Who sets the rules
for electrical testing
and safety?
Alphabet soup
There’s no question that electrical safety is a key concern
for electricians and engineers,
their employers, unions and the
government.
Every day, an average of
4,700 workers in the U.S. suffer
disabling injuries on the job.
Insurance industry estimates
put the direct cost of workplace
injuries in 2005 at more than
$8 billion.* With costs that high,
no wonder so many government
agencies and private groups hold
pieces of the safety puzzle.
To maximize safety for yourself and your team, you need a
solid understanding of the rules
and standards that govern safe
electrical work. This article will
help you cut through the alphabet soup of safety organization
names to see how each plays a
role in safety.
We’ll check them out in two
groups. First, we’ll look at the
government agencies that oversee workplace safety, such as
the U.S. Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA)
and the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH).
Application Note
Then we’ll examine the
independent safety and standards organizations, including
the National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA), the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) and the International
Electro-Technical Commission
(IEC). Though they’re not part of
government, they too help set
the rules of the safety game.
The government agencies
First, where did OSHA and NIOSH
come from, and what do they
do?
Both agencies were created
by the federal Occupational
Safety and Health Act of 1970.
OSHA is in the U.S. Department
of Labor and is responsible
for developing and enforcing
workplace safety and health
regulations. In addition, many
states have their own occupational safety agencies that work
with OSHA and govern workplace safety on the state level.
NIOSH is an agency of the
U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, established to
help assure safe and healthful
working conditions by providing
research, information, education,
and training in the field of occupational safety and health.
* Source: Liberty Mutual Workplace Safety
Index, Winter 2008
From the Fluke Digital Library @ www.fluke.com/library
In other words, OSHA sets and
enforces the rules, while NIOSH
provides helpful information on
workplace safety. Here are some
examples:
Several OSHA regulations have
an impact on electrical workplace safety. For instance:
29 CFR (Code of Federal
•
Regulations) 1910 Subpart
I sets standards for Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE),
including eye and face protec-
tion, footwear and protection
for electrical workers, such
as insulating blankets, gloves
and sleeves.
The key electrical safety rules
•
are part of 29 CFR 1910
Subpart S, including design
safety standards for electrical
systems, safe work practices,
maintenance requirements
and safety requirements
for special equipment. This
regulation also covers training
requirements, sets guide-
lines for work on energized
parts, outlines lockout/tagout
procedures and provides rules
for use of PPE in electrical
work. The OSHA web site
provides other electrical safety
resources at http://www.
osha.gov/SLTC/.
While OSHA sets the broad safety
agenda, it leaves some details to
others. For example, the OSHA
electrical safety rules in 1910
Subpart S specifically refer the
reader to NFPA and ANSI codes
and standards for help in complying with OSHA. These include
NFPA 70E (Standard for Electrical
Safety in the Workplace), ANSI/
NFPA 70 (National Electrical
Code) and others. Subpart S was
updated in August 2007 and further amended in October 2008.
Here’s an example of how the
standards work together. OSHA’s
safety-related work practice
standards in Subpart S do not
currently address flame-resistant
(FR) clothing. However, OSHA
standard 29 CFR 1910.335 (a)
(2)(ii) requires use of protective
shields, protective barriers, or
insulating materials to protect
employees from shock, burns or
other electrically related injuries
while working near exposed
energized parts or where dangerous electric heating or arcing
might occur. Chapter 1 of NFPA
70E-2009 contains specific
requirements and methodology
for hazard assessment and selection of protective clothing and
other personal protective equipment. Employers may follow
NFPA 70E flash-hazard requirements as a way of meeting the
OSHA standard.
The key distinction is this:
OSHA 1910 Subpart S and other
OSHA safety and health standards are law. Failure to follow
these standards could result in a
citation, a work shutdown, fines
or other sanctions. The NFPA,
ANSI and other standards OSHA
refers to, on the other hand, are
intended as guidelines to safety.
“We’re pointing employers
and employees to these documents as sources for additional
information,” said David Wallis,
director of the OSHA office of
engineering safety. “For safe
work practices there are some
general-type requirements in
OSHA 1910 related to protection
from electric shock and electric arc hazard. Employers can
look toward NFPA 70E for more
specific information about the
kind of equipment they need to
protect their employees.”
“There is another caveat I
might explain,” Wallis continued.
“Sometimes OSHA will have a
specific requirement not contained in NFPA 70E, or where
the 70E provision might not be
quite as stringent. In that case,
OSHA would expect employers to comply with the OSHA
standard. Compliance with NFPA
70E would not automatically be
considered adequate.”
Key Points:
Both employers and employees are responsible
•
to know and follow OSHA standards.
Citations and penalties may be imposed if
•
standards are not observed.
Other safety standards, including NFPA 70E,
•
provide guidance on safety measures and
procedures. They do not supplant OSHA.
In case of conflict, follow OSHA standards.
2 Fluke Corporation Who sets the rules for electrical testing and safety?
NIOSH: Helpful
information
While OSHA sets the rules, and
sometimes levels penalties,
NIOSH provides useful safety
information. A good example
is a new 88-page electrical
safety handbook, Electrical
Safety —Safety and Health
for Electrical Trades Student
Manual, available for download-
ing in portable document format
(PDF) at http://www.cdc.gov/
niosh/docs/2002-123/2002123a.html. The NIOSH web site
also provides a number of electrical safety alerts, reports and
links to other electrical safety
resources.
Key Point:
NIOSH is a valuable source
•
of electrical safety information, but is not a regulatory
agency.
NFPA establishes standards through consensus
Outside government, a key player
in establishing electrical safety
practices is the nonprofit National
Fire Protection Association. The
NFPA sets and updates more than
300 safety codes and standards,
covering everything from building construction to connectors for
fire hose. NFPA standards are set
through consensus, developed
by more than 200 committees of
volunteers from industry, unions
and other interest groups.
For electrical workplace
safety, the key NFPA standard is
NFPA 70E, Standard for Electri-
cal Safety in the Workplace.
The 2009 edition was issued
by the NFPA Standards Council
and approved as an American
National Standard in September
2008. NFPA 70E is written to
correlate with the National Electrical Code (NEC), which many
jurisdictions adopt as part of local
building codes and regulations.
But NFPA 70E focuses on such
issues as safety-related work
practices, maintenance of safety
equipment, safety requirements
for special equipment and safetyrelated installation requirements.
It is intended for use by employers, employees, and OSHA.
NFPA 70E uses six categories
of hazard and risk for electrical work, from minus one up to
four. As the work environment
and the type of job become more
hazardous, the need for protection increases. The standard
makes it clear that test equipment is an integral part of the
PPE electrical workers must use
on the job and must be inspected
before each shift. In addition,
test equipment must be rated
and designed for the circuits and
environments where it will be
used. To clarify what this means,
the 2009 Edition of NFPA 70E
now refers users to ANSI/ISA61010-1 (82.02.01)/UL 61010-1,
the standard first established as
IEC 61010.
The NFPA 70E standard
provides extensive information
on what it takes to work safely,
and to run an effective electrical
safety program. It provides guidance on employee training, work
planning and procedures (including lockout/tagout) and use of
PPE. Whether you’re a professional electrician, an apprentice
or a supervisor, NFPA 70E is must
reading. And don’t forget, OSHA
also refers to NFPA 70E.
3 Fluke Corporation Who sets the rules for electrical testing and safety?
Key Points:
NFPA 70E is a key resource for both
•
employers and employees. It contains
detailed instructions on PPE and safe
work procedures required for specific tasks.
This standard specifically defines test
•
equipment as part of PPE.
ANSI sets standards for
equipment
The American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) also plays a role
in electrical safety. This private,
nonprofit organization administers and coordinates the U.S.
voluntary standardization and
conformity assessment system.
And it represents the U.S. in
international standards organizations, such as the International
Organization for Standardization
(ISO) and the IEC.
ANSI/ISA S82.02
Service
Entrance
Meter
Meter
Service
Entrance
Meter
Outbuilding
Outbuilding
Transformer
Underground Service
Underground Service
Service
Entrance
Cat I
•
Electronic
equipment
•
Low energy
equipment
with transient
limiting
protection
•
Any high-voltage,
low-energy
source derived
from a
high-winding
resistance
transformer
Cat II
•
Appliances and
portable tools
•
Outlets and long
branch circuits
– Outlets at
more than
10 m (30 ft.)
from CAT II I
source
– Outlets at
more than
20 m (60 ft.)
from CAT IV
source
Cat IV
•
Origin of installation: where
low-voltage connection is made
to utility power
•
Electricity meters, primary
overcurrent protection equipment
•
Outside and service entrance
•
Service drop from pole to building
•
Run between meter and panel
•
Overhead line to detached
building
•
Underground line to well pump
Cat III
•
Equipment in fixed installations:
switchgear and three-phase motors
•
Bus and feeder in industrial plants
•
Feeders and short branch circuits
•
Distribution panel devices
•
Heavy appliance outlets with short
connections to service entrance
•
Large lighting systems
tion 1910 Subpart S refers to
several ANSI standards. The key
ANSI standards involving electrical safety are ANSI C33.27-74
(Safety Standard for Outlet Boxes
and Fittings for Use in Hazardous Locations) and ANSI S82.02
(see below), which provides
important safety rules for electrical test instruments. ANSI C2-81
(National Electrical Safety Code)
deals with electric installations
of more than 1000 volts, an area
beyond the scope of this article.
Key Point:
•
IEEE helps calculate arc
flash hazard
Another authority in safety is
the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers. IEEE
1584-2002, Guide for Performing
Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations,
(amended as IEEE 1584a in September 2004) does just what its
title suggests, providing technical information employers can
use to determine the arc flash
hazards present in the workplace. IEEE publishes a number
of other useful safety standards
and practice guides, including the
twelve-volume IEEE Color Books
series.
Key safety rules from
international partners
To make electrical measurements safely, it pays to stretch
your horizons. Some of the most
important safety guidelines for
electrical measurement have
been developed in cooperation
with the IEC, the leading global
organization that prepares and
publishes international standards
for all electrical and related
technologies.
Association (CSA), and the IEC
have created more stringent
4 Fluke Corporation Who sets the rules for electrical testing and safety?
OSHA electrical safety regula-
Employers and technicians
should be familiar with ANSI
electrical safety standards
C33.27-74 and S82.02 and,
if applicable, C2-81.
ANSI, the Canadian Standards
standards for voltage test equipment used in environments of
up to 1000 volts. The pertinent
standards include ANSI S82.02,
CSA 22.2-1010.1 and IEC 61010.
These standards cover systems
of 1000 volts or less, including
480-volt and 600-volt, threephase circuits. For the first time,
these standards differentiate the
transient hazard by location and
potential for harm, as well as the
voltage level.
In addition, the 2000 edition
of IEC 61010 requires that multimeters and similar equipment
shall not cause a shock, fire,
arcing or explosion hazard even
if subjected to operator error (for
instance, connecting the meter to
an energized circuit when set
the ohms position). Fluke meters
not only protect the user in such
circumstances—they also protect
themselves, and keep working.
ANSI and CSA are now in the
process of adopting these more
stringent IEC standards.
These standards establish an
important four-category system
for rating the electrical hazards
electricians face when taking
measurements on so-called “low
voltage” equipment—up to 1000
volts.
ANSI, CSA and IEC define
four measurement categories of
over-voltage transient impulses
(voltage spikes). The rule of
thumb is that the closer the technician is working to the power
source, the greater the danger
and the higher the measurement
category number. Lower category
installations usually have greater
impedance, which dampens
transients and helps limit the
fault current that can feed an arc.
CAT (Category) IV is asso-
to
•
ciated with the origin of
installation. This refers to
power lines at the utility con-
nection, as well as the service
entrance. It also includes
outside overhead and under-
ground cable runs, since both
may be affected by lightning.
CAT III covers distribution
•
level wiring. This includes
480-volt and 600-volt circuits
such as three-phase bus and
feeder circuits, motor control
centers, load centers and
distribution panels. Permanently installed loads are also
classified as CAT III. CAT III
includes large loads that can
generate their own transients.
At this level, the trend to
using higher voltage levels in
modern buildings has changed
the picture and increased the
potential hazards.
CAT II covers the receptacle
•
circuit level and plug-in loads.
CAT I refers to protected elec-
•
tronic circuits.
Some installed equipment may
include multiple categories. A
motor drive panel, for example,
may be CAT III on the 480-volt
power side, and CAT I on the
control side.
A higher CAT number refers
to an electrical environment
with higher power available and
higher-energy transients. This
is a key principle to understand
when it comes to choosing and
using test instruments. A multimeter designed to a CAT III
standard can resist much higherenergy transients than one
designed to CAT II standards.
Within a category, a higher
voltage rating denotes a higher
transient withstand rating, e.g.,
a CAT III-1000 V meter has
superior protection compared to
a CAT III-600 V rated meter.
Key Point:
The hazard category system
•
detailed by ANSI, CSA and
IEC provides useful informa-
tion for preparing against the
hazards of transient voltage
impulses (voltage spikes) in
the environments where most
industrial electricians work.
Transient protection
The real issue for meter circuit
protection is not just the maximum steady state voltage range,
but a combination of both steady
state and transient overvoltage
withstand capability. Tran-
sient protection is vital. When
transients ride on high energy
circuits, they tend to be more
dangerous because these circuits
can deliver large currents.
If a transient causes an arcover, the high current can sustain
the arc, producing a plasma
breakdown or explosion, which
occurs when the surrounding air
becomes ionized and conductive. The result is an arc blast, a
disastrous event which causes
numerous injuries every year.
Independent testing labs help ensure safety compliance
You want your tools and equipment to help you work safely. But how do you
know that a tool designed to meet a safety standard will actually deliver the
performance you are paying for?
Unfortunately it’s not enough to just look on the box. The IEC develops and
proposes standards, but it is not responsible for enforcing the standards. Wording like “Designed to meet specification ...” may not mean a test tool actually
performs up to spec. Designers’ plans are never a substitute for an actual independent test.
That’s why independent testing is so important. To be confident, check the
product for the symbol and listing number of Underwriters Laboratories (UL),
the CSA, TÜV or another recognized testing organization. Those symbols can
only be used if the product successfully completed testing to the agency’s standard, which is based on national/international standards. That is the closest
you can come to ensuring that the test tool you choose was actually tested for
safety.
What does the CE symbol indicate?
A product is marked CE (Conformité Européenne) to show it conforms to health,
safety, environment and consumer protection requirements established by the
European Commission. Products from outside the European Union cannot be
sold there unless they comply with applicable directives. But manufacturers
are permitted to self-certify that they have met the standards, issue their own
Declaration of Conformity, and mark the product “CE.” The CE mark is not,
therefore, a guarantee of independent testing.
Underwriters
Laboratories (UL)
The concept of categories
is not new and exotic. It is
simply an extension of the same
common-sense concepts that
people who work with electricity professionally use every day.
It’s another tool you can use to
better understand the hazards
you face on the job, and work
safely.
All of the regulations we have
covered are built in the same
way. They grow from experience,
and they are based on experience and sound, common sense
principles. No tool, however, can
do the job alone. It’s up to you,
the user, to learn these safety
regulations and standards, and
use them effectively on the job.
After all, it’s your safety at
stake. Read up, and work safely.
TUV and VDE (German standards organizations) are
approval/listing agencies
Canadian Standards
Association (CSA)
5 Fluke Corporation Who sets the rules for electrical testing and safety?
Electrical safety rules and standards: Who does what
Mandatory
Authority Standard Title Subject or Advisory? Topics Covered Also refers to
OSHA 29 CFR Electrical Electrical Safety Mandatory Design safety standards for electrical systems, NFPA 70E
1910 Subpart S safety-related work practices, safety-related NFPA 70
maintenance requirements and safety ANSI C2-81
requirements for special equipment ANSI C33.27-74
OSHA 29 CFR Personal Protective PPE Mandatory Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) including
1910 Subpart I Equipment face and eye protection, footwear and
insulating gear
NIOSH None
and Health for Electrical apprentices
Trades Student Manual
NFPA 70E** Standard for Electrical Electrical Safety Advisory Safety training, work planning and
Safety in the Workplace procedures, PPE required for specific work
situations, lockout/tagout and more. Specifies
test tools as part of PPE; details test tool
inspection schedules
NFPA 70** National Electrical Code Electrical Safety Mandatory* Electrical installations in buildings, generally
operating at 600 V or less
ANSI/IEEE C2-81** National Electrical Electrical Safety Mandatory* Governs electric utility and heavy industrial
Safety Code installations, often operating in thousands
of volts
ANSI S82.02 Safety requirements for Test tool safety Advisory Handheld probe assemblies and handheld
CSA 22.2-1010.1
IEC 61010
and laboratory use overvoltage transient hazard
IEEE 1584-2002 Guide for Performing Arc Flash Advisory Determination of arc flash hazard
Arc-Flash Hazard
Calculations
IEEE Color Books 12 titles in series Multiple Advisory Safety and other recommended practices for
electrical work and electrical installations
* Adopted both directly and indirectly in many U.S. and international jurisdictions. ANSI/IEEE C2 is typically adopted by state or local public utility commissions.
** Referenced in OSHA 1910 Subpart S: “The following references provide information which can be helpful in understanding and complying with the requirements
contained in Subpart S:”
measurement, control, and test. Establishes four categories of
Electrical Safety — Safety
electrical equipment for current clamps for electrical measurement
Electrical Safety Advisory Electrical Safety guidance for students and
6 Fluke Corporation Who sets the rules for electrical testing and safety?
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