Cisco Catalyst®Switching Solutions Guide
Intelligent Switching
for the Evolving Network
Catalyst: An agent that precipitates or accelerates
a reaction, development, or change.
Intelligent switching
for the evolving network:
Easing network migration,
adaptation, and expansion.
The Evolving Network
Q: Why change
anything?
Q: Why start with
intelligent
switching?
A: Because there really isn’t any alternative.
Just as living things must adapt to changing conditions in their environments,
businesses and other organizations must continually adapt their networks to
changing requirements. After all, it’s hard to find a network manager who isn’t
contemplating a change of some sort, whether it’s adding more users, rolling out
new applications, converging voice and data services, or even making the jump
from hubs to switches.
That’s why Cisco Systems created this guide—to provide an overview of the issues
confronting countless businesses, schools, government agencies, and other organizations as they migrate, adapt, and expand their networks to meet new needs. And
to explain how Cisco Catalyst®switches can help, both in the short term and the
long haul.
A: Because of all the changes after that.
Change can be a major source of stress—for networks as well as network managers. The proliferation of powerful new desktop computers, bandwidth-intensive
applications, and devices such as IP phones and wireless access points all can leave
networks straining to keep up. As a result, unpredictable traffic patterns can emerge,
bogging down mission-critical applications. Holes can appear in security, leaving
the network vulnerable to internal and external threats. And demand for bandwidth
can outstrip the supply, causing one bottleneck after another.
Cisco Catalyst switches spare networks from these and other growing pains. They
provide the advanced quality of service (QoS) needed to ensure mission-critical
traffic is assigned top priority. They enhance security with new features that protect the network from risks within and without. And they provide the bandwidth
needed to grow, all the way up to 10 Gigabit Ethernet.
Migrating to intelligent switching is not a difficult step in a network’s evolution,
but it’s an important one, providing a solid foundation for all the steps to come.
The Cisco Catalyst Series switches run the range from chassis to stackable
switches, with models available to address special requirements,
such as support for inline power and Gigabit Ethernet over copper.
1
The Evolving Network
Q: How important
is QoS?
A: QoS is very important—
and becoming more so every day.
Advanced QoS prioritizes and directs traffic to minimize congestion and ensure
applications are allotted the bandwidth they need. Without those features, the
performance advantages of Gigabit Ethernet (or Fast Ethernet, for that matter)
cannot be fully realized.
Cisco Catalyst switches classify and mark data packets at the network edge, minimizing congestion and allowing traffic to be prioritized, so time-sensitive applications such as IP telephony or videoconferencing take precedence over less critical
traffic, such as Web browsing.
Extending intelligence to the network edge also makes it possible for network managers to set up policies on a per-user basis, and frees up router processing power.
This illustration shows the contents of a data packet:
MAC DA MAC SA
Layer 2 switches only process Layer 2 information. Cisco Catalyst switches look
deeper into the packet and make decisions based on Layer 3 and Layer 4 information—that’s why they’re called “intelligent.” As a result, traffic flows more efficiently through the network, helping to prevent bottlenecks. Utilizing Layer 3 and
Layer 4 information also provides a superior level of control over network traffic,
making it easier to adjust to changing requirements and priorities as networks
grow and evolve.
802.1Q/1p length IP header info TOS IP SA IP DA TCP/UDP header DATA……
Layer 2 info Layer 3 info Layer 4 info
Q: What about
security?
2
A: Security needs to evolve with
the network, too.
As companies expand their networks, security becomes increasingly important
and increasingly challenging to deliver. Adding users, deploying new services,
extending Internet access, and providing remote access can all increase the
potential risk to networks and data, both internally and externally.
According to a recent study by the FBI and Computer Security Institute, reported
financial losses due to security breaches in the United States approached $378 million
in 2001, up from $266 million the year before. So it’s not surprising that for many
organizations, enhancing security is a major concern. Fortunately, it’s also a major
benefit of deploying Cisco Catalyst switches.
—
The Evolving Network
The primary security features and applications supported by these switches include
access control lists (ACLs), filtering, port security, IEEE 802.1x, multilevel console
security, and Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol. This unique combination provides the
enhanced security needed to support new and expanding network services,
addressing three distinct areas of concern in the network:
• Authentication In other words, is the user supposed to have network access?
• Authorization What’s the user permitted to do on the network?
• Accounting Who’s using the network and what are they doing?
All together, the security features supported by Cisco Catalyst switches offer the
protection and control needed to prevent both malicious acts and inadvertent
mishaps.
These features can be used to address performance as well as security issues.
Hardware-based filtering, for instance, is typically used to screen MAC addresses
to restrict access to sensitive areas of the network. But it can also be used to deal
with a specific host that’s been bogging down the network, denying it access while
allowing all others to enter. The protected port feature eliminates the possibility of
unauthorized IP traffic on virtual LANs (VLANs).
Finally, it’s worth noting that Cisco Catalyst switches support applications to deal
with another concern: physical security. Their multiservice capabilities make them
ideally suited for IP video surveillance applications, providing an effective, yet
affordable, alternative to conventional video monitoring systems.
Q: Why make the
move to Gigabit
Ethernet?
A: Because networks need room to grow.
At speeds of 1000 megabits per second (Mbps), Gigabit Ethernet provides the
bandwidth that networks need to evolve and meet new demands, alleviating
bottlenecks, boosting performance, and increasing the return on existing investments in infrastructure.
As the industry leader in LAN switching, Cisco makes the transition to Gigabit
Ethernet faster and easier with standards-based solutions for both fiber-optic and
copper cabling. Cisco products can also be deployed in stages for a more gradual
migration to Gigabit Ethernet, starting at the core and moving on to the wiring closet.
Organizations can use Cisco Catalyst switches to extend Gigabit Ethernet to the
desktop, simply and affordably, to support today’s powerful computers, sophisticated applications, and high traffic volumes. Delivering up to 10 gigabits per
second (Gbps), the range of solutions offered by Cisco will satisfy even the most
bandwidth-hungry environments.
3
Network Intelligence—from the Core to the Edge
Si
IP
M
Internet VPN
PSTN Network
Si
Si
Security
QoS
High Availability
Internet VPN
High Availability
QoS
Security
Whatever the size of the network, intelligent services can ease the strain of migration and expansion. By delivering Layer 2– 4 services
across the entire network, from the core to the edge, Cisco Catalyst switches provide the advanced quality of service, enhanced security,
and high availability evolving networks require. All Cisco Catalyst network platforms run on Cisco IOS
and a solid foundation for building Internet applications.
Medium-Sized Network
Quality of Service
QoS features ensure critical applications receive the bandwidth they
need by differentiating and prioritizing traffic, so time-sensitive
packets like voice and video are handled accordingly. With Cisco
Catalyst switches, QoS can be extended to the network edge,
minimizing both upstream and downstream congestion. This also
makes it easy to set policies on a per-user basis and frees up
router processing power.
Enhanced Security
The need for security increases as services and devices are added
to the network. Safeguards must be taken to ensure only authorized
users can gain access to the network, to restrict access to sensitive
network areas, and to prevent data and voice traffic from traveling
Small-Business Network
to the wrong PC or IP phone. Cisco Catalyst switches support
multiple layers of security for end-to-end protection of network
controls and resources.
®
Software, creating a unified network
High Availability
The Cisco Catalyst family also increases network uptime—and
employee productivity—through a unique combination of features
designed to ensure maximum availability. Capabilities include
high-performance IP routing, Layer 2 and Layer 3 load balancing,
bandwidth aggregation technology, multicast management via
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) snooping and
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM), and Cisco Spanning-Tree
Protocol enhancements such as BackboneFast, UplinkFast,
PortFas t, and CrossStack UplinkFast.
Product Overview
Q: Why use Cisco
Catalyst switches
to ease network
evolution?
A: Lots of reasons—as lots of people can attest.
Cisco Systems’ achievements and contributions have made it one of the world’s
most admired companies. Service providers, PTTs, governments, academic institutions, Fortune 500 companies, and small-to-medium businesses around the world
look to Cisco to enable and support their diverse networking requirements.
Cisco is uniquely qualified to help organizations adapt as their requirements
change. After all, Cisco solutions are as scalable as the Internet itself, powering
more than 80 percent of the World Wide Web.
Here are some of the reasons why Cisco Catalyst switches are the right choice:
•Cisco Catalyst 2950, 3550, 4500, and 6500 Series switches provide a complete
Gigabit Ethernet switching solution, from the edge of the network to the core.
• The Cisco Catalyst family, a complete range of stackable and chassis switches,
provides industry-leading performance, functionality, scalability, and flexibility,
which deliver valuable enhancements to your network operations.
•Cisco offers end-to-end solutions for a variety of applications, from basic
connectivity all the way up to complete edge-to-core IP telephony systems with
Cisco CallManager, voice services gateways, IP phones, inline power support,
and voice and auxiliary VLANs.
•Cisco Catalyst network platforms run on Cisco IOS Software, which creates a
unified network and provides a solid foundation for building Internet applications.
Extending common services and interfaces across the network also reduces
training, management, and troubleshooting costs.
Q: But anything this
advanced must be
difficult to deploy
and manage, right?
•Cisco provides comprehensive service and support, with the expertise to handle
any situation that arises after installation. Warranty and SMARTnet support
services ensure that operations staff can refresh their system software and access
a wealth of knowledge. Customers can keep their technology up to date, augment their knowledge and skills, gain access to resources and tools for rapid
problem resolution, and minimize the challenges associated with the stocking
of replacement hardware.
A: Not at all—that’s a key advantage
of these switches.
The whole point, after all, is to make it easier to accommodate new services and
requirements. So Cisco Catalyst switches are designed to simplify all aspects of
network management by providing a variety of deployment and management
software solutions. All of the Catalyst switches offer Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP) support, along with a comprehensive set of MIBs enabling
effective in-band management, while Remote Monitoring (RMON) software
support provides for granular traffic monitoring across the switch.
5
Product Overview
Cisco CMS Software enables network
managers to manage the entire LAN
through a single Web interface.
The Cisco Catalyst Series switches provide a comprehensive set of management tools
to simplify the deployment and management of switches and intelligent network
services. The CiscoWorks family of Web-based management tools enables network
administrators to easily and quickly deploy end-to-end network services.
Configuration, administration, monitoring, fault detection, troubleshooting, and
remote monitoring capabilities can all be handled through an easy-to-use interface.
In addition to these Catalyst family management tools, the individual switches
offer enhanced management tools:
•Embedded at no additional cost in Cisco Catalyst 3550 and 2950 Intelligent
Ethernet Series switches, Cisco Cluster Management Suite (CMS) Software enables
network administrators to remotely manage and monitor the entire LAN through
a simple, point-and-click interface, without having to learn command-line interface (CLI). Up to 16 switches can be configured at once using any standard Web
browser, saving tremendous time. This tool also eases the deployment of intelligent
services, providing wizards that automatically optimize networks for video streamingor videoconferencing, voice over IP, critical data applications, and security
features. A Guide Mode provides step-by-step instructions and online help.
• The Catalyst 4500 Series simplifies network management and control with a
single software image and IP address for device management, a comprehensive
set of management tools offering a wide variety of interface options, and
well-designed system default settings.
Q: What are the
differences between
the various Cisco
Catalyst Series
switches?
6
•In the Catalyst 6500 Series, Element Manager Software leverages the Cisco
Element Manager Framework (CEMF) to manage and monitor one or more
specific devices. Through an intuitive user interface, each Element Manager
eases and accelerates deployment, enables efficient operation of large network
environments, and streamlines the provisioning process. Each Element Manager
also provides fault and element management without requiring detailed knowledge
of Cisco IOS Software or SNMP.
A: They’re part of the same team,
just playing different positions.
Four distinct Catalyst product lines play key roles in the switched network—the
Cisco Catalyst 2950 Series and Cisco Catalyst 3550 Series Intelligent Ethernet
Switches, and the Cisco Catalyst 4500 Series and Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series.
The Cisco Catalyst switches you select will vary depending on location, interface,
port density, service, and feature requirements. Each series includes a choice of
models to suit a range of needs, but here’s a general breakdown:
• Cisco Catalyst 2950 Series makes it easy and affordable to deploy intelligent
services at the network edge with new fixed-configuration, stackable models that
provide wire-speed Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and Long-Reach Ethernet
desktop connectivity. Long-Reach Ethernet enables network extension over
Category 1, 2, and 3 wiring. Designed for small and medium-sized businesses and
small enterprises, Catalyst 2950 Series Intelligent Ethernet switches can be paired
with a Catalyst 3550 Series Intelligent Ethernet switch to enable IP routing from
the core of the network to its edge.
Product Overview
• Cisco Catalyst 3550 Series is a new line of enterprise-class, stackable, multilayer
switches. With a range of Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet configurations, it
can serve as both a powerful access layer switch for medium enterprise wiring
closets, and as a backbone switch for midsize networks. For the first time, customers can deploy network-wide intelligent services—including IP routing
—
while maintaining the simplicity of traditional LAN switching.
• Cisco Catalyst 4500 Series offers wire-speed, multilayer switching with
integrated resiliency, control, and intelligent services, including granular QoS,
predictable performance, advanced security, and comprehensive management, for
converged network deployments. Its modular, high-density, high-performance
design supports switched 10/100/1000 in the LAN, packet telephony, enhanced
security, and integrated WAN capabilities for converged networks.
• Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series offers enterprises industry-leading scalability,
flexibility, and performance, supporting a wide range of interface densities and
services modules. It’s designed to address the growing need for security, gigabit
scalability, high availability, rich services, and multilayer switching in backbone,
distribution, and wiring closet topologies as well as data center environments,
including support for 10 Gigabit Ethernet interfaces and WAN connectivity up
to OC-48 speeds.
Stackables Chassis
Cisco Catalyst 2950
•Stackable, Compact Footprint
•Medium Port Density
• L2 Switching
•Clustering Management
• External Redundant Power
Cisco Catalyst 3550
•Stackable, Compact Footprint
•Medium Port Density
•Gig Density: 12 Ports
•L2–L4 Switching
•Clustering Management
•In-line Power
• External Redundant Power
Cisco IOS® Software/End-to-End Solutions/Cisco AVVID/Network Management/Service and Support
Cisco Catalyst 4500
•3-, 6-, 7-slot modular chassis
• 64 Gbps Switching Capacity
• 240 10/100/1000 TX, FX
•Non-Blocking Gig Density: 32
•LAN/WAN Interfaces (T1/E1)
•L2–L4 Switching
•Integrated In-line Power
•Redundant Supervisors
•Integrated Redundant Power
Cisco Catalyst 6500
•3-, 6-, 9-, 13-slot modular chassis
• 256 Gbps Switching Capacity
•576 10/100 TX, FX
•Non-blocking Gig Density: 142
•10 Gigabit Ethernet Interfaces
•Integrated Service Modules
•LAN/WAN Interfaces (to OC48)
• L2-L7 Switching
•Integrated In-line Power
•High Availability– Stateful Failover
•Redundant Supervisor, Fabric
•Integrated Redundant Power
7
Catalyst Wiring Closet Deployment Scenarios
Every network is unique, just like the organizations they serve. These diagrams illustrate four common deployments in wiring closets,
utilizing Cisco Catalyst 2950, 3550, 4500, and 6500 switches. Depending on the size of the business, these could be linked into the core
network layer. These are merely options, of course—the Cisco Catalyst family supports a far more diverse range of needs than those
depicted here.
Catalyst 6500 with
Catalyst 6500/4500
Catalyst 3550-12G or 12T
with Catalyst 3550/2950 Stack
Si
Deployment with Stackables
Catalyst 6500/4500
with Catalyst 3550 Stack
Si
Deployment with
Stackables and Chassis
Functionality
Deployment for IP Telephony and Wireless LAN Access
IP telephones and wireless LAN access points can connect to
Cisco chassis or stackable switches in the access layer.
•Inline power distribution and automatic phone discovery for
ease of deployment and management
•Separate voice VLANs for simplified management
•Intelligent QoS features prioritize delay-sensitive voice traffic
and provides high-quality communications
•Voice Services and gateway functionality enable ease
of migration to IP telephony from legacy TDM services
(Catalyst 6500/4500)
Core/
Distribution
Layer
Access
Layer
Si
Si
Si
Deployment with Chassis
M
Si
IP
Catalyst
6500/4500
Catalyst
6500/4500/
3550
A network is, and probably always will be, a work in progress. Companies grow,
requirements change, and new applications emerge, presenting opportunities for
even greater efficiency and productivity.
Cisco Catalyst switches are designed to make those transitions almost effortless.
They provide stability in an ever-changing landscape, delivering the performance
and intelligent services needed to ensure networks evolve efficiently, reliably, and
securely. And that means network managers can embrace change, rather than
struggle with it.
Networks get bigger and more sophisticated all the time. But with Cisco Catalyst
switches, they don’t have to get more complicated.
For more information, contact Cisco, your Cisco reseller, or visit:
www.cisco.com/go/catalyst2950
www.cisco.com/go/catalyst3550
www.cisco.com/go/catalyst4000
www.cisco.com/go/catalyst6500
Conclusion
9
Glossary
AVVID
Cisco Architecture for Voice, Video, and Integrated Data. As the industry’s only
enterprise-wide, standards-based network architecture, Cisco AVVID provides the
roadmap for combining business and technology strategies into one cohesive model.
Availability
The amount of time that a network or device is operational—in other words, the
likelihood that it will be available for use when needed.
Backbone
The part of a network that acts as the primary path for traffic moving between,
rather than within, networks. See also Core and Edge.
Bandwidth
The data-carrying capacity of a network connection, used as an indication of
speed. See also Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet.
Client
A networked PC or terminal that shares services with other PCs. These services are
stored on or administered by a server. See also Server.
Cisco CMS
Cisco Cluster Management Suite Software. A unique, free software tool embedded
in Cisco Catalyst 3550 and 2950 Intelligent Ethernet Series switches. Cisco CMS
Software dramatically simplifies network management by enabling remote monitoring and configuration of up to 16 clustered switches at once through a single,
easy-to-use Web interface. Cisco CMS Software also eases the deployment of
intelligent services at the network edge.
Congestion
Traffic in excess of network capacity.
Convergence
The speed and ability of a group of internetworking devices running a specific
routing protocol to agree on the topology of an internetwork after a change in
that topology. Often refers to the merging of video and/or voice services onto a
data network.
Core
The innermost part of a network, where services typically originate. See also
Backbone and Edge.
Edge
The outermost part of a network, where users are typically directly connected.
See also Backbone and Core.
Ethernet
A popular LAN technology that moves packets between workstations and runs
over a variety of cable types at 10 Mbps (megabits per second).
Fast Ethernet
An extension of the Ethernet standard, offering speeds of 100 Mbps—or 10 times
the speed of standard Ethernet. See also Bandwidth, Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet.
10
Glossary
Frame
The basic unit of Ethernet data traffic. An Ethernet frame can vary in size from
a minimum length of 64 bytes to a maximum length of 1522 bytes. An Ethernet
frame contains the Ethernet destination address, Ethernet source address,
802.1Q/1p fields, and TCP/IP packet.
Gigabit Ethernet
An extension of the Ethernet standard, offering speeds of 1 Gbps. That equals
—
1,000 Mbps
Ethernet, and Fast Ethernet.
or 100 times the speed of standard Ethernet. See also Bandwidth,
Hub
A device that interconnects clients and servers, simply repeating or amplifying the
signals between them. Hubs act as wiring “concentrators” in networks based on
star topologies, rather than bus topologies, in which computers are daisy-chained
together. See also Switch.
Inline Power
Inline power is 48-volt DC power delivered to terminal devices such as IP phones
over standard network cables, eliminating the need for separate power sources
such as wall outlets.
Internet
A massive global network, interconnecting countless computers and networks
worldwide. It is accessible from any computer with a modem or router connection
and the appropriate software.
IP
Internet Protocol. A network layer protocol in the TCP/IP stack offering a connectionless internetwork service. IP provides features for addressing, type-of-service
specification, fragmentation and reassembly, and security.
IP Routing
Unlike static routing, where traffic patterns are established by the network administrator and must be manually adjusted, IP routing is dynamic. When a packet
begins its journey through the network, its entire route is not known. Instead,
it progresses through the network one “hop” at a time, and at each interval the
network automatically calculates the ideal route to the next stop along the way.
This improves network performance and availability.
IP Telephony
The transmission of voice and fax telephone calls over data networks using the
Internet Protocol.
IP Video
The transmission of video images over data networks using the Internet Protocol.
LAN
Local-area network. Typically, a network or group of network segments confined
to one building or a campus. See also WAN (Wide Area Network).
11
Glossary
Layer 2
The data link layer in the OSI Model. For Ethernet, this applies to the Ethernet
frame that contains the Ethernet destination address, Ethernet source address and
802.1Q/1p fields. See also Layer 3.
Layer 3
The physical layer in the OSI Model. For TCP/IP, this applies to the IP packet that
contains the IP destination address, IP source address and ToS byte. See also Layer 2.
Multicast
Single packet copied by the network and sent to a specific subset of network
addresses.
Packet
A block of data with a “header” attached that can indicate what the packet contains and the destination where it is headed. Think of a packet as a data envelope,
with the header acting as an address.
QoS
Quality of service. A set of intelligent features that enables the network to classify,
mark, and prioritize traffic, reducing congestion and bringing order to the flow of
data and services.
Router
A device that moves data between different network segments and can look into
a packet header to determine the best path for the packet to travel. Routers can
connect network segments that use different protocols. They also allow all users
in a network to share a single connection to the Internet or WAN.
Server
A computer or even a software program that provides clients with services—such
as file storage (file server), programs (application server), printer sharing (print
server), fax (fax server) or modem sharing (modem server). See also Client.
Switch
A device that improves network performance by segmenting the network. When a
switch port receives data packets, it forwards those packets only to the appropriate
port for the intended recipient. This capability further reduces competition for
bandwidth between the clients, servers, or workgroups connected to each switch
port. See also Hub.
WAN
Wide-area network. Typically refers to a network that connects devices over greater
distances, such as geographical regions. A WAN often connect two or more LANs
together. See also LAN (Local Area Network).
12
Catalyst: An agent that precipitates
or accelerates a reaction,
development, or change.
For more information
www.cisco.com/go/catalyst2950
www.cisco.com/go/catalyst3550
www.cisco.com/go/catalyst4500
www.cisco.com/go/catalyst6500
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