Ericsson Base Station F800 Field Service Manual

Base Station F800

Field Service Manual

RUBRIKFÖRTECKNING

LIST OF HEADINGS

Dokumentnr - Document No

EN/LZB 115 681

Document maintenance

Safety instructions

Datum -Date

96-06-06

Rev

FIELD SERVICE MANUAL F800

Overview

Technical specifications

Installation

Operations instructions

This manual is provided by Ericsson Mobile Communications without any kind of warranty.

Improvements and changes in this manual due to typographical errors, inaccuracies in current information, or improvements to programs and/or equipment may be made by Ericsson Mobile Communications at any time and without notice. These changes will, however, be incorporated into new editions of this manual.

Spare parts list

Service tools

Service information

Cabinet

Transceiver unit

Applications

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DOCUMENT LIST

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F800 Field Service Manual

Document list

Chapt Document name Document number Rev

1. Document maintenance

Distribution list 031 51-LZB 115 681 B Revision journal 109 21-LZB 115 681 A Document list (this document) ECS/S/LT-96:1036 D

2. Safety instructions

Warning, health risk! ECS/S/LT-96:5031 A Warning, health risk! ECS/S/LT-96:5032 A Handling MOS devices ECS/S/LT-96:5033 A Warning, high voltage! ECS/S/LT-96:5034 A Information about ESD LZT 109 170 Ue -

3. Overview

Product structure 1315-KRD 103 10 Ux B Mechanical structure ECS/S/LT-96:5035 A Manufacturing instruction 1510-KRD 103 10 ux A Coding scheme 1518-KRD 102 01 usv C

4. Technical specifications

Ericsson F800 Technical data EN/LZT 123 593 R3 F800 Product sheet EN/LZT 123 841 A

5. Installation

Installation ECS/S/LT-96:5036 A Installation instruction 1531-SXK 107 2274/1 UX B Installation instruction 1531-SXK 107 2274/4 UX A Lightning protection for masts ECS/S/LT-96:5037 A F800 Commissioning ECS/S/LT-96:1042 A

6. Operating Instructions

Operating Instructions F800 ECSTAP 97:1055 A

DOCUMENT LIST

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7. Spare parts list

Spare parts list ECS/S/LT-96:5042 A

8. Service tools

LPC 102 213 F800 Test Handset KTR97:2444 A Fault tracing F800 KTR97:2486 A Special service tools for F800 15/EN/LZB 115 681 R1 Uen A Service unit F800 15188-LPC 102 81 UX A F800 personality programming ECS/S/LT:96-1014 A

9. Service information

Service information SI95-011 A Service information SI96-003 A Service information SI96-004 A

10. Cabinet

F800 Radio base station concept 109 21-KRD 103 10 - 1 Uen A Cable 151 88-RPM 113 669 Ux B Cable 151 88-RPM 113 671 Ux A Cable 151 88-RPM 113 670 Ux A Cable terminal info F800 193 12-SXK 107 2274/4 Uen A Cable terminal info F800 193 12-SXK 107 2274/4 Uen B Connection cable 151 88-RPM 113 1511 Ux A Connection cable 151 88-RPM 113 1511 Ux B Connection cable 151 88-RPM 113 1512 Ux A Connection cable 151 88-RPM 113 1512 Ux B Connection cable 151 88-RPM 113 1513Ux A Fan kit 151 88-BKV 301 203 Ux A Connection cable 151 88-RPM 113 1703 Ux A Wiring diagram F800 MRS3000 107 31-SXK 107 2274/1 Ux E Wiring diagram F800 MRS5000 107 31-SXK 107 2274/2 Ux D Circuit board 1911-ROA 117 2010 Ux A Printed board 1078-ROA 117 2010 Ux A Station unit C700 151 88-NTM 201 57 Ux E Assembly drawing F800 151 88-SXK 107 2274/1 Ux C Wiring diagram transceiver unit F800 107 31-KRD 103 10 Ux A Assembly drawing F800 151 88-SXK 107 2274/4 Ux C

11. Transceiver unit

Logic unit 3/EN/LZB 115 681 R1 Uen A F800 Circuit description ECS/S/LT-96:5044 A Logic board F800, circuit diagram 1911-ROA 119 8736 UEN C Logic board F800, mounting drawing 1078-ROA 119 8736 Ux B

DOCUMENT LIST

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12. Applications

F800 as radio link S/XT 95:7049 A F800 as repeater station ECS/S/LT-96:1013 A F800 as OEM station ECS/S/LT-96:1018 A

Enclosure

F800 Personality Programming Tool EN/LZY 213 633 1.47

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Öppen Open

INFORMATION

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This manual is an unregistered copy and will not be updated!

This manual is provided by Ericsson Sverige AB without any kind of warranty. Improvements and changes in this manual due to typographical errors, inaccuracies in current information, or improvements to programs and/or equipment may be made by Ericsson Sverige AB at any time and without notice. These changes will, however, be incorporated into new editions of this manual.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

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WARNING, HEALTH RISK!

Beryllium oxide

The transistors in the power amplifier’s driver stage and in the power amplifier contain beryllium oxide ceramics (BeO). Dust particles of this substance may be dangerous to your health if you inhale or get them on your skin.

Therefore, DO NOT IN ANY WAY INTERFERE WITH THE TRANSISTORS. It is, vital

that you comply with the directions given in the appended “Beryllia safety precautions”.

BERYLLIA SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Introduction

This appendix details the safety precautions when handling components containing Beryllium oxide. Dust from this material can present a health hazard unless adequate precautions are taken.

The hazard

The material is highly dangerous in a dust form when it might be inhaled or enter a cut or skin irritation area.

If dust is caused as a result of chafing, filing or breakage and is inhaled, a single exposure lasting minutes or seconds can cause injury to skin or mucous membranes severe enough to endanger life or cause permanent injury. Particles penetrating the skin through wounds or abrasions are liable to cause chronic ulceration’s.

Symptoms of poisoning indicated by respiratory troubles or cyanosis (grey blue discoloration of the skin), may develop within a week, or after a period extending to several years.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

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COMPONENTS

Power transistors, diodes and thyristors

Power transistors, diodes and thyristors, as received in the manufacturers packing, are clearly identified by attached information. They should be stored in the original packing and not mixed with other items. The Beryllia is encapsulated and components are safe to handle for replacement purposes. Care should be exercised in removing defective items to ensure that they do not become physically damaged.

They MUST NOT:

 be carried loosely in a pocket, bag or container with other components where they

may rub together or break and disintegrate into dust

 be heated excessively (normal soldering is quite safe)

 be broken open for inspection or in any way abrased by tools.

Heat sink washers

Some of the heat sink washers contain Beryllia. When new these are packed individually.

They MUST NOT:

 be stored loosely

 be filed, drilled or any way tooled

 heated other than when clamped in heat sink application.

They are best handled with gloves or cloth when being removed from equipment.

Cathode ray tubes and ceramic applications

965031.doc

Some products of cathode ray tube are coated on the inside with a ceramic beryllium oxide mixture. The tube is safe unless the glass is broken but should this occur.

DO NOT:

 handle the broken glass with bare fingers

 blow on the exposed surface (because of the danger of inhalation).

Ceramic cylinders or formers, identified by blue coloration or black lines, are safe to handle provided they are not damaged. In the latter event take precautions as with other components.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

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Disposal

Defective and broken components MUST NOT be disposed of in containers used for general refuse.

Defective components should be individually wrapped, clearly identified as “DEFECTIVE BERYLLIA COMPONENTS” and returned for subsequent disposal. Such components securely packed and with inside identification, may also be returned directly to the manufacturer.

Broken components should be individually wrapped and identified as “BROKEN BERYLLIA COMPONENTS”. They MUST NOT be sent through the post and should be returned to a depot by hand.

Medical precautions

If Beryllia is believed to be on, or have entered the skin through cuts or abrasions, the area should be thoroughly washed and treated by normal first aid methods followed by subsequent medical inspection.

Suspected inhalation should be treated as soon as possible by a doctor, preferably at a hospital.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

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HANDLING THE BERYLLIUM OXIDE COMPONENT

In the radio station one or more components contains beryllium oxide. Dust from this material is highly toxic and can present a health hazard.

These components must not be incinerated or damaged in any way. Exercise care when removing or installing this component to prevent physical damage.

The component which contains beryllium oxide is

the RF-amplifier. It is located on the radio board inside the radio station.

The components have the beryllium oxide encapsulated and the component is safe to handle for replacement purpose.

Defective components or complete radio stations must not be disposed in containers used for general refuse.

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Therefore, return defective components or radio stations that contain beryllium oxide, individually wrapped, clearly identified as “Defective beryllia components” to your local Ericsson dealer or service facility.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

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WARNING, HEALTH RISK!

Radio frequency radiation

Exposure to the antenna RF field may be dangerous to your health. Therefore,

SWITCH OFF THE TRANSMITTERS if you work with or near the antennas.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

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HANDLING MOS DEVICES

Though all MOS integrated circuits incorporate some protection against electrostatic discharge, they can nevertheless be damaged by accidental over-voltages. In storing and handling them, the following precautions are recommended.

Caution

Handling and mounting call for special attention to personal safety. Personnel handling MOS devices should normally be connected to ground via a 1 M resistor.

Storage and transport

Store and transport the circuits in their original packing. Alternatively, use a conductive material or special IC carrier that either short-circuits all leads or insulates them from external contact.

Testing or handling

Work on a conductive surface (e.g. metal table top) when testing the circuits or transferring them from one carrier to another. Electrically connect the person doing the testing or handling to the conductive surface, for example by a metal bracelet and a conductive cord or chain. Connect all testing and handling equipment to the same surface. Signals should not be applied to the inputs while the device power supply is off. All unused input leads should be connected to either the supply voltage or ground.

OBSERVE: USE ONLY SPECIAL DESIGNED, ORIGINAL SAFETY DEVICES!

Mounting

Mount MOS integrated circuits on printed circuit boards after all other components has been mounted. Take care that the circuits themselves, metal parts of the board, mounting tools, and the person doing the mounting are kept at the same electric (ground) potential. If it is impossible to ground the printed-circuit board the person mounting the circuits should touch the board before bringing MOS circuits into contact with it.

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Soldering

Soldering iron tips, including those of low-voltage irons, or soldering baths should also be kept at the same potential as the MOS circuits and the board.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

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Static charges

Clothing of non-electrostatic material should be worn. Clothes made of material like wool, silk or synthetic fibres can give very high static voltages and should therefore NOT be worn.

After the MOS circuits have been mounted on the board proper handling precautions should still be observed. Until the sub-assemblies are inserted into a complete system in which the proper voltages are supplied, the board is no more than an extension of the leads of the devices mounted on the board. To prevent static charges from being transmitted through the board wiring to the device it is recommended that conductive clip or conductive tape is put on the circuit board terminals.

Transient voltages

To prevent permanent damage due to transient voltages, do not insert or remove MOS devices, or printed-circuit boards with MOS devices, from test sockets or systems with power on.

Voltage surges

Beware of voltage surges due to switching electrical equipment on or off, relays and D.C. lines.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

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WARNING, HIGH VOLTAGE!

High voltage warning (over 200 v)

Is used in the operation of this equipment.

Death on contact

May result if personnel fail to observe safety precautions.

Never work on electronic equipment unless there is another person nearby who is familiar with the operation and the hazards of the equipment, and who is competent in administering first aid. When the technician is aided by operators, he must warn them about dangerous areas.

Whenever possible, the power supply to the equipment must be shut off before beginning work on the equipment. Be careful not to contact high-voltage connections when installing or operating this equipment.

Whenever the nature of the maintenance permits, keep one hand away from the equipment to reduce the hazard of current flowing through vital organs of the body.

OBSERVE! Do not be misled by the term “low voltage”. Potentials as low as 50 volts may cause death under adverse conditions.

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MECHANICAL STRUCTURE

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Base Station F800 - Technical Data

TYPE OF STATION

F802

F804

F805

GENERAL

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

Operating mode Simplex or Duplex Frequency range 68 - 88 MHz 146 - 174 MHz 370 - 415 MHz 378 - 415 MHz 400 - 443 MHz 430 - 470 MHz No of channels 15 (255 as option) Channel separation 25 kHz 25 or 12.5 kHz Frequency stability Signal/noise ratio, SINAD CCITT >40 dB 25 kHz >40dB

AF in and output level -10dBm at 600 ohm Antenna impedance 50 ohm Supply voltage

Voltage to interface Power consumption

-transmission <7 A at 13.8 V DC and 20 W incl. Interface

-reception <0.8A at 13.8 V DC (<1.5A incl. Interface)

-stand by <0.8A at 13.8 V DC (<1.5A incl. Interface) Weight < 15 kg Dimensions (WxHxD) Approx. 439 x 177 x 325 mm, equipped with brackets for 19” rack mount, 3HE Operating temperature range Storage temperature range Standards Meets or exceeds ETS 300 086, ETS 300279

13.8 V

13.2 V

-25°C to +55°C

-40°C to +85°C

± 1.35 kHz ± 2 kHz ± 2.5 kHz

12.5 kHz >37 dB

(10.8-15.6 V)

max. 1 A

Output power, High

Output power, Low

Adjacent channel power Spurious emissions at operation < -36 dBm ( 9 kHz - 1 GHz ) Spurious emissions at standby < -57 dBm ( 9 kHz - 1 GHz )

Sensitivity 20 dB SINAD CCITT

Adjacent channel selectivity >70 dB Intermodulation attenuation >70 dB Spurious response rejection >70 dB

Telenor products are under continuos development. We therefore reserve the right to change technical data or to modify the equipment without prior notice.

> 70 dBc or 0.2µW

≤ -116 dBm ≤ -116 dBm 25 kHz = ≤ -115 dBm

20 W ±1 dB 6 W ±1 dB for 370 -

2 W ±1 dB 0.6 W ±1 dB for 370 -

Telenor Radio Systems AB

P.O. Box 903

SE-692 29 KUMLA, Sweden

Tel +46 19 586 400. Fax +46 19 584 510

EN/LZT 123 593 R7

415 MHz

12.5 kHz = ≤-113 dBm

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F800 Commissioning

Contents:

INTRODUCTION 1

SITE INFORMATION FORM 2

F800 BASE STATION INFORMATION 3

INSTALLATION CHECK 4

SITE COMPLETED 4

Introduction

The intent of this form is to make sure that the installation is performed and tested in such way, that the customers and our requirements will be fulfilled.

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Datum - Date Rev Nr - No.

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Site Information Form

On completion of installation of a station unit, please place a completed form of this information including F800 Base Station Information and Installation Check in the Site Documentation that is prepared for the site (customer). One copy must be filed at the local workshop.

Site identification: .....................................................................................

..................................................................................................................

Owner: ......................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................

The key is available at: ..............................................................................

Telephone no, main operator: ..................................................................

Telephone no at site: ................................................................................

Number or name for the control line: ........................................................

Servicing organised by: ............................................................................

Local workshop: .......................................................................................

Telephone no: ..........................................................................................

Other important names, telephone numbers etc.: ....................................

..................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................

Prepared by Place Date

..................................... .................................. ...............................

Datum - Date Rev Nr - No.

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F800 Base Station Information

Station unit number: .................................................................................

F80X transceiver unit type: KRD 103 10/ ..................................................

 Serial number: .....................................................................................

Line panel type: ........................................................................................

 Serial number: .....................................................................................

Frequencies: TX= ................................... RX= .......................................

Traffic mode simplex/duplex: ....................................................................

Power supply:

 Mains power unit type: .........................................................................

 Type of batteries: .................................................................................

 Others: .................................................................................................

 ..............................................................................................................

Antenna installation etc.: ..........................................................................

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..................................................................................................................

If necessary please make up separate sketches and/or drawings.

Datum - Date Rev Nr - No.

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Error!

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Installation Check

Customer: ..........................................................................................................

Installation site: ..................................................................................................

Yes No Date and sign

Hardware installation checked

Main power installation, checked and tested

Backup power installation, checked and tested

Antenna installation, checked and tested

Constant load

Antenna

Reflected

Equipment alarm system, checked and tested

Control lines installed, checked and tested

Earthing installed and checked

Lightning protection installation checked

..............W

 

...........................

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Radio test to mobile units, function OK

Control unit(-s) installed, checked and tested

 

...........................

Site completed

Customer Technician

Date: ............................................... ...............................................

Signature: ............................................... ...............................................

INSTALLATION

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INSTALLATION

Contents

Introduction .................................................................................... 2

Station unit ................................................................................ 2

Base station .............................................................................. 2

Preparation of installation site ....................................................... 3

Installation ..................................................................................... 3

Packaging ................................................................................. 3

Unpacking ................................................................................. 3

Wall mounting ........................................................................... 4

Rack mounting .......................................................................... 4

Safeguards for installation of lead-acid accumulators .............. 4

Connection instructions ................................................................. 5

Connection of power supply ..................................................... 5

Connection of antenna .............................................................. 5

Connection of signal cables ...................................................... 5

Installation documentation ............................................................. 6

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INSTALLATION

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INTRODUCTION

Incorrectly planned or badly equipped station sites generally result in higher maintenance costs, malfunction of the radio equipment and may even create the breakdown of the radio equipment.

To facilitate servicing and to create reasonable working conditions and a safe working environment for service personnel, the following points should be observed when planning a new station site:

 The service workshop should be consulted. Local problems may arise which make

it more difficult, or even prevent, service personnel visiting the proposed station site under certain conditions or certain periods of the year.

 In the event of planned extension or modification of radio equipment at an existing

station site, the service workshop concerned should be consulted. Modification of a station site which is already fully utilized may interfere with rational servicing of the existing radio equipment.

Station unit

The F800 station consists of up to four separate sub-systems:

 Transceiver unit

 Line panel

 Duplex filter/isolators

 Power supply unit

The transceiver unit, line panel , duplex filter and isolator are normally mounted together in the F800 enclosure, see installation drawing at the end of this chapter.

Other alternatives may arise due to the final configuration of the actual radio system.

The Power supply unit is a sub-unit which is separated from the station unit.

Base station

When the station unit, power supply and antenna system have been installed and put into service, together with the other accessories, a functional Base station is obtained.

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INSTALLATION

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PREPARATION OF INSTALLATION SITE

The installation site should meet the requirements for station units:

 Normal temperature range +15°C to +35°C.

 Extreme temperature -25°C to +15°C and +35°C to +55°C. (During operation in

extreme temperatures reduced radio data is accepted).

 Atmospheric humidity 93%, non condensing.

The proposed installation site is prepared as follows:

 Check that the wall is sufficiently strong to carry the load of the station unit.

 Install the antenna and lay the antenna cable to the proposed installation site.

For lightning protection of antenna masts, see the recommendations given in chapter

5.  Arrange for an authorized electrician to lay the mains power cables or battery

power supply to the installation site.

 Arrange with the Telecommunications Administration for installation of telephone

lines to the installation site and the lightning protection kit(s).

INSTALLATION

Packaging

When delivered, the station unit is packed in a special carton with shock-absorbent material.

 Check if the package is undamaged before opening it.

 Examine the contents carefully, if the package has been damaged.

If there is any damage to the contents, contact the transport/forwarding company shown on the Delivery Note.

Unpacking

 Check that the accessories shown on the Packing Note are complete. If not, notify

The station unit is basically supplied without accessories. Note that this also applies to all external connection cables. Accessories must be ordered from a separate list.

Error! Unknown switch argument.

our shipping department in Kumla, Sweden at once. Telephone international +46 19 584100. (national 019-584100.) or FAX No. +46 19 584510.

INSTALLATION

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Wall mounting

Refer to Installation instruction 1531-SXK 107 2274/1 UX or 1531-SXK 107 2274/4 UX in the Appendix of this chapter, which shows an example of wall mounting.

 Drill holes as shown in the hole-drilling instruction in the Installation instruction.

 Mount the wall consoles, in position on the wall. Note that the consoles are only

enclosed if specially ordered.

 Turn the front panel 180° before installation. This will give you the possibility of

folding out the lid and making the service more convenient.

 Please note the space required for service, Installation instruction 1531-SXK 107

2274/1 UX or 1531-SXK 107 2274/4 UX.

The station unit is now ready for connection.

Rack mounting

It is also possible to install the F800 Base Station in a 19 inch rack. Refer to Installation instruction 1531-SXK 107 2274/1 UX or 1531-SXK 107 2274/4 UX in the Appendix of this chapter, which shows an example of rackl mounting.

Safeguards for installation of lead-acid accumulators

When installing lead-acid accumulators for standby power supply, it must be kept in mind that hydrogen is produced during charging and this may cause an explosion. It is, therefore, of the greatest importance to ensure that the room is well ventilated.

The best position for installation of accumulators is in a separate room or in a battery box - in both cases well ventilated.

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INSTALLATION

5 (6)

CONNECTION INSTRUCTIONS

Connection of power supply

The operating voltages for the station unit are obtained by:  supplying the Power supply unit with 110/220 V AC 50/60 Hz. The power required

is approx. 100 W. External gas-tight accumulators can be maintenance-charged.

 external supply of 13.8 V DC. Power required approx. 100 W.

When connecting to a mains power supply:  before connection check that the rating plate on the Power supply unit indicates

that the correct unit has been supplied

 connect the mains cable that has been laid to the site, to the connector marked

13-15 V DC on the rear of the station unit.

When connecting to a battery power supply:

 Prepare the cable for the battery supply as shown in chapter 8.

 Connect to the connector marked 13-15 V DC on the rear of the station unit.

Cable area required: The voltage drop from the battery must be less than 0.1 V at 20 A.

Connection of antenna

 Connect the antenna cable to the connector marked ANT(Tx) on the rear of the

station unit.

Please note that other alternatives are available, depending on the final configuration of the antenna and filter system.

Connection of signal cables

 Connect the telephone line from the “control unit” to the connector marked LINES

OUT, on the rear of the station unit.

 Make sure that the lightning protection kits are installed properly.

 Control the connections of “Alarm unit” if applicable.

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INSTALLATION

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INSTALLATION DOCUMENTATION

On completion of installation, the technician should prepare installation documentation which should include specific instructions and documents to facilitate servicing of the installation. The installation documentation should be available at the installation site and at the local workshop.

The installation documentation may include, for example:

 How access is obtained to the site (keys, etc.)

 General information on the power supply (location of fuses and switches)

 Information on control and maintenance of the air-conditioning equipment, if

provided, etc.

Further, copies of the forms in chapter 5, Commissioning, must be filled in and included with the documentation.

Error! Unknown switch argument.

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LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR MASTS 1 (8)

LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR MASTS

Contents

Introduction .................................................................................... 2

Need for lightning protection ......................................................... 2

Explanation of terms ...................................................................... 3

Lightning frequency ....................................................................... 4

Properties of lightning strikes ........................................................ 4

Ground conditions ......................................................................... 4

Inspection of installations .............................................................. 4

Choice of materials ........................................................................ 5

Dimensions .................................................................................... 5

High voltage input .......................................................................... 7

Low voltage input .......................................................................... 8

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LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR MASTS 2 (8)

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Introduction

It is in the nature of the subject that no complete solutions suitable for all situations can be given, but merely general recommendations. The possibilities that can be utilized are described below, together with the rules that should be followed and some information on materials.

Lightning protection should primarily be used to avoid the screening of the antenna lead functioning as a conductor in the event of a lightning strike on the antenna mast. The consequences of a strike may involve risks to service personnel. Effective earthing of the mast should be carried out with an earth electrode and a connection to a common earthing point, close to the incoming high-voltage earth. Before connection to the high-voltage earth, permission must be obtained from the power supply company. Any parts of the installation which are hidden (buried) must be marked on the site drawing.

The purpose of these measures is to protect personnel and equipment from transients caused by lightning. High voltages may arise through direct lightning strike to the antenna or other metal objects such as support wires, roof fittings or power lines. Other strikes in the surrounding area may also give rise to voltage transients through induction in leads, masts and support wires. Free conductivity in power and telephone lines may also transfer high voltages caused by distant lightning strikes.

Need for lightning protection

To prevent injury and damage to equipment, certain reasonable precautions must be taken.

The degree of lightning protection that is required must be assessed in the light of the consequences that may occur. Failure of a radio installation may cause users in considerable difficulties. Lightning protection giving 100% protection cannot, however, be installed. The cost of materials and labour must also be taken into account.

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LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR MASTS 3 (8)

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Explanation of terms

 Lightning conductor

A conductor dimensioned to withstand the direct action of lightning and capable of conducting the lightning current without becoming damaged.

 Earth electrode

A conductor laid in the ground, giving good contact with the surrounding soil.

 Earth electrode system

A number of interconnected earth electrodes.

 Deep earth electrode

A conductor driven vertically into the ground; also known as an earthing bar.

 Down lead

The connection between the collector and the earth electrode system. Metal masts with good conductivity may be used as down leads.

 Ring leads

Conductors, usually buried in the ground, connecting one or more down leads with one or more earth electrodes. Often placed in the form of a closed circuit around a mast or building to give symmetrical current conduction.

 Protection distance

The minimum air gap between two objects, over which a lightning discharge cannot take place.

 Surge voltage protection

 Lightning frequency

 Lightning - exposed object or conductor

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Spark gap with voltage - dependent components.

Number of days with lightning per year.

Object or conductor on which lightning strikes can be anticipated, for example, antennas, masts, support wires and down leads.

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Ericsson Base Station F800 Field Service Manual

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