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Epson FX-80 Reference Guide

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FCC COMPLIANCE STATEMENT
FOR AMERICAN USERS
This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and used properly, that is, in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, may cause interference to radio and television reception. It has been type tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B computing device in accordance with the specifications in Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause inter­ference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equip­ment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
- Reorient the receiving antenna
-
Relocate the computer with respect to the receiver
- Move the computer into a different outlet so that computer and receiver are on different branch circuits.
If necessary, the user should consult the dealer or an experienced radio/television techni­cian for additional suggestions. The user may find the following booklet prepared by the Federal Communications Commission helpful:
This booklet is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC
20402. Stock No. 004-000-00345-4.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other­wise, without the prior written permission of Epson America, Inc. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, Epson America, Inc. and the author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
Baby printout on cover reprinted with permission of Apple Computer Inc., copyright 1984 Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
Centronics is a registered trademark of Data Computer Corporation. Concept is a trademark of Corvus Systems, Inc. DEC is a registered trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation. FX-80, FX-100, RX-80, and RX-100 are trademarks of Epson America, Inc. I-IX-20 Notebook Computer is a trademark of Epson America, Inc. IBM-PC is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. NEC is the NEC Information Systems, Inc., a subsidiary of Nippon Electronic Company, Ltd. QX-10 is a trademark of Epson America, Inc. TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Radio Shack, a division of Tandy Corporation. 80 Micro is published by Wayne Green Publishers.
“How to Identify and Resolve Radio-TV Interference Problems.”
Copyright© 1984 by Epson America, Inc. Torrance, California 90505
ii
P8390097

Preface

The User’s Manual for the FX Series Printers consists of two vol­umes: Tutorial and Reference. This volume is the Reference, which contains the appendixes to Volume 1.
These appendixes are organized as follows:
Appendix A deals with the characters: it gives ASCII codes and displays the dot matrix characters.
Appendixes B through D cover control codes. Appendix B shows the codes in their ASCII numerical order, while C provides a list of the same codes organized by usage groups. Appendix D provides a chart of control codes as they are implemented on three Epson printers, the MX III, the FX, and the RX; a discussion of the differences follows the chart.
Appendixes E through H provide information on other printing needs: E covers defaults and DIP switches, F gives troubleshooting advice, G summarizes how to combine print modes, and H gives ideas
for customizing your printer and its programs.
Appendixes I through K concentrate on technical aspects of the
hardware: maintenance, specifications, and the parallel interface.
A complete table of contents for this volume begins on the next
page.
For your convenience, there is an index at the end of each volume
covering the complete two-volume set. You can therefore find all the references to any topic in either one.
iii
iv
FX Series Printer User’s Manual
Volume 2 Contents
Preface .....................................
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Tables
ASCII Codes and Character Fonts
A
ASCII Codes and International Characters
ASCII Code Summary International Characters Summary
ASCII Character Matrixes
Control Codes in Numeric Order
B
Control Codes by Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C
Control-Code Comparison
D
Control-Code Chart Epson Model Differences
Defaults and DIP Switches
E
Default Settings
DIP Switches Examining the Switches
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................
.......................
.............
......................
.................
......................
...........................
........................
......................
.................................
.................................
.........................
.........
iii
vii vii
2.53 253 254 255 256
271 283
287 287 289
295 295 296
297
v
Troubleshooting
F
Problem/Solution Summary Beeper Error Warnings
Hex Diagnosis Coding Solutions
POKEing codes Special printer drivers
Solutions for Seven-Bit Systems
High-order bit control Seven-bit graphics
Solutions for Specific Systems
Apple II solutions TRS-80 solutions
IBM-PC solutions QX-10 solutions
...............................
................................
..............................
.............................
.............................
....................
.........................
........................
..................
........................
...........................
...................
...........................
............................
...........................
301 301 304 305 306 307
308 309 310 311 312 312
313 313 314
G Mixing Print Modes
Methods for Mixing Mode Conflicts and Priorities Summary Notes
H Customizing the FX
Spread-Sheet Programs Word Processing
BASIC Program Listings Quiet Printing Graphics and User-Defined Characters
I
Printer Maintenance
Always Now and Then
Rarely Changing the Print Head
J
Technical Specifications
Printing
Paper Printer Environment Interface Schematic
......................................
.......................................
......................................
........................................
.......................................
.....................................
....................................
............................
............................
...............................
............................
.........................
..............................
........................
................................
...........................
................................
.......................
.........................
..................................
....................
............
317 317 318
319
321 321 321 322
322 322
323 323 323 323 324
327 327 328 328 329
329 330
vi
K
Parallel Interface
Data Transfer Sequence
Interface timing Signal relationships
..............................
.........................
.............................
..........................
333 335 335
335
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Figures
E-1
Factory setting of the DIP switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F-1
Best-case hex dump
F-2
TRS-80 Model III hex dump
I-1
Print head replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
K-1
Parallel interface timing
............................
.....................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Tables
E-1
DIP switch functions
E-2 International DIP switch settings
G-1 Arriving at 128 type styles G-2 Master Select quick reference chart
G-3 Mode priorities
...........................
.................
......................
...............
.................................
337
297 306
306
324 335
297
298 317
318
319
K-1
Pins and signals
K-2 Signal interrelations
...............................
............................
333 336
vii
Appendix A
253
ASCII Codes and Character Fonts
This appendix provides information about the way the ASCII codes are employed on the FX printers and about the character fonts associated with those codes. The first section summarizes the codes. The second section displays, in ASCII order, the decimal number, the hexadecimal number, a printout, and an enlarged dot matrix for each character in the two fonts that you can access directly:
1.
the Roman font for the USA character set (decimal
2.
the Italic font for the USA character set (decimal included here is the pair of fonts for the international characters, which you access indirectly:
3. the Roman font for international characters (decimal 0-31)
4.
the Italic font for international characters (decimal

ASCII Codes and International Characters

To use a character or one of the control codes specified in the third column, you use the BASIC character-string command, CHR$(n), where n represents the decimal number shown in the first column. You cause the code to be sent to a device by using another command; the most common command for sending a code to the printer is LPRINT.
For more on this subject, see Chapter 2.
32-126)
X0-254) Also
128-159)

ASCII Code summary

Dec Hex CHR 0
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
OA OB OC OD OE OF
11 12
14 15
17 18
1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 20 21 22
24 25
29 2A 2B 2C 2D
31 33
36
37 39
3A 3B
3C
3D
none none none none none none none BEL BS
HT LF VT FF CR SO SI none
DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 none none none CAN
19
none none ESC none none none none
! " #
$ % &
( )
* +
,
­/
0
1 2 3 4 5
6
7 8 9
:
;
<
=
>
?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 10
17 18 19 13 20 21 22 16 23 24
25
26 1A 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 23 36 37 38 26 39 27 40 28 41 42 43 44 45 46 2E 47 2F 48 30 49 50 32 51 52 34 53 35
54
55 56 38 57 58 59
60
61 62 3E 63 3F
Dec Hex CHR 64 40
65 41 66 42 67 43 68 44 69 45 70 46 71 47 72 48 73 49 74 4A 75 4B 76 4C 77 4D 78 4E 79 4F 80 50 81 51 82 52 83 53 84 54 85 55 86 56
87
57
58
88 89 59 90 5A 91 5B 92 5C 93 5D 94 5E 95 5F 96 60 97 61 98 62 99 63 100 64 101 65 102 66 103 67 104 68 105 69 106 6A 107 6B 108 6C 109 6D 110 6E 111 6F 112 70 113 71 114 72 115 73 116 74 117 75 118 76 119 77 120 78 121 79 122 7A 123 7B 124 7C 125 7D 126 7E 127 7F
DEL
Dec Hex CHR
@ A B C D E F G H
I
J K
L
M
N
O P
Q R S
T U V w
X Y
Z
[
\
]
^
—
'
a
b c d e f
g
h
i j
k
l m n
o
p q
r s t u v w x
y z
{
|
} ~
128
80 none
129
81
130 82 none
131 132 84 133 134 135 87 136
137 138 139 140
141
142
143
144
145
146 92
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160 161 162 163 164 165
166
167
168 169
170
171
172
173
174
175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182
183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190
191
none
83 none
none 85 none 86 none
BEL 88
BS 89
HT 8A
LF 8B
VT 8C
FF 204 8D CR 8E
SO 8F
SI 90 none 91
DC1
DC2 93
DC3 94
DC4 95 none 213 96 none 97
none 215 96
CAN 99 none 9A
none 218 9B
ESC 9C
none 220 9D
none 9E none 9F none A0 A1
/
A2
"
A3
#
A4
$
A5
%
A6
&
'
A7
(
A8
)
A9
*
AA
+
AB
,
AC
—
AD
.
AE AF
/
B0
0
B1
1
B2
2
B3
3
B4
4
B5
5
B6
6
B7
7
B8
8
B9
9 BA BB BC BD BE BF
Dec Hex CHR
CO C2
C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 CA CB CC CD CE CF DO
Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 DA DB DC DD DE DF
E1
E4
E7
EA EB EC ED EE EF
F1
FB FC FD
DEL
@
A B C D
E
F G H
I
J k
L M N O P Q R S T
U
V W X
Y Z
[
\ I
^
—
` a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
t
u v w
{
:
192
193 C1 194 195 196
197 198
199 200 201 202 203
205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212
214 216
217 219 221
222 223 224 E0 225 226 E2 227 E3 228 229 E5 230 E6 231 232 E8 233 E9 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 FO 241 242 F2 243 F3 244 F4 245 F5 246 F6 247 F7 248 F8 249 F9 250 FA 251 252 253 254 FE 255 FF
q
r s
x
y
z
}
~
254

International characters summary

ASCII locations 0 to 31 and 128 to 159 store the international char­acters that are needed for sets other than the one for the USA. These characters are printable only with the CHR$(27) “6”, CHR$(27) “I”, or CHR$(27) “R” sequences.
Dec
0
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
11
19 13 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Hex CHR
00
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
10
0A
0B
12 13 14 15 16 10 17 18
0C
OD
0E 0F
11 12
14 15
16
17 18 19
1A
1B 1C
1D
1E 1F
Dec Hex CHR
128 129 130 131 132 84 133 134 135 136 137 138 139
140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 94 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159
80 81 82 83
85 86 87 88 89 8A 8B 8C 8D 8E 8F 90 91 92
93
95 96 97 98 99 9A 9B 9C 9D 9E 9F
255

ASCII Character Matrixes

As in the summaries above, this section follows the ASCII code arrangement, but this time we show the codes only as they are asso­ciated with characters—0 through 255. The characters for the Roman and Italic USA fonts, which together make up the USA character set,
occupy ASCII positions 32 through 126 and 160 through 254, respec­tively. The international characters use ASCII positions 0 through 31 and 128 through 159. We show enlarged dot matrixes for both pairs of
fonts.
The width column shows the number of units used to print each character in Proportional Mode. A unit is the width of one of the 12
columns in a character matrix (about half a dot).
Dec Hex
Character
Width
Dec
Character Width
Hex
256
Dec
12
Hex
OC
Character
Width
12
Dec
21
Hex
15
Character
Width
13
14
15
16
17
OD
OE
OF
10
11
12
12
11
10
11
22
23
24
25
26
16
17
18
19
1A
8
12
12
12
12
18
19
20
12
13
14
12
12
12
27
28
29
1B
1C
1D
10
11
12
257
Dec Hex Character Width Dec Hex Character Width
30
31
32
33
34
1E
1F
20
21
22
12
12
12
5
8
39 27
40 28
41
29
42
2A
43
2B
5
6
6
12
12
35
36
37
38
258
23
24
25
26
12
12
12
12
44
2C
45
2D
46 2E
47
2F
7
12
6
10
Dec
Hex
Character
Width Dec Hex
Character
Width
48
49
50
51
52
30
31
32
33
34
57
58
59
60
61
39
3A
3B
3C
3D
12
8
2
3
4
12
12
12
12
6
6
10
12
53
54
55
56
35
36
37
38
5
6
7
8
12
12
12
12
3E
62
63
3F
646540
41
10
12
12
259
Dec
Hex
Character
Width
Dec
Hex
Character
Width
54
84
55
85
86 56
57
87
88 58
12
12
12
12
10
93
94
95
96
97
5D
5E
5F
60
61
a
12
12
5
12
89
90
91
92
59
5A
5B
5C
12
10
a
10
98
99
100
101
62
63
64
65
11
11
11
12
261
Dec Hex Character
Width
Dec
Hex
Character
Width
102 66
103 67
104 68
105 69
106 6A
f
g
h
i
j
10
11
11
a
9
111
6F
112
70
71
113
114 72
115 73
o
p
q
r
s
12
11
11
11
12
107 6B
108 6C
109 6D
110 6E
262
k
l
m
n
10
a
12
11
116
117
118 76
119 77
74
75
t
u
v
w
11
12
12
12
Dec Hex
Character
Width
Dec
Hex
Character
Width
120 78
121 79
122 7A
123 7B
124 7C
10
12
10
9
5
129
130
131
132
133
81
82
83
84
85
11
11
11
8
8
125 7D
126 7E
127 7F
128 80
9
12
12
11
134
135
136
137
86
87
88
89
12
10
11
12
263
Dec Hex Character Width
Dec Hex Character Width
138
8A
139
8B
140
8C
141
8D
142 8E
12
12
12
12
11
147
148
149
150
151
93
94
95
96
97
12
12
11
9
12
143
144
145
146
264
8F
90
91
92
11
12
11
12
152
153
154
155
98
99
9A
9B
12
11
11
Dec Hex
Character
Width
Dec
Hex
Character
Width
156
157
158
159
160
9C
9D
9E
9F
A0
12
12
11
12
12
165
166
167
168
169
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
12
12
5
a
a
161
162
163
164
Al
A2
A3
A4
10
10
12
11
170
171
172
173
AA
AB
AC
AD
12
12
a
12
265
Dec
Hex Character
174
AE
175
AF
176
B0
177
Bl
178
B2
Width
7
10
12
9
12
Dec
183
184
185
186
187
Hex
B7
B8
B9
BA
BB
Character
Width
12
12
11
8
9
179
180
181
182
266
B3
B4
B5
B6
12
12
12
11
188
BC
BD
189
190
191BEBF
10
11
9
11
Dec Hex Character Width
Dec
Hex
Character
Width
210
211
212
213
214
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6 V
DB
R
S
T
U
12
12
12
12
11
219
220
221
222
223
DC
DD
DE
DF
11
7
11
10
12
215
216
217
218
268
D7
D8
D9
DA Z
E0
W
X
Y
12
12
12
12
224
225
226
227
E1
E2
E3
5
11
11
11
Dec Hex
Character
Width
Dec
Hex
Character
Width
228 E4
229 E5
230 E6
231 E7
232 E8
12
11
12
11
11
237
238
239
240
241
ED
EE
EF
FO
F1
11
10
11
11
11
233 E9
234 EA
235 EB
236 EC
9
10
11
9
242 F2
243 F3
244 F4
245 F5
10
11
10
11
269
Dec Hex Character Width
Dec Hex Character Width
246 F6
247 F7
248
F8
249
F9
250
FA
10
12
12
11
12
255 FF
12
251
FB
252
FC
253
FD
254 FE
270
10
9
10
12
Appendix B
Control Codes in Numeric Order
You activate an FX control code by using LPRINT CHR$(n), where n is the number in the decimal column below. When the ESC column contains a dash, you use only CHR$(n) but when ESC is written in this ESC column, you must precede the CHR$(n) with CHR$(27). With this ESCape sequence you may use a shortened form, the ESCape code followed by the character in the symbol column in quotation marks, as shown in the example below, the command that turns Emphasized ON:
LPRINT CHR$(27) “E” . Abbreviations: cpi = characters per inch
cps = characters per second
ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function
0 00 NUL
7 07 BEL
a 08 BS
9 09 HT
10 0A LF
Terminates horizontal and vertical tab setting.
Sounds beeper. Backspace. Empties the printer buffer, then
moves the print head left 1 space in the current pitch.
Horizontal tab. Empties the printer buffer,
then moves the print head to the next tab
stop. Line feed. Empties the printer buffer, performs
a line feed at the current line spacing, and resets the buffer character count to 0.
271
ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function
- 11 0B VT
-
12 0C FF
-
13 0D CR
-
14 0E SO
- 15 0F SI
Vertical tab. Empties the printer buffer, then advances the paper to the next vertical tab stop.
Form feed. Empties the printer buffer, then advances the paper to the next logical top of form.
Carriage return. Prints the contents of the buffer and resets the buffer character count to 0. Restores the print head to the left margin. You turn the automatic line feed on or off with DIP switch 2-4.
Shift out. Turns Expanded Mode ON for the length of the line unless cancelled by CHR$(20) or CHR$(27)“WO”. Works with
Pica, Elite, or Compressed Mode. Shift in. Empties the buffer and turns
Compressed Mode (17.16 cpi) ON. Cannot work with Emphasized, Elite, Pica, or Proportional Mode. Stays on until cancelled by CHR$(18).
-
-
-
-
-
-
272
17
11
18
12
19 13
20
14
24
18
27
1B ESC
DC1
DC2
DC3
DC4
C AN
Device control 1. When 2-1 is OFF places the printer in the active state: printer receives all data sent to it.
Device control 2. Turns Compressed Mode OFF
Device control 3. When DIP switch 2-1 is OFF places the printer in the inactive state until a DC1 code is received.
Device control 4. Turns the Expanded Mode set by CHR$(14) OFF
Cancels all text in the print buffer. Escape. Prepares the printer to receive
control codes.
ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function
ESC 33 21 !
ESC 35 23 #
ESC 37 25
ESC 38 26 &
Master Print Mode Select (Master Select). Selects 16 unique print mode combinations. Format:
CHR$(27)” ! “CHR$(n) where n = 0 - 255. See Appendix D.
Accepts the eighth bit “as is” from the computer.
%
Activates a character set. DIP switch 1-4 must be off. Format:
CHR$(27)” % “CHR$(0)CHR$(0) selects the ROM set; and
CHR$(27)” % “CHR$(1)CHR$(0) selects the RAM set.
Defines characters in user RAM. Format:
CHR$(27)“&“CHR$(0)CHR$(c1)CHR$(c2);
CHR$(a)CHR$(d1) . . . CHR$(d11); where CHR$(0) is for future use, c1 is the starting character, and c2 is the ending character. Each character in the range c1 - c
2
requires an attribute byte (a) and 11 data bytes (d1 - d11).
ESC 42 2A *
ESC 45 2D -
Turns Graphics Mode ON. Format:
CHR$(27)"
* “CHR$(m)CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2); followed by n data numbers, where n = n1 + 256*n2,
n, = 0 - 255, n2 = 0 - 255,
m selects mode 0 - 6.
See Table 1 1-1 for modes. Turns Underline Mode ON. Format:
CHR$(27)” - “CHR$(n) where n toggles Underline on and off: 0 turns it OFF 1 turns it ON.
273
ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function
ESC 47 2F /
ESC
48
30 0
ESC
49
31
ESC 50 32 2
ESC
51
33
ESC
52
34
ESC
53
35
ESC
54
36 6
ESC 55 37 7
Selects a vertical tab channel. Format:
CHR$(27)“/“CHR$(n)
where n Sets line
1
3
4 5
Sets line
Returns line spacing to the default of 1/6 inch
(12-dot). Sets line
1/3 dot). Stays on until changed. Format:
where n Turns Italic Mode ON. Turns Italic Mode OFF
Enables the printing of the Italic international
characters, which are stored in locations
128 - 159 and 255.
Turns off CHR$(27)“6”. Restores 126 - 159 and 255 to function as control codes.
= 0 - 7. spacing to spacing to
spacing to n/216-inch (1/216-inch
CHR$(27)“3”CHR$(n)
= 0 - 255.
1/8-inch (g-dot). 7/72-inch (7-dot).
is
ESC
56
38
ESC
57
39
ESC
58
3A
ESC 60 3C <
274
8 9
:
Disables the paper-out sensor. Enables the paper-out sensor
Copies the ROM user-defined character set to
RAM. Format:
CHR$(27)“:“CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)CHR$(n3);
where n1, n2, and n3 are all 0. (They are
included for future expansion.) The RAM character set must be activated with
CHR$(27) " % “, and DIP switch 1-4 must be
off.
Turns 1-line Unidirectional Mode ON. Prints each line from left to right.
ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function ESC 61 3D =
ESC 62 3E >
ESC 63 3F ?
ESC
64 40
ESC
65
41
ESC
66
42
A
@
B
Sets the eighth bit to 0 (limits the range to 0 - 127).
Sets the eighth bit to 1 (limits the range to
128 - 255).
Redefines one of the 4 alternate graphics codes -- “K”,“L",“Y”, or “Z” - as one of the seven graphics density numbers used with
the ESCape
“ * ” command. Format:
CHR$(27)“?s”;CHR$(n);
where s is K,L,Y, or Z and n is 0 - 6.
Reset Code, which resets the printer to its power-up state, including resetting top of
form. Clears all text and control codes from the print buffer.
Sets line spacing to n/72 inch (n-dot). Format:
CHR$(27)“A”CHR$(n)
where n = 0 - 85.
Sets up to 16 vertical tabs in the current line spacing. Tab settings are not affected by subsequent changes in line spacing. Format:
CHR$(27)“B”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2). . .
CHR$(nK)CHR$(O)
where nk = 1 - 255. Terminate this tab sequence with CHR$(0) or a number less than that of the last tab (nk).
ESC 67 43 C
ESC 67 43 C
Sets the form length to n
lines
in the current line spacing. The default is 66 lines. Also resets top of form. Format:
CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(n)
where n = 1 - 127.
Sets the form length to n
inches,
regardless of the current line spacing. The default is 11 inches. Also resets top of form. Format:
CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(0)CHR$(n)
where n = 1 - 22.
275
ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function
ESC 68 44 D
ESC 69 45 E
ESC
70 46
ESC
71
47
ESC
72 48
ESC
73 49
Resets the current tabs and sets up to 32 horizontal tabs in the current pitch. Tabs may range up to the maximum width for the character and printer size. For example, the maximum tab for Pica characters on an 8­inch line is 79. Tab settings are not affected by subsequent changes in pitch. Format:
CHR$(27)“D”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2). . .
CHR$(nk)CHR$(O)
Terminate a tab sequence with CHR$(0) or a
number less than that of the last tab (nk). Turns Emphasized Mode ON. Cannot mix with
Elite or Compressed Modes. F G H I
Turns Emphasized Mode OFF
Turns Double-Strike Mode ON.
Turns Double-Strike Mode OFF
Enables printing of the characters stored in
the ASCII locations 0 - 31 that are not
reserved for control codes. Symbols stored in
control-code locations must be printed with
CHR$(27)“R”. Format:
CHR$(27)“I”CHR$(n) where n toggles the codes; 1 prints characters, 0 prints control codes.
ESC 74 4A J
276
Forces an immediate line feed of n/21 6 inches without changing the current line spacing. Prints the contents of the buffer without a carriage return. Format:
CHR$(27)“J”CHR$(n)
where n = 0 - 255.
ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function
ESC 75 4B K
ESC 76 4C L
ESC 77 4D M
Turns Single-Density Graphics Mode ON. Prints 480 dots per 8-inch line. Format:
CHR$(27)“K”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2);
followed by n data numbers, where
n = n1 + 256*n2, n1 = 0 - 255, n2 = 0 - 255.
For example, to print 480 dots, n1 = 224, n
2
= 1.
Turns Low-Speed Double-Density Graphics
Mode ON. Prints 960 dots per 8-inch line. Format:
CHR$(27)“L”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)
followed by n data numbers, where
n = n1 + 256*n2, n1 = 0- 255, n2 = 0 - 255.
For example, to print 960 dots, n1 = 192, n
2
= 3.
Turns Elite Mode (12 cpi) ON. Cannot mix with Pica, Proportional, Emphasized, or Compressed Mode.
ESC 78 4E N
ESC 79 4F O ESC 80 50 P
Sets skip-over-perforation to n lines. Format:
CHR$(27)”N”CHR$(n)
where n = 1 - 127. Turns skip-over-perforation OFF Turns Elite Mode OFF Returns to Pica unless
Compressed Mode is active.
277
ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function
ESC 81 51 Q
ESC 82 52 R
ESC 83 53 S
ESC 84 54 T
Sets the right margin. Also cancels all text
that is in the print buffer. Format:
CHR$(27)“Q”CHR$(n)
where n = 1 - maximum number of
characters per line in the current pitch: FX-80 2-80 3-96 4-137
FX-100
2-136 in Pica 3-163 in Elite 4-233 in Compressed
Selects an international character set by its country’s number. See Tables 6-2 and 6-3. Format:
CHR$(27)“R”CHR$(n)
where n = 0 - 8. Turns Script Mode ON. Either type of Script is
printed in Double-Strike; neither can mix with Proportional Mode. Format:
CHR$(27)“S”CHR$(n)
where n = 0 produces Superscript, and 1
produces Subscript.
Turns Script Mode OFF
ESC 85 55 U
ESC 87 57 W
278
Turns Unidirectional Mode ON. Prints each
line from left to right. Format:
CHR$(27)“U”CHR$(n)
where n toggles the mode on and off:
0 turns it OFF 1 turns it ON.
Turns Expanded Mode ON; stays ON until turned OFF Cannot be turned off with CHR$(20). Format:
CHR$(27)“W”CHR$(n) where n toggles the mode on and off: 0 turns it OFF 1 turns it ON.
ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function
ESC 89 59 Y
ESC 90 5A Z
ESC 94 5E ˆ
Turns High-Speed Double-Density Graphics Mode ON; gives the same density as CHR$(27)” L”, but cannot print two adjacent dots in the same row.
Turns Quadruple-Density Graphics Mode ON. Prints 1920 dots per 8-inch line. Format:
CHR$(27)“Z”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)
followed by n data numbers, where
n = n, + 256*n2, n1 = 0 - 255,
n2 = 0 - 255. For example, to print 1920 dots on the FX-80 n1 = 128, n2 = 7. On the FX-100, to print 3264 dots, n1 = 192, n2 = 12.
Turns Nine-Pin Graphics ON. Format:
CHR$(27)“ˆ“CHR$(d)CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2); followed by 2 times n data numbers where n = n1 + 255* n
2
n1 = 0 - 255.
n2 = 0 - 255. The printer expects 2 data numbers for each column of print. The d selects the density, where 0 produces Single-Density and 1 produces Double-Density
ESC 98 62 b
ESC 105 69 i
Sets the vertical tab for channel n. Format:
CHR$(27)“b”CHR$(n); where n = 0 - 7, and n = 0 is the same as CHR$(27)“B”.
On the FX-80 only, turns Immediate Mode ON. Prints each character immediately as it is received by the printer. Format:
CHR$(27)“i”CHR$(n) where n toggles Immediate on and off: 0 turns it OFF; and 1 turns it ON.
279
ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function
ESC 106 6A j
ESC 108 6C I
ESC 112 70 p
ESC 115 73 s
On the FX-80 only, causes an immediate
reverse line feed in an increment of 1/216­inch without a carriage return. Similar to
CHR$(27)“J”. Format:
CHR$(27)“j”CHR$(n)
where n = 0 - 255. Sets the left margin. Format:
CHR$(27)“I”CHR$(n)
where n ranges from:
FX-80 0 - 78 0-134 0 - 93 0-133 0-229
FX-100
0-160
in Pica in Elite in Compressed
Turns Proportional Mode ON. Cannot mix with
Elite, Emphasized, Compressed, Script, or Double-Strike Mode. Format:
CHR$(27)“p”CHR$(n)
where n toggles Proportional on and off: 0
turns it OFF and 1 turns it ON. Selects the print speed. Half-Speed Mode can
be employed to reduce noise. Format:
CHR$(27)“s”CHR$(n)
where n toggles Half-Speed on and off, so that 1 produces 80 cps, while 0 produces 160 cps.
-
127 7F DEL
280
Deletes the last text character in the print buffer.
The printer’s high-order control codes from 128 to 155 and 255 mir-
ror their low-order counterparts (0 - 27 and 127). For ready reference,
both sets are listed here:
Low Dec Dec
0
7 8 136 9 137
10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18
19
20
24 27
127
High
128
135
138 139 140 141 142 8E SO
143 145
146
147 148
152
155
255
High Hex
80 NUL
87 BEL 88 89 8A 8B 8C 8D
8F 91 DC1 92
93 93
97 9B
FF
Symbol
BS HT LF
VT
FF
CR
SI
DC2
DC3 DC4
CAN ESC DEL
Function
Terminates horizontal and vertical tab
setting. Sounds beeper. Backspace. Horizontal tab. Line feed.
Vertical tab.
Form feed. Carriage return. Shift out; turns Expanded Mode ON.
Shift in; turns Compressed Mode ON.
Device control 1; activates printer.
Device control 2; turns Compressed
Mode OFF:
Device control 3; deactivates printer.
Device control 4; turns the Expanded
Mode set by (CHR$(14) OFF:
Cancels all text in the print buffer.
Escape code.
Deletes the last text character in the
print buffer.
281
282
Appendix C
Control Codes by Function
This Appendix shows the same control codes as Appendix B, but this time arranged by categories before ASCII order. If your computer cannot generate lowercase letters, use the equivalent decimal ASCII values. See Appendix B or refer to the pages suggested by the Index for usage instructions.
Character Width (Pitch)
CHR$(27)“M” CHR$(27) "P"
CHR$(15)
CHR$(18)
CHR$(14) CHR$(20)
CHR$(27)“W0”
CHR$(27)“W1”
CHR$(27)“p0” CHR$(27)“p1”
Turns Elite Mode ON. Turns Elite Mode OFF. Turns Compressed Mode ON. Turns Compressed Mode OFF. Turns one-Line Expanded Mode ON. Turns one-Line Expanded Mode OFF. Turns Expanded Mode OFF. Turns continuous Expanded Mode ON. Turns Proportional Mode OFF. Turns Proportional Mode ON.
Character Weight
CHR$(27)“E”
CHR$(27) “F” CHR$(27)“G” CHR$(27)“H”
Turns Emphasized Mode ON. Turns Emphasized Mode OFF. Turns Double-Strike Mode ON. Turns Double-Strike Mode OFF.
283
Print Enhancement
CHR$(27)“S0”
CHR$(27)“S1”
CHR$(27)“T” CHR$(27)"-0”
CHR$(27)“-1”
Turns Superscript Mode ON. Turns Subscript Mode ON. Turns either Script Mode OFF. Turns Underline Mode OFF. Turns Underline Mode ON.
Mode and Character-Set Selection
CHR$(27)“!"CHR$(n)
Master Select.
CHR$(27)”%“CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)
Selects a character set by source: ROM
(factory) or RAM (user-defined). CHR$(27)“&“CHR$(n)CHR$(c1)CHR$(c2)CHR$(A)CHR$(d1)... CHR$(d11)
CHR$(27)“4”
CHR$(27)"5"
CHR$(27)“6” CHR$(27)“7” CHR$(27)“:“CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)CHR$(n3) CHR$(27)”@”
CHR$(27)“I0”
CHR$(27)“I1”
CHR$(27)“R” CHR$(n)
Defines characters c1 to c2 in RAM area; n is 0.
Each character requires an attribute byte (A),
followed by
Turns Italic Mode ON.
Turns Italic Mode OFF.
Enables printing of characters stored at ASCII
11
data numbers (d1 to d11).
128 - 159.
Causes codes 128 - 159 to print as control
codes.
Copies ROM characters to the user RAM area.
Reset Code.
Causes codes 0 - 31 to print as control codes.
Enables printing of characters stored at ASCII
0 - 31 that are not used as control codes.
Selects an international character set.
Special Printer Features
CHR$(7) CHR$(8)
CHR$(17)
CHR$(19)
CHR$(24)
CHR$(27)“#”
284
Sounds the beeper.
Backspaces. Enables the printer to receive data. Disables the printer from receiving data.
Cancels the text in the print buffer. Accepts the high-order bit “as is” from the computer.
CHR$(27)” < ” CHR$(27)” = ” CHR$(27)” > " CHR$(27)“ U0 ” CHR$(27)“Ul” CHRS(27)“i0” CHR$(27) “il” CHR$(27)“s0” CHR$(27)“sl” CHR$(127)
Turns One-Line Unidirectional Mode ON.
Sets the high-order bit OFF. Sets the high-order bit ON.
Turns Continuous Unidirectional Mode OFF.
Turns Continuous Unidirectional Mode ON. Turns Immediate Mode OFF.
Turns Immediate Mode ON.
Returns to normal speed. Turns Half-Speed Mode ON. Deletes the most recent text character in the print buffer.
Line Spacing
CHR$(10)
CHR$(27)“0” Sets line spacing to 1/8-inch. CHR$(27)“1” Sets line spacing to 7/72-inch. CHR$(27)“2” Sets line spacing to 1/6-inch (default). CHR$(27)“A”CHR$(n)
CHR$(27)“3”CHR$(n) CHR$(27)“J”CHR$(n)
CHRS(27)” j “CHR$(n)
Produces a line feed.
Sets line spacing to n/72-inch. Sets line spacing to n/216-inch. Produces an immediate one-time line feed of
n/216-inch without a carriage return. Produces an immediate one-time reverse feed
of n/216-inch without a carriage return.
Forms Control
CHR$(27)“8” Turns the paper-out sensor OFF. CHR$(27)“9” Turns the paper-out sensor ON.
CHR$(12)
CHR$(13) CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(0)CHR$(n)
CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(n) CHR$(27)“N”CHR$(n) CHR$(27) “O"
Produces a form feed. Produces a carriage return.
Sets the form length in inches. Sets the form length in lines. Turns a variable skip-over-perforation ON.
Turns skip-over-perforation OFF.
285
Page Format
CHR$(9) or CHR$(137)
Activates a horizontal tab.
CHR$(1l)
CHR$(27)" / “ CHR$(n) CHR$(27)“B"CHR$(n1) . . . CHR$(nk)CHR$(0) CHR$(27)“D”CHR$(n1) . . . CHR$(n CHR$(27)“Q”CHR$(n) CHR$(27)“b”CHR$(n)CHR$(n2)CHR$(n2) . . . CHR$(nk)CHR$(0) CHR$(27)“1”CHR$(n)
Activates a vertical tab.
Selects a vertical tab channel. Sets vertical tab stops.
)CHR$(0)
Sets horizontal tab stops.
Sets the right margin. Stores vertical tab stops in a channel. Sets the left margin.
k
Dot Graphics
CHR$(2ˆX) CHR$(27)”*“CHR$(n)CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2); CHR$(27)“?s”CHR$(n)
CHR$(27)“K”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2); CHR$(27)“L”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2);
CHR$(27)“Y“CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2);
CHR$(27)“Z”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2);
When sent as graphics data fires pin X, where x=0-7.
Selects one of six graphics densities. Reassigns a code letter s to a graphics density
n, where s = K, L, Y, or Z and n = 0 - 6. Turns Single-Density Graphics Mode ON. Turns Double-Density Graphics Mode ON. Turns High-Speed Double-Density Graphics
Mode ON. Turns Quadruple-Density Graphics Mode
CHR$(27)"ˆ"CHR$(0)CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2);
Turns Single-Density Nine-Pin Graphics Mode
CHR$(27)"ˆ"CHR$(l)CHR$(n1)CHRS(n2);
Turns Double-Density Nine-Pin Graphics Mode ON.
286
Appendix D
Control Code Comparison
The first part of this appendix consists of a chart of the commands used on Epson printers. It shows similarities and differences between the MX III, the FX, and the RX. Unless otherwise specified, the FX column applies to both the FX-80 and the FX-100, and the RX column applies to both the
In the second part of this chapter, we summarize the differences in software and then cover variations in hardware features. The com­mands, both in the chart and in the prose summary, are arranged in ASCII order.

Control Code Chart

ASCII ASCII
Dec symbol
7
BEL
8
BS
9
HT
10
LF
VT
11
12 FF 13 CR 14 SO 15 SI 17 DC1 18
DC2
19
DC3 20 DC4 24
CAN
27
ESC
33
ESC ! Selects mode combinations
35 ESC # Cancels MSB function
RX-80
and the
Function
Sounds beeper
Backspace
Horizontal Tabulation
Line Feed
Vertical Tabulation
Form Feed * I*
Carriage Return Shift Out; Expanded (1-line) on Shift In; Compressed on Activates the printer Compressed Mode off
Deactivates the printer Expanded Mode (1 -line) off CANcels text in print buffer Escape code
RX-100.
MXIII FX RX
* * * * * * * * *
* * * *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
I*
* * * * * * * * * *
*
* *
*
*
*
RX-100
*
287
288

Epson Model Differences

In this discussion of software and hardware differences between the MX III, the FX and the RX, the command name (backspace, vertical tab, etc.) is that of the most recent model which carries it.
CHR$(8) - Backspacing
On the MX III in Expanded Mode, moves the print head to the left
one Pica position.
On the FX and RX in all six pitches, moves the print head to the left
one position in the current pitch. CHR$(9) or CHR$(137) - Default horizontal tabbing
See CHR$(27)“D” and CHR$(27)“e”.
CHR$(11) - Vertical tabbing
On the MX III, prints a line feed. On the FX and RX, activates a vertical tab. See also
ESCape “e”.
289
CHR$(15) - Compressed Mode selection
On the MX III, prints 132 characters per 8-inch line.
On the FX-80 and RX-80, prints 132 characters per 8-inch line, but can print 137 characters if the right margin is changed. On the FX-100 and RX-100 prints 233 characters per 13.6-inch line.
CHR$(17) and CHR$(19) - Printer selection
On the FX only and only with DIP switch 2-1 off, turns printing on and off. When CHR$(19) is in effect, the printer ignores all output.
CHR$(24) - Cancelling text
On the FX and RX-100 only erases all text from the buffer; does not erase control codes from the buffer.
ESCape ” ! ” -
On the FX only, selects one of 16 print mode combinations. Any one of these may also be combined with other print modes.
Escape”#” , ” > ” and " = " - MSB control
On the MX III and the FX, these three codes allow 7-bit system users to print high-order control codes by manipulating the most significant bit.
ESCape ” % ” ,
On the FX only, lets you design your own characters and store them in RAM. You can use them alone or in combination with the standard FX characters.
Escape ”*” -
On all three models, ESCape”K” and “L” provide two Graphics
Modes.
On both the FX and the RX, Escape”*” adds four more graphics densities: 80, 90, 120, and 140 dots per inch.
On the FX only, adds a fifth, 72 dots per inch.
ESCape ” - ” - Underlining
On all three models, the underline character is five dots wide.
On the MX-III, this code dumps the buffer and, when a space is placed at the beginning or end of a line, the printer ignores it.
On the FX, the underline code does not empty the buffer and spaces can occur (and thus be underlined) at the beginning or end of a line.
On the RX, the underline code does dump the buffer and spaces can occur (and thus be underlined) at the beginning or end of a line.
Master Print Mode selection
” : ‘, and ” &" - Custom character definition
Special Graphics Mode selection
Escape”/” ,
On the FX and RX-100 only lets you set up to 16 vertical tabs and
store up to eight vertical tab channels in memory. ESCape “3" - Special line spacing
On all three models, you can set and reset the line feed function by
changing hardware (DIP switch and/or cable wiring).
On the FX and RX, this code provides n/216-inch line spacing and
incidentally controls the automatic line feed function. ESCape”4” - Italic Mode selection
On all three models, prints in the Italic version of the current pitch. On the FX only, also empties the buffer.
ESCape “6” and “7” - Special character selection
On the FX only, lets you print the characters that are stored behind
control codes 128 to 159 and 255. Escape”?” - Graphics code reassignment.
On the FX reassigns alternate graphics codes to one of seven density
settings.
On the RX-100 only, reassigns alternate graphics codes to one of six
density settings. ESCape”A” - Special line spacing
On all three models, you can set and reset the line feed function by
changing hardware (DIP switch and/or cable wiring).
On the FX and RX, this code provides n/72-inch line spacing and
incidentally controls the automatic line feed function.
“B”, and “b” - Vertical tabbing
ESCape”B” - Vertical tabbing. See Escape”/” . ESCape”D” - Horizontal tabbing
On the MX III, you set horizontal tabs in the current pitch when that is Pica, Elite, or Compressed (Emphasized does not affect the set­tings). The positions of horizontal tabs change with subsequent changes in pitch, and zero is the terminator character.
On the FX and RX-100 only, you set horizontal tabs in the current pitch. Horizontal tab stops remain located at the positions that you set regardless of any subsequent changes in pitch, and you can terminate them with any value less than or equal to that of the last tab stop. Default tab settings do change when Expanded Mode is in effect.
For the RX-80, see ESCape”e”.
291
Escape ” G” - Double-Strike Mode selection
On the MX III, FX-100, and RX, moving in and out of Double-
Strike Mode on one line produces a descent of one-third dot per
change. ESCape ”H” - Double-Strike Mode selection
On the MX III, this code also cancels Script Mode.
ESCape ” I ” - Special character selection
On the FX only, you can use this code as a toggle (with 0 and
1)
which allows you to print the characters stored behind control codes 0 to 31. ESCape”I” will not work on those codes needed by the printer.
ESCape ”K”- Graphics Mode selection with the format ESCape”K”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)
On the MX III, this code is invalid when the high-order bit is set,
and n2 works modulo 8.
On the FX, users of 7-bit systems can use this code with the high-
order bit set, but n2 will not work modulo 8.
On the RX, this code works with the high-order bit set, and n
does
2
work modulo 8. ESCape ”M” and “P" - Elite Mode selection
On the FX and RX, prints in Elite (12 characters per inch), which
matches the pitch used on many typewriters. ESCape”M” selects Elite
and “P” returns the printer to the default mode.
ESCape ”R” - International character set selection
On the RX, lets you select from 11 international character sets. On the FX only, lets you select from 9 international character sets:
also prints the contents of the buffer. Escape ”S” and “T” - Script Mode selection
On the MX III, Script characters cannot be printed in Expanded or
Emphasized Mode; ESCape”H” cancels not only Double-Strike Mode
but also both Script Modes; and ESCape”T” returns the printer to
Double-Strike.
On the FX and RX, Script characters can be printed in Expanded or
Emphasized; Escape”H”
cancels only Double-Strike; and
ESCape”T” returns the printer to the previous mode, whether it was
Single- or Double-Strike.
See also ESCape ”G”.
292
ESCape ”Y" - High-Speed Double-Density Graphics Mode selection
On the FX and RX, prints ESCape”L” graphics at twice the usual speed. There is one limitation: it will not print adjacent dots in the same row.
ESCape “Z” - Quadruple-Density Graphics Mode selection
On the FX and RX, prints 1920 dots per B-inch line; on the FX-100 and RX-100, prints 3264 dots per 13.6-inch line.
Escape ”^” -
On the FX and RX-100 only, speeds up screen dumps.
ESCape ”b” - Vertical tabbing. See Escape ”/” . ESCape ”e” - Horizontal and vertical tabbing
On the RX-80 only, lets you set an increment to be used by
CHR$(9), CHR$(137), you set horizontal tabs in Pica pitch. After a tab is set, subsequent changes in line spacing or pitch do not affect its position.
Escape ”f” - Special horizontal and vertical spacing
On the RX-80 only, lets you print up to 127 horizontal spaces or
vertical line feeds. ESCape ”i” - Immediate printing
On the FX-80 only, causes character-by-character printing, as on a
typewriter. Escape ”j” - Reverse line-feed selection
On the FX-80 only, causes a reverse line feed of n/216-inch in the
current column. ESCape ”1” - Left margin selection
On the FX-80 and RX-80, lets you set the left margin for an B-inch line at 0 to 78 in Pica, 0 to 93 in Elite, and 0 to 133 in Compressed. On the RX-100 and FX-100, lets you set the left margin for a 13.6-inch line at 0 to 134 in Pica, 0 to 160 in Elite, and 0 to 229 in Compressed.
Nine-pin Graphics Mode selection
or CHR$(11). Regardless of the current pitch,
ESCape ”m”
On the RX only, lets you print the graphics characters which are stored behind control codes 128 to 159.
ESCape ”p” - Proportional Mode selection
On the FX only, prints characters proportionally, without excess
space, in Emphasized Mode.
- Graphics character selection
293
ESCape”s”
- Half-speed printing
On the FX, prints at half the normal speed, which results in 80 char-
acters per second.
On the RX, prints at half the normal speed, which results in 50
characters per second. Dumping programs in hexadecimal
On the FX and RX, you can use the hex dumping facility to aid you in debugging. All codes sent to the printer are dumped onto the paper in their hex format, which lets you see exactly what the printer is receiving from the computer.
You turn this facility on as you turn the printer on. As you turn on the FX, hold down the FF button. As you turn on the RX, hold down both the FF and LF buttons. For either model, you stop dumping in hex by turning off the printer.
The FX-80 prints the hex dump at 20 numbers per line; this leaves 2 spaces between each pair of numbers. The FX-100 prints the hex dump at 34 numbers per line; this leaves 2 spaces between each pair of num­bers.
The RX-80 prints the hex dump at 26 numbers per line; this leaves 1 space between each number.
Alarms
The FX and RX have different alarms for the various error condi­tions. See Appendix F.
Typestyles
On the FX and RX, you can print in 128 typestyles. DIP switches
Each model has its own arrangement of DIP switches. See Appen­dix E.
Pin feeder
Only the FX-80 has a built-in pin feeder.
Appendix E
Defaults and DIP Switches
In this Appendix we list the default settings for your printer, show­ing which settings you can change and the way you can change them. Some of the defaults can be changed by using DIP switches; the sec­ond section illustrates and discusses those defaults.

Default Settings

When your FX comes from the factory, it is set to the following defaults. An asterisk (*) means that you can change the default for this setting by changing a DIP switch, while a bullet (•) means that you can change this setting in a program, by using an ESCape code.
* l Printer activated
l
Roman character font
* l Pica pitch
l
Margins set at maximums: left margin at 0, and, since the default is Pica, the right margin at 80 on the FX-80 and at 136 on the FX-100
l
12-dot line spacing
l
66 lines (11 inches of default line spacing)
l
Vertical tabs set at every two lines
l
Vertical tab channel 0 selected
l
Horizontal tabs set at every eight spaces
* l USA character set
295
*
2K buffer available for user-defined characters
* l Paper-out sensor on
*
Non-slashed zero (although there’s no code for “turning on” slashed zero, you can slash one zero at a time with backspace)
*
Carriage return issued at the end of a line without an automatic
line feed
l
Bidirectional movement of the print head
* l Skip-over-perforation feature off
*
Beeper on (turning off the paper-out sensor deactivates the
beeper for this function but not for others) Top of form occurs at the position of the print head when you
reset the printer-by turning power on or by issuing an ESCape
”@“-or when you change the form length with either format of
ESCape “C”.

DIP Switches

The FX printers have two sets of internal switches which are used by the printer to determine the default mode on power-up. The switches are under the upper right vent. As outlined in Chapter 1, the vent screw must be removed with a Phillips-head screwdriver in order to take the cover off.
Since switch settings are only checked by the printer on power-up, all switch setting should be done with the power off. The printer will not recognize changes made in switch settings when the power is on until the printer is turned off and then on again.
The factory sets and numbers the switches in the following way:
296
Table E-1. DIP switch function
Switch 1
Note: The
shaded boxes show the factory settings.
OFF
Figure E-Z. Factory setting of the DIP switches

Examining the Switches

Switches 1-6, 1-7, and 1-8 determine the active international char-
acter set as shown on the next page:
297
Table E-2. International DIP switch settings
See Chapter 6 for a discussion of the international sets.
Switch 1-5: selects a default print weight. When it is ON, Emphasized
is the default. When it is OFF, Single-Strike is the default.
Switch 7-4: controls the RAM memory. When it is ON, makes a 2K
buffer available. When it is OFF, that memory can be used for user-
defined characters.
Switch 1-3: controls the paper-out sensor. When it is ON, the sensor is
deactivated, and printing will continue even when paper is out
(printer stays on-line). When it is OFF, printing stops when the printer runs out of paper. The printer goes off-line (and the beeper sounds if switch
2-2
is on).
Switch 1-2: controls the printing of zeroes. When it is ON, the FX
prints a slashed zero (0). When it is OFF, a normal zero is printed.
Switch 1-1: selects a default pitch. When it is ON Compressed Mode
becomes the default. When it is OFF, Pica is the default. If both switch
1-5
and switch
Compressed.
1-1
are ON, Emphasized Mode takes priority over
Switch 2-4: controls the line feed. When it is ON, the printer produces
an automatic line feed with every carriage return. When it is OFF no line feed is added (line feed must be provided by computer).
Switch
a form feed is produced one inch from the bottom of every form. Note that the top of form is set when the printer is turned ON. This switch is used primarily to skip automatically over the paper perforation of fanfold paper. When it is OFF, no skip is made. See chapter 8 for details.
2-3:
controls the skip-over perforation feature. When it is ON,
298
Switch 2-2: controls the beeper. When it is ON, the beeper sounds
when it receives a CHR$(7) or to indicate the paper has run out. When it is OFF, CHR$(7) or paper-out doesn’t sound beeper.
For printer detected error other than paper-out sensing (for which
switch setting of switch 2-2.
1-3
must also be set), the beeper will sound regardless of the
Switch 2-1: selects the printer. When it is ON, it activates the SLCT IN
signal and the printer actively processes commands sent from the computer; it cannot be deactivated with software codes. When it is OFF, the printer can be activated and deactivated by external software codes. CHR$(17) (DCl) activates or turns on printing, and CHR$(19)
(DC3) deactivates or turns off printing. While the printer is inactive,
all input data is ignored (until the printer is reactivated by CHR$(17)).
299
300
Appendix F
Troubleshooting
This appendix approaches troubleshooting from several directions. The first section uses a columnar format to match solutions with prob­lems. Other sections cover beeper error warnings, hexadecimal code dumping, coding and seven-bit solutions, and specific solutions for several popular personal computer systems.

Problem/Solution Summary

The left column below will help you in identifying the source of your problem and start you on the way to finding a solution.
Problem
Setting print styles
Can’t get Compressed print.
Doesn’t go back to Pica print when Proportional Mode is can­celled.
Solution
Cancel Emphasized, Elite and/or Proportional Modes. They have priority over Compressed. Be sure that DIP switch for Emphasized.
Proportional print masks other modes. When it is cancelled, the printer returns to the mode that it was in prior to Proportional. To get back to Pica, cancel all other modes.
1-5
is not set
301
Changing form measurements
The ESCape”C” command is not working properly.
The ESCape“N” skip-over-per­foration doesn’t work.
Tabbing
Vertical tabs don’t work cor­rectly.
Horizontal tabs don’t work cor­rectly.
Horizontal tabs are incorrect when changing pitch.
Graphics
Strange things print.
Don’t set, form lengths of 0 or
128. Don’t set the skip larger than the
form length.
Can’t set vertical tabs greater than the form length. Each tab sequence must be terminated by a CHR$(0) or a number less than the last tab value.
Each tab sequence must be termi­nated by a CHR$(0) or a number less than the last tab value.
Tabs are set according to current print pitch. Changes in pitch do not affect the position of the tabs on the page.
Some systems require a WIDTH
statement. See your system docu-
mentation. Many computers have problems
sending one or more of the codes 0 and 8 - 13. Avoid any that affect your Alternatively, you can substitute the high-order versions, or you can POKE the problem codes directly to the printer.
system
if possible.
302
Seven-bit computers cannot use the eighth pin (128). If you have a 7-bit computer and your pin sequence is larger than 127, change it.
Printer “freezes” in Graphics Mode.
The printer expects a certain number of pin patterns, deter­mined by n1 and n2. It will wait patiently until the quota is full.
Note that 9-Pin Graphics Mode
requires two bytes for each col­umn of graphics.
Can’t get a full page in width.
Having trouble getting into Graphics Mode.
User-Defined Characters
The last character is swallowed by the printer . . . nothing gets printed.
Characters are one dot too high or low.
Some systems require a WIDTH statement. See your system docu­mentation.
Seven-bit computers are limited
to widths of 0 - 127, 256 - 383, 512
- 639,
Make sure the high-order bit is OFF. For 7-bit computers, that means sending the code: ESCape
" = "
Make sure the attribute byte is sent before the 11-pin patterns for EACH character.
Use the correct setting for the
attribute byte. An attribute byte less than 128 makes the bottom 8 pins active (good for descenders).
An attribute byte of 128 or greater activates the top 8
(matching ROM characters with­out descenders).
etc. See below.
Characters are running too close
together.
Some of the dots are being
ignored by the printer.
You must reserve space between characters within the character design. Typically, the last 2 col­umns are defined as 0. See the matrixes for ROM characters in Appendix A.
Two dots in the same row cannot be printed in adjacent columns.
Loading paper
Paper goes crooked as it rolls down.
Paper crunches up.
Top edge of paper sticks under the roller.
Paper-out sensor
Can’t deactivate paper-out sensor with DIP switch 1-3 or ESCape
"8".
It may be running against the rib­bon guide. Move the printhead to the middle of its path.
The paper guides are set incor­rectly. Move them to fit this paper.
If your paper is thin, doubling the first page may give enough rigid­ity to ease it through the guides.
For subsequent loading, tape the first page of a new batch of paper to the last page of an old batch, thus avoiding reloading.
There may be bits of paper caught under the roller. Stop inserting paper; turn the roller and extract any paper bits with fingers or tweezers.
Computer systems that monitor printer cable pin 12 will ignore both ESCape “8” and the setting of switch stop the printing when no paper is in contact with the paper-out sensor (a reed switch located on the paper guide). Certain printer cables are designed to overcome this problem, or you can tape a business card over the switch.
1-3.
These systems will

Beeper Error Warnings

The FX will warn you of certain error conditions by sounding the internal beeper. Each of the four error conditions has a unique sound. Listen closely . . .
304
1. A short circuit between the collector and the emitter of a head tran­sistor along with a shorted dot driver winding produces:
PI, PI, PI . . . PI, PI, PI
on power-up or self-test, and
PI, PI, PI, PI
when on-line and printing.
2. Detection of high voltage produces:
PI, PI, PI, PEE
3. Errors detected by slave CPU (restricted printhead motion or PTS
sensor failure) produce:
PI, PI, PI . . . PI, PI, PI
4. The paper running out produces:
PI, PI, PI, PI (repeated five times)
Note: Except for paper-out sensing, the beeper will sound regardless
of switch setting.

Hex Diagnosis

Some computer systems change one or more codes when sending
them from BASIC to the printer. The FX’s ability to dump in hexadeci-
mal lets you determine which codes are creating problems for your
system.
The hex dump facility prints each code that is being received by the
FX onto the paper as a string of hexadecimal values. You turn the hex dump on by holding down the FF button while you turn the printer on.
A hex printout of a program shows you exactly what the printer is
receiving, regardless of what the computer is sending. The following program lets you check to see what codes, if any, make problems for your computer system.
10 FOR X=0 TO 255 20 LPRINT CHR$(X);
30
NEXT X
Put the printer in hex dump status and then RUN the program.
If your system passes the codes directly to the printer without changing them, your output looks like Figure F-1 (take your printer off-line to make it print the final line).
305
Figure F-1. Best-case hex dump
Most BASICS, however, are not quite that straightforward. For exam­ple, the TRS-80 Model III prints Figure F-2:
Figure F-2. TRS-80 Model III hex dump
Notice that the FX is receiving decimal code 10 as hex 0D, which is decimal 13. In addition, decimal code 12 (hex 0C) is coming across as a series of line feeds, hex 0A (decimal 10).
The hex mode prints 20 numbers per line on the FX-80 and 34 num­bers per line on the FX-100. If it receives fewer than it expects in a line, it sits in a holding pattern, awaiting more data. Take the printer off­line to dump the characters to the paper.
To debug a program quickly, just use the hex dumping capability. Appendix A will help you translate the hex codes to ASCII equiva­lents.

Coding Solutions

Once you’ve determined that a code creates problems for your
306
printing, either by trial and error or by using the hex dumping capabil­ity of the FX, you can start overcoming them.
Because each computer system deals with ASCII codes differently, it is impossible to provide solutions for all potential problems in one appendix. We can, however, point out generic problems and suggest ways to handle them.
There are four common approaches. First, you may be able to buy an alternative printer interface card for your system. This is the best solution for 7-bit system problems. See your computer dealer for advice about this.
The second approach is to use commercially available software that is specifically designed to overcome these coding problems. Consult your computer dealer or computer publications to see if a program for your computer system is available.
The third approach consists of avoiding the software that is chang­ing the codes. On most computers you can send each code directly to the printer. This bypasses the BASIC interpreter and avoids the inter­face.
Unfortunately, this process is also different for each computer sys­tem. We’ll give the procedure for a couple of systems here; if your system is not either of them, use the procedure as a model. Consult your computer’s manual to determine if you can do the same on your system.
A fourth approach is to change the printer driver program in your system. This requires a knowledge of machine language and of the way your computer works. If you don’t have this knowledge, your computer dealer may be able to help you or suggest someone who can.
We show a sample printer driver below (following the examples of POKEing codes). The idea is to pass the codes as issued by a BASIC program directly to the FX.

POKEing codes

The TRS-80 Model I version of the CHR$ function does not cor­rectly pass on the values of 0, 10, 11, and 12. Zero is a particular
problem as it is very important to the ESCape codes of the FX printers.
307
These codes can be sent directly to the printer by POKEing them to a special memory location where they are immediately forwarded to the printer. The format is:
POKE 14312, N
where N is the decimal value of the code you wish to send to the
printer. This works fine as long as the printer is ready to receive the data when you are ready to send it. On the Model I, the printer’s readiness is assured if location
It is best to first test to see if the printer is ready with:
14312
contains a decimal
63.
100 IF PEEK(14312)<>63 THEN 100
This puts the program into a continuous loop until the printer is ready to receive data. If data is sent while the printer is “out to lunch,” it will be lost.
To show how similar these commands can be from system to sys­tem, here is the same concept implemented on the Apple II Plus:
100 IF PEEK(49601)>127 THEN 100 200 POKE 49296,N
The printer’s status is stored in location are sent to
49296.
49601
and the outgoing values

Special printer drivers

An even better (but more difficult) way to overcome these problems is to modify the printer driver so that the codes are passed correctly to the printer without any PEEKS or POKES. If you do not want to write
such a driver yourself, your computer dealer may be able to help you. Or you may find aid in the pages of a trade journal.
The following printer driver, for instance, was written for the
TRS-80 Model I by Bob Boothe and reprinted with the kind permis­sion of machine-language printer driver program (stored in line memory, then tells the system where its new driver is located. Once you RUN the program, all codes sent by any BASIC program are sent directly to the printer-including
80
Micro (Wayne Green Publishers). The program POKE
10)
0S, 10s,
and
12s.
S
into
a
10 DATA 2lE837CB7E20FC211100397E32E837C9
20 READ B$: A=16571 30 FOR P=1 TO LEN (B$) STEP 2 40 B=ASC(MID$(B$,P,l)) - 48
308
50 IF B>9 THEN B=B - 7 60 T=ASC(MID$(B$,P + 1, l)) - 48 70 IF T>9 THEN T=T-7 80 POKE A,B*l6 + T 90 A=A+1 100 NEXT P 110 POKE 16422, 187 120 POKE 16423, 64
This driver will also work on the TRS-80 Model III-with one change in line you use this program, you can kiss problems with radical codes good­bye.
10:
change 32E837 to D3FB. That’s all there is to it. If

Solutions for Seven-Bit Systems

The BASIC language on some computers can only send seven bits to the printer at one time, even though the machine language may be able to send eight. (The Apple II Plus is a case in point.) On such computers, the CHR$ function cannot send the entire range of ASCII codes (0 - 255) to the printer; it can send only the lower half (0 - 127).
To find out whether your system is an 8-bit system, capable of
generating all 256 ASCII codes, enter this simple test:
10 FOR X=160 TO 254 20 LPRINT CHR$(X);
30 NEXT X
If you get Italic characters when you RUN this, you are using an 8-bit system.
If you have a 7-bit system, you need to understand what happens to
the control codes you send. The FX automatically interprets these
codes the way your system sends them-as the lower half of the range. There is something you can do when you want to send the upper half (128 - 255): have your program convert all codes outside of the active range to their equivalent in the upper half by adding 128 to them.
The problems that are associated with 7-bit systems include:
Tabs can’t be set in both code ranges (to avoid problem codes). Limitations on width in Graphics Mode. Inability to use the top pin for Graphics Mode.
309
User-defined characters can’t be printed with the top 8 pins (the standard position for most characters). Eight pins can’t be used in defining characters. Here we suggest some ways to work around these types of problems.

High-order bit control

If you own a seven-bit system, the FX can help you. It gives you three instructions to let you control the high-order (eighth) bit:
l
ESCape ”>” turns the high-order control and the high-order bit ON
l
ESCape
l
ESCape “#” returns the system to normal by turning the high-order
”=” turns the high-order bit OFF
control OFF Note that the eighth bit does not change state automatically-it
remains in the state that you have set until you change it with one of the other two bit-control codes.
The FX also helps you 7-bit system users by letting you leave the eighth bit turned on through changes in the ESCape codes. In other words, adding 128 to any ESCape code will not change its effect. This means that the low-order sequence for Emphasized print:
CHR$(27)CHR$(69)
and the high-order sequence:
CHR$(27)CHR$">"CHR$(27)CHR$(69)
produce the same result even though for the high-order sequence,
is added to each of the second pair of character-string codes. This means that when you turn the high-order bit on to handle numbers
between 128 and 255, you do not have to worry about changing any
ESCape code sequences.
128
Here’s an example of how you can use the three codes:
NEW 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"
'Sets eighth bit
20 FOR X=65 TO 90: LPRINT CHR$(X);: NEXT X
30
LPRINT CHR$(27)"="
40
FOR X=193 TO 218: LPRINT CHR$(X);: NEXT X
'Supresses eighth bit
50 LPRINT CHR$(27)"#" ' Returns eighth bit to normal
310
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Setting the eighth bit on in line line 20; thus it prints Italic characters. The ESCape ”=” in line 30 effectively subtracts second line prints as the characters from 65 throught 90. Line 50 returns your system to its usual state.
128
10
adds
128
to each of the number in
from each of the numbers in line 40, so the

Seven-bit graphics

The 7-bit limitation affects graphics in two ways. First, 7-bit com­puter programs are limited in the widths they can specify for graphics. When you enter a Graphics Mode from a 7-bit system, the first num­ber (n1) you send can only range as high as 127. Even by changing n2 from 0 to 1, 2, 3, etc., you can only set specific figure widths: 0 to
127, 256
Let’s look at an example. The usual way you reserve the entire width of an 8-inch page for graphics is:
to 383, 512 to 639, etc.
LPRINT CHR$(27)"K"CHR$(224)CHR$(ll);
This gives 224 dots plus 1 times 256 dots, or 480 total. But a 7-bit system cannot send the 224; the largest number it can send is 127. So the maximum number attainable with n2 = l is 127 + 1 x 256 = 383, which is still less than Single-Density’s page width. If you change n a 0 and n2 to a 2 you get 0 + 2 x 256 = 512. Now it’s too high.
to
1
So, what can you 7-bit users do? First, do not get discouraged. You can do a lot in 383 columns of dots and where you really need more than 383 columns graphics, there is a solution. Just enter Single-Den­sity Graphics Mode twice on the same line, first for 383 columns and then for 97 columns.
10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"K"CHR$(127)CHR$(1): 20 FOR X=1 TO 383: LPRINT CHR$(l);: NEXT X 30 LPRINT CHR$(27)"K"CHR$(97)CHR$(0); 40 FOR X=1 TO 97: LPRINT CHR$(l);: NEXT X
50 LPRINT
This gives coverage of the full 480 columns. It’s not elegant, but it gets the job done.
311

Solutions for Specific Systems

The next four sections illustrate dealing with interface puzzles on four types of computers: the Apple II, the TRS-80, the IBM-PC, and the QX-10.

Apple II solutions

There are two types of problems that you who own Apple II com­puters will need to address. The first is that the Apple II is an 8-bit computer, but its printer interface only handles seven bits. The second is that there is one problem code number: nine.
The printer interface card furnished with the Apple II computer only passes seven bits to the FX, which means that you have a 7-bit system. Should you need an 8-bit system, the simplest solution is to purchase a new printer interface card from your computer dealer. Such a card is available for the Apple II.
Or you can use software to solve any problems that arise from the limitation to seven bits. You can POKE codes to memory as discussed above, you can write your own printer driver, or you can avoid the types of programs that require eight bits.
A routine to POKE codes to the memory of an Apple II Plus is given above.
The Apple II uses CHR$(9) to “initialize” the printer. This code and the following character or characters are intercepted by the printer interface card and used to change modes (in somewhat the same way that the printer uses ESCape codes). You can divert all output to the printer instead of to the screen by sending the following line to the
printer interface card:
PR#l PRINT CHR$(9)"80N"
Then type anything, followed by RETURN.
The CHR$(9)“80N” code directs all subsequent output to the
printer, up to 80 characters per row. You can cancel this by typing:
PRINT CHR$(9)"1" or
The problem is that the FX uses CHR$(9) to activate horizontal tabu­lation and can also use it in graphics programs. When you send this
code, however, your system will interpret it as a printer initialization
312
PR#0
code and the program will not work properly. The programs in this manual do not use CHR$(9), but some do use its high-order version ­CHR$(137) - which your system will change to CHR$(9). In these
cases
use the following method to change your printer initialization code to a number that is not used in the program. For example, you can change your initialization code to one by typing:
PR#l PRINT CHR$(9); CHR$(l)

TRS-80 solutions

A routine to POKE codes to the memory of a Model I is given above. A special printer driver for either the Model I or the Model III is also shown above. One of those methods should solve any prob-
lems with the programs in this manual.

IBM-PC solutions

There are two problems in using the IBM Personal Computer BASIC to drive a printer. First, the IBM-PC BASIC inserts a carriage-
return/line-feed (CR-LF) after each 80 characters you send it. Second, it adds an LF to each CR in an LPRINT statement.
Here is the way to adjust the width when it is the only problem. Tell the computer that the print line is wider than 80 characters with this
WIDTH statement:
WIDTH "LPTl:", 255
The 255 is a special number that prevents the computer system from inserting a CR-LF into the line. Unless, of course, there’s one in your program.
The extra line feed-CHR$(10)-that accompanies each carriage
return-CHR$(13) - is no problem except when you need to use CHR$(13) in a graphics program. Getting rid of the extra CHR$(10) is rather complicated. First you open the printer as a random file:
OPEN "LPTl:" AS #l
Although this allows you to send any code to the printer, you can no longer use the LPRINT command. Instead, you must use a PRINT command:
#l
PRINT #l, "Now I can print anything"
313
This does allow you to print anything, but it ignores any previous WIDTH statements.
If you want to print more than 80 characters per line in a graphics
program, you must therefore change your opening statement to
include the appropriate WIDTH statement:
OPEN "LPTl:" AS #l : WIDTH #l, 255
And for the programs in this manual, don’t forget to use PRINT wherever we use LPRINT.
This won’t work for those of you who have the original release of
the Disk Operating System (DOS
Last year, however, IBM issued a free update (DOS 1.05); take a disk
to your dealer to get your copy.
Another printer problem with DOS 1.0 is that it doesn’t send
CHR$(7) to the printer; it just rings the computer’s bell. This has also
been corrected in subsequent versions.
For Programmer’s Easy Lesson make the following modifications in
the program. In line
change the 26 to 25; in lines 110 and 250 change the 25s to 24s; in line
330 change the 11s to 9s; add one line:
10
change the 29 to 28 and the 137 to 9; in line 20
1.0).
It can’t run a printer like a file.
#l
7 WIDTH "LPTl:", 255

QX-10 solutions

There are two types of computer-printer interface problems that you owners of Epson QX-10s may need to address. The first is making a width statement when a line is to be more than 80 characters wide. The second is changing any occurrence of the number nine to some
other number.
Any time you want to print more than 80 characters (which is the same as 480 dots) on one line, you need to reserve the extra room by putting the WIDTH statement:
WIDTH LPRINT 255
in one of the first lines of the program.
The only problem code for the QX-10 is 9. One way to get around
this is to use the ASCII high-order equivalent (137) whenever you
would normally use 9.
314
Sometimes it may be easier to use another low-order value. For
example:
FOR X=1 TO 10
IF X=9 THEN X=10
When DATA numbers include each of them or change each 9 to 8 or tute for 9 in pin patterns is usually
9,
you can sometimes simply double
11.
11.
The best number to substi-
315
Appendix G
Mixing Print Modes
One of the most pleasing aspects of your FX printer is its wide vari­ety of print modes. By mixing modes as shown in Table G-1, you can print characters in 5; a short summary is provided here.
128
different type styles. The details are in Chapter
Table G-1, Arriving at 128 type styles.

Methods for Mixing

The Master Select code can be used to select 16 popular print modes. The format is
CHR$(27)"!"CHR$(n)
where n ranges from 0 to 255.
317
By using the character form of some of the numbers, you can shorten the command string. Table G-2 shows some convenient char­acters to be used for the various combinations. You can find the Mas­ter Select code for any valid combination of pitch and weight by reading across in the row for the pitch you have selected and down in the column for the weight you want. Where the two intersect you will find the ASCII symbol to use in the simplified format. For example, to combine Compressed with Double-Strike, use LPRINT CHR$(27) “!T”. N/A indicates that the two modes cannot be com­bined.
Table G-2.
PITCH Single Strike Emphasized
Pica
Elite Compressed Expanded
Pica
Expanded
I
Expanded
Compressed
Master
@
A D
I
$
Select quick
WEIGHT
I
H N/A N/A
*
N/A N/A
reference
chart
I
Double strike
P Q T
0
1
4
Double Strike
Emphasized
X N/A N/A
8 N/A N/A
The rest of the 128 unique mode combinations can be achieved by using one of the selections from Table G-2 with the code for one or more of the following modes:
Superscript
Italic
Subscript Underline
Only two constraints must be observed when combining these four modes with the others: 1) the two script modes cannot be used at the same time; 2) the script modes are always printed in Double-Strike. Other than that, anything goes. The upshot is that 128 unique modes are available on your FX printer. The print sample at the end of Chap-
ter 5 shows the full array.

Mode Conflicts and Priorities

To better understand the way the FX print modes work, consider that each mode except Pica (Pica is the default) has a separate switch that can be turned on and off via software. Once the switch is on,
318
it stays on until turned off. When two modes that conflict are turned
on at the same time, the printer must choose which one to use.
For example, suppose you turn on both Elite and Compressed
Pitches. Since the printer can only print one pitch at a time, it must
make a choice; in this case, the printer chooses Elite. The Compressed
switch, however, is still on even though it doesn’t show on your print­out. When the Elite switch is turned off, the Compressed switch will take charge-unless some other mode that has priority over Com-
pressed Mode is active.
Table G-3 shows the internal priority list maintained by the printer.
Table G-3. Mode priorities
Elite
Proportional
\
Emphasized
\
Compressed
Pica

Summary Notes:

(1)
Pica is the default pitch when Elite and Compressed are turned off.
(2) When two modes conflict, the one of lesser priority is masked (not
cancelled). For example, Compressed and Emphasized cannot be printed at the same time. The chart shows that when both are active, printing is in Emphasized. When Emphasized is cancelled, printing is in Compressed.
(3) Italic, Underline, and Expanded Modes combine with all the
above print modes. (4) Proportional characters are always printed in Emphasized. (5) Script characters are always printed in Double-Strike.
319
320
Appendix H
Customizing the FX
You can adapt your FX to fit a variety of needs. You can alter the print capability both by hardware switches that change default condi­tions and by software codes that activate or deactivate different print
modes. In this Appendix we show you a few typical applications and a
few adjustments that you may want to make to your printer.

Spread-Sheet Programs

Three changes in the standard configuration of the printer may be of some use to those who make heavy use of spread-sheet programs. Changing switch 1-2 to ON will print all zeros with slashes, making it
easy to distinguish between zeros and ohs. Switch 1-4 ON makes the 2K buffer available so that you can work with the computer while the sheet finishes printing. Also, Switch 1-1 ON changes the power-up
pitch to Compressed so that you can squeeze more characters into a line.
For software that allows you to insert printer codes during the set-
up or operation of the program, see the Quick Reference card for the appropriate codes.

Word Processing

If your FX is used primarily for word processing, you will need to
do little more than install the printer according to the instructions for your word processing program. Since most of these programs have their own page formatting controls, leave switch 2-3 (automatic skip­over-perforation) OFF.
If you want to use Emphasized Mode (See Chapter
your printing all the time, you can activate it with DIP switch 1-5.
4)
to enhance
321
Keep in mind that this puts extra wear on your ribbon and slows your printing speed.
A few word processing programs support the FX’s Proportional Mode. Since there is no DIP switch for this mode, consult your pro­gram’s manual for instructions on activating Proportional printing. If you wish to use right-justification with Proportional, be sure that your program can do so.
Another option-for those who use foreign characters in their cor­respondence-is to select the appropriate country with switches 1-6, 1-7, and 1-8. Eight of the 9 countries can be selected (all except Japan) according to the chart in Appendix E. This will work as long as your
word processor can send out the required codes. See Chapter 6.
For software that allows you to insert printer codes during the set- up or operation of the program, see the Quick Reference card for the appropriate codes.

BASIC Program Listings

Set switch 1-2 ON to print all zeros with slashes. Set switch 2-3 ON or use CHR$(27)“N”CHR$(n) to activate the skip-over-perforation feature.

Quiet Printing

The protective lid dampens the noise output. The Half-Speed Mode, activated with CHR$(27)“s1”, also cuts down on the noise level. And for those late night sessions, you may want to turn the beeper off by turning switch 2-2 OFF.

Graphics and User-Defined Characters

Set switch 1-4 OFF to enable you to define characters.
322
Appendix I
Printer Maintenance

Always

Always keep your printer in a safe and clean location. Keep it away
from:
Dust and grease
Heaters and furnaces. Safe temperature range is
5°C (41°F)
to
35°C(95°F)
Base unit for cordless telephone systems Large electrical machines Crowded areas (the paper needs room to flow freely) Leaky ceilings Rambunctious children or pets.

Now and Then

Clean particles and dust from the printer every so often with a soft cloth or brush. Use a mild cleanser for the outside framework and, after removing the ribbon cartridge, denatured alcohol for the inside.
The ribbon cartridge prints about 3 million characters. See your Epson dealer for replacements.

Rarely

Once in a great while your printer should be lubricated. Epson rec­ommends two lubricants: (Epson Part No. B70020001). Every 6 months or one million lines, use
O-2
(Epson Part No.
B710200001)
and G-2
323
O-2 lubricant on the shafts and platen bearings, wiping off excess with cloth. Use G-2 sparingly on ribbon feed, line feed, and carriage return drive gears, every five million lines.

Changing the Print Head

The expected life of an FX print head is about
ters (assuming an average of
dealer for FX print head replacements.
14
dots per character). See your Epson
100,000,000
charac-
To remove the old print head:
If you have been printing, turn the printer OFF for about to allow the print head to cool. Next, remove the protective lid and ribbon cartridge. Flip the head lock lever shown in Figure the back of the printer.
15
I-1
minutes
toward
324
Figure I-1. Print head replacement
Now pull the cable from the connector block. Hold the block firmly because it has to stay put. Pull the print head straight up and off.
To install the new print head:
Place the new print head onto the head mount and flip the locking lever back toward the front of the printer. Connect the cable to the block. That’s all there is to it!
325
326
Appendix J
Technical Specifications

Printing

Printing method ......... Impact dot matrix
Printing speed ........... 160 characters per second
Paper feed speed .........
Printing direction ........ Bidirectional, logic seeking
Character set ............ 96 Roman characters
Character sizes:
Approximately 150 ms/line (at 1/6 inch/line)
Unidirectional (left to right) in Graphics Mode
96 Italic characters 32 special international characters (8 international character sets)
Mode Pica
Pica Emphasized
Pica Expanded Elite Elite Expanded Compressed Pica Compressed Expanded Super/Subscript
Line spacing ...........
Width (mm)
2.1 3.1
2.1
4.2
1.4
2.8
1.05
2.1
Default is 1/6 inch. Programmable in increments of 1/72 inch and 1/216 inch
Height (mm)
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
1.6
327
Column width:
Pica Pica Expanded Elite
Elite Expanded Compressed Compressed Expanded
Maximum characters per line
FX-80
80 40 96 48
132*
68
FX-100
136
68
163
81 233 116
*137
if right margin is changed (See Chapter 9).

Paper

FX-80
Paper width
Pin-feed................
9.5” to
4" to 9"
Cut Sheet ............... 7.25" to 8.5” Friction Feed
Roll Paper .............. 8.5”
FX-100
Paper width
Pin-feed Paper ........... 4" to 16"
Cut Sheet ............... 7.25" to 8.5” Friction feed
Number of copies ........
One original plus two carbon copies
(total thickness not to exceed 0.3 mm
(0.012")
Adjustable sprocket pin-
10"
feed Tractor feed with optional tractor unit
Friction Feed with optional roll paper holder
Tractor feed

Printer

Ribbon ................. Cartridge ribbon, black
Ribbon life expectancy.... 3,000,000 characters
MTBF.................
Print head life ........... 100,000,000 characters
328
5,000,000 lines (excluding print-head
life)
Dimensions and weight
FX-80
100
Height
Width (without paper .....
feed knob)
Depth ....................
Weight ...................
Power .................. 120 AC ± 10%
Power capacity .......... 70 volt-amperes maximum
Frequency
...............
.............. 49.5 to 60.5 Hz
mm
420 mm
347
mm
7.5
kg
FX-100
150
mm
594
mm
354
mm
10.5
kg

Environment

Temperature
Humidity ............... Operating 10% to 80% (no
Shock .................. Operating 1 G (less than 1 millisecond)
Vibration ............... Operating 0.25 G, 55Hz (maximum)
Insulation resistance ......
Dielectric strength ........
..............
Operating 5°C to 35°C (41°F to 95°F) Storage — 30°C to 70°C ( — 22°F to 158°F)
condensation) Storage 5% to 85% (no condensation)
Storage 2 G (less than 1 millisecond) Storage 0.50 G, 55Hz (maximum)
10 megaohms between AC power line
and chassis No trouble when 1 kilovolt 50 or 60 Hz is applied for more than 1 minute between AC power line and chassis
(R.M.S.)

Interface

Interface ................
Synchronization .........
Handshaking ...........
Logic level ..............
Centronics® compatible, 8-bit parallel (compatible with Epson MX series) By externally supplied STROBE pulses By ACKNLG or BUSY signals Input data and all interface control signals are compatible with the TTL level
329
330

Schematic

331
Appendix K
The Parallel Interface
The FX printer uses a parallel interface to communicate with the
computer; this appendix describes it.
Connector pin assignments and a description of respective interface
signals are shown in Table
K-1.
Table K-1. Pins and signals
Signal
Pin
1
2 3
4
5
6 7 8 9
10
11
12
Return
Pin
19
20
21 22 23
24
25 26
27 28
29
30
Signal
STROBE
DATA 1 DATA 2 DATA 3
DATA 4 DATA 5 DATA 6 DATA 7 DATA 8
ACKNLG OUT
BUSY OUT
PE
Direc-
tion
IN
IN IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT
Description
STROBE pulse to read data in. Pulse width must be more than 0.5
microseconds at the receiving terminal.
These signals represent information of the 1st to 8th bits of parallel data, respectively Each signal is at HIGH level when data is logical 1 and LOW when it is logical 0.
Approximately, 12-microsecond pulse. LOW indicates that data has been received and that the printer is ready to accept more data.
A HIGH signal indicates that the printer cannot receive data. The signal goes HIGH in the following cases:
1) During data entry
2) During printing.
3) When Off-Line.
4) During printer-error state. A HIGH signal indicates that the
printer is out of paper.
333
Table K-1, continued
Signal Return
13
14
15
16
17 18
19 - 30
31
32 —
33 — 34 — NC 35 — —
36
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
— SLCT IN
Signal
—
AUTO FEED
XT
NC OV CHASSIS
GND NC GND
INIT
ERROR
GND
Direc-
tion
—
Pulled up to + 5 volts through 3.3K ohm resistance.
When this signal is LOW, the paper is
IN
automatically fed 1 line after printing.
(The signal level can be fixed to this by
setting DIP switch
2-4 to ON.)
—
Unused.
—
Logic ground level. Printer's chassis ground, which is
—
isolated from the logic ground.
—
Unused.
—
Twisted-pair return signal ground level.
IN
When this level becomes LOW, the
printer controller is reset to its power­up state and the print buffer is
cleared. This level is usually High; its
pulse width must be more than 50
microseconds at the receiving
terminal.
OUT This level becomes LOW when the
printer is in:
1) Paper-end state.
2) Off-line.
3) Error state.
—
Same as for Pins 19 - 30. — Unused. —
Pulled up to + 5V through 3.3K ohm resistance.
IN
Data entry to the printer is possible only when this level is LOW; DIP switch 2-1 is set for this at the factory
Description
Notes:
1. The column heading “Direction” refers to the direction of signal flow as viewed from the printer.
2. “Return” denotes the twisted-pair return, to be connected at signal ground level. For the interface wiring, be sure to use a twisted-pair cable for each signal and to complete the connection on the return side. To prevent noise, these cables should be shielded and con-
nected to the chassis of the host computer or the printer.
3. All interface conditions are based on TTL level. Both the rise and
the fall times of each signal must be less than 0.2 microseconds.
334
4. Data transfer must be carried out by observing the ACKNLG or BUSY signal. (Data transfer to this printer can be carried out only after receipt of the ACKNLG signal or when the level of the BUSY signal is LOW.)
5.
Under normal conditions, printer cable pins activated when the paper-out condition is detected. The ESCape”8” code disables pins computers that monitor pin 12 halt printing when the paper is out, making ESCape”8” ineffective.
11
and
32,
11, 12,
but not pin
and
32
12.
are
Those

Data Transfer Sequence

Interface timing

Figure K-1 shows the timing for the parallel interface.
Figure K-1. Parallel interface timing

Signal relationships

Table
K-2
shows the way data entry is handled in the On-Line and
Off-Line states by showing the relationships between seven signal sets.
335
Table K-2. Signal interrelations
On-Line
OFF ON ON ON
SLCT IN DC1/DC3
HIGH/LOW HIGH
LOW
DC1/DC3 DC1 DC3 DC1//DC3
ERROR BUSY
LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH
HIGH
LOW/HIGH same same same same
ACKNLG
Not generated Generated after data entry
DATA ENTRY
Disabled Enabled (normal entry) Enabled* Enabled (normal entry)
*Data entry will be acknowledged, but the input data will be lost until DC1is input.
Note: ERROR status is assumed to result only in Off-Line state, and the ERROR status does not always mean SLCT IN.

INDEX

Note: Refer to Table of Contents and List of Figures for specific programs. Also, the chapter summaries are not indexed.
A
Accessories, 16 American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
See ASCII
Apostrophe.
Apple II computers, 38,
See also
Arrays, 173-176,189-193
DIMensioning, 176 Arrow. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange),
codes listed for all characters, 253-270
See also
Attribute byte. Automatic test.
See
Backspace, 81-83
CHR$(8) produces it.
Bail.
See
Barchart, 227-231 BASIC program listings, 322 Beeper, 41-42, 304-305
CHR$(7) sounds beeper. Bidirectional printing. Bit, high order, 310-311
ESCape “>” turns it on; ESCape "=" turns it off; ESCape “#” accepts
eighth bit as is from the computer.
See also even-bit systems Blank space, v Board, serial and interface. Bold printing. Bracket. Buffer. Business applications, 227-238 Byte, Attribute.
See
REMarks
40, 312-313
Seven-bit systems
See
Exponent character
International character set
See
User-defined characters
See
Test
Blank space
Paper bail
See
Unidirectional Mode
See
See
Double-Strike; Emphasized; Proportional
See
Exponent character
See
Printer buffer
See
User-defined characters
38,40-42
B
Interface
337
C
Cable, 16, 35 CANcel, 46 Caret symbol. Carriage return, 23, 41
CHR$(13) produces it.
See also
Centronics.
Channels. Character fonts, shown, 253-270
See also
Character size, 256-270, 327
See also
Character string function. CHR$ function, 39
See also ASCII codes CHR$(7). Sounds beeper. CHR$(8). Produces backspace. CHR$(9). Activates a horizontal tab. CHR$(10). Produces a line feed. CHR$(11). Activates a vertical tab. CHR$(12). Produces a form feed. CHR$(13). Produces a carriage return. CHR$(14). Turns One-Line Expanded Mode on. CHR$(15). Turns Compressed Mode on.
CHR$(18). Turns Compressed Mode off. CHR$(20). Turns One-Line Expanded Mode off. CHR$(27). ESCape code. CHR$(127). Deletes. CHR$(137). Alternate code to activate horizontal tab. Circle plotting, 177-184 Circuit board. Codes. See ASCII codes; Control codes; Escape; CHR$ function Coding solutions, 306-309 Columns
for ROM character set, 50-52
for User-defined characters, 201-205, 216, 222-223 Comparison table for control codes, 287-294 Compressed Mode, 53-55
CHR$(15) turns it on; CHR$(18) turns it off.
DIP switch adjustment for, 54-55
margin settings in, 117 Concept. Continuous-feed paper:
See
Exponent character
Line feed
See
Interface
See
Tabs, vertical
User-defined characters
specific pitches by name
See
CHR$ function
See
Beeper
See
See
See
ESCape
See
DELete
See
Interface
See
Corvus
See
Paper
Backspace
See
Tabs
Line feed
See
Tabs
See
Form feed
See
See
See
Carriage return
See
Expanded Mode
Compressed Mode
Compressed Mode
See
Expanded Mode
See
Tabs
338
Control codes, 41-42
Hex dumping and. for FX compared with those for MX and RX, 287-294 listed by function, 283-286 listed by number, 271-281
See also
Control panel, 35 Conventions used in this manual, iii-vi Core sets of user-defined characters, 223-226 Corvus Concept computers, 151 Covers. See lids
specific modes and functions
See
Hex dumping
D
DATA statements, 154-156, 166-167 Data transfer sequence, 335-336 DEC microcomputers, 151 Default settings, 44, 295-296 DEFINT, 176 DELete, 46
CHR$(127) deletes. Density. Designing graphics. DIMensioning. Dimensions of printer, 329 DIP switches, 20-23, 296-299 Dot matrix, 49-52
Double-Strike Mode, 61-62, 63
Downloading. Dress-up Modes.
Driver. Dumping, hex.
See
Graphics Mode
See
Graphics
See
Arrays
in dot graphics, 131-132
patterns for character fonts, 49-52, 253-270
ESCape “G” turns it on; ESCape “H” turns it off.
See
User-defined characters
See
Underline Mode; Script Mode; Italic Mode
See
Printer driver
See
Hex dumping
E
Elite Mode, 52-53
ESCape "M" turns it on; ESCape “P”’ turns it off.
Emphasized Mode, 62-64
ESCape “E” turns it on; ESCape “F” turns it off.
END, v Environment, specifications for, 329 Epson computers.
See
HX-20; QX-10
339
ESCape = CHR$(27), 42-43
format for commands, iv-v, 46-47, 57-58 listed by function, 283-286 listed by number, 271-281
See also
ESCape “!”. Master Select. ESCape "#". Accepts eighth bit as is from computer. ESCape “%“ CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2). Selects a character set.
specific modes or functions
See
Master Select
See
Bit, high order
See
User-defined
characters
ESCape “&“ CHR$(n)“s1s2".
Selects characters to be defined.
See
User-
defined characters
ESCape ESCape “-0”. Turns Underline Mode off.
ESCape “-1”. Turns Underline Mode on. ESCape “/“ CHR$(n). Selects channel n. ESCape “0”. Sets line spacing to 1/8”. ESCape “1”. Sets line spacing to 7/72”. ESCape "2". Sets line spacing to 1/6”. ESCape “3” CHR$(n). Sets line spacing to n/216”. ESCape “4”. Turns Italic Mode on. ESCape “5”. Turns Italic Mode off. ESCape “6”. Enables printing of control codes 128-159.
“*“ CHR$(m)CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2). Selects Graphics Mode, density
m.
See
Graphics Mode
See
Underline Mode
See
Underline Mode
See
Tabs, vertical
See
Line spacing
See
Line spacing
See
Line spacing
See
Line spacing
See
Italic Mode
See
Italic Mode
See
User-defined
characters
ESCape “7”. Returns codes 128-159 to control codes.
See
User-defined
characters ESCape “8”. Turns paper-out sensor off. ESCape “9”. Turns paper-out sensor on.
See
Paper-out sensor
See
Paper-out sensor
ESCape “:“ CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)CHR$(n3). Copies ROM characters to the
RAM area. ESCape “<“. Turns on One-line Unidirectional Mode.
See
User-defined characters
See
Unidirectional
Mode ESCape “=“. Sets high-order bit off. ESCape “>“. Sets high-order bit on. ESCape “?s” CHR$(n). Reassigns an alternate graphics code, s.
See
Bit, high order
See
bit, high order
See
Graphics; Graphics Mode. ESCape “@”. Reset Code. ESCape “A” CHR$(n). Sets line spacing to n/72”.
ESCape “B” CHR$(n1) ...
See
Reset Code
See
Line spacing
CHR$(nk)CHR$(0). Sets vertical tabs.
See
Tabs,
vertical ESCape “C” CHR$(0)CHRS(n). Sets the form length in inches.
ESCape “C” CHR$(n). Sets the form length in lines.
See
ESCape “D” CHR$(n1) ... CHR$(nk)CHR$(0). Sets horizontal tabs.
Forms
See
Forms
See
Tabs, horizontal ESCape “E”. Turns Emphasized Mode on. ESCape “F”. Turns Emphasized Mode off. ESCape “G”. Turns Double-Strike Mode on.
ESCape “H”. Turns Double-Strike Mode off. ESCape “I0”. Returns codes 0-31 to control codes.
See
Emphasized Mode
See
Emphasized Mode
See
Double-Strike Mode
See
Double-Strike Mode
See
User-defined
characters.
340
ESCape “I1”. Enables printing of control codes 0-31.
characters.
ESCape “J” CHR$(n). Produces an immediate one-time line feed of
n/216-inch without a carriage return.
ESCape “K” CHR$(n1)CHRS(n2). T
See
Graphics Mode
ESCape “L” CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2). T
Graphics Mode on. ESCape "M". Turns Elite Mode on. ESCape “N” CHR$(n). Sets skip-over-perforation.
perforation ESCape “O”. Turns skip-over-perforation off. ESCape "P". Turns Elite Mode off. ESCape “Q” CHR$(n). Sets the right margin. ESCape “R” CHR$(n). Selects an international character set.
International character set ESCape “S0”. Turns Superscript Mode on. ESCape ESCape "T". Turns either Script Mode off. ESCape “U0”. Turns Continuous Unidirectional Mode off.
ESCape ESCape "W0". Turns Expanded Mode off.
ESCape “W1”. Turns Continuous Expanded Mode on. ESCape "Y" CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2). T ESCape “Z” CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2). T ESCape “^” CHR$(d)CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2). Enters Nine-Pin Graphics Mode. ESCape “b” CHR$(N)CHR$(n1) ... ESCape “i0”. Turns Immediate-Print Mode off. ESCape “i1”. Turns Immediate-Print Mode on. ESCape “j” CHR$(n). Turns reverse feed on.
ESCape “l” CHR$(n). Sets left margin.
ESCape “p0”. Turns Proportional Mode off.
ESCape “p1”. Turns Proportional Mode on. ESCape “so”. Returns to normal after Half-Speed Mode.
ESCape “s1”. Turns Half-Speed Mode on.
Expanded Mode, 56-59
Exponent character, vi
“S1”.
Unidirectional Mode
“U1”.
Unidirectional Mode
Mode
Graphics Mode on.
Mode on.
See
of vertical tab stops. Mode.
Mode.
Mode
ESCape turns it off. CHR$(14) turns one-line Expanded Mode on; CHRS(20) turns it off. compared with Emphasized Mode, 63
See
Graphics Mode.
“W1”
See
Turns Subscript Mode on.
Turns Continuous Unidirectional Mode on.
See
Graphics Mode
See
turns Continuous Expanded Mode on; ESCape “WO”
urns Low-Speed Double-Density
Graphics Mode
Graphics Mode
Tabs, vertical
See
Line feed
urns Single-Density Graphics Mode on.
See
Elite Mode
See
Elite Mode
See
See
See
See
urns High-Speed Double-Density urns Quadruple-Density Graphics
CHR$(nk)CHR$(0). Stores channels
See
See
Margins
See See
See
See
User-defined
See
Skip-over-
See
Skip-over-perforation
See
Margins
See
Script Mode
Script Mode
Script Mode
See See
Expanded Mode
See
Expanded
See
Immediate-Print
See
Immediate-Print
Line feed
Proportional Mode.
Proportional Mode.
See
Half-Speed
Half-Speed Mode
341
F
Firing of pins. FF.
See
Form feed Foreign language characters. Form feed,
CHR$(12) produces one. button, 35 See also Top of form
Forms
length of, 103-107
ESCape “C” CHR$(0)CHR$(n) sets length to n inches; ESCape “C” CHR$(n) sets to n lines; ESCape “@” resets to default and sets top of form to current line.
non-standard, 105-107
See also
Friction-control lever, 26, 28, 30
Friction feed, 28-29
Function switches.
See
pins
See
103-105
Form feed; Top of form
See
DIP switches
International character set
G
Graphics
densities in.
designing, 154-155, 159-171, 189-196
line, 225-226
plotter, 173-187
problem codes with, 144-145
Reset Code with, 144
troubleshooting, 302-303
with seven-bit systems, 311
width of, 134-135, 193
See also Graphics Mode
Graphics Mode, 134-135
density command, 145, 149-150
ESCape densities.
Single-Density, 134-135, 145-146
ESCape CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2) turns Single-Density Graphics on.
Double-Density, 146-148
ESCape CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2) turns Low-Speed on. ESCape CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2) turns High-Speed on.
Quadruple-Density, 149
ESCape CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2) turns Quadruple-Density on.
See
Graphics Mode
“*“ CHR$(m)CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2) selects one of six graphics
See also
“*“ CHR$(0)CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2) or ESCape “K”
“*“ CHR$(1)CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2) or ESCape “L” “*“ CHR$(2)CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2) or ESCape “Y”
“*“ CHR$(3)CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2) or ESCape “Z”
densities below
342
Nine-Pin,
152-154
Escape “^“ CHR$(d)CHR$(n
Mode.
reassigning code,
150-152
Escape "?s" CHR$(n)
Mode n.
summary table, 151
Grid. See dot matrix
)CHR$(n2) enters Nine-Pin Graphics
1
reassigns an alternate code to Graphics
H
Half-Speed Mode,
ESCape
Head.
See
Hex dumping, Humidity, 329 Horizontal tabs. HX-20 and printer commands, 38, 40
89, 322
"s1"
turns it on; ESCape “s0” returns it to normal.
Print head
305-306
See
Tabs, horizontal
I
IBM Persónal Computer, 38, Immediate-Print Mode, 89-90
ESCape “i1” turns it on; ESCape "i0" turns it off. Installation. Interface, 329, 333-336 Intermediate positions. International characters, 85-88, 255-258, 263-265
A DIP switch setting and/or ESCape “R” CHR$(n) selects one. See also ASCII codes
Italic Mode, 72-73
ESCape “4” turns it on; ESCape “5” turns it off.
See
Set-up operations
40, 313-314
See
columns
K
Knob.
See
Manual-feed knob
L
Labels, 101
Left bracket. Left margin. Length of forms. Lever. LF.
See
Lids, removal and replacement, 18-19
See
Exponent character
See
Margins
See
Forms
See
Friction-control; Paper-thickness; Pin-feed
Line feed
343
Line feed,
Line spacing, 93-98
LIST commands, 37-38 Location of printer, 16-17 LPRINT. Lubrication, 323-324
98-101
CHR$(10) produces it. button, 35-36 computer interface and. DIP switch for, 23 one-time immediate, 99-100
ESCape “J”CHR$(n) produces it.
reverse, 99, 101
ESCape “j”CHR$(n) produces it.
ESCape “A”CHR$(n) sets to n/72”; ESCape “0” sets at ESCape “1” sets at 7/72”; ESCape “2” sets at 1/6” (default); ESCape “3”CHR$(n) sets at n/216”. in graphics, 133-134, 140-141, 154 form feed and, 107 summary table for, 102
See also
Skip-over-perforation; Top of form; Graphics
See
PRINT
See
Interface
1/8";
M
Mailing labels. Maintenance, 323-324 Manual-feed knob, 19-20 Margins,
Master Select, 73-78 Mathematical symbols, 81-82
Matrix. See Dot matrix Memory. See RAM; ROM Microscopic spacing. Modes
Monospacing.
113-118
effect of pitch on, with horizontal tab setting, 118, 122 left, 113-116, 118
ESCape “l”CHR$(n) sets left margin.
right, 116-118
ESCape “Q”CHR$(n) sets right margin. printing width in Compressed and, 117
Quick reference chart for, 76, 318
mixing, 56-59, 65-66, 317-319 priorities, 55-56, 58-59, 66, 318-319 summary table of, 67, 317
See also
See
Labels
114-116
.
See
Line spacing
specific modes by name
See
Proportional Mode
344
N
NEC, 151 Nine-pin graphics. Noise reduction.
See
Graphics Mode
See
Half-Speed Mode
O
Off sets, 82-83 ON LINE light and button, 35
Overstrikes, 81-82
P
Page, top of. See Top of form Paper
bail, 15, 24, 26, 29 loading, 24-32, 304 length. separator, 17-18 thickness adjustment, 32, 34 types of, 16, 24, 328
Paper-out sensor, 110, 304
ESCape “9” turns it on; ESCape “8” turns it off.
DIP switch control of, 297-298 Parallel interface. Pattern design. PEEK. Perforation. Pica Mode, 52-53 Pin feed paper. Pin feeder and pin-feed lever, 26-28, 30, 32 Pins
firing, 135-141
numbering of, 135-137 Pitch, summary table of, 60
See also
Platen, 28, 29, 30 Plotting. POKEing codes, 307-308 Preparation.
PRINT command, iv, 39-41
See
Forms
See
Interface
See
Graphics
See
POKEing codes
See
Skip-over-perforation; Top of form
See
paper
specific pitches by name
See
Graphics, plotter
See
Set-up operations
345
Print head
and dot graphics, and dot matrix printing, 50 life of,
16, 324, 328
replacement, 324-325 Print modes. Print pitch summary table, 60
See also
Print quality, 61-66 Print speed. Print type chart, 78 Print width. Printer buffer, 44 Printer driver for problem codes, 308-309 Priorities. Proportional Mode, 64-65
ESCape “p1” turns it on; ESCape “P0” turns it off.
attribute byte with, 203-204, 206 Protective lids.
specific pitches by name
See
132-133
See
Modes
See
Half-Speed Mode
See
specific pitches by name; Width
Modes.
See
lids
Q
Quadruple-Density. Quiet printing. QX-10,
38, 40, 314-315
See
Graphics Mode
See
Half-Speed Mode
RAM (Random Access Memory), 2
DIP switch control of, 23, 200
See also
READ statement. REMarks in program lines, v-vi Reset Code, 45 Resetting. RESTORE statement, 155-156 Reverse line feed. Ribbon
installation and replacement, 23-25
life, 16, 65, 328 Right margin. Roll paper. ROM (Read Only Memory), 2 Rows.
Printer buffer; User-defined characters
See
DATA statement
See
Reset Code
See
Line feed
See
Margins
See
Paper
See
Columns
346
R
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