz
500 Hz
300 Hz
250 Hz
660 Hz
550 Hz
360 Hz
300 Hz
...
Sequence + - 0 + -
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...
Harmonics
Positive sequence harmonics try to make a motor run faster than the fundamental;
negative sequence harmonics try to make the motor run slower than the fundamental. In
both cases the motor looses torque and heats up. Harmonics can also cause transformers
to overheat. Even harmonics disappear if waveforms are symmetrical, i.e. as equally
positive and negative.
Zero sequence current harmonics add in Neutral conductors. This can cause overheating
of these conductors.
Distortion. Current distortion is to be expected in a system with non-linear loads like DC
power supplies. When the current distortion starts to cause voltage distortion (THD) of
more than 5 %, this signals a potential problem.
K-factor: this is an indication of the amount of harmonic currents and can help in
selecting transformers. Use the K-factor along with kVA to select a replacement
transformer to handle non-linear, harmonics-rich loads.
Tips and Hints10
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Introduction
Power & Energy displays a Meter screen showing all important power parameters. The
related Trend screen shows the changes over time of all measuring values in the Meter
screen. An Events table lists all crssings of threshold voltages.
The Analyzer also displays energy usage. Power calculations are done for Fundamental
and Full. FUNDamental considers voltage and current only at the fundamental frequency
(60, 50 Hz, or 400 Hz in Fluke 437-II) for power calculations; FULL uses the full
frequency spectrum (True rms voltage and current).
Press in sequence: the SETUP key, F4 – MANUAL SETUP, F3 – FUNCTION PREF and
the up/down arrow keys to select Power measurement parameters Method and Display
and if required adjust them with the left/right arrow keys. Also the Cycle Aggregation
Interval can be set to 10/12 or 150/180 cycles. This interval is of use for rms based
measurements. Refer to chapter 24 for detailed information.
Power measurement can be done according to the methods Unified and Classic. Selection
between both methods is done in the FUNCTION PREF menu.
Unified uses algoritms according to the unified method in accordance to IEEE 1149 as
developed at the Polytechnical University of Valencia. The method allows to measure
real power (kW), apparent power (kVA), reactive power (kvar), harmonic power
components ( kVA Harm), and unbalance power (kVA Unb).
The default setting for the Fluke 430 series II instruments is to use the Unified method to
measure power. For compatibility reason with guidelines that may exist within
companies, there is also a ‘classic’ method available that utilizes the arithmetic method
for system power as described in IEEE 1459. The method can be changed via the
Function Preference menu. To indicate that classic system with the arithmetic sum
method is used to calculate system power a ∑ (sigma) symbol is used behind the power
parameters e.g. VA
Chapter 11
Power & Energy
∑.
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Meter screen
To access the Power & Energy Meter screen:
c
MENU
d
e
ENTER
The following power measurements are made:
- Real power (W, kW): measurement as normally registered by energy usage meters.
The full spectrum is used.
- Apparent power (VA, kVA): the full spectrum is used.
- Reactive power (var, kvar): the fundamental frequency is used.
- Harmonic power (VA or kVA Harm): non fundamental frequency powers.
- Unbalance power (VA or kVA Unb): unbalance part of real power.
- Fundamental real power (W or kW fund): the fundamental frequency is used.
- Fundamental apparent power (VA, kVA fund): the fundamental frequency is used.
- Cos ϕ or DPF: cos ϕ is phase angle between fundamental voltage and current. DPF is
(W fund)/(VA fund).
Energy measurements include:
- Active energy (Wh, kWh).
- Apparent energy (VAh, kVAh).
- Reactive energy (varh, kvarh).
- Forward energy (Wh, kWh forw): energy consumed.
- Reverse energy (Wh, kWh rev): energy delivered.
Also the the 12/10 or 180/150 cycle rms values of current and voltage are displayed.
Symbols indicate if a load is capacitive (
) or inductive ( ).
The Analyzer displays power and energy usage by phase and in total.
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Power & Energy
Trend11
By a using TIMED start of the measurement, the Analyzer can be used to measure energy
usage during a predefined period of time. TIMED start can be adjusted when switching
from HOLD to RUN with function key F5.
Available function keys:
F1
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Meter screen.
Trend
To access the Power & Energy Trend screen:
f
F3
F4
Access to Trend screen. For description see below.
Access to Events menu. The number of events that occurred
is shown.
F5
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
F3
The figures in the Meter screen are instantaneous values that update constantly. Changes
in these values over time are recorded whenever the measurement is active. All values in
the Meter screen are recorded, but the Trends from each row in the Meter screen are
displayed one at a time. The arrow keys are assigned to scroll the Trend screen.
The traces build up from the right side. The readings in the header correspond to the most
recent measurements plotted on the right.
Available function keys:
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Trend screen.
Access to cursor and zoom menu.
Return to Meter screen.
Access to Events tables.
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
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Cursor. When the Cursor is on, the Trend values at the Cursor are displayed in the screen
header. Moving the Cursor off the left or right side of the screen brings the next of six
screens into the viewing area.
Zoom. Allows you to expand or shrink the display vertically or horizontally to view
details or to fit a complete graph within the screen area. Zoom and Cursor are operated by
the arrow keys and explained in Chapter 23.
Offset and Span are auto ranging for a good display in most cases. This is based upon
Nominal Voltage (Vnom) and Current range (A range). If desired, you can change Offset
and Span. The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key, F4 – MANUAL SETUP,
F1 - TREND SCALE. There are separate adjustments for PHASE and TOTAL (to be
selected with F3). See Chapter 24, MANUAL SETUP.
Tips and Hints
Power mode can be used to record apparent power (kVA) of a transformer over several
hours. Look at the Trend and find out if there are times that the transformer is overloaded.
You can transfer loads to other transformers, stagger the timing of loads, or if necessary
replace the transformer with a larger one.
Interpretation of Power Factor when measured at a device:
• PF = 0 to 1: not all supplied power is consumed, a certain amount of reactive power
is present. Current leads (capacitive load) or lags (inductive load).
• PF = 1: all supplied power is consumed by the device. Voltage and current are in
phase.
• PF = -1: device generates power. Current and voltage are in phase.
• PF = -1 to 0: device is generating power. Current leads or lags.
If you see negative power readings and you are connected to a load, check to make sure
the arrows on your current clamps are pointing towards the load.
Reactive power (var) is most often due to inductive loads such as motors, inductors, and
transformers. Installation of correction capacitors can correct for inductive var’s. Be sure
to check with a qualified engineer before adding PF-correction capacitors, especially if
you measure current harmonics in your system.
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Introduction
The Analyzer provides advanced analysis of energy usage to help you to determine where
energy losses occur and to visualize their impact on the energy bill. The Energy Loss
function allows to determine losses due to several causes:
- Effective kW. Loss due to transport of the effective power. Caused by resistance of
wires. This is the only component of the power that is transferable in useful
mechanical energy.
- Reactive kvar. Loss due to reactive power that is being transported back and forth
through the system, but does not deliver active work. The loss is caused due to the
current flowing.
- Unbalance kVA. Loss due to unbalance in source and load. This unique measuring
function helps to reveal losses occurring due to unbalance in the network. Unbalance
power is Fundamental Power minus positive sequence Power.
Chapter 12
Energy Loss Calculator
- Distortion kVA. Loss due to distortion power (harmonics). Allows you to quickly
determine on forehand the savings due to active filtering or other system
improvements. Distortion kVA due to harmonics is real power (W) minus
fundamental power (W fund).
- Neutral A. Loss due to currents in neutral conductor. Besides from being a possible
source for unsafe situations such as overheating, large current that flows in the
Neutral conductor of the system will cause losses too.
The Analyzer will measure these components simultaneously. Energy Loss Calculator
uses patented algoritms to calculate losses and to monetize them. The costs due to
Effective W, Reactive var, Unbalance VA, Distortion VA and Neutral A are displayed
per Hour. The total costs are displayed per year which gives you an impression of
possible savings on a yearly basis.
Four different rates can be set (price per kWh as a function of period of day). The length
(meters or feet) and diameter (square millimeter or AWG/American Wire Gauge) of the
cables between service entrance and the load can be set manually.
In AUTO mode a loss of 3% due to wire resistance is assumed which is normal for an
average distribution system.
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Energy Loss Calculator Display
To access the Energy Loss Calculator screen:
c
MENU
d
e
ENTER
Cable properties, tariff and currency can be preset via the key sequence SETUP key, F4 –
MANUAL SETUP, F3 – FUNCTION PREFerence, F4 – ENERGY LOSS. How to
proceed is explained in Chapter 24 Setup.
Available function keys:
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
Access to menu to adjust cable data, tariff, currency.
Access to menu to adjust cable data, tariff, currency.
Access to Meter screen. For description see below.
Access to menu to adjust cable data, tariff, currency.
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
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Energy Loss Calculator
Meter12
Meter
To access the Energy Loss Meter screen:
f
A large number of measurements are available:
- Arms, kW fund, kVA fund, kvar, kVA harm are shown per phase and in total.
- kVA unb, kW R loss, kW var loss, kW unb loss, kW harm loss, kW An loss, kW tot
- kWh R loss, kWh var loss, kWh harm loss, kWh unb loss, kWh An loss, kWh tot loss
- kcost R, kcost var, kcost unb, kcost harm, kcost An, kcost tot are shown in total.
- kWh forw and kWh rev are shown per phase and in total.
Abbreviations that are used:
- Fund indicates that fundamental frequency is used; in all other cases the full spectrum
- kW or W is the power.
- Wh or kWh is the energy used.
- R indicates loss due to conductor resistance.
- var indicates loss due to reactive power.
- unb indicates loss due to sytem unbalance.
- harm indicates loss due to harmonics.
- An indicates loss due to current in the Neutral conductor.
- kWh forward is the energy taken from the distribution network; kWh reverse is the
The figures in the Meter screen are instantaneous values that update constantly. The trend
of these values over time is visible in a Trend screen.
Also a Events table is available.
Available function keys:
F3
loss are shown in total.
are shown in total.
is used.
energy supplied to the distribution network.
F1
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Meter screen.
F2
F3
F4
F5
Return to Energy Loss Calculator screen.
Access to Trend screen.
Access to Events table.
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
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Tips and Hints
A power system is utilized in an optimal way if voltage and current are sinusoidal, in
phase, and balanced. Any deviation from this will cause efficiency loss and thus waste of
energy.
A poor power factor is usualy caused by reactive devices such as transformers and
motors. The power factor can be improved by adding capacitors in parallel with the
inductive load. The ideal situation is a cos phi or DPF equal or close to 1.
Reactive powers (var) do not contribute to efficient energy transfer. They are not
included in the real power (W, kW) measurement, but cause energy losses due to wire
resistance. Additionally utilities may charge additional cost when var readings are high
because they need to provide apparent power (VA, kVA) that does not include both var
and W.
Unbalanced powers and harmonic power are included in Watt measurement of energy
usage meters so that the user has to pay for it. But these powers can not be converted
effectively into mechanical energy and are therefore considered loss.
Increasing the diameter of conductors reduces copper loss (Effective kW).
If harmonics are present, consult a qualified engineer before installing capacitors. Nonlinear loads such as adjustable frequency motor drives cause non-sinusoidal load currents
with harmonics. Harmonic currents increase the kvar and thereby decrease total power
factor. A poor total power factor caused by harmonics requires filtering for correction.
In general the most efficient way to troubleshoot electrical systems, is to begin at the load
and work towards the building’s service entrance. Measurements are taken along the way
to isolate faulty components or loads.
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Introduction
Power Inverter Efficiency measures the efficiency and amount of energy being delivered
by inverters that convert single phase dc into single or three phase ac. This concerns
inverters such as used in solar panel systems, variable speed drives and Uninterruptable
Power Supply (UPS) systems. The Power Inverter Efficiency measurement measures the
dc voltage and current that feed the inverter input. The ac ouput current of the inverter
unit is measured as well as the three voltages between the phases (A/L1, B/L2, C/L3).
Power Inverter Efficiency requires balanced voltages in a three wire (delta) configuration.
To check voltage balance on the inverter output, you can use the Voltage Unbalance
function (Chapter 14). Voltage Unbalance Vneg. should be less than 0.5 %. For Power
Inverter Efficiency it is not required to have balanced currents. Unbalance Aneg. up to
100 % is allowed.
The measurement is started with a clear diagram how to connect current and voltage
probes to the system. The measurement requires an (optional) dc current clamp (refer to
chapter 26, paragraph Optional Accessories
Chapter 13
Power Inverter Efficiency
Measurements: Wac, Wfund, Wdc, Efficiency, Vdc, Adc, Vrms, Arms, Hz. The
measurements are displayed in a Meter screen and a Trend screen.
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Meter screen
To access the Power Inverter Efficiency Meter screen:
c
d
e
MENU
ENTER
f
F5
Available function keys:
F1
F3
F5
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Meter screen.
Access to the Trend screen. For description see below.
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
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Power Inverter Efficiency
Trend13
Trend
To access the POWER INVERTER EFFICIENCY Trend screen:
g
All values in the Meter screen are recorded, but the Trends from each row in the Meter
screen are displayed one at a time. Press Function key F1 to assign the up/down arrow
keys to row selection.
The traces build up from the right side. Readings in the header correspond to the most
recent values plotted on the right.
Available function keys:
F3
F1
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Trend screen.
F2
F3
Tips and Hints
Power Inverter Efficiency measurement is a useful tool to analyze how good an inverter
is functioning. A good inverter should have an efficiency over 90 %. Bear in mind that an
inverter usually has its highest efficiency when used between 40 to 70 % of its peak
power. If an inverter is always used at 100 % of its maximum power you may consider
installation of a device with a higher power. Examples of other factors that determine
overall system efficiency: the diameter of cabling is probably too small causing losses
and inverter temperature that may be decreased by a better air flow.
Access to cursor and zoom menu.
Return to Meter screen.
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Introduction
Unbalance displays phase relations between voltages and currents. Measuring results are
based upon the fundamental frequency component (60 Hz, 50 Hz, or 400 Hz in Fluke
437-II) using method of symmetrical components). In a 3-phase power system, the phase
shift between voltages and between currents should be close to 120°. Unbalance mode
offers a Meter screen, a related Trend display, Events tables, and a Phasor display.
Phasor screen
To access the Unbalance Phasor screen:
Chapter 14
Unbalance
c
d
e
MENU
ENTER
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Users Manual
The Phasor Screen shows the phase relation between voltages and currents in a vector
diagram divided in 30 degree sections. The vector of the reference channel A (L1) points
to the positive horizontal direction. A similar vector diagram is displayed under Scope
Phasor. Additional numerical values are given: negative voltage or current unbalance
(Relative %), zero sequence voltage or current unbalance (Relative %), fundamental
phase voltage or current, frequency, phase angles. With function key F1 you can choose
readings of all phase voltages, all phase currents, or voltage and current in one phase.
Available function keys:
F1
Selection of signals to be displayed: V displays all voltages,
A displays all currents. A (L1), B (L2), C (L3), N (neutral)
give simultaneous display of phase voltage and current.
F2
F5
Meter Screen
f
The Meter screen shows all relevant numerical values: negative voltage unbalance
percentage, zero sequence voltage unbalance percentage (in 4-wire systems), negative
current unbalance percentage, zero sequence current unbalance percentage (in 4-wire
systems), fundamental phase voltage, frequency, fundamental phase current, angle
between phase-neutral voltages relative to the reference phase A/L1 and angles between
voltage and current for each phase.
F2
Access to Meter screen.
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
Available function keys:
F1
F2
F3
F4
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll the Meter screen.
Return to Phasor screen.
Access to Trend screen. For description see below.
Access Events menu. The number of events that occurred is
shown.
F5
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
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Unbalance
Trend14
Trend
To access the Unbalance trend screen:
f
The figures in the Meter screen are instantaneous values that update constantly. Changes
in these values over time are recorded whenever the measurement is active. All values in
the Meter screen are recorded, but the Trends from each row in the Meter screen are
displayed one at a time. Press function key F1 to assign the arrow keys to row selection.
The Trend display may consist of 6 screens.
Available function keys:
F3
F1
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll the Trend screen.
F2
F3
F4
Access to cursor and zoom menu.
Return to Meter screen.
Access Events menu. The number of events that occurred is
shown.
F5
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
Cursor. When the Cursor is on, the Trend values at the Cursor are displayed in the screen
header. Moving the Cursor off the left or right side of the screen brings the next data into
the viewing area when available.
Zoom. Allows you to expand or shrink the display vertically or horizontally to view
details or to fit a complete graph within the screen area. Zoom and Cursor are operated by
the arrow keys and explained in Chapter 23.
Offset and Span are preset for a good display in most cases, but they are adjustable. The
adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key, F4 – MANUAL SETUP, and F1 –
TREND SCALE. There are separate adjustments for PHASE and NEUTRAL (to be
selected with F3). Also the Phasor display is adjustable. The adjustment menu is reached
via the SETUP key, F4 – MANUAL SETUP, F3 - FUNCTION PREF. Use the up/down
arrow keys to select Phasor Clockwise and the left/right arrow keys to select pos(itive) or
neg(ative). See Chapter 24, FUNCTION PREFerences.
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Tips and Hints
The voltages and currents in the Meter screen can e.g. be used to check if power applied
to a 3-phase induction motor is in balance. Voltage unbalance causes high unbalanced
currents in stator windings resulting in overheating and reduced motor life. The Negative
Voltage component Vneg. should not exceed 2 %. Current unbalance should not exceed
10 %. In case of too high unbalance, use other measuring modes to further analyze the
power system.
Each three phase voltage or current can be split-up into three components: positive
sequence, negative sequence, and zero sequence.
The positive sequence component is the normal component such as present in balanced
3-phase systems. The negative sequence component results from unbalanced phase-tophase currents and voltages. This component for instance causes a ‘braking’ effect in
3-phase motors: this will result in overheating and life reduction.
Zero sequence components may appear in an unbalanced load in 4 wire power systems
and represent the current in the N (Neutral) wire. Unbalance exceeding 2 % is considered
as too high.
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Introduction
Inrush Currents can be captured by the Analyzer. Inrush Currents are surge currents that
occur when a large, or low-impedance load comes on line. Normally the current will
stabilize after some time when the load has reached normal working condition. For
example the start-up current in induction motors can be ten times the normal working
current. Inrush is a ‘single shot’ mode that records current and voltage Trends after a
current event (the trigger) has occurred. An event occurs when the current waveform
exceeds adjustable limits. The display builds up from the right of the screen. Pretrigger
information allows you to see what occurred in advance of the inrush.
Inrush Trend Display
To access the Inrush Trend screen:
Chapter 15
Inrush
c
d
15-1
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e
ENTER
f
F3
Use the arrow keys in the Start menu to adjust the trigger limits: expected inrush time,
nominal current, threshold, and hysteresis. The maximum current determines the vertical
height of the current display windows. Threshold is the current level that triggers the
trend capture. The screen header displays the rms of all rms values during the inrush
time. If the Cursor is on, the rms measuring values at the Cursor are displayed. A Meter
screen shows half cycle rms for voltage (Vrms ½) and current (Arms ½).
Set the duration to a value higher than the expected inrush duration to assure that the
event is completely captured. Duration is selectable from 1 to 45 minutes.
The inrush starts when the Arms ½ of one of the phases is higher than the threshold. The
inrush ends when the Arms ½ is lower than the threshold minus the hysteresis. The inrush
duration is indicated with markers on screen and shown as a duration reading in the
Trend screen. The inrush value is the rms value between the markers and is measured on
each phase simultaneously.
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Inrush
DURATION
AMPLITUDE WINDOW
THRESHOLD
(=TRIGGER)
pretrigger
HYSTERESIS
}
Inrush Trend Display15
inrush time
rms during inrush
Figure 15-1. Inrush characteristics and relation with start menu
t 35 s
1
12.3 A
2
12.3 A
3
1.5 A
Use Cursor and Zoom to investigate details of the recorded Trends. Selection of channels
to be displayed is done with the up/down arrow keys. Press function key F1 to assign the
arrow keys to this.
The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key, F4 – MANUAL SETUP, F3 –
FUNCTION PREF., and F2 – INRUSH. You can set up the default values of the trigger
limits (expected inrush time, nominal current, threshold, hysteresis).
To set Offset and Span of the half cycle rms voltage and current Trend display press
SETUP key, F4 – MANUAL SETUP, F1 – TREND SCALE. For detailed information
see Chapter 24, FUNCTION PREFerences.
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Available function keys:
F1
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Meter screen.
F2
F3
F4
F5
Tips and Hints
Check the peak currents and their duration. Use the Cursor for readout of momentary
values. Check if fuses, circuit breakers, and conductors in the power distribution system
can withstand the inrush current during this period. Check also if phase voltages stay
stable enough.
High peak currents can cause circuit breakers to trip unexpectedly. Measuring Inrush
Current can help in setting trip levels. Since the Analyzer simultaneously captures Inrush
Current and Voltage Trends you can use this measurement to check voltage stability as
large loads come on line.
Access to cursor and zoom menu.
Access to Meter screen showing half cycle rms for voltage
and current.
Access to Events menu. The number of events that occurred
is shown.
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
Use event capture on Arms ½ to capture high resolution voltage and current rms trends
and to capture waveform signals. This feature is available in Fluke 435-II and 437-II and
can display a 7.5 second trend and a 1 second waveform. To activate this press SETUP,
F4 – MANUAL SETUP, F3 – FUNCTION PREF., F1- WAVE CAPTURE. Then select
AMPS
0.50 A with the up/down arrow keys and press ENTER to activate.
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Monitor - Power Quality Monitoring
Introduction
Power Quality Monitoring or System Monitor displays a Bar graph screen. This screen
shows whether important Power Quality parameters meet requirements. Parameters
include:
1. RMS voltages
2. Harmonics
3. Flicker
4. Dips/Interruptions/Rapid Voltage Changes/Swells (DIRS)
5. Unbalance/Frequency/Mains Signaling.
Monitor is started via a menu to select immediate or timed start of the measurement.
When selecting timed start, synchronisation with the 10 minute real time clock is used.
Timed start in combination with the optional GPS Synchronisation Unit GPS430 will
give Class A timing accuracy.
Chapter 16
Figure 16-1 shows the bar graph screen and its properties.
Note: Monitor is not available for measurements in 400 Hz power systems such as
offered in Fluke 437-II.
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S
Users Manual
ALL PHASE
A / L1
B / L2
C / L3
A / L1
B / L2 PER PHASE
C / L3
A / L1
B / L2
C / L3
DIPS
INTERRUPTIONS
RAPID VOLTAGE CHANGES
SWEELS
UNBALANCE
FREQUENCY
MAINS SIGNALING
Figure 16-1. Power Quality Monitor Main Screen
The length of a bar increases if the related parameter is further away from its nominal
value. The bar turns from green to red if an allowed tolerance requirement is violated.
Use the left/right arrow keys to position the cursor on a particular bar and measuring data
belonging to that bar is displayed in the screen header.
Power Quality Monitoring is usually done during a long observation period. Minimum
duration of the measurement is 2 hours. An usual measuring period is 1 week.
The Power Quality parameters rms voltages, Harmonics, and Flicker have a bar for each
phase. From left to right these three bars are related to the phases A (L1), B (L2), and C
(L3).
The parameters Dips/Interruptions/Rapid Voltage Changes/Swells and
Unbalance/Frequency have a single bar for each parameter representing performance
across three phases.
For Mains Signaling there is a single bar in the Main screen representing performance
across three phases and for frequency 1 and 2. Separate bars per phase and for frequency
1 and 2 are available in the submenu under Function key F5.
Most of the Bar Graphs have a wide base indicating adjustable time related limits (for
instance 95 % of time within limit) and a narrow top indicating a fixed 100 % limit. If
one of both limits is violated, the related bar changes from green to red. Dotted horizontal
lines on the display indicate the 100% limit and the adjustable limit.
The meaning of the bar graphs with a wide base and a narrow top is explained below. By
way of example this is done for the rms voltage. This voltage for instance has a nominal
value of 120 V with a tolerance of + and – 15% (tolerance range between 102 … 138 V).
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Monitor - Power Quality Monitoring
Introduction16
The momentary rms voltage is constantly monitored by the Analyzer. It calculates an
average from these measuring values across 10-minute observation periods. The 10minute averages are compared against the tolerance range (in this example 102 ... 138 V).
The 100 % limit means that the 10-minute averages must always (i.e. 100 % of time or
with 100 % probability) be within range. The bar graph will turn to red if a 10-minute
average crosses the tolerance range.
The adjustable limit of for instance 95 % (i.e. 95 % probability) means that 95 % of the
10-minute averages must be within tolerance. The 95 % limit is less stringent than the
100 % limit. Therefore the related tolerance range usually is tighter. For 120 V this for
instance can be + or – 10 % (a tolerance range between 108 ... 132 V).
The bars for Dips/Interruptions/Rapid Voltage Changes/Swells are narrow and indicate
the number of limits violations that occurred during the observation period. The allowed
number is adjustable (for instance to 20 Dips/week). The bar turns to red if the adjusted
limit is violated.
You can use a pre-defined set of limits or define your own. The pre-defined set is that
according to the EN50160 standard. You can define your own set of limits and save it in
memory under a user-definable file name. As a basis for this set you can use EN50160 or
any other set. Refer to Chapter 24 Paragraph Limits Adjustments for a description.
The table below gives a survey of the aspects of Power Quality Monitoring:
Parameter Available Bar Graphs Limits Averaging Interval
Vrms 3, one for each phase Probability 100 %: upper
& lower limit
Probability x %: upper &
lower limit
Harmonics 3, one for each phase Probability 100 %: upper
limit
Probability x %: upper
limit
Flicker 3, one for each phase Probability 100 %: upper
limit
Probability x %: upper
limit
Dips/Interruptions/Rapid
Voltage Changes/Swells
Unbalance 1, covering all 3 phases Probability 100 %: upper
Frequency 1, covering all 3 phases
4, one for each
parameter covering all 3
phases
Measured on Reference
Voltage Input A/L1
allowed number of
events per week
limit
Probability x %: upper
limit
* Probability 100 %:
upper & lower limit
Probability x %:
upper & lower limit
10 minutes
10 minutes
2 Hrs.
½ cycle rms based
10 minutes
10 sec.
Mains Signaling 6, one for each phase,
for freq 1 and freq 2
* Probability 100 %
upper limit: N/A
Probability x %:
upper limit: adjustable
3 sec. rms
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Power Quality Main Screen
To access the Power Quality Main screen:
c
d
e
MENU
ENTER
f
F5
Power Quality Monitoring is reached via the MONITOR selection under the MENU key.
A start menu allows for Immediate or Timed start. With the left/right arrow keys you can
position the Cursor on a particular Bar Graph. Measuring data belonging to the bar is
shown in the screen header.
Detailed measurement data is available under the Function keys:
F1
F2
F3
F4
rms voltage: trends, events table.
Harmonics: bar graphs, events table, trends.
Flicker: trends, events table.
Dips, Interruptions, Rapid voltage changes, and Swells:
trends, events table.
F5
Unbalance, Frequency, and Mains Signaling: bar graphs per
Mains Signaling frequency/phase, trends, events table.
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Monitor - Power Quality Monitoring
Trend Display16
The measurement data available under the Function keys is explained in the following
sections. Data is presented in the formats Events Table, Trend Display, and Bar Graph
screen.
Trend Display
Figure 16-2. Trend Display
The Trend screen shows the changes over time of measuring values. Zoom and Cursor
are available to examine Trend details. Zoom and Cursor are operated by the arrow keys
and explained in Chapter 23.
Available function keys:
F1
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Trend screen.
F2
F3
F4
F5
Events Table
Access to Events menu. The number of events that occurred
is shown.
Access to cursor and zoom menu.
Return to bar graph screen.
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
Figure 16-3. Events Table
The events table shows the events that occurred during the measurement with date/time
of start, phase, and duration. The amount of information in the table can be selected with
the Function key F3.
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Normal lists the major event characteristics: start date/time, duration, event type, and
magnitude.
Detail gives information on threshold crossings for each phase of an event.
Wave event shows a scope waveform around the selected event. RMS event shows the ½
cycle rms trend around the selected event. Wave event and rms event are available in
Fluke 435-II and 437-II.
The following Abbreviations and Symbols are used in the tables:
Abbreviation Meaning Symbol Meaning
CHG Rapid Voltage Change High value of 100 %
DIP Voltage Dip Low value of 100 % limit
INT Voltage Interruption High value of x % limit
SWL Voltage Swell Low value of x % limit
limit has been violated
has been violated
has been violated
has been violated
Hx Number of the harmonic
that violated its limits
TRA Transient Change upwards
AMP Amp value exceeded Change downwards
Unbalance event
Available function keys:
F1
Switch to wave event display: this will show a 4 cycle
waveform around the selected event. Available in HOLD.
F2
Switch to rms event display: this will show the ½ cycle rms
trend around the selected event. Available in HOLD.
F3
F4
Switch between Normal and Detailed events table.
Return to previous menu.
Two ways to access Trend:
1. Use the up/down arrow keys to highlight an event in the table. To access Trend press
the ENTER key. The Cursor is on, in the mid of screen and located on the selected
event. Zoom is set to 4.
2. Press Function key F4 to view the Trend part showing the most recent measuring
values. Cursor and Zoom can be switched on afterwards when required.
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Monitor - Power Quality Monitoring
Bar Graph Screen16
Measurement specific features:
• Vrms events: an event is recorded each time that a 10 minute aggregated rms value
violates its limits.
• Harmonics events: an event is recorded each time a 10 minute aggregated harmonic
or THD violates its limit.
• Flicker events: an event is recorded each time Plt (long term severity) violates its
limit.
• Dips/Interruptions/Rapid Voltage Changes/Swells events: an event is recorded each
time one of the items violates its limits.
• Unbalance, Frequency events: an event is recorded each time that a 10 minute
aggregated rms value violates its limits.
Bar Graph Screen
Figure 16-4. Bar Graph Screen
The main system monitor display shows the strongest harmonic for each of the three
phases. Function key F2 brings up a screen with Bar Graphs showing the percentage of
time each phase spent within limits for 25 harmonics and Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD). Each Bar Graph has a wide base (representing an adjustable limit of e.g. 95 %)
and a narrow top (representing the limit of 100 %). A Bar Graph changes from green to
red if the limits for that harmonic are violated.
Cursor: with the left/right arrow keys you can position the Cursor on a particular Bar
Graph and measuring data belonging to that bar is shown in the screen header.
Available function keys:
F1
Selection of Bar Graphs belonging to phase A (L1), B (L2),
or C (L3).
F2
Access to events table. The number of events that occurred
is shown.
F4
F5
Access to Trend screen.
Return to main menu.
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Tips and Hints
Monitor is intended to perform a quality check over a long period up to one week. For
compliance to international standards averaging time for Vrms and Harmonics are 10
minutes. This allows you to obtain a good impression of power quality, but is less
suitable for troubleshooting. For troubleshooting the measuring functions like Dips and
Swells or Logger are more suitable.
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Introduction
Flicker is available in Fluke 435-II and 437-II. It quantifies the luminance fluctuation of
lamps caused by supply voltage variations. The algorithm behind the measurement meets
EN61000-4-15 and is based on a perceptual model of the human eye / brain sensory
system. The Analyzer converts duration and magnitude of voltage variations into an
‘annoyance factor’ caused by the resulting flicker of a 60 W lamp. A high flicker reading
means that most people would find the luminance changes irritating. The voltage
variation can be relatively small. The measurement is optimized to lamps powered by
120 V / 60 Hz or 230 V / 50 Hz. Flicker is characterized per phase by the parameters
shown in a Meter screen. The related Trend screen shows the changes in all measuring
values in the Meter screen.
Note: Flicker is not available for measurements in 400 Hz power systems such as offered
in Fluke 437-II.
Chapter 17
Flicker
Meter screen
To access the Flicker Meter screen:
c
d
17-1
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e
ENTER
Flicker is characterized by: instantaneous flicker Pinst, short term severity Pst (measured
over 1 min for fast feedback), short term severity Pst (measured over 10 min) and a long
term severity Plt (measured over 2 hours). Also related data such as half cycle rms for
voltage (Vrms ½), current (Arms ½) and frequency are measured.
Available function keys (popup Meter screen must be off):
F1
F3
F4
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Meter screen.
Access to Trend screen. For description see below.
Access to Events menu. The number of events that occurred
is shown.
F5
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
Trend
To access Flicker Trend screen:
The parameters in the Meter screen update over time. They are recorded whenever the
measurement is on. Trend displays the changes in these values over time. All values in
the Meter screen are recorded, but the Trends from each row in the Meter screen are
displayed one at a time. The arrow keys are assigned to scroll the trend screen. The Trend
display may consist of 6 screens.
Available function keys:
f
F3
F1
F2
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll the Trend screen.
Access to cursor and zoom menu.
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Flicker
Tips and Hints17
F3
F4
Return to Meter screen.
Access to Events menu. The number of events that occurred
is shown.
F5
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
Cursor. When the Cursor is on, the Trend values at the Cursor are displayed in the screen
header. Moving the Cursor off the left or right side of the screen brings the next of six
screens into the viewing area. This functions in HOLD mode only.
Zoom. Allows you to expand or shrink the display vertically or horizontally to view
details or to fit a complete graph within the screen area. Zoom and Cursor are operated by
the arrow keys and explained in Chapter 23.
Offset and Span are auto ranging for a good display in most cases, but they are
adjustable. The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key, F4 – MANUAL SETUP,
F1 – TREND SCALE. The lamp model can be adjusted via the SETUP key, F4 –
MANUAL SETUP, F3 - FUNCTION PREF. Use the up/down arrow keys to select
Flicker Lamp model and the left/right arrow keys to select the desired model. See
Chapter 24, FUNCTION PREFerences.
Tips and Hints
Use instantaneous flicker (Pinst) trend and half-cycle voltage or current trends to find the
source of flicker. Use the arrow keys to select flicker, voltage, and current trends.
The 10 min (Pst) uses a longer measuring period to eliminate the influence of random
voltage variations. It is also long enough to detect interference from a single source with
a long working cycle such as electrical household appliances, and heat pumps.
A measuring period of 2 hours (Plt) is useful when there may be more than one
interference source with irregular working cycles and for equipment such as welding
machines, and rolling mills. Plt ≤ 1.0 is the limit used in standards like EN15160.
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Introduction
Fluke 435-II and 437-II can capture waveforms at high-resolution during a variety of
disturbances. The Analyzer will give a snapshot of the voltage and current waveforms at
the precise time of the disturbance. This allows you to see the waveforms during dips,
swells, interruptions, current swells and transients.
In Transients mode the Analyzer uses a special setting of its input circuit to allow
capturing signals up to 6 kilovolt in amplitude.
Transients are fast spikes on the voltage waveform. Transients can have so much energy
that sensitive electronic equipment can be affected or even damaged. The Transients
screen looks similar to that of Scope Waveform, but its vertical span is enlarged to make
voltage spikes visible that are superimposed on the 60 or 50 Hz sinewave. A waveform is
captured each time that the voltage (or rms current) exceeds adjustable limits. A
maximum of 9999 events can be captured. The sample rate for transient detection is
200 kS/s.
Chapter 18
Transients
Transients also has a Meter mode showing half cycle rms for voltage (Vrms ½), current
(Arms ½), and frequency. Also an Events table is available.
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Waveform Display
To access the Transients Waveform screen:
c
d
e
MENU
F2
f
g
ENTER
F3
h
F5
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Transients
Tips and Hints18
In the Start menu you can choose a trigger event or a combination of trigger events,
transients (Volt) and current (AMP) trigger level, and Immediate or Timed start of the
measurement.
The Analyzer can be set up to capture waveforms each time it sees: Voltage Transient,
Voltage Swell, Voltage Dip, Voltage Interruption or Current swell. Dips (sags) and
swells are fast deviations from the nominal voltage. The duration of a transient must be 5
microseconds or more. The display window showing the transient is 4 cycles. A total of
50 or 60 (50/60 Hz) cycles will be captured. The cursor can be used to scroll these.
During a dip the voltage sinks, and during a swell the voltage rises. During an
interruption the voltage falls to only a few percent of its nominal value. A current swell is
a current increase from one cycle to several seconds in duration.
Trigger criteria such as threshold and hysteresis are adjustable. Criteria that are also used
for Power Quality Monitor: this adjustment can considered as default setup and is
reached via the SETUP key, F4 – MANUAL SETUP, use the up/down arrow keys to
select ‘limits’ and press ENTER. Adjustment for transient level dV/dt and Arms are
available in the Start screen.
Cursor and Zoom can be used to investigate details of captured waveforms.
Available function keys:
F1
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Trend screen.
F2
F3
F4
F5
Tips and Hints
Disturbances such as transients in a power distribution system can cause malfunctions in
many types of equipment. For example, computers may reset and equipment subjected to
repeated transients can eventually fail. Events occur intermittently, making it necessary to
monitor the system for a period of time to find them. Look for voltage transients when
electronic power supplies are failing repeatedly or if computers reset spontaneously.
Access to cursor and zoom menu.
Access to Meter screen.
Access to Events menu. The number of events that occurred
is shown.
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
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Introduction
In this measuring mode that is available in Fluke 435-II and 437-II the Analyzer
functions as an 8 channel scope recorder that records high resolution waveforms in a
single shot acquisition. The function records half cycle rms values on 8 channels,
frequency and instantaneous power (Vrms½, Arms½, W, Hz and scope waveforms for
Voltage, Amps, Watts).
Note: Power Wave records a long waveform while Scope Waveform displays 4 periods
of the momentary waveform.
Note: Power Wave is not available for measuremens in 400 Hz power systems such as
offered in Fluke 437-II.
Power Wave Screen
To access the Power Wave screen:
Chapter 19
Power Wave
c
d
19-1
MENU
F2
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Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II
Users Manual
e
f
ENTER
The traces build up from the right side. Readings in the header correspond to the most
recent values plotted on the right. With the up/down arrow keys you can select all
available trends.
Available function keys:
F1
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to select a set of trends
and the belonging readout.
F2
F3
F4
Access to cursor and zoom menu.
Access to meter screen. For description see below.
Access to waveform screen. Analyzer must be in HOLD
mode. For description see below.
F5
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
Immediate or Timed Start and Duration of the measurement.
Cursor. When the Cursor is on, the Trend values at the Cursor are displayed in the screen
header. Moving the Cursor off the left or right side of the screen allows scrolling of the
trend on screen. Cursor is only active in Hold.
Zoom. Allows you to expand or shrink the display vertically to view details or to fit a
complete graph within the screen area. Zoom and Cursor are operated by the arrow keys
and explained in Chapter 23.
Offset and Span of the Trends are auto ranging for a good display in most cases, but they
are adjustable. The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key and function keys
F4 – MANUAL SETUP, F1 – TREND SCALE. See Chapter 24, MANUAL SETUP.
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Power Wave
Meter screen19
Meter screen
To access the Power Wave Meter screen:
g
Available function keys:
F3
F1
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll meter screen.
F3
F4
F5
Waveform screen
To access the Power Wave Waveform screen:
h
Starting from the Trend screen, position the cursor on the area of interest. Then press
F4 – WAVE to open waveform display at this area.
F4
Access to Trend screen.
Access to waveform screen. Analyzer must be in HOLD
mode. For description see below.
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
Immediate or Timed Start and Duration of the measurement.
Use the left/right arrow keys to move the cursor and to scroll all recorded waveforms.
The maximum recording time is about 5 minutes. The time of the displayed waveform at
the cursor position is shown in the status line in the bottom of the screen.
Available function keys:
F1
Selection of waveform set to be displayed: VOLT displays
all voltages, AMP displays all currents. A (L1), B (L2), C
(L3), N (neutral) give simultaneous display of phase voltage
and current for the selected phase.
F2
F4
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Access to cursor and zoom menu.
Return to previous screen.
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Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II
Users Manual
Tips and Hints
Power Wave records high resolution waveforms during a time span of several minutes.
This allows you to monitor the influence of sudden load changes on voltage and current
waveforms. An example is switch on or off of big motors or welding machines. Big
voltage changes may indicate a weak power distribution system.
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Introduction
Mains Signaling is a function available in Fluke 435-II and 437-II. Power distribution
systems often carry control signals to switch appliances on and off remotely (also known
as ripple control). These control signals have a frequency that is higher than the normal
50 or 60 Hz line frequency and range up to about 3 kHz. Amplitude is significantly lower
than that of the nominal line voltage. The control signals are present only at the moments
that a remote appliance has to be controlled.
In Mains Signaling mode the 435-II and 437-II can capture the occurrence (signal level)
of control signals with 2 different frequencies. The frequency range is 70.0 – 3000.0 Hz
for 60 Hz systems and 60.0 – 2500.0 Hz for 50 Hz systems.
Selection of Frequency 1 and frequency 2 is attainable via key sequence SETUP, F4 –
MANUAL SETUP, select Limits with the up/down arrow keys, ENTER, F3 – EDIT,
select Mains Signaling with the up/down arrow keys, and press ENTER. Next use the
arrow keys to adjust Frequency 1 and 2.
The Duration of the measurement and Immediate or Timed start are selectable after a
measurement is set from HOLD to RUN.
Measuring results are presented in a Trend screen and in an Events Table.
Note: Mains Signaling is not available for measurements in 400 Hz power systems such
as offered in Fluke 437-II.
Chapter 20
Mains Signaling
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Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II
Users Manual
Trend
To access the Mains Signaling Trend screen:
c
d
e
MENU
F2
f
ENTER
The traces build up from the right side. Readings in the header correspond to the most
recent values plotted on the right. With the up/down arrow keys you can select readout as
a percentage of nominal line voltage or as a 3 second average voltage (V3s).
The Neutral conductor is not used for Mains Signaling, but is shown for troubleshoot
purposes.
Available function keys:
F1
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to select a set of trends
and the belonging readout.
F2
F3
F4
Cursor on/off.
Assign the arrow keys to Cursor or Zoom operation.
Access to Events tables.
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Mains Signaling
Events Table20
F5
Cursor. When the Cursor is on, the Trend values at the Cursor are displayed in the screen
header. Moving the Cursor off the left or right side of the screen allows scrolling of the
trend on screen.
Zoom. Allows you to expand or shrink the display vertically or horizontally to view
details or to fit a complete graph within the screen area. Zoom and Cursor are operated by
the arrow keys and explained in Chapter 23.
Offset and Span of the Trends are auto ranging for a good display in most cases, but they
are adjustable. The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key and function key F3 –
FUNCTION PREF. See Chapter 24, FUNCTION PREFerences.
Events Table
To access the Mains Signaling events table:
g
F4
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
Immediate or Timed Start and Duration of the measurement.
The events table shows in Normal mode the events (V3s above the limit) that occurred
during the measurement. Date, time, type (phase, signal 1 or signal 2), level and duration
of each event are listed. In Detail mode additional information is given on threshold
crossings.
Available function keys:
F3
F4
F5
Switch between Normal and Detailed events table.
Return to next higher menu.
Access to Trend screen. Two ways to access Trend are
explained below.
Two ways to access Trend:
1. Use the up/down arrow keys to highlight an event in the table. To access Trend press
the ENTER key. The Cursor is on, in the mid of screen and located on the selected event.
2. Press Function key F5 to view the Trend part showing the most recent measuring
values. Cursor and Zoom can be switched on afterwards when required.
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Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II
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Tips and Hints.
To capture control signals it is essential to know their frequencies in advance. Consult the
Internet Website of your local energy supplier for information on what frequencies are
used for Mains Signaling in your area.
EN 50160 shows the ‘Meister_Kurve’ for the allowed 3 second average voltage V3s as a
function of frequency. Limits should be programmed accordingly.
10
Voltage level in percent
1
0,1 1
Figure 20-1. Meister Kurve acc. to EN50160
10
Frequency in kHz
100
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Introduction
Logger is a function that gives you the possibility to log multiple readings with high
resolution. The readings are observed during adjustable time intervals. At the end of the
interval the min, max, and average values of all readings are stored and the next
observation interval starts. This process continues for the Duration of the observation
period.
The Analyzer has as a default a predefined set of readings that is used for logging. This
set can be customized to your own set of readings. Via the Setup Readings from the
logger start menu you can Add or Remove readings to be logged.
You start the Logging function from the Start menu that allows you to select the Interval
time (0.25 s – 2 Hr.), the readings to be logged, the maximum duration of the logging
(1 Hr. – Max) and Immediate or Timed start of logging.
Readings are displayed in a Meter screen, a Trend screen, and an Events Table.
Chapter 21
Logger
Start Menu
To access the Logger Start Menu:
c
The set of readings to be logged is selectable in the menu under function key F1 –
SETUP READINGS. The reading selection list for default frequency 50/60 Hz and
400 Hz are different. If you change the default frequency to 400 Hz or from 400 Hz to
50/60 Hz the reading selection list will be set to default!
With the up/down arrow keys you can select the Category of readings to be logged. These
Categories are listed in Column 1: Volt, Amp, Power, Energy, Volt Harmonic, Amp
Harmonic, Watt Harmonic, Frequency, Flicker (not for 400 Hz), Unbalance, and Mains
Signaling (not for 400 Hz).
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LOGGER
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With the arrow keys you can select Column 2 where the readings belonging to the
selected Category are listed. The readings indicated with
also show up in Column 3.
The readings indicated with
the up/down arrow keys. Next if you press F3 – ADD the reading will be added to
Column 3 of selected readings. Note that in column 2 the
front of the reading just selected.
With the arrow keys you can select an active reading in Column 3. Next if you press F4 –
REMOVE the reading is removed from the list of active readings.
With F3 – MOVE you can move a certain reading to a higher position in the list of
selected readings.
When ready press F5 – OK.
Available function keys in Start menu:
are active readings and they
are not active. An inactive reading can be selected with
symbol now shows up in
F1
Access to Readings Select menu.
F2
F5
Meter screen
To access the Logger Meter screen:
d
This screen displays all current readings of the logger function. Use up/down arrow keys
to scroll across the Meter screen.
Available function keys:
F5
F1
Access to the menu to define the name of the file with
logging data.
Start of the logging and access to Logging Trend screen.
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Meter screen
up/down.
F3
F4
F5
Access to Trend screen.
Access to Events Table.
Stop/Start logging.
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Logger
Trend21
Trend
To access the Logger Trend screen:
e
All readings are recorded during logging, but not all of them are visible at a time. Use the
up/down arrow keys to make the desired set of trends visible within the viewing area.
The traces are build up from the right side. Readings in the header correspond to the most
recent values plotted on the right.
Available function keys:
F3
F1
The up/down arrow keys are assigned to select a set of
loggings for Trend display. The selected set is displayed in
the screen header.
F2
F3
Access to submenu for Cursor and Zoom operation.
Access to Meter screen showing momentary measuring
results of all logged readings.
F4
F5
Access to Events Table.
Access to menu to stop the logging.
Cursor. When the Cursor is on, the Trend values at the Cursor are displayed in the screen
header. Moving the Cursor off the left or right side of the screen brings the next screens
into the viewing area. Cursor is only active in ‘Hold’ mode.
Zoom. Allows you to expand or shrink the display vertically or horizontally to view
details or to fit a complete graph within the screen area. The min, max, and average
values of the trend are displayed in the screen header if vertical zoom is expanded to one
trace in the viewing area. Zoom and Cursor are operated by the arrow keys and explained
in Chapter 23.
Offset and Span of the Trends are auto ranging for a good display in most cases, but they
are adjustable when required. The adjustment menu is reached via the SETUP key and
function key F3 - FUNCTION PREF. See Chapter 24, FUNCTION PREFerences
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Events
To access the Logger Events Table screen:
h
The Events table lists all threshold crossings of phase voltages. Thresholds according to
international standards or user-definable thresholds can be used. Threshold adjustment is
reached via the SETUP key and Limits. For detailed information see Chapter 24, Limits
Adjustments.
In Normal mode major event characteristics are listed: start time, duration, and voltage
magnitude. Detail shows details of threshold crossings per phase.
Wave Event shows a scope waveform around the selected event. Rms event shows the
½ cycle rms trend around the selected event. Wave event and rms event are available in
Fluke 435-II and 437-II.
F3
The following Abbreviations and Symbols are used in the tables:
Abbreviation Description Symbol Description
CHG Rapid Voltage Change Rising voltage edge
DIP Voltage Dip Falling voltage edge
INT Voltage Interruption Change upwards
SWL Voltage Swell Change downwards
TRA Transient
AMP Amp value exceeded
Available function keys:
F1
Switch to wave event display: this will show a scope
waveform around the selected event.
F2
Switch to rms event display: this will show the ½ cycle rms
trend around the selected event.
F3
F4
Switch between NORMAL and DETAILED event table.
Return to Meter screen.
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Introduction
Shipboard V/A/Hz (Volts/Amps/Hertz) displays a Meter screen with important numerical
measuring values. The function is available in the Fluke 437-II and provides measuring
functions that are useful for shipboard installations. The measuring results comply with
the requirements of the military standard MIL-STD-1399-300B. The related Trend screen
shows the changes over time of all values in the Meter screen. Events such as dips and
swells are listed in a table.
Meter screen
To access the Shipboard V/A/Hz Meter screen:
Chapter 22
Shipboard V/A/Hz
c
d
e
MENU
F2
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f
ENTER
The Meter screen gives an overview of the following measuring results:
V rms the rms value of the nominal voltages
V tol% voltage tolerance
V imb% voltage imbalance
Please notice that the definition of Voltage imbalance according to MILSTD-1399-300B is different from the definition of unbalance in the function
Unbalance described in Chapter 14.
Unbalance uses the method of symmetrical components (see
IEC61000-4-30).
Imbalance uses the maximum deviation from the average voltage.
V mod voltage modulation
A rms the rms value of the currents
A imb% current imbalance. Please notice that the definition of Current imbalance for
this function is different from the definition of unbalance in the function
Unbalance dewscribed in Chapter 14.
Unbalance uses the method of symmetrical components (see
IEC61000-4-30).
Imbalance uses the maximum deviation from the average current.
Hz Frequency
Hz 10s Frequency 10s
Hz tol Frequency tolerance (absolute)
Hz tol% Frequency tolerance relative (%)
Hz mod Frequency modulation (absolute)
Hz mod% Frequency modulation relative (%)
Use the up/down arrow keys to scroll the Meter screen.
The figures in the Meter screen are present values that may update constantly. Changes in
these values over time are recorded as soon as the measurement is turned on. The
recording is visible in the Trend screen.
Logging.
All measuring values in meter screen are logged. Refer to Chapter 3, paragraph Logging
of Measuring Values for more information.
The Cycle Aggregation Interval for rms based measurements such as Vrms and Arms can
be set to 10/12 cycles or 150/180 cycles. To adjust press in sequence: the SETUP key,
F4 – MANUAL SETUP, F3 – FUNCTION PREF and the up/down arrow keys to select
Cycle Aggrega(tion) and use the left/right arrow keys to adjust.
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Shipboard V/A/Hz
Trend22
Available function keys:
F1
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Meter screen.
Trend
To access the Shipboard V/A/Hz Trend screen:
All values in the Meter screen are recorded, but the Trends from each row in the Meter
screen are displayed one at a time. Press Function key F1 to assign the up/down arrow
keys to row selection.
e
F3
F4
Access to the Trend screen. For description see below.
Access to the Events screen. The number of events that
occurred is shown. For description see below.
F5
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
F3
The traces build up from the right side. Readings in the header correspond to the most
recent values plotted on the right.
Available function keys:
F1
F2
F3
F4
Up/down arrow keys are assigned to scroll Trend screen.
Access to cursor and zoom menu.
Return to Meter screen.
Access to Events menu. The number of events that occurred
is shown. For description see below.
F5
Switch between HOLD and RUN of screen update.
Switching from HOLD to RUN invokes a menu to select
immediate (NOW) or TIMED start time which allows you
to define start and duration of the measurement.
Cursor. When the Cursor is on, the Trend values at the Cursor are displayed in the screen
header. Moving the Cursor off the left or right side of the screen brings the next screen
into the viewing area. Cursor is active in Hold mode only.
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Fluke 434-II/435-II/437-II
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Zoom. Allows you to expand or shrink the display vertically or horizontally to view
details or to fit a complete graph within the screen area. Zoom and Cursor are operated by
the arrow keys and explained in Chapter 23.
Offset and Span of the Trends are auto ranging for a good display in almost al cases. If
desired, you can change Offset and Span of active measurements. Press in sequence:
the SETUP key, F4 – MANUAL SETUP, F1 – TREND SCALE. Use the up/down arrow
keys to select the item to be adjusted and the left/right arrow keys to adjust. There are
separate adjustments for PHASE and NEUTRAL (to be selected with Function key F3).
See Chapter 24 for more information.
Events
To access the Shipboard V/A/Hz Events screen:
f
F4
The Events table lists all threshold crossings of phase voltages. Thresholds according to
international standards or user-definable thresholds can be used. Threshold adjustment is
reached via the SETUP key and Limits. For detailed information see Chapter 23, Limits
Adjustments.
In Normal mode major event characteristics are listed: start time, duration, and voltage
magnitude. Detail shows details of threshold crossings per phase.
The following Abbreviations and Symbols are used in the tables:
Abbreviation Description Symbol Description
CHG Rapid Voltage Change Rising voltage edge
DIP Voltage Dip Falling voltage edge
INT Voltage Interruption
SWL Voltage Swell Change downwards
TRA Transient
AMP Amp value exceeded
Change upwards
Available function keys:
F1
Switch to wave event display: this will show a scope
waveform around the selected event.
F2
Switch to rms event display: this will show the ½ cycle rms
trend around the selected event.
F3
F4
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Switch between NORMAL and DETAILED event table.
Return to Trend screen.
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